welcome! getting started - happy atomswelcome! happy atoms is a physical and digital chemistry...

Welcome!HappyAtomsisaphysicalanddigitalchemistryteachingtoolthatallowsstudentstolearn,see,andexploretheworldofchemistry.

GettingStartedBeforeyoucanuseHappyAtomswithatabletdevice,youwillneedtocompletethefollowingsteps:

1. DownloadtheHappyAtomsapp2. Calibratetheapp

a. Whenyouopentheappforthefirsttime,youwillbeaskedwhichHappyAtomsmodelingsetyouhave

i. IntroductorySet?OrCompleteSet?b. Youwillthenhavetocalibratetheappusingatomscontainedinthesetyouhave.c. Followtheinstructionsonthescreentocalibrateyourapp.d. Thisstepshouldonlytakeafewminutes,andwillonlyneedtobedoneonce.Afterthis,

yourHappyAtomsappisreadytobeused.3. Havingyourstudentscompletethisstepwillbeagreatwaytohelpfamiliarizestudentstothe

featuresoftheapp.

PlayTheHappyAtomsappissetupasanopeninquirytooltoworktogetherwithguidedinstruction.Whenyoufirstshowtheapptostudents,givethemtimetomakeafewmolecules,snaptheirpicture,andlearnabouttheintuitivefeaturesoftheapp.AllowstudentstousethisinitialexposuretotheapptoreadthroughtheinstructionsfromHarperandAndee.

HaveFun!EnjoytherestofyourschoolyearusingtheHappyAtomsapp!

WestEd developed these example lesson plans as part of a subcontract from Schell Games under IES SBIR grant #ED-IES-15-C-0025. Special thanks to the teachers who developed the original lesson plans (Jonathan Fong, Ann Shioji, Leigh-Anne Ecklund) and the

teachers who helped pilot the lesson plans (Kathleen Ravano, Pamela Yang, Tessa Eckenfelder).

AtomicStructureLessonGuide

1

BigIdeaAtomsconsistofanucleuswithprotonsandneutronsandelectronsaroundthenucleus.Theconfigurationofelectronsintheoutermostshellofanatomdetermineschemicalpropertiesofelements.LearningObjectivesStudentswillbeableto:1. Understandthatorbitalsthatarenotyetstablecontainvalenceelectronsbycounting

thevalenceelectronsonthephysicalHappyAtomselements.2. Observethatvalenceelectronsdeterminehowmanybondsanatomcanmakeby

makingmoleculesusingalltheatomsinagroup.3. Understandthatelectronconfigurationisonewayofidentifyinganelement,aswellas

showingwhichelementsare“related”toeachother(i.e.,sharesimilarchemicalproperties)bycomparingthemolecularbondingpatternsofatomsacrossgroupsandperiods.

StandardsAddressed1. Usetheperiodictableasamodeltopredicttherelativepropertiesofelementsbasedon

thepatternsofelectronsintheoutermostenergylevelofatoms.(HS-PS1-1)2. Eachatomhasachargedsubstructureconsistingofanucleus,whichismadeofprotons

andneutrons,surroundedbyelectrons.(HS-PS1-1)3. Astablemoleculehaslessenergythanthesamesetofatomsseparated;onemust

provideatleastthisenergyinordertotakethemoleculeapart.(HS-PS1-4)4. Thestructureandinteractionsofmatteratthebulkscalearedeterminedbyelectrical

forceswithinandbetweenatoms.(HS-PS1-3)5. ScienceandEngineeringPractice:DevelopingandUsingModels:Useamodeltopredict

therelationshipsbetweensystemsorbetweencomponentsofasystem.6. CrosscuttingConcept:SystemsandSystemModels:Modelscanbeusedtopredictthe

behaviorofasystem,butthesepredictionshavelimitedprecisionandreliabilityduetotheassumptionsandapproximationsinherentinmodels

7. CrosscuttingConcept:Patterns:Differentpatternsmaybeobservedateachofthescalesatwhichasystemisstudiedandcanprovideevidenceforcausalityinexplanationsofphenomena.

Vocabulary,ContentandMisconceptionsProtonNeutronElectronValenceelectron-magnetsStabilityThephysicalatomsonlyshowvalenceelectrons,whilethePeriodicTablewithintheappshowsallelectronscirclingthenucleusofeachatom.Forexample,studentsmaywonderwhyboththeCarbonandSiliconatomshave6magnets(representingvalenceelectrons)whenChas6electronstotal,andSiliconhas14.

AtomicStructureLessonGuide

2

Materials- HappyAtomsmodelingset- HappyAtomsapp- AtomicStructureStudentWorksheet

AdvancePreparationProvidetoeachstudent:

-AtomicStructureWorksheet(doublesided)Providetoeachlabstationgroup: -HappyAtomsappdownloadedontotabletdevice -HappyAtomsmodelingset

AtomicStructureLessonGuide

3

ExpectedActivityTime:Oneclassperiod(50minutes)DescriptionofLessonIntroductiontoaHappyAtomsatom(5-10minutes)

1. Distributeworksheettostudents,andhavethemgotoastationwiththeirgroup.2. Haveeverystudenttakeanatom(anyatom)fromtheHappyAtomssettoholdonto

duringthisdemonstration.3. Reviewthefollowingterminology,asitrelatedtotheHappyAtomsset.While

reviewingtheseterms,havestudentssharewiththeirpartnerorgrouphowthetermrelatestotheatomtheyareholding.

a. Elementsymbolb. ValenceElectronsc. Nucleus(protonsandneutrons)d. BondingSite

PartI:IdentifyingElements(15-20minutes)

1. Assigneachstationagroupofelementstoworkwith:Period1orPeriod2(plusHeandH).IfyouhavenotreviewedtheorganizationofthePeriodicTablewithyourstudents,youcantellthemwhichelementstoworkwith:

a. Period1:H,He,Li,Be,C,N,O,F,Neb. Period2:H,He,Na,Mg,Si,P,S,Cl,Ar

2. InstructstudentstocompletetheAtomicStructureWorksheet,usingtheHappyAtomsmodelingsetandapp.

PartII:PatternsandQuestions(15-20minutes)

1. Partnergroupswhocompletedthetablefordifferentelements.2. Instructstudentstosharetheirobservationsandlooksforpatternsacrosstheirdata

table3. InstructstudenttoworktogethertocompletethePartIIPatternsandQuestions

sectionoftheworksheet.WrapUpandClosingDiscussion(5-10minutes)

1. Reviewtheworksheetwithyourstudents,makingsuretoincludeexamplesfrombothPeriodsinyourdiscussion.

2. Mostimportantly,reviewsomeofthepatternsinvalenceelectronsacrossaperiodanddownagroupinthePeriodicTable.

a. Examplesmayinclude:valenceshellelectronpatterns,totalnumberofelectronpatterns,stableoutershellpatterns.

b. YoucanrefertotheimagesintheHappyAtomsPeriodicTableasanadditionalresource.

AtomicStructureWorksheet

1

Name:___________________________________________________________________________________________ Period#:_________ Date:_________________Background:-Valenceelectronsaretheoutermostelectronsaroundthenucleusofanatomthatdeterminemanyoftheelement’schemicalcharacteristics.-Totalelectronsreferstothetotalnumberofelectronsaroundthenucleusofanatom,includingtheoutermostvalenceelectrons.-HappyAtomselementshavebondingsites,orspotsonthenucleusthatrepresentthenumberofbondsthatcanformaroundtheelement.-Elementsareconsideredtobestablewhentheyhaveafulloutershellofelectrons.ThiscaneasilybeseenusingthePeriodicTableintheHappyAtomsapp.

AtomicStructureWorksheet

2

PartI:IdentifyingElementsCompletethistableusingtheHappyAtomsmodelingkit.YoucanalsousethePeriodicTableintheHappyAtomsappforadditionalinformation.

ElementNameChemicalSymbol

AtomicNumber

Nucleus Totalnumberofelectrons

Numberofvalenceshell

electrons

Totalnumberofelectronsneededaroundnucleusto

bestable

Numberofelectronsatoms

givesuporneedstobestableProtons Neutrons

Hydrogen

2

AtomicStructureWorksheet

3

PartII:PatternsandQuestions1. Explainthedifferencebetweenthevalenceelectrons,andthetotalnumberofelectronsforanygivenelement.

Valenceelectron-

Totalelectrons-

Ex.DescribethedifferencebetweentotalandvalenceelectronsfortheelementSilicon.2. Yourteacherwillpairyouwithagroupthatcompletedthetableusingdifferentelements.Listtwo(2)similaritiesandtwo(2)differences

betweenOxygenandSulfur,usingtheinformationinyourtable,andtheothergroups’table.YoucanalsouseyourphysicalatomsandthePeriodicTableintheappasareference.Similarities1.2.

Differences1.2.

3. Whatpatternsdoyounoticeaboutthetotalnumberofelectronsandthenumberofvalenceelectrons?YoucanlistpatternsacrossthePeriodTable,orrelationshipsbetweenthetotalandvalenceshellelectrons.ProvideevidencefromtheHappyAtomsmodelingapporsetthatallowsyoutocometothisconclusion.1.2.3.

4. WhatdoyounoticeaboutArgonandNeon?ProvideevidencefromtheHappyAtomsmodelingapporsetthatallowsyoutocometothisconclusion.

PeriodicTrendsLessonGuide

1

BigIdeaTheperiodictableisorganizedinrowsbyincreasingatomicnumber,suchthatelementswithsimilaratomicstructureandchemicalpropertiesaregroupedasverticalcolumns.Increasingordecreasingtrends,suchasatomicsize,numberofvalenceelectrons,orelectronegativity,canbeobservedintheperiodictableacrossaperiodordownagroup.LearningObjectivesStudentswillbeableto:

1. Understandhowatomicsizechangesdownagroupbyvisuallydrawingthetrendwhenprovidedwithablankperiodictable.

2. Understandthatelementswithinthesamegrouphavesimilarchemicalpropertiesandatomicstructure,anddemonstratethatunderstandingbyidentifyingthatelementswiththesamenumberofvalenceelectronsalsoresideinthesamegroup.

3. Understandthatelementsfromdifferentgroupshavedifferentchemicalpropertiesandatomicstructurebyidentifyingthedifferenceinthenumberofvalenceelectronsacrossaperiodintheperiodictable.

StandardsAddressed1.Usetheperiodictableasamodeltopredicttherelativepropertiesofelementsbasedon

thepatternsofelectronsintheoutermostenergylevelofatoms.(HS-PS1-1.)2.Constructandreviseanexplanationfortheoutcomeofasimplechemicalreaction

basedontheoutermostelectronstatesofatoms,trendsintheperiodictable,andknowledgeofthepatternsofchemicalproperties.(HS-PS1-2.

3.ScienceandEngineeringPractice:Developingandusingmodels4.CrosscuttingConcept:StructureandFunctionVocabulary,ContentandMisconceptionsGroupPeriodAtomicsizeAtomicsizeacrossaperiodisnotwellrepresentedintheHappyAtomssetandapp.Studentsoftendon’tunderstandthattheNobleGasesarelargercomparedtotheHalogensbecauseatomicsizegenerallydecreasesasyoumovefromlefttorightinaperiod.Studentssometimesthinkitisamistakeintheirbookoraskifthisisamistakeinthemodels.AdiscussionofthepropertiesofNobleGasesandtheOctetrulewouldhelpwiththis.Noblegaseshaveacompleteoutershellofelectrons.Thesizeofeachatomislargerbecausethereismoreelectronrepulsion.BecauseNobleGaseshaveallthevalenceelectronstheyneed,theyareverystableanddon’tparticipateinmanychemicalreactions.Themodelscanbeusedtodiscussthemisconceptionthatthevalenceelectronsdonotrepresentalltheelectronsofanatom.Youcannotethatthenoblegasesdonothaveanyvalenceelectrons:itmightseemlikeitwouldbejustafreefloatingnucleus,butrathertheyhavefulloctetofelectrons.Usethistoguidestudents,alongwiththeuseoftheHappyAtomsapplication,toshowthatthemagnetsarejustshowingthevalenceelectronsandnotthetotalnumberofelectronsinanatom.

PeriodicTrendsLessonGuide

2

Materials

- HappyAtomsmodelingset- HappyAtomsapp- AtomicStructureStudentWorksheet

AdvancePreparationProvidetoeachstudent:

-AtomicStructureWorksheet(doublesided)Providetoeachlabstationgroup: -HappyAtomsappdownloadedontotabletdevice -HappyAtomsmodelingset -HappyAtomsmodelingsetwhitemat

PeriodicTrendsLessonGuide

3

ExpectedActivityTime:Oneclassperiod(50minutes)DescriptionofLessonIntroductiontoaHappyAtomsatom(5-10minutes)

1. Distributeworksheettostudents,andhavethemgotoastationwiththeirgroup.2. DemonstratetostudentswheretheycanfindthePeriodicTableintheapp.

a. ItisimportanttopointoutthedifferencesbetweenthePeriodicTableintheapp,andtherealPeriodicTableofElements,toavoidanyconfusion.

PartI:IdentifyingDifferentTypesofElements(5-10minutes)

1. Studentswillcompletetheirworksheet,fillingoutthedifferenttypesofelementclassifications(fromapp)ineachbox.

PartII:IdentifyingValenceElectrons(10-15minutes)

1. StudentswillusetheHappyAtomsPeriodicTablemattophysicallylayoutalloftheelements.Aftertheyhavedonethis,andhaveansweredthequestions,youcansuggestthateachgroupfindanothergrouptodiscussthepatternsthattheynoticedacrossanddownthePeriodicTable.

2. YoumaywanttoconsiderhavingadiscussionabouttheperiodictrendsasaclassbeforehavingstudentsvisuallyrepresenttheirtrendsattheendofPartII.

PartIII:Electronegativity(10-15minutes)1. Studentswillcompletethetableaboutinnerelectrons,valenceelectrons,and

electronegativity.ExplaintostudentsthedifferenceinelectronegativitiesofOandF.Youcanusethephysicalatomstodemonstratethis.

WrapUpandClosingDiscussion(5-10minutes)

1. Reviewtheworksheetwithyourstudents,makingsuretoreviewtheelectronegativitytable,asthiswillbenew.

2. SummarizethedifferenttrendsthatgroupsnoticesinthePeriodicTable.3. Mostimportantly,reviewsomeofthepatternsinvalenceelectronsacrossaperiod

anddownagroupinthePeriodicTable.a. Examplesmayinclude:valenceshellelectronpatterns,totalnumberof

electronpatterns,stableoutershellpatterns.b. YoucanrefertotheimagesintheHappyAtomsPeriodicTableasan

additionalresource.

PeriodicTrendsWorksheet

1

Name:___________________________________________________________________________________________ Period#:_________ Date:_________________Background:-ElementsareorganizedinaPeriodicTableofElements.ThePeriodicTablealsoguidesyouinidentifyingpatternsandinformationabouteachelementdependingonitspositioninthetable.-Electronegativityistherelativetendencyofanatomtoattractelectronstoitselfinachemicalbond.Thegreateranatom'selectronegativity,thegreateritsabilitytoattractelectronstoitself.PartI:IdentifyingDifferentTypesofElementsUsethePeriodicTableintheapptoclassifyeachtypeofelementintheHappyAtomsPeriodicTable.

Group1A

Group2A

HGroup2A

Group4A Group5A Group6A Group7A

He

Li Be C N O F Ne

Na Mg Si P S Cl Ar

1. Whatpatternsdoyounoticeaboutthemetalsandnonmetals?WhereiseachcategoryofelementslocatedonthePeriodicTable?

PeriodicTrendsWorksheet

2

PartII:IdentifyingValenceElectronsUsethePeriodicTableMattolayoutoneofeachatomonthemat.Makesureyouhaveenoughspace.

1. WhatpatternsdoyounoticeasyoumovedownperiodsinthePeriodicTable?Whatisyourevidence?HowcanyousummarizethepatternofvalenceelectronsasyoumovedownperiodsinthePeriodicTable?

2. WhatpatternsdoyounoticeasyoumoveacrossgroupsinthePeriodicTable?Whatisyourevidence?HowcanyousummarizethepatternofvalenceelectronsasyoumoveacrossgroupsinthePeriodicTable?

Usethespacebelowtovisuallysummarizethesepatterns.Youcanwriteinyourpatternsonthearrows.PartIII:Electronegativity

Group1A Group

2A

H Group2A Group

4AGroup5A

Group6A

Group7A He

Li Be C N O F Ne

Na Mg Si P S Cl Ar

PeriodicTrendsWorksheet

3

Exceptforhydrogenandhelium,mostelementswanttofilltheirorbitalssothattheyhaveastableOctet(8electronsintheiroutermostshell).Atomsdothisbybondingtootheratoms.ReviewtheHappyAtomsapporphysicalmodelsforeachatomlistedbelowtodeterminehowmanyvalenceelectronseachatomhasandhowmanyitneeds.

ChemicalSymbol

NumberofInner

ElectronsNumberofValence

Electrons

Thenumberofelectronsanelementwilldonateorloseinordertoachievestability

TotalNumberofValenceElectronsinaStable

ConfigurationH 1

He 2 Stable

Li 2 1

Be

C

N

O Needs2moreelectrons

F 7

Ne

Na

Mg 10

Si

P

S

Cl

Ar

1. Writeonesentencebelowdescribinghowelectronegativitychangesasyoumovefromlefttorightontheperiodictable.

2. Writeonesentencebelowdescribinghowelectronegativitychangesasyoumovedownagroupontheperiodictable.

IonicandCovalentBonding

1

BigIdeaAnelement’satomicstructureandchemicalpropertiesdeterminethetypesofbondsthatelementwillformwithotherelements.Differentnumbersofvalenceelectronswillcauseelementsinthesameperiodtohavedifferentproperties.Elementsinthesamegroupwillhavesimilarchemicalpropertiesbecausetheyhavethesamenumberofvalenceelectrons.LearningObjectivesStudentswillbeableto:

1. Visualizethatthechemicalpropertiesofionicandcovalentcompoundsarecausedbytheirbondtypes.Studentswilldemonstrateanunderstandingbyidentifyingsimilaritiesincompoundswithionicbonds,anddifferenceswhencontrastingionicandcovalentcompounds.

2. Understandthatelementsinaperiodwillhavedifferentchemicalpropertiesandbondingtypesbyidentifyingthatelementsacrossaperiodcontaindifferingnumbersofvalenceelectrons.

3. Understandthatelementsinagroupwillhavesimilarchemicalpropertiesandbondingtypesbyidentifyingthatelementswithinagrouphavethesamenumberofvalenceelectrons.

StandardsAddressed1.Usetheperiodictableasamodeltopredicttherelativepropertiesofelementsbasedonthepatternsofelectronsintheoutermostenergylevelofatoms.(HS-PS1-1.)2.ScienceandEngineeringPractice:Developingandusingmodels3.CrosscuttingConcept:StructureandFunctionVocabulary,ContentandMisconceptionsIoniccompoundCovalentcompoundCationAnionStudentsmaytrytobreaktheoctetrulewithagroup5A,6A,or7AelementbecausetherearemanymagneticconnectorswiththeHappyAtomsmodelingset.SinglebondsmodeledusingHappyAtomscanbemistakenbystudentsasdoublebondsbecausetherearetwoflexiblearmsinvolved.Sinceeachatomissharingonevalenceelectron(presentattheendofeachflexiblearm),theatomsareonlysharingonepairofelectrons,whichisthedefinitionofasinglecovalentbond.Thereisamisconceptionthathydrogenwillalwaysmakeacovalentbondinacompoundbecauseitisanonmetal.Hydrogen,ifactingasahydrideanionwhenpairedwithametalcation,willmakeanionicbond.Studentsmaythinkthathydrogencanmakemorethanasinglebond.Studentshavetriedtocreatedoubleortriplebondstoahydrogenatominacompound.

IonicandCovalentBonding

2

IntheHappyAtomsphysicalmodels,ionicbondsandcovalentbondsaremodeledsimilarly.StudentsmaybeconfusedthatelementslikeNaorLiarenotgivinguptheirelectronbecauseitisstillattachedtotheelementwhenmodelingtheionicbondwithHappyatoms.TeacherscanclarifythisbyexplainingthatGroup1Aand2Aelementsdonothavemagneticbondingsites,andcannotparticipateinacovalentbond.Materials

- HappyAtomsmodelingset- HappyAtomsapp- ChemicalFormulasandBondingWorksheet

AdvancePreparationProvidetoeachstudent:

-ChemicalFormulasandBondingWorksheet(doublesided)Providetoeachlabstationgroup: -HappyAtomsappdownloadedontotabletdevice -HappyAtomsmodelingset

IonicandCovalentBonding

3

ExpectedActivityTime:Oneclassperiod(50minutes)DescriptionofLessonIntroductiontoBonding(5-10minutes)

1. Distributeworksheettostudents,andhavethemgotoastationwiththeirgroup.2. HaveeverystudenttaketwoHydrogenatoms(thereshouldbeenoughineachsetfor7students

tofollowalong)andhavethemfollowalongasyoudemonstratebonding.3. Reviewthefollowingterminology,asitrelatedtotheHappyAtomsset.

a. ValenceElectronsb. BondingSite

PartOne:AllAboutHydrogenCompounds(15-20minutes)

1. AssignaperiodinthePeriodicTabletoeachgroupofstudents.Theywillcompletethefirstpartoftheirworksheetwiththeseelements.

a. Period2:Li,Be,C,N,O,Fb. Period3:Na,Mg,Si,P,S,Cl

2. StudentswillusetheHappyAtomsphysicalmodelingsettomakemoleculeswithhydrogen.Studentswillthentakeapictureoftheirmolecules,andidentifyit’sname,andidentifywhetheritisionicorcovalent.HappyAtomsdifferentiatesbetweenionicandcovalentbondsinboththephysicalmodels,andintheapp.

a. Period2groupswillmake:LiH,BeH2,CH4,NH3,H2O,HFb. Period3studentswillmake:NaH,MgH2,SiH4,PH3,H2S,HCl

3. Whenstudentsarefinishedwiththefirsttable,havethempartnerwithagroupthatworkedwithdifferentelements.Together,theywilldeterminethetrendsinbondingwithHydrogen,andanswerthequestionsinPartI.

PartTwo:IonicorCovalent?(15-20minutes)

1. InstructstudentstocontinueworkingonthetableinPartII.Foreachlistedmolecule,studentswillbeidentifyingthechemicalnameandbondtype,chemicalpropertiesofthemolecule,andprovidingasketchofthecompound.

WrapUpandClosingDiscussion(5-10minutes)

1. Reviewtheworksheetwithyourstudents,makingsuretoincludeexamplesfrombothPeriodsinyourdiscussion.

2. Mostimportantly,reviewtheconceptsofionicandcovalentbonding,asitreferstotheHappyAtomsphysicalmodels.YoucandemonstrateusingNaCl,andCH4,forexample,toshowtheionicvs.acovalentbond.

IonicandCovalentBondingWorksheet

1

Name:___________________________________________________________________________________________ Period#:_________ Date:_________________PartOne:AllAboutHydrogenCompoundsYourgroupwillexamineeitherPeriod2orPeriod3elements.FindtheatomsfromtheHappyAtomsmodelkitforalltheelementsinthatperiod.Bondoneatomofeachelementinthatperiodtothemaximumnumberofhydrogenatomspossibletomakeeachcompound.Aftermakingthecompound,usetheHappyAtomsapptocompletetherestofthetable.Period2:Li,Be,C,N,O,FPeriod3:Na,Mg,Si,P,S,Cl

Element

MoleculeFormedwhenbondedwithHydrogen

CompoundName

IonicorCovalent

1. Whatdoyouobservethatleadsyoutodeterminewhetheramoleculeisionicorcovalent?Writedownyourevidence.

2. PartnerwithagroupthatcompletedthetablefortheotherPeriodofelements.Worktogethertorecognizepatternsaboutmolecularbondingindifferentgroupofelementsinthetablebelow.

IonicandCovalentBondingWorksheet

2

Usethefirstcolumnasaguide.X=anyelementinthegroup

AnyElementFromGroup GroupIA GroupIIA GroupIVA GroupVA GroupVIA GroupVIIA

MoleculeFormedwhenbondedwithHydrogen

X-H

ExampleofaCompoundthatfollowsthispattern

LiH

IonicorCovalent

ionic

1.Whatpatternsdoyounoticefromyourtables?2.Arethechemicalpropertiesofeachcompoundsimilarordrasticallydifferent?Basedonyourmodeling,whatisthecauseofthesimilarityordifference?3.Compareyourresultswithagroupthatexaminedcompoundsfromadifferentperiod(forexample,ifyouexaminedPeriod2compounds,compareyourresultswithagroupthatexaminedPeriod3).Arethechemicalpropertiesofcompoundsinthesameperiodictablegroupsimilarordrasticallydifferent?Basedonyourmodeling,whatisthecauseofthissimilarityordifference?

IonicandCovalentBondingWorksheet

3

PartTwo:IonicorCovalent?CompletethistableusingtheHappyAtomsmodelingset.Aftermakingthecompound,usetheHappyAtomsapptocompletetherestofthetable.

ChemicalFormula

ChemicalName

BondType

(IonicorCovalent)

Sketchcompound(fromapporphysicalmodel)

Ifionic,whatisthecation(positivecharge)andanion(negativecharge)?

Ifcovalent,whattypeofbond

(single,double,triple)?

Oneinterestingfactaboutthecompound

NaCl

NaF

CH4

IonicandCovalentBondingWorksheet

4

ChemicalFormula

ChemicalName

BondType

(IonicorCovalent)

Sketchcompound(fromapporphysicalmodel)

Ifionic,whatisthecation(positivecharge)andanion(negativecharge)?

Ifcovalent,whattypeofbond

(single,double,triple)?

Oneinterestingfactaboutthecompound

Mg(OH)2

SiO2

NH3

1. Ioniccompoundsaremadeofa_________________anda_______________________.

2. Covalentcompoundsaremadeofa_________________anda______________________.

3. Ismagnesiumoxideanioniccompoundoracovalentcompound?Provideatleast3piecesofevidence(fromtheperiodictable,fromeachatom’selectronconfiguration,andfromactuallymodelingthecompound)tosupportyouranswer.

IonicandCovalentBondingWorksheet

5

4. Isbutaneanioniccompoundoracovalentcompound?Provideatleast3piecesofevidence(fromtheperiodictable,fromeachatom’selectronconfiguration,andfromactuallymodelingthecompound)tosupportyouranswer.

5. WhyareHe,Ne,andArmissingfromcompoundsinthisactivity?Provideatleast3piecesofevidence(fromtheperiodictable,fromeachatom’selectronconfiguration,andfromactuallymodelingthecompound)tosupportyouranswer.

LewisStructuresandMolecularShape

1

BigIdeaMoleculescanberepresentedusingaLewisStructuredrawing.Thisrepresentationofamoleculecanbeusedtodeterminethegeometryandshapeofamolecule.LearningObjectivesStudentswillbeableto:

1. DrawaLewisstructureofamoleculebasedonthenumberofvalenceelectronsofeachatom.

2. Predictthemolecularshape(geometry)inrelationtothecentralatom’sgrouponthePeriodtablebasedonVSEPTtheory.Studentsbuildmoleculeswherethecentralatomhasdifferentnumbersofvalenceelectrons.

StandardsAddressed1.Constructandreviseanexplanationfortheoutcomeofasimplechemicalreactionbasedontheoutermostelectronstatesofatoms,trendsintheperiodictable,andknowledgeofthepatternsofchemicalproperties.(HS-PS1-2.)2.ScienceandEngineeringPractice:DevelopingandUsingModels:Useamodeltopredicttherelationshipsbetweensystemsorbetweencomponentsofasystem.3.CrosscuttingConcept:SystemsandSystemModels:Modelscanbeusedtopredictthebehaviorofasystem,butthesepredictionshavelimitedprecisionandreliabilityduetotheassumptionsandapproximationsinherentinmodelsVocabulary,ContentandMisconceptionsLonepair(unsharedpair)ofelectronsBondingpairofelectronsLigandStericnumberStudentmisconceptionsforVSEPRmightinclude:-Thatadoublebondcountsas2ligands.(Remember,itreallycountsas1ligandinVSEPR.)-WhendrawingLewisstructures,studentsoftengetsocaughtupindrawingtheLewisdotscorrectlythattheywillwritethechemicalsymbolincorrectly(“CL”insteadofCl”,forexample).ItisimportanttochecktheirLewissymbolsfrequently.-Sometimes,studentsareunclearastoanatomgaining/losingelectrons,sobesuretocheckforthiswhilecirculating.Watchthisespeciallyinthemetals,asthebondingusingmetalsisdifferentwiththeHappyAtomsmodelset.Thereisonlyone“arm”fromthemetalconnectingtotheotheratom,andthisisnotreciprocated.Themodelssometimesdonotconnectallthewayforcertainmolecules(forexample,inSiO2therubberarmsdonotreachalltheway;however,abondforms).Youcantellthestudentsthatthismightbealimitationofthemodels,orevenaskstudentstocomeupwithlimitationsofthemodels,buttheycanseethereisabondingplaceholder(magnet)withwhich,ifthearmcouldreach,wouldrepresentthedoublebond.

LewisStructuresandMolecularShape

2

Materials

- HappyAtomsmodelingset- HappyAtomsapp- LewisStructuresandMolecularShapeStudentWorksheet

AdvancePreparationProvidetoeachstudent:

-LewisStructuresandMolecularShapeWorksheet(doublesided)Providetoeachlabstationgroup: -HappyAtomsappdownloadedontotabletdevice -HappyAtomsmodelingset

LewisStructuresandMolecularShape

3

ExpectedActivityTime:Oneclassperiod(50minutes)DescriptionofLessonIntroduction(5-10minutes)

1. TheValenceShellElectronPairRepulsion(VSEPR)Theoryhelpsustopredicttheshape(ormoleculargeometry)ofmolecules.3-Dmodelsarehelpfulrepresentationstovisualizewhatthesemoleculeslooklike.Amolecule’sshapewillofteninfluenceitsfunctionanduse.

2. Useanoxygenandtwohydrogenatomstomodelhowtomakeawatermoleculeandtocompletethesametasksstudentswilldointheirworksheet.Studentscanfollowalongintheirworksheet.

a. DemonstratehowtodrawaLewisStructureforthismolecule.b. Makethewatermolecule.Usethewatermoleculetodescribethenumberof

ligands(2)andlonepairs(2)onthecentraloxygenatomtothestudents.c. TakeapictureusingtheHappyAtomsapp,imagethemolecule,andshow

studentswheretofindtheinformationaboutmoleculargeometryontheapp.d. Selectthemolecularanglebuttonintheapptodeterminethemolecular

geometryofthemolecule.PartI:LewisStructuresandShapes(2-30minutes)

1. Instructstudentstomakeallthemoleculesontheirworksheets,andtocompletetable.

WrapUpandClosingDiscussion(5-10minutes)

1. Brieflyreviewtheworksheetinformationwithstudents,andansweranyclarifyingquestions.

2. Guidethediscussiontogetstudentstorecognizethetrendsbetweenstericnumberandthegeometryandbondangles.

3. Reviewthestericnumbertablewithstudents.Youcanusethisstepasacheckforunderstanding.

4. Mostimportantly,reviewthetrendsinmolecularshape,andhowLewisStructurecanhelpdeterminethis.

LewisStructuresandMolecularShapeWorksheet

1

Name:___________________________________________________________________________________________ Period#:_________ Date:_________________Background:-TheValenceShellElectronPairRepulsion(VSEPR)Theoryhelpsustopredicttheshape(ormoleculargeometry)ofmolecules.3-Dmodelsarehelpfulrepresentationsinseeingwhatthesemoleculesreallylooklike.Amolecule’sshapewilloftendetermineitsfunctionanduse.-Lewisstructuresshowbondinginmolecules:astraightlineshowsabondingpair(sharedpair)ofelectrons,andtwodotsrepresentalonepair,ornon-bondingpairsofelectrons.

-Moleculescanbearrangedinthefollowingmolecularshapes:

LewisStructuresandMolecularShapeWorksheet

2

PartI:LewisStructuresandShapesCompletethistableusingtheHappyAtomsmodelingkit.YoucanalsousethePeriodicTableintheHappyAtomsappforadditionalinformation.Usethelasttworowstomakeamoleculenotfoundinthistable.

ChemicalFormula

CompoundName

LewisStructure

Numberof

Ligands

NumberofLonePairs

MolecularGeometry

SpecialCharacteristics

H2O

CCl2F2

PH3

SiH4

CS2

LewisStructuresandMolecularShapeWorksheet

3

ChemicalFormula

CompoundName

LewisStructure

Numberof

Ligands

NumberofLonePairs

MolecularGeometry

SpecialCharacteristics

H2S

PartII:PatternsandQuestions1. Givetwoexamplesofmoleculeswithbentgeometry.Howmanyelementsareboundtothecentralatom?Howmanylonepairsarearoundthe

centralatom?2. Givetwoexamplesofmoleculeswithtetrahedralgeometry.Howmanyelementsareboundtothecentralatom?Howmanylonepairsarearound

thecentralatom?

LewisStructuresandMolecularShapeWorksheet

4

3. Name1patternyounoticeinyourdatathatwouldbehelpfultounderstandingVSEPR.Citeevidencefromyourdata.4. Thenumberofligandsaddedtothenumberoflonepairsonanatomisequaltothestericnumber.Usethisinformationtocompletethe

followingtableStericNumber

Geometry-0lonepairs Geometry1lonepair Geometry2lonepairs

2

3

4

ChemicalReactionTypesLessonGuide

1

BigIdeaTherearedifferentpatternsinchemicalreactiontypes.Onekeyfeatureofallchemicalreactionsisthatatomsinmoleculesrearrangetoformtheproducts,thusprovidingthebasisforbalancingreactions.LearningObjectivesStudentswillbeableto:1. PhysicallymodeltheproductsandreactantsofachemicalreactionusingtheHappy

Atomsset,andobservehowbondsbreakandreformtomakenewcompounds.2. Buildacompoundiftheyknowitschemicalformula,anduseittobuildtheproductsof

areactionusingthesameatomspresentinthereactants3. Demonstrateanunderstandingofbalancingchemicalequationsusingphysicalