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Towards The Promotion of Wind Power Generation~Potential and Challenges for Wind Power Generation~
February 22, 2012
General Corporation
Japan Wind Power Association
Tetsuro Nagata, Representative Director
http://jwpa.jp
1
7th General Assembly Small Committee for the study of Renewable Energy
Table of Contents
1.General Corporation Japan Wind Power Association
2.Introduction record of Wind Power Generation Globally and in Japan
3.Potential of Wind Power Generation
4.Introduction target in the medium and long term with road map
5.Towards the promotion of Wind Power Generation 【Challenge】
6.Meaning of the introduction of Wind Power Energy
7.Wind Turbine Generators and the main manufacturers in Japan
8.References (those inquiries often made to JWPA )
2
General Corporation Japan Wind Power Association
History– December 17, 2001: Voluntary association established
– July 4, 2005: Limited liability intermediate corporation established
– May 27, 2009: Changed to General Corporation
– April 1, 2010: Merged with a meeting group consisting of members for wind power industries
Structure of members– 203 companies all involved in wind power industries (as of February 20,2012)
Wind power developers, operators, wind turbine manufacturers, agents for wind turbine generators, and component makers
Civil engineering, electrical engineering, transportation & construction, maintenance, consultants, etc.
– Approx. 80% of total capacity for domestic wind power facilities are covered by member companies
Organization– Aiming at whole development of the industry by electing a division chairman
from each division of the concerned industries3
Introduction record of world wind power generation ( yearly basis )
Cumulative introduction volume in 2011 was 238.38 million kW ( equal to 1.2 times of the total power generation facilities of domestic power companies )
In a single year 2011, approximately 16.5 times of the Japanese cumulative introduction volume of wind power generation was introduced.
Since 2005, an increase ratio of 30% compared with previous years
1 WG = One million kW
*:Source:GWEC Global Wind Report Annual market update 2010、GWEC Global Wind Statistics 2011 4
020406080
100120140160180200220240260280
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
導入
量[G
W]
年
世界の風力発電導入実績(年別)
累積導入量
単年導入量
Introduction record of word wind power generation ( yearly basis)
Intr
oduction v
olu
me
Year
Cumulative introduction volumeSingle year introduction volume
05
101520253035404550556065
導入
量[G
W]
世界の風力発電導入実績(国別)
2004年:日本 8位 2005年:日本10位
2006年:日本13位 2007年:日本13位
2008年:日本13位 2009年:日本13位
2010年:日本12位 2011年:日本13位
Introduction record of world wind power generation ( country basis )
China in 1st place, 62.73million kW (approx.. 26.3% of world total)
Japan in 13th place (approx. 1.0% of world total)
Rapid increases in France, Italy, UK, and Canada
*:Source:GWEC Global Wind Report Annual market update 2010、GWEC Global Wind Statistics 2011
1 WG = One million kW
5
Germany in 1st place until 2007USA in 1st place in 2008China in 1st place 2010
Introduction record of world wind power generation ( country basis )
Intr
oduction v
olu
me
Year 2004: Japan in 8th place Year 2005: Japan in 10th place
Year 2006: Japan in 13th place Year 2007: Japan in 13th place
Year 2008: Japan in 13th place Year 2009: Japan in 13th place
Year 2010: Japan in 12th place Year 2011: Japan in 13th place
Introduction record of wind power generation in Japan (more than 10kW)
Cumulative introduction volume in 2011(estimated): 2.525mill. kW, 1,840pcs.,422 power stations
In 2007: Revised Construction Standards Act executed
In 2010: Subsidy system for new WF construction stopped on the premise of shifting to FIT
