ways to study 4 evaluating and programming

Ways to Study lecture 04Evaluating and programming

Ways to study and researchurban, architectural and technical design

Prof.dr.ir. A.C.J.M. Eekhout

Prof.dr.ir. T. M. de Jong

Dr. D.J.M. van der Voordt

chapters to discuss

CONTENTS

Introduction

A.Naming and describingB.Design research and typologyC.EvaluatingD.ModelingE.Programming and optimizingF.Technical Study G.Design Study H.Study by design

Epilogue

A. Naming and describing

1. Criteria for scientific research and design

E. Programming and optimizing

27. Programming of buildings31. Designing a city hall

C. Evaluating

7. Ex post evaluation of buildings20. Evaluating prototypes

Functionality Access / Parking Accessibility Effectiveness / Efficiency Security (ergonomic, social) Spatial orientation Privacy and social contact Identity physical well-being (light, sound, heat, humidity) Future Value - flexibility Aesthetic requirements Image quality Order and complexity Representativeness Meaning Grant Cultural and Historical Value Technical aspects Fire Safety Structural Safety Building Physical quality Environmental Awareness and Sustainability

Economic & Legal AspectsInvestment and operating costsTime InvestmentPublic and private regulations

Pre-design research

Post-Occupancy Evaluation

Initiatief

Programma

Ontwerp

Uitvoering

Gebruik en beheer

Plananalyse

the traditionalbuilding cycle

intuitive design - research by design - designing research

design researchtypological research

(empirical) research in favor of designing

Scientific approach to designing

Art Designing Research Science

Designing with or without research

- Own experiences

- Own Imagination

- Inspiring examples (precedents)

- Application of results from research

- research into user needs and satisfaction

- size studies

- plan descriptions and analysis plan (precedents)

- Thematic studies e.g. flexibility, physical access, social security, sustainable building

- Own research (investigating, searching, researching)

Research

Generating knowledge through:

- Reflection, idea development, design studies, forming of hypothesis

- Literature Study

- Analysis of existing data (e.g. CBS)*

- Collecting, processing and analyzing of empirical data through interviews, surveys, observations,

experiments, study of documents, etc.

*http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/organisatie/organisatie/internationale-samenwerking/int-perspectief.htm?Languageswitch=on

Searching and Investigating

- How large are the classrooms in school X?

- How big should a classroom be, according to book Y?

- How many toilets are there in theater X?

- How many m2 does our neighborhood library has?

- What kinds of education can be distinguished and what is the relationship

between the type of education and housing?

- What factors determine the size of a classroom?

- What is a good method to determine this?

- What factors determine the number of toilets in a public building?

- Is there a method to determine the required number m2 for a neighborhood library?

- Sources: literature, websites, empirical research

Scienceordered unity of the knowledge and the rules, laws, theories, hypotheses and systems with which further knowledge can be acquired

Scientificin accordance with the requirements or rules of science

Criteria for scientific researchScience equals any collection of statements that features a reliable relationship to reality, a valid mutual relationship and a critical potential with regard to other statements in the same domain.

- Methodical approach

- Objectivity

- Controllability

- Validity

- Reliability

- Social relevance

- Scientific relevance

Project dependent researchContext Dependent (place, time, local conditions)

Project independent researchGeneric knowledge, as much as possible independently of the particular context or with a clear picture of context-sensitive factors

Objectives of project dependent researchbefore (ex ante) and afterwards (ex post)

- Making reasoned and founded choices in programs of requirement and designs

- Seeking optimal balance between conflicting requirements

- Reviewing alternatives on expenses and quality

- Determining whether objectives have been met

- Identifying unintended and unforeseen effects

- Starting points for a plan of improvement

Initiative Goals

Preconditions

Interest

(Criteria)

Formulation of the problem

Designing and screening of alternatives

Predicting of effects

Choosing the best solution

Developing

Reviewing

Findeisen & Quade (1985)

The methodology of systems analysis

Objectives of project independent researchbefore (ex ante) and afterwards (ex post)

- Theory formation (product and process oriented)

- Instrument development (tools)

- Design Guidelines

- Policy Recommendations

- Database of reference projects (documentation - Analysis - Evaluation)

- Research Methodological lessons

Research

Initiative

Program

DesignExecution

Use and management

a designflowchart

The Program of Demands [PoD]Listing of quantitative and qualitative requirements and constraints to which a accommodation solution should meet.

Ordered set of data on the accommodation needs of an organization and the performance required on the location, building, premises, building parts and facilities in the building and on the site.

Functions of the PoD

- Reflection on the accommodation task and the design assignment

- Information and communications between the parties

- Assessment tool

- Budget Determination

- Contract Formation

Development of a PoDStatic or Dynamic?

Interaction between program and plan development

“My design started with an extensive study of the

location and the program of requirements”

* Carel Weeber, Dutch architect (1937 -)

Designing a City Hall - Weeber*Study of context

Designing a City Hall - WeeberSummary program of requirements

“I am learning it already by heart”.

Relation schema + valuation

determining the relations between parts and characterizing them

Designing a City Hall - WeeberScale relation study

“I study possible organizations for the building and proportions of the parts of the building.”

”Guided by the program of requirements and the relational schema I determine the total concept. I am looking first to what I’ve got in hand. How much office surface is required? Is it an office with additional functions or is it a hall with offices?”

“What the study of the program of requirements has yielded as a whole is placed in the context in terms of urban architecture. This will result in morphological requirements for the surroundings.“

Designing a City Hall - Weeber

Test of form Cross-sectionLoose sketch

Study of the front

Designing a City Hall - WeeberDesign study for a library Adding functions: a library and some homes. No

further study of a program of requirements for the homes was necessary: a house is a house”

Final drawing

Contents of a PoD

recommended literature

Wijk, M. (2004) Bouwstenen, gids bij het maken van een programma van eisen

(Rotterdam) SBR

Contents of a PoD 01

- Principles, objectives, mission of the organization

- Organizational (organigram)

- Employees number part-time/full-timefunctions / disciplinesrelationships

- Work processes (activities) primary and secondary processes, coherence and logistics (persons, goods), communication, concentration, individual / collective; privacy / social contact, internally and externally; representativeness prospects (trends, scenarios)

User demands

Example of a company analysis

Contents of a PoD 02

Site

- classification (layout) and internal design m2/room (functionally useful)supplement for circulation spaceadditional spacefacilitiesconstructionrelationships between spacesequipment & services (water, electricity, cabling)fixed furniture

- supporting structure (flexibility!)- outer Skin (wall, floor, roof)- ducts and installations

Functions and Performance

Contents of a PoD 02

Functionality

- space in m2 (site, building, workplace)- relationships

separation / connectionzoning compartmentation

- use of spaceMono / multifunctionalindividual / joint

- general conditionsaccessibilitysecurity changeability (internal and external)identity/representationorientational convenience [sun/shadow]durability/sustainability

Functions and Performance

Contents of a PoD 02

Physical Conditions

- thermal comfort temperature, air quality, radiation

- visual comfort view, daylight, artificial light

- acoustic comfort noise, acoustics etc.

- safetySafety in use (use loads, ergonomics) Social security (i.e. intrusion security) Calamities i.e. fire (escape routes etc.) Operational safety (facilities) etc.Hazardous substances

Functions and Performance

Contents of a PoD 02

- Floor area 5100 m2 RFA*; max 6000 m2 GFA**

- Proper recognizability of the organization

- Representative, luxury entrance

- Accessible to everyone, including people with disabilities

- Central hall with reception

- Sufficient lifts (maximum 1 minute delay)

- Separate delivery entrance

- Adaptability by layout flexibility (carrier / installation, grid size), expandability, multi-functionality of

space, divisible into wings with private sanitary (part rentability)

- Innovative office concept, fixed work stations secretary

- Finishing and furnishing sober and practical

Example 1: PoD of a building

* Rentable Floor Area

** Gross Floor Area

Contents of a PoD 02

Example 2: PoD of a building PoD of an office building 200pp

175 flexible workplaces 2100m2 NFA*

cockpits, etc. 200 m2

meeting rooms and reception areas 200 m2

restaurant 250 m2

service area (pantries, repro) 100 m2

Mailroom 35 m2

Library 35 m2

Archive 100 m2

storage room 30 m2

FNO Total 3050 m2 NFA*

Supplement Factor GFA / FNO 1.6

Total GFA 4880 m2 GFA**

* Net Floor Area

** Gross Floor Area

Example of a space-relation scheme

Source: G. Streng en F. Vehoeven (1990), Programma van eisen huisvesting

consumentenbond. Graduation thesis

Source: Grootenhuis (2002)Stadhuis Alphen aan den Rijn

Contents of a PoD 03

- Cultural values

socio-cultural

architectural

urban design

landscape

- Identity

recognizability

representativeness

- Experiential value

aesthetics

design

Image Expectations

For example

- Representative character of the location

(modern, commercial)

- Modern architecture

- High quality of the facade (beautiful, durable

materials)

- Possibility of commercial expressions

- Hal spacious and luxurious, high quality

finishes (e.g. marble)

- Interior furnishing according to own design line

Contents of a PoD 04

- Cost / budget investmentoperating costs

- time durationcompletion dateservice life

- working conditions on siteduring use

- environment energy materials

Internal requirements and preconditions

- meet demands Sustainable Building

- Safety burglary NEN 5088

- Gross initial yield at least 8%

- Rent max 275, -/m2 VVO

- Completion not later than November 1

Contents of a PoD 05

- Legislation Building ActHealth and Safety Actenvironmental legislationfire security legislation

zoningconservation areae.g. maximum height 40 m

- Technical conditions shapem2access sitesoiltraffic / public transportutilities, water boards

External requirements and preconditions

- Funding grants

References

- Existing PoD’s

- Needs, wishes and preferences of clients, users and visitors (through direct

participation / indirectly through research)

- Experiences of building managers (idem)

- Views of experts (designers, consultants, critics) (idem)

- Guidelines and recommendations from the literature

- Results from evaluation

- Norms (NEN standards, quality marks)

- Laws and legislation (Building Act, Health, private regulation)

- Function analysis

- Visit similar projects

- Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE)

Example of spatial study

Example spatial studyGovernment Buildings Department

Example spatial studyGovernment Buildings Department

Real Estate Facts & Figures

- Space per employee 25 to 30 m2 GFA

- depending on business type

- Surface per FTE 15-18 m2 NFA, 21-25 m2 per workstation RFA

- GFA / NFA 1.5 - 1.7; NFA / GFA 0.58 - 0.67

- GFA / RFA 1.16 - 1.21; RFA / GFA 0.83 - 0.86

- Number of parking lots

- A location: 10/100 Randstad employees; elsewhere 20/100

- B location: Randstad 20/100 workers; elsewhere 40/100

- Elsewhere, 1 or 2 / 100 m2 GFA

- Reduction factor for easy access public and private transport

Key Figures m2

Example from:

Wijk, M. (2004) Bouwstenen, gids bij het maken van een programma van eisen (Rotterdam) SBR

Evaluating

- to value, determining what something is worth

- Scientifically assess the content, implementation and effects of an intervention

on the basis of certain criteria or objectives [side effects?]

Forms

- Ex ante versus ex post

- Product oriented or process oriented

- Integral or selective

EvaluatingResearch Design

Dynamic Evaluation Office Haarlem

Old Experiment New

Control Control Control

office innovation

no changeT0 T1 T2

T0 T1 T2

Building PerformanceEvaluation:- questionnaires- interviews- observation etc.

Comparativefloor plan analysison similaritiesand dissimilarities

Exploration of ideas- review of literature- experts’ interviews- site visits

Typology of differentsolutions with pros and consfor quality and costs

Description and analysis Evaluation

Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) Health centre Leiden

Spatial-Functional analysis of a consultation bureau

Prisons cost and quality of alternative types

Decision points for evaluating

- Which aspects (what to measure, what criteria)

- What objects (selected cases)

- How to measure

- How to value

- How important are (prioritizing)

- How to analyze data

- How to apply / implement

Functional evaluation aspects

- Access and parking facilities

- Accessibility

- Effectiveness / efficiency

- Safety (ergonomic, social)

- Spatial orientation

- Territoriality, privacy and social contact, identity

- Physical wellbeing (light, acoustics, heat, drafts, humidity)

- Future Value - Agility / Flexibility

Aesthetic evaluation aspects

- Order and complexity

- Representativeness

- Significance Grant (symbolism, semiotics)

- Cultural historical Value

- Image quality

Aesthetic evaluation aspects

- Order and complexity: clearly readable and fascinating

- Clear distinction between public - private

- Appropriate use of architectural tools such as color, material,

texture, light

- Interesting symbolism and signification (expressiveness)

- Clear relationship between form and function

- Contribution to quality of public space

Criteria for architectural quality

Technical/Economical evaluation aspects

Technical aspects

- Fire Safety

- Structural Safety

- Building physical quality

- Environmental awareness and sustainability

Economic and legal aspects

- Investment and Operating expenses

- Time Investment

- Public and private legislation

How to measure?

- Own observations

- studying papers (literature, maps, archival records)

- Ask methods (survey, interview)

- Measuring using Devices

How to value?

- Existing PoD’s

- Needs, wishes and preferences of clients, users and visitors

(through direct participation / indirectly through research)

- Experiences of building managers (idem)

- Views of experts (designers, consultants, critics) (idem)

- Guidelines and recommendations from the literature

- Results from evaluation

- Norms (NEN standards, quality marks)

- Laws and legislation (Building Act, Health, private regulation)

- Function analysis

- Visit similar projects

- Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE)

Quality References

Example Real Estate Standard

Access for trucks and passenger cars:

- Distance to nearest highway

- Distance to nearest highway junction

- Traffic Flow / obstacles

- Connecting type plot - Highway

Quality classes e.g.

- A = 500 m or more

- 2 = 300-500

- 3 = 200 to 300

- 4 = 100 to 200

- 5 = less than 100 m

Recommendations

- support your program and design choices to your (outcomes of) research

- test your design in various stages to your (results from) research

- remember that research does not interfere with your creativity, but could provide a good

balance between reason and emotion, between head and heart, between art and science

Semester 2 building and materialization

Central theme Subject in Semester 2 is the design and the materialization of a small public building in an urban context. The program is extremely simple in organization and relations. The emphasis is on the most fundamental qualities of a designed space in relation to materialization and realization.

ObjectivesThe main learning objectives of the semester builds forth on that of the first semester and provide further guidance on the architecture. The level of units of study “Design, Media Concepts” is widening. The contents of the unit of Construction, Building Physics and Structural Design is a partly broadening and partly introductory course.New in the semester is the educational unit of Real Estate & Housing, which included the building and construction law subjects. The level is introductory. A student who has completed the second semester has a basic level of a summary of all important aspects of the design. In addition, the student based on level understanding of various aspects of the building.

Semester 2 main objectives

- the student can engineering issues in a methodical and systematic investigations

- the student architectural precedents in their various aspects analysis (program, context, type, composition, construction)

- the student with the architectural concepts of architectural idea of a argue methodically building design

- students may combine the knowledge and use of resources compositional architecture of a building design

- the student the basics of materials science, building physics (light and thermal environment) and support structures to apply a building design

- the student can describe different phases in the building while the actors, their activities and control options and products name and confront.

Semester 2 program outline

- The "climate machine", a greenhouse in the botanical gardens of Leiden, the final product of the design task, is an integration of spatial, constructive and building technical design.

- Learning to design is also done in this semester in the “Integrated Design Project”. It involves both the conceptualization of the assignment as to the materialization and further elaboration.

- The building has three different climate zones. At the start of each semester is an modified assignment isposted on the Blackboard Course.

- The project is a simulation of a (small) design project in practice.

- It reviews the technique of building. Supporting structures, separating constructions and finishing make the design to building. These have a major impact on cost, durability, maintenance and appearance.

- Lastly, the building process gets a central place.