vi fracture recognition and classification radiologic interpretation of fractures physical therapy...

VI Fracture Recognition and Classification

Radiologic Interpretation of Fractures Physical Therapy Considerations

Prescribing appropriate modalities based upon:• Recognition and classification of fractures• Determining fx stability. Recognizing normal

osseous healing vs. delayed or nonunion of bone

• Understanding the biomechanical function of internal fixation hardware.

• Identifying proper placement of internal fixation hardware

1. Fractures tend to follow sharp geometric lines rather than smooth, rounded or curved lines.2. Fractures are normally congruent at the fracture lines: the two, or more, pieces fit one another.3. Fractures will show bone resorption at the apposed surfaces within 1 week.4. Fracture lines do not extend beyond the cortex of the bone. If it does think superimposition.5. Stress or March fractures are often radiographically invisible for 7-10 days post injury.

Early fractures.

Avulsion Fracture of Distal Phalanx

This fracture demonstrates congruence of the fragments

CT scan. Note both sharp geometric lines and congruence.

Fracture Base of 1st Metacarpal1. The sesamoid bone is an example

of a commonly identified fracture/fragment. But note it is round and non congruent. If we had a follow-up film no resorption would be noted, a tip-off to the dx.

2. The fragments are sharp, congruent and no resorption is seen indicating a new, less than one week, fracture. Resorption becomes visible within a week or two.

3. Possible foolers: note the overlap of the dorsal and palmar joint surfaces giving the appearance of a fracture.

Reabsorption at the proximal tibial fracture.

Here is a common

misinterpretation of a fracture where none

exists.

Intra-operative image. Again

note the characteristics of a fracture.

Fracture?

Stress Fractures do not become

visible for about 10 days. This fx is about 2 weeks post.

The appearance of

callus is the diagnostic sign.

Note the fuzzy, cotton- like appearance of bone callus formation.

1 day post jumping out of a tree. CC: pain in foot.

Your diagnosis?

Tibial Stress Fracture: No bone callus seen because there has been no

motion. But increased density is visible.

Diagnosis?What is your next step if you are not sure?

Technetium Bone Scan of same patient seen in previous film.

Now what is your dx?

Stress Fracture Left tibia

Fracture Age?

Stability?

PT implications?

Fracture Classification Scheme

1. Open or closed?2. Incomplete?

1. Bowing, torus, greenstick

3. Complete?1. Simple or comminuted

4. Transverse, Oblique, Spiral or Longitudinal5. Medial, lateral, anterior or posterior

displacement (of the distal fragment)?6. Distraction? 7. If no fracture line is visible

1. Impaction or depression

Closed oblique fx of the third metatarsal, midshaft,

non-displaced.

Compression Fracture of T12Note the lateral

view: does a great job with vertebral body fractures.

Open Spiral Fracture of midshaft tibia

with posterior displacement.

Eponyms

• Many fractures have two names, a descriptive name and a Proper Noun name. The next slides demonstrate some of the more common eponyms that you should become familiar with and be able to identify and describe.

• There are many more; we have noted only some of the more common.

Common Fracture EponymsBoxer’s: 4th or 5th metacarpalColle’s Fracture: distal radius (wrist) often with ulnar styloid fxGaleazzi: distal radial fx with dislocation at distal radioulnar

jointSegond: avulsion at lateral margin of the lateral tibial plateauHill-Sachs fracture: impaction of the posterolateral humeral

headBankart: impaction of the anteroinferior glenoid• H-S and Bankart associated with anterior dislocationsJones: proximal 5th metatarsalChauffeur’s: distal radial styloid, eversion mechanism

.

More Fracture Eponyms

• Monteggia: proximal ulnar shaft associated with radial head dislocation

• Lisfranc: avulsion at medial base of 2nd met often with lateral displacement of 2-5 metatarsals

• Bennet: base of 1st metacarpal• Jefferson: 1st C vertebrae secondary to axial loading

injury like diving• Hangman’s: pedicles of C2 secondary to

hyperextension• Chance: upper lumbar vertebrae, usually L2, aka

“seatbelt” injury secondary to hyperflexion of the lumbar spine over a fixed fulcrum

• Maissoneuve: medial malleolus and proximal fibular

Boxer’s Fracture

Colles Fracture aka: transverse fx of distal radius with dorsal tilt of distal fragment.

A fall on the outstretched hand during a soccer match resulted in this injury.

Colles: the “dinner fork” appearance noted on the lateral view and clinically

Colles

Loss of normal 10 degree volar tilt of distal radius

Galeazzi Fracture

More proximal the Colle’s fx.

Segond FX

Hill-Sachs lesionsPosterolateral aspect of humeral head

CT-axial view- of Hill-Sachs Lesion

Anterior- Right shoulder

Posterior

Bankart Fracture: anterior inferior glenoidBankart lesion: detachment of anterior inferior portion of

glenoid. Same mechanism of injury-anterior dislocation-with injury either to humerus and/or glenoid.

Axial CT of Bankart Fx

Ant. Dislocation of humerus with Bankart

Fx

Note: CT’s, like MRI’s, are viewed as

if looking at the patient in supine position, from the patient’s feet up to

the head. This is a R shoulder with anterior

at the top.

A

L

Pediatric Fractures

Fractures involving Epiphyseal plates are usually described with the Salter-Harris Classification system.

There are 5 major types of S-H fractures, with a 6th through 9th sometimes used.

Classification of Epiphyseal Fractures I - pure epiphyseal separation

if non-displaced, jt effusion may be only sign

II- metaphyseal fracture + epiphyseal separation III -epiphyseal fracture IV- vertically oriented fx thru epiphysis + metaphysis V- crush injury of epiphysis (not detected acutely)

Most common: type II type I (best) type V (worst)-may result in premature closure of epiphyseal plate.

Salter-Harris Classification

Clinically the S-H classification would be used to describe a fracture, for example, “a Salter Harris 1 fracture is noted at the medial aspect of the distal tibia” etc.

Refer to these fractures in conversation as “Salter Harris 2’s or 3’s” and so on.

Salter Harris 1

Radial epiphysis is shifted to the right

Salter Harris 2

Salter Harris 3

Salter Harris 4

Salter Harris 5