020406080
100120140160180200220240260280
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
導入
量[万
kW
]
年度
風力発電導入実績(年度別)
累積導入量
単年度導入量
Source: NEDO Touched by JWPA according to introduction record of wind power generation in Japan
National introduction target in 2010, 3mill. kW unachieved. (2.44 mill. kW)
6
Intr
oduction v
olu
me
Introduction record of wind power generation (yearly basis)
Year
Potential of onshore wind power
Most potential is concentrated in Hokkaido, Tohoku, and Kyushu.– “Onshore wind power potential *” of given resource minus social restriction conditions in
consideration of business profitability for height of 80m and average wind speed more than 6.5m/s will be as follows:
If facility capacity of power companies is not considered: 143.76mill. kW (0.76 times of total power generation facility capacity)
If facility capacity of power companies is considered as maximum: 58.39mill.kW (0.29 times of total power generation facility capacity)
If development ratio is considered as half in addition to above mentioned: 30mill.kW (0.15 times of total power generation facility capacity)
7Source Potential survey (Ministry of Environment) for renewable energy in 2010, made by JWPA
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
北海道 東北 東京 北陸 中部 関西 中国 四国 九州 沖縄
発電
設備
容量
[万kW
]
陸上風力ポテンシャル(6.5m/s以上)と電力会社発電設備容量
6.5~7.0m/s7.0~7.5m/s7.5~8.0m/s8.0m/s~電力会社発電設備容量
Onshore wind power potential (more than 6.5m/s) and power generation facility capacity of power companies
Pow
er g
ener
atio
n fa
cilit
y ca
paci
ty [1
0ths
.kW
]
Power generation facility capacity of power companies
Potential of introduction per cities, towns, villages
Hokkaido Tohoku Tokyo Hokuriku Chubu Kansai Chugoku Shikoku Kyushu Okinawa
Potential of offshore wind power ( excluding archipelago )
More potential than that of onshore. (offshore distance: under 30km, water depth under 200m)
– “Offshore wind power potential” of given resource minus social restriction conditions in consideration of business profitability for height of 80m and average wind speed more than 7.5m/s will be as follows:
If facility capacity of power companies is not considered: 378.25mill. kW (1.83 times of total power generation facility capacity)
If facility capacity of power companies is considered as maximum: 95.96mill.kW (0.56 times of total power generation facility capacity)
If development ratio is considered as one third in addition to above mentioned: 30mill.kW (0.15 times of total power generation facility capacity)
8
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
北海道 東北 東京 北陸 中部 関西 中国 四国 九州 沖縄
発電
設備
容量
[万kW
]
洋上風力ポテンシャル(諸島を除く)と電力会社発電設備容量
7.5~8.0m/s8.0~8.5m/s8.5m/s~電力会社発電設備容量
Hokkaido Tohoku Tokyo Hokuriku Chubu Kansai Chugoku Shikoku Kyushu Okinawa
Power generation facility capacity of power companies
Potential of offshore wind power ( excluding archipelago )and power generation facility capacity of power companies
Pow
er g
ener
atio
n fa
cilit
y ca
paci
ty [1
0ths
.kW
]
Source Potential survey (Ministry of Environment) for renewable energy in 2010, made by JWPA
Legend30km introduction potential (floating type)Classified by wind speed
More than 8.5/s
More than 8.5/s
More than 8.5/s
6.5-7.5m/s
6.5-7.5m/s
7.5-8.5m/s
7.5-8.5m/s
Classified by wind speed30km introduction potential (seabed foundation type)
Introduction target in the medium and long term (trial calculation made by JWPA)
50mill.kW to be introduced by 2050 (more than 10% of power demand supplied)– To utilize “power grid in wide area” applied with calculation system for power generation according to meteorological forecast
– To utilize “control function of wind turbines” as control for maximum output, control for output rise ratio, control for power ratio (voltage), etc.
Restriction conditions applied to targeting setup– Less than half (50%) of power generation facility capacity of every power company: power grid problem
– Less than half (50%)of development ratio against onshore wind power potential: certainty
– Less than one third (33%) of development ratio against offshore wind power potential (excluding archipelago) : certainty
9
Power
company
Power
generation
facility
capacity
Onshore wind
power
10ths. kW
Offshore wind
power
10ths. kW
Total
10ths. kW
Onshore
wind power
development
ratio
Offshore
wind power
development
ratio
Wind power
facility
capacity ratio
Seabed
foundation
type 10ths.kW
Floating type
10ths.kW
Hokkaido 742 250 120 370 3.8% 0.6% 49.9% 60 60
Tohoku 1721 600 260 860 15.2% 3.3% 50.0% 40 220
Tokyo 6499 100 910 1010 46.1% 32.1% 15.5% 280 630
Hokuriku 806 70 0 70 44.0% - 8.7% - -
Chubu 3283 210 670 880 49.4% 32.0% 26.8% 360 310
Kansai 3488 310 20 330 49.1% 28.7% 9.5% 0 20
Chugoku 1199 200 0 200 50.0% - 16.7% - -
Shikoku 696 100 110 210 46.3% 30.8% 30.2% 0 110
Kyushu 2033 600 410 1010 50.0% 25.8% 49.7% 10 400
Okinawa 192 60 0 60 11.0% 0.0% 31.3% 0 0
Total 20658 2500 2500 5000 17.4% 6.6% 24.2% 750 1750
Road map (trial calculation made by JWPA)
50mill.kW to be introduced by 2050 (more than 10% of power demand supplied)
– Corresponding to approx.. 20% of facility capacity ratio (kW), and approx.15% of power demand (kWh) supplied ratio as of 2050 (equal to Spanish record in 2010)
– Single yearly introduction volume calculated with three-dimensional growth curve
10
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
累積
導入
量[万
kW
]
年度
風力発電導入ロードマップ
洋上(浮体)
洋上(着床)
陸上
Cum
ulat
ive
intr
oduc
tion
volu
me
[10t
hs.k
W]
Road map of introduction for wind power generation
Offshore (floating)
Offshore(seabed foundation)
Onshore
Year Onshore Seabedfoundation Floating Total
2010 242 3 0 2442020 1080 40 10 11302030 2120 330 430 28802040 2500 720 1400 46202050 2500 750 1750 5000
Introduction target volume of wind power [10ths.kW]
Towards the development of wind power generation: Summary
First, clear policy to be made– Motivated introduction target in medium and long term to be planned by the
nation
And, the following countermeasures are necessary for achieving the target in the medium and long term by the nation– To secure business profitability
Power buying in the long term with reasonable tariff– Tariff and term of FIT
– Maintenance of infrastructure Urgent execution of measures for grid connection
– Shortly reaching limit with existing facilities and operation only
– Speed-up of construction Relaxation of regulations and systems
– Relaxation of regulations on development and construction
– Relaxation of regulations on location (speed-up, flexibility, clearness of approval for installation)
– Promotion of technology development Execution of research, study and development
– Seabed foundation type wind power and floating type wind power
– Wide ranged power grid operation system using meteorological predictions11
Early planning for introduction target in medium and long term (Conference of energy and environment)
12
Target figure, prospect and trial calculation figure until now– Kyoto Protocol・General research committee for resources and energy
3 mill.kW in 2010
– Duty quantity for RPS law In 2010: 12.2 bill.kwh = 3 mill.kW (for wind power) In 2014: 16.0 bill.kwh = 3.93 mill.kW (for wind power calculated in direct proportion)
– Demand and supply committee, General research committee In 2020: mill.kl in 2020 ≒4.9 mill.kw (without offshore wind power) In 2020: 2.69 mill.kl ≒6.6 mill.kw (without offshore wind power)
– Task force meeting, Cabinet committee for global warming issue In 2020: 11mill.kW
(AIM model National environment research office: Pure water at ▲15%) In 2020: 20mill.kW
(AIM model National environment research office: Pure water at ▲20%)
– Ministry of Environment Discussion meeting on medium and long term road map ≒ JWPA road map In 2020: 11.31mill.kW(including offshore wind power) In 2030: 27mill.kW(including offshore wind power) In 2050: 50mill.kW(including offshore wind power)
– At present, master plan on energy being reviewed
Buying in long term with reasonable tariff(buying system with fixed tariff)
Deterioration of business profitability of wind power generation– Rise of installation costs (unit cost per kW ) : 200ths.Yen (in 1997) ⇒ 300ths.Yen/kW (in 2008)
– Decline of “RPS + power” tariff (unit cost per kWh):11.8 Yen (in 2003) ⇒ 10.1Yen/kWh (in 2009)
Price rise of wind turbine generators and longer delivery time (global lack of wind turbine generators)
Change of exchange rate (advance payment: total about 80~90% paid on order and on shipment)
Steep rise of material costs as steel, etc., consumption materials, replacement parts
Increase of RPS banking volume (effort of RPS duty volume and power companies)
Increase of refused candidates selected by lottery later due to detailed planning
– At present, FIT tariff being discussed
Source: Data from 29th New Energy Sectional Meeting RPS management
system (home page)
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
年度
kW当たり設置コストの最小値、最大値と平均値およびkWh当たり「RPS相当量+電気」加重平均価格
設置コスト
最大値
(左軸)
設置コスト
最小値
(左軸)
設置コスト
平均値
(左軸)
「RPS相当量
+電気」価格
加重平均値
(右軸)
設置コスト[千円/kW]
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
「RPS相当量+電気」価格[円/kWh]
13Year
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Installation cost minimum value (left axis)
Minimum, maximum and average values of installation cost per kWAnd “RPS corresponding volume + power” weight average tariff
“RPS corresponding volume + power” tariff [yen /kWh ]
Installation cost Maximum value (left axis) Installation cost
average value (left axis)
Installation cost minimum value (left axis)
“RPS corresponding volume + power” tariff weight average value (right axis)
Buying in long term with reasonable tariff (fixed tariff buying system)
Bottom line “20 yen/kWh fixed for 20 years” to keep business profitability without subsidy.
Buying period 17 years for majority of current contracts
Best possible effort by wind power operators to improve utilization ratio of facilities by improving availability, to decrease the burden on the nation.
Besides, considering the increase of development and facility costs after revisions of environmental assessment law and wind power technology, necessary tariff to be “24 yen/kWh fixed for 20 years”.
■ 税前Project IRR (設備利用率 22% の場合)
‐1.40% 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2415 0.2% 1.3% 2.4% 3.5% 4.5% 5.4% 6.4% 7.3% 8.2% 9.1%
16 1.0% 2.1% 3.1% 4.1% 5.1% 6.1% 7.0% 7.9% 8.7% 9.6%
17 1.6% 2.7% 3.7% 4.7% 5.7% 6.6% 7.5% 8.3% 9.2% 10.0%
18 2.2% 3.3% 4.2% 5.2% 6.1% 7.0% 7.9% 8.7% 9.5% 10.3%
19 2.7% 3.7% 4.7% 5.6% 6.5% 7.4% 8.2% 9.0% 9.8% 10.6%
20 3.1% 4.1% 5.1% 6.0% 6.8% 7.7% 8.5% 9.3% 10.1% 10.9%
売電期間
(年
)
売電単価(円/kWh)
(Present average ratio approx. 18%)
14
Project IRR before tax(Utilization ratio of facilities in case 22%)
Unit tariff (yen/kWh)
Terms of
tariff (year)
Execution of urgent grid connection measures (Basic issue committee)
Shortly reaching limit with existing facilities and operation only
– Execution of reinforced measures for grid with new power lines, etc.
Small capacity or none of power lines at suitable locations for wind power generation with good wind conditions
– Execution of wide area operation utilizing adjusted power source, combined cables among areas, new installations of power storage facilities, and meteorological prediction
Good wind condition areas Power cables (more than 154kV) Power output prediction with meteorological prediction system 15
GPVdata of Meteorological Agency※Prediction for all global meteorological
conditions
Model of numerical meteorology prediction
※Prediction with simulation for meteorological location on
periphery of WF
Wind power output prediction※Prediction for wind power output
Data for site observation※SCADA・power output
information
Introduction record and released grid possibility(per power companies)
1st place: Tohoku Denryoku: 550ths.kW, 425 pcs.
2nd place: Kyushu Denryoku: 410ths.kW, 291 pcs.
3rd place: Tokyo Denryoku: 357ths.kW, 221 pcs.(Wind power in Fukushima Pref. connected)
Source: NEDO Touched by JWPA according to introduction record of wind power generation in Japan 16
Connection restriction exists due to facility capacities of power companies, etc.
Released connectionpossibility: excluding demonstration tests (planned value one mill. kW) in Hokkaido,Tohoku, Hokuriku, Shikoku.
Total available quantity for connection: 3.685mill.kW + α
0102030405060708090
100110120
北海道電力
東北電力
東京電力
北陸電力
中部電力
関西電力
中国電力
四国電力
九州電力
沖縄電力
導入
量[万
kW
]
電力会社別導入量
導入実績
連系可能量(除く実証試験)
Introduction quantity per power companies
Intr
oduc
tion
quan
tity
[10t
hs. k
W]
Hokkaido Denryoku
Tohoku Denryoku
TokyoDenryoku
Okinawa Denryoku
Hokuriku Denyoku
Chubu Denryoku
Kansai Denryoku
Chugoku Denryoku
Shikoku Denryoku
Kyushu Denryoku
Introduction recordConnection possibility (excluding demonstration test)
Relaxation of regulations・systems(Cabinet office Administrative reform conference)
Relaxation of regulations concerning development・construction– Revised construction standard law sharply increases installation costs with its
requirement of earthquake-proof design and construction calculations the same as those for super high buildings.
– Concerning applied contents for wind power business in environmental influence evaluation law, big increases in the development period and costs are feared.
Relaxation of regulations on location (speed-up, flexibility, clearness of approval for installation)– Suitable locations for wind power generation (strong wind and away from houses) are
subject to various regulations, disturbing the introduction of wind power generation.。
適地の例 立地規制
国立・国定公園、都道府県立自然公園 自然公園法、自然公園条例
森林(普通林・保安林) 森林法
農地・牧草地 農地法
海岸・臨海部 海岸法、港湾法
17
Example of suitable locations Location regulation
National・quasi-national parks, prefectural natural parks
Natural parks law, Natural parks regulations
Forest (normal forest, reserved forest) Forest law
Farmland, field Farmland law
Seaside, coastal area Seaside law, harbor law
Execution of research, study and development
Research and study on the grid infrastructure enabling expansion of wind power generation
– Planning and execution of new additional installations for basic power cables and area power cables
– Planning and execution of new additional installations for adjusting power source, pumping-up power station, storage battery
New additional installations need a unit of 10 years
Establishment and execution of power grid operation systems in a wide area adopting meteorological predictions
– Wind power advanced countries utilizing meteorological predictions
Promotion of research, development, demonstration and introduction for offshore wind power of seabed foundation type and floating type
– Japan is an island nation with a long coast.
– Globally there is a rapid increase of construction projects for offshore wind power of seabed foundation type.
– Japan to be a major player globally with its original technical development for offshore wind power of floating type reflecting IEC rules as well.
3 big technologies for Japan to be proud of globally
– Solar system
– High efficiency storage battery
– Floating type offshore wind power 18
Meaning of the introduction of wind power generation (economically) - 1
Growth of economy– Cultivation of industry
– Employment of promotion
– Technological development
Production of wind turbine generators already “trillion yen industry”*
Production of wind turbine generators approx. 5.6 trillion yen globally. (as of year 2010)
World share of Japanese enterprise 3% ≒
approx..17mill.yen/year approx. 50mill.yen/year incl. parts industry
Growth rate +30%/year (3.7times in 5 years, 13.8 times in 10 years)
Export of wind turbine generators from Japan sharply
increasing
Characteristic of wind turbine generator industry Assembly industry with 10 to 20ths. Parts (reference: 30ths.
parts for gas car and 10ths. parts for electrical car)
Ability of Japanese “Production” made in use.
Machinery: Gear, big bearing, main shaft, brake ・・・
Electrical: Generator, transformer, converter ・・・
Chemical: Glass fiber reinforced plastic, carbon fiber・・・
Especially machinery parts overlapped with subcontracting companies for cars.
日本からの風車の輸出額
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2006 2007 2008
年度
輸出
額 (
億円
)
Big size bearing
Source: Trade statistics Ministry of Finance
Gear 19Source: GWEC Global Wind Report 2010 Global Wind Energy Outlook 2010
Export amount of wind turbine generators from Japan
Year
Expo
rt a
mou
nt
(100
mill
.yen
)
Meaning of the introduction of wind power generation
(economically) - 2 World production of wind turbine generators, 27mill.
kW/yearEmployment in wind power industry, approx.. 460ths. PeopleWind power production per year, 10ths. kW means the employment of 170 people
(Source:GWEC:Global Wind Energy Outlook 2010)
According to USA plan “20% Wind Energy by 2030”・Direct employment of 150ths. people with production,
construction and operation of WTG.・Employment of 300ths.people created in related fields such as maintenance
(source:NEDOOverseas report No.1031 2008-10-22)
More than 1ths. people employed by makers in Japan as well. Employment effect of 10ths. people including parts makersAlso future expansion of employment as production increases including exports
High contribution to local economy・Many favorable locations in local areas・Periodical maintenance necessary for rotating machines→Employment of service personnel
20
Growth of economy– Cultivation of industry
– Employment of promotion
– Technological development
Wind turbine plants and main Japanese makers – 1
21
Large size WTG makers: Mitsubishi H.I, Fuji H.I., Japan S.W, Komaihaltec (Komai Iron Works)
Small size WTG makers: Sinfonia Technology (Shinko Electric), Zephyr, Nasu Electric, Ftech, Nakanishi Metal, MECARO, Kikukawa, GH Craft, Maekawa, Hoei,Nikko,
Blade: Japan S.W., GHCraft (Teijin)FRP: Japan U.Pica, Showa Kobunshi, Dainippon Ink, Nipon Reinetu, Asahi Glass, Nippon Electric Glass, Toray,
Carbon fiber: Toray, Mitsubishi Rayon, Toho Tenax (Teijin)Generator: Hitachi, TMEIC(Mitsubishi Electri, Toshiba), Meidensha, Sinfonia Technology
Electrical equipment: Hitachi, Fuji Electric, Mitsubishi Electric, Toshiba,Yasukawa Electric, Meidensha, Fujikura
Transformer: Fuji Electric, Risho Kogyo
Bearing: Jtekt (Koyo Seiko), Nippon Seiko, NTN, Komatsu, Nippon RoballoMultipler(gear): Ishibashi Mfg., Osaka Seisa (Sumitomo H.I), Komatsu, Onex, NetsurenHydraulic equipment: Kawasaki Precision Machinery (Kawasaki H.I.), Nippon MoogMachinery equipment: Nabtesco, Sumitomo H.M., Toyooki kogyo, Akebono BrakeSteel, casting: Japan S.W., Nippon Chuzou
Wind turbine generator plants and main Japanese makers – 2
Plural number of local autonomies positively tries invitation as core of activating economy in local areas.
①②
③
⑤
④⑥
⑧ ⑦
⑨
風車ナセル工場
ブレード工場
発電機工場
増速機工場
軸受工場
日本製鋼所
室蘭工場
三菱重工
長崎工場
三菱電機
神戸工場石橋製作所
ダイヤシュタイン
(福岡県直方)
三菱電機
長崎工場 NTN桑名工場
三重工場
ジェイテクト
国分工場(大阪)
コマツ
小松工場
NTN宝達志水工場
(石川県)
ジーエイチクラフト
(御殿場)
日本精工
藤沢工場駒井鉄工
(大阪)
富士重工
宇都宮工場
明電舎
太田工場
(群馬県)
日立
日立工場
日本ロバロ
羽咋工場
(石川県)
日本ロバロ
北九州工場
三菱重工
横浜工場
22
WTG nacelle factoryBlade factoryGenerator factoryGear factoryBearing factory
Nippon Roballo, Kitakyushu Factory
Ishibashi Mfg.,Daiyashutain
(Naokata Fukuoka Pref.)
Mitsubishi Electric, Nagasaki Factory
Mitsubishi Electric, Kobe Factory
Komatsu,Komatsu Facoru
Nippon Roballo, Hasaku Factory (Ishikawa Pref.)
NTT Hodatsushimizu
Factory(Ishikawa Pref.)
Mitubishi H.I., Nagasaki Factory
Hitachi,Hitachi factory
Mitsubishi H.I., Yokohama
Factory
Jtekt, Kokubu Factory (Osaka)
Komai Iron Works
(Osaka)GH Craft (Gotenba)
NTTKuwana Factory
Mie Factory
Nippon Seiko, Fujisawa Factory
Meidensha, Ota Factory
(Gunma Pref.)
Fuji H. I., Utsunomiya
Factory
Japan Steel Works,
Muroran Factory
How big are Wind Turbine Generators ?
Mainstream onshore WTG; 2,000kW~3,000kWDiameter of rotor blade; 80~90m (tallest potion; 120~130m)
Mainstream offshore WTG; 3,000kW~5,000kWDiameter of rotor blade; 80~90m (tallest potion; 120~130m)– Reference: Airbus A380 has 80m length main blade (corresponding to 2,000kW WTG)
Ferris wheel in Kasai Seaside Park has diameter of 112m (corresponding to 4,500kW WTG)
23
Approx. 600 seats in case of 2 class specification
How large is the necessary land area ?
Required area for installation of one 2,000kW WTG (rotor dia. 80m) isapprox.1 ha (100m x 100m).
In case of a plural number of WTG construction, area size varies with arrangement of installations for necessity of taking spaces between WTGs.Area size
2,000kW x 30WTGs x 1row≒86ha ⇒ 70ths.kW/km2
2,000kW x 15WTGs x 2rows≒360ha ⇒17ths.kW/km2
2,000kW x 10WTGs x 3rows≒410ha ⇒ 15ths.kW/km2
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80
15
120
5
Enlargement drawing of WTG installation
Shonai-cho, Yamagata Pref.
Can be used for other uses except areas for WTG installations,
Are there any problems of noise from Wind Turbine Generators ?
Most of them are not “low frequency” but “noise”.
Research is under way to grasp the real situation and to evaluate influence.
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Extreme left edge: under 4 octave of ra(A4) ―ra(A0) =27.5Hz
Power frequency East area = 50Hz West area = 60HZ
Ra (A4)= 440Hz
Time signal of NHK Po pop o pih po = 440Hz Pih = 880Hz
Siren of ambulance = 1,000Hz
Alarm clock center
frequency in general
Low frequency
Very low frequency
Listenable soundFrequency range of listenable sound
Frequency range 20Hz~20ths. Hz range for human beingSensory sound loudness varies greatly
Supersonic wave
Frequency [Hz]
How often are there bird strikes ?
Very little probability
Prior research of the flying route.
26Source: Erickson et al., 2002
Prior research of the flying route
Flying route before WTGs installation
Cause of birds’ death
WTGs
Communication towers
High voltage power cables
Others
CarsBuildings and windows
insecticideRailway cars
10ths.birds / yearly / total in USA
Flying route before WTGs installation
Flying route before WTGs installation
How much are power fluctuations ?
Looking at Japan overall, short cyclic fluctuations and long cyclic fluctuations are further reduced (the more and the wider decentralized)
– Many decentralized installations yield smoothing effects.
– In Japan overall no days with strong wind at the same time.
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Hokkaido DenryokuChubuDenryokuChugokuDenryokuNational average
TohokuDenryokuHokurikuDenryokuShikokuDenryoku
TokyoDenryokuKansaiDenryokuKyushuDenryoku
Pow
er g
ener
atio
n qu
antit
y [k
W]
Prize works from photo contest for scenery with WTGs
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