‘type’ in words and buildings

Post on 24-Dec-2015

20 Views

Category:

Documents

2 Downloads

Preview:

Click to see full reader

DESCRIPTION

‘Type’ in Words and Buildings

TRANSCRIPT

7\SH�

$UFKLWHFWXUDO�KLVWRU\�VKRZV�WKDW�WKH��GHYHORSPHQW�RI�W\SHV�LV�HVVHQWLDO� WR� WKH�DUFKLWHFWXUDO�V\VWHP��&��1RUEHUJ�6FKXO]�� ����������

8OWLPDWHO\��ZH�FDQ�VD\� WKDW�W\SH�LV� WKH�YHU\�LGHD�RI�DUFKLWHFWXUH�� WKDW�ZKLFK�LV� FORVHVW� WR�LWV�HVVHQFH��$�� 5RVVL�� ��������������

7KHUH�DUH�IHZ� GLVFLSOLQHV�WKDW�KDYH�QRW�EHQHILWWHG�IURP�WKH�FRQFHSW�RI�WKH� W\SH��DQG�DUFKLWHFWXUH�LV� QR�H[FHSWLRQ��:LWKLQ�DUFKLWHFWXUH�� WKH� WZR�PRVW�FRPPRQ�VFKHPHV�RI��W\SRORJLFDO�FODVVLILFDWLRQ�KDYH�EHHQ�E\� XVH�� FKXUFKHV��SULVRQV��EDQNV��DLUSRUWV��HWF��BDQG� E\�PRUSKRORJ\�EXLOGLQJV�ZLWK�ORQJ�KDOO�VKDSHG� LQWHULRUV��FHQWUDOO\�SODQQHG�EXLOGLQJV�� EXLOGLQJV�ZLWK�FRXUW\DUGV�� EXLOGLQJV�ZLWK�LQWHUFRQQHFWLQJ�FRPSDUWPHQWV��RU�ZLWK�VHSDUDWHG�FRPSDUWPHQWV��DQG�VR�RQ��$OWKRXJK��DV�ZH� VKDOO�VHH��WKHVH�DUH�QRW�WKH�RQO\�FODVVLILFDWRU\�V\VWHPV� WR�KDYH�EHHQ�GHYLVHG��PXFK�RI�WKH�GHEDWH�DURXQG� W\SHV�KDV� EHHQ�FRQFHUQHG�ZLWK�KRZ�IDU�IXQFWLRQDO� W\SHV�FRUUHVSRQG�WR�PRUSKRORJLFDO�W\SHV��

$�EDVLF�FODVVLILFDWLRQ� E\� XVH� RI�UHOLJLRXV� EXLOGLQJV��VHFXODU�EXLOGLQJV�� WKHDWUHV��SULYDWH�KRXVHV��DQG�IRUWLILFDWLRQV�ZDV�LQKHUHQW�WR� WKH�FODVVLFDO�V\VWHP� RI�DUFKLWHFWXUH�VLQFH�DQWLTXLW\��,Q� WKH�WKH�)UHQFK�DUFKLWHFWXUDO�ZULWHU�DQG�WHDFKHU� %ORQGH��LQ� KLV�Cours d'Architecture FRPSLOHG�D�YHU\�PXFK� ORQJHU�OLVW�RI�YDULHWLHV�RI�EXLOGLQJ� �VL[W\�IRXU�DOWRJHWKHU���DQG�WKLV� IRUPHG� WKH� EDVLV� IRU�KLV�DUFKLWHFWXUDO�V\VWHP� �VHH�&KDUDFWHU��S�� ���������� ,W�KDV�VRPHWLPHV� EHHQ�VDLG� WKDW�%ORQGHOV�W\SRORJLFDO�FODVVLILFDWLRQ�ZDV� WKH�RULJLQ�RI�WKH�PRGHUQ�V\VWHP�RI�IXQFWLRQDO� W\SHV�� EXW�WKLV� LV� VOLJKWO\�PLVOHDGLQJ��)LUVW�RI�DOO��%ORQGH�� GLG�QRW�FDOO� WKHP� W\SHV�EXW�JHQ�UHV��ZKLFK�LQGLFDWHV� WKH� OLWHUDU\�EDVLV� WR�KLV�VFKHPH��DQG�VHFRQGO\�� KLV�PDLQ�SXUSRVH�LQ� OLVWLQJ�DOO�WKHVH�YDULHWLHV�RI�EXLOGLQJ�ZDV�WR�LGHQWLI\�IRU�HDFK� WKH�DSSURSULDWH�FKDUDFWHU��1RQHWKHOHVV��D� W\SRORJLFDO�FODVVLILFDWLRQ�RI�EXLOGLQJV� E\�SXUSRVH�KDV�EHHQ� LQ� FRQVWDQW�

����

XVH�VLQFH� WKH� ODWH�HLJKWHHQWK�FHQWXU\��D� UHFHQW�H[DPSOH�LV�1LNRODXV�3HYVQHUV�A History of Building Types �������LQ�ZKLFK� WKH� W\SHV�DUH�DOO� GHVFULSWLRQV�RI�XVHV��

7KH� EHJLQQLQJ�RI�PRUSKRORJLFDO�FODVVLILFDWLRQ� LV�XVXDOO\�ORFDWHG�LQ� WKH�)UHQFK�WHDFKHU�DQG�ZULWHU�-�� 1��/��'XUDQGV�VFKHPH�RI�DUFKLWHFWXUDO�HGXFDWLRQ�VHW�RXW�LQ�KLV�Prer;is ^���������7KHUH��'XUDQG�SURYLGHG� WHFKQLTXHV�IRU� WKH�FRPSRVLWLRQ�RI�GLIIHUHQW�DUFKLWHFWXUDO� IRUPV�ZLWKRXW�UHJDUG� WR�WKHLU�XVH��WKRXJK�LQ� WKH�VHFRQG�YROXPH��'XUDQG�VKRZHG�KLV�VWXGHQWV�KRZ�WR�DGDSW�WKHVH� IRUPV� WR� WKH�SURJUDPPHV�IRU� EXLOGLQJV�RI�GLIIHUHQW�SXUSRVHV��ZKLFK��IROORZLQJ�%ORQGH���KH�FDOOHG�QRW�W\SHV��EXW�JHQUHV��

7KH�OLWHUDWXUH�RI�DUFKLWHFWXUDO� W\SHV�DQG� W\SRORJ\� LV� ODUJH��SDUWLFXODUO\�DV� D� UHVXOW�RI�GHYHORSPHQWV� LQ� WKH� ODVW�WKUHH�GHFDGHV����5DWKHU�WKDQ�DWWHPSW�LQDGHTXDWHO\��DV�ZRXOG�LQHYLWDEO\�EH�WKH�FDVH��WR�VXPPDUL]H�DOO� WKH�PHDQLQJV�DUFKLWHFWV�KDYH�DWWULEXWHG�WR�W\SH��ZKDW�LV� RIIHUHG�KHUH�LV�D�VKRUW�HQTXLU\�LQWR�WKH�YDULRXV�purposes IRU�ZKLFK�WKH�FRQFHSW�KDV� EHHQ�XVHG� LQ�DUFKLWHFWXUH��

���Protection of the idea of architecture as the imitation of nature ,Q�WKH�HLJKWHHQWK�FHQWXU\�� WKH�YLHZ� WKDW�DUFKLWHFWXUH�ZDV�DQ�DUW�LPLWDWLYH�RI�QDWXUH�^VHH� SS�� ��������ZDV�FHQWUDO�WR�DUFKLWHFWXUDO� WKRXJKW�DQG�WR�FODLPV� WKDW�DUFKLWHFWXUH�ZDV�D� OLEHUDO��DV� RSSRVHG�WR� PHFKDQLFDO�DUW��)URP�WKH�PLGGOH�RI�WKH�FHQWXU\��SUHVVXUH�VWDUWHG� WR� EH� SXW�XSRQ�WKH�PLPHWLF� WKHRU\�RI�DUFKLWHFWXUH�E\�� LQ�SDUWLFXODU�� WKH�UDWLRQDOLVW�DUJXPHQWV�RI�&DUOR�/RGROO�^VHH� SS�� �������DQG����������DQG� LW�ZDV� LQ�RUGHU�WR�SURWHFW�WKH�PLPHWLF�WKHRU\�WKDW�WKH�)UHQFK�DUFKLWHFWXUDO� WKLQNHU�4XDWUHPHUH�GH� 4XLQF\�GHYHORSHG�KLV� UHPDUNDEO\�LQJHQLRXV� WKHRU\�RI�LPLWDWLRQ�^VHH�SS����������������$FFRUGLQJ� WR�4XDWUHPL�UH��DUFKLWHFWXUH�GRHV�QRW�LPLWDWH�QDWXUH�OLWHUDOO\��EXW�RQO\�PHWDSKRULFDOO\��VR� WKDW�HYHU\RQH�NQRZV� WKDW�WKH�LPLWDWLRQ�LV� ILFWLWLRXV��ZKLOH� EHLQJ�QRQHWKHOHVV� EHLQJ�DZDUH�

W��B'B� ,,�

-�� 1�� /�'XU��QG��7KHLOWUHV�DQG�0DUNHW�+DOOV��IURP�Recuei/ HW�paral/e/e GHV�edifices, ������'XUDQG�SURGXFHG�WKH�ILUVW�V\VWHPLOWLF�FRPS��ULVRQ� RI�EXLOGLQJV�E\�XVH��IROORZLQJ�%ORQGFO��KH�GHVFULEHG�WK0H�DV�'genres',

RI�LWV� VXSSRVHGO\�UHDO� UHIHUHQFH� WR� QDWXUH��,W�ZDV�VR�DV� WR�H[SODLQ�ZKDW�LW�ZDV� LQ�QDWXUH� WKDW�DUFKLWHFWXUH�UHIHUUHG�WR�� WKDW�4XDWUHPHUH�LQWURGXFHG�WKH� W\SH��,Q�KLV� QRZ�

HQWU\�RQ�7\SH�LQ� WKH�Encyclopidie Methodique, 4XDWUHPL�UH�GUHZ�D�GLVWLQFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�W\SH�DQG�PRGHO�DV� IROORZV��

7KH�ZRUG�W\SH�SUHVHQWV� OHVV� WKH� LPDJH�RI�D� WKLQJ�WR�FRS\�RU�LPLWDWH�FRPSOHWHO\�WKDQ�WKH� LGHD�RI�DQ�HOHPHQW�ZKLFK�RXJKW�LWVHOI�WR�VHUYH�DV� D� UXOH� IRU� WKH�PRGHO�� ����7KH�PRGHO��DV� XQGHUVWRRG�LQ�WKH�SUDFWLFDO�H[HFXWLRQ�RI�WKH�DUW�� LV� DQ�REMHFW�WKDW�VKRXOG� EH�UHSHDWHG�DV� LW� LV�� WKH� W\SH��RQ�WKH�FRQWUDU\��LV� DQ�REMHFW�DIWHU�ZKLFK�RQH�PD\�FRQFHLYH�ZRUNV�RI�DUW�ZLWK�QR�UHVHPEODQFH�RQH�WR�DQRWKHU�DW�DOO��$OO� LV� SUHFLVH�DQG�JLYHQ� LQ� WKH�PRGHO��DOO� LV� PRUH�RU�OHVV� YDJXH� LQ� WKH�W\SH�� ������

4XDWUHPL�UH�WKHQ�ZHQW�RQ�WR�H[SODLQ�ZK\� WKH� W\SH�ZDV�VR�QHFHVVDU\�WR�DUFKLWHFWXUH�� (YHU\WKLQJ�PXVW�KDYH�DQ�DQWHFHGHQW��1RWKLQJ��LQ�DQ\�JHQUH��FRPHV�IURP�QRWKLQJ��DQG�WKLV�PXVW�DSSO\� WR�DOO� WKH� LQYHQWLRQV�RI�PDQ��%XW�4XDWUHPHUH�ZDV�FDUHIXO� WR�VWUHVV� WKDW�WKH� W\SH�ZDV�QRW�WKH�SULPLWLYH�FDELQ�� WKH� WHQW�RU�WKH� FDYH��ZKLFK�SUHYLRXV�ZULWHUV�KDG� SRVLWHG� DV� WKH�RULJLQDO� DUFKLWHFWXUH� WKHVH�ZHUH� PRGHOV�� EXW�WKH� W\SH�ZDV� �LQ� WKH�FDVH�RI�WLPEHU�EXLOGLQJ�� WKDW�NLQG�RI�FRPELQDWLRQ�WR�ZKLFK�WKH�XVH� RI�ZRRG� LV� VXVFHSWLEOH�� RQFH�DGRSWHG�LQ�HDFK�FRXQWU\�^������RU�� LQ�RWKHU�ZRUGV�� WKH�SURFHVV�PRGLILHG� E\� FLUFXPVWDQFH��7KH�GLVWLQFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WKH� W\SH�� WKH�RULJLQDO�UHDVRQ�

!��������L�W��-�L� ��

��

��B�����BB������

RI�WKH� WKLQJ��ZKLFK�FDQ�QHLWKHU�FRPPDQG�QRU�IXUQLVK� WKH�PRWLI�RU�WKH�PHDQV�RI�DQ�H[DFW�OLNHQHVV��DQG� PRGHO��WKH�FRPSOHWH�WKLQJ��ZKLFK�LV� ERXQG� WR�D� IRUPDO�UHVHPEODQFH��ZDV�FULWLFDO��EHFDXVH�LW�ZDV�ZKDW�HQDEOHG�4XDWUHPL�UH�WR�DUJXH� WKDW�ZKLOH�QRW�FRS\LQJ�QDWXUH��DUFKLWHFWXUH�QRQHWKHOHVV� LPLWDWHG�QDWXUH��

4XDWUHPL�UH�IRUPXODWHG�KLV� WKHRU\�RI�W\SHV� LQ� WKH�����V��DQG�LW�EHORQJV� WR� WKH�DUFKLWHFWXUDO�GHEDWH�RI�WKDW�WLPH��KRZHYHU�� WKH�HQF\FORSHGLD�HQWU\�RQ�7\SH�ZDV�QEW�SXEOLVKHG�XQWLO� ������DQG�RQO\�DIWHU�WKDW�GDWH�ZHUH� WKH�LPSOLFDWLRQV�RI�4XDWUHPL�UHV�LGHDV� WDNHQ�XS��SULQFLSDOO\�E\� WKH�*HUPDQ�DUFKLWHFW�DQG�WKHRULVW�*RWWIULHG�6HPSHU��7KH�SUREOHP�WKDW�KDG�VR�H[HUFL]HG�4XDWUHPL�UH��WR�SURYH�WKDW�DUFKLWHFWXUH��ZKLOH�QRW�FRS\LQJ�QDWXUH��VWLOO� LPLWDWHG�QDWXUH�� ZDV�RI�QR�FRQFHUQ�DW�DOO� WR�6HPSHU�ZKR��IDPLOLDU�ZLWK�*RHWKHV� WKHRU\�RI�DUW�DV� D� VHFRQG�QDWXUH��FRXOG�DFFHSW� WKDW�DUFKLWHFWXUH�PLJKW�EH� OLNH�QDWXUH�LQ� LWV�IRUPDWLYH� SURFHVVHV�\HW� EH�TXLWH� LQGHSHQGHQW�RI�QDWXUH��%XW�6HPSHU�ZDV�LQWHUHVWHG� LQ�DUFKLWHFWXUHV�RULJLQV��VHHLQJ��OLNH�4XDWUHPHUH��WKDW�QRWKLQJ�FDQ�FRPH�IURP�QRWKLQJ��$OWKRXJK�DWWUDFWHG� E\�4XDWUHPL�UHV�DQDO\VLV�RI�WKH�SUREOHP��6HPSHU�ZDV�FULWLFDO� RI�WKH�VWURQJO\�LGHDOLVW�FKDUDFWHU�RI�4XDWUHPKHV�WKRXJKW��DQG�ZDQWHG��ZLWKRXW�ORVLQJ� WKH�IRUFH� RI�4XDWUHPHUHV� W\SH�DV� D�JHQHULF�LGHD��WR�JLYH�LW�JUHDWHU�LGHQWLW\�DQG� VXEVWDQFH�VR�WKDW�LW�PLJKW�EH�RI�PRUH�SUDFWLFDO�XVH� WR� WKH�DUFKLWHFW��6HPSHU�DOVR�KDG� WKH�DGYDQWDJH�WKDW�E\� WKH� WLPH�� LQ� WKH� ����V��WKDW�KH� EHFDPH�LQWHUHVWHG� LQ� WKHVH�TXHVWLRQV��GHYHORSPHQWV�LQ� QDWXUDO�VFLHQFH�KDG�SURGXFHG�D�PRUH�VRSKLVWLFDWHG�DFFRXQW�RI�ERWK� QDWXUH�DQG�RI�W\SHV� WKDQ�KDG� EHHQ�

����

Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
economy of the term

top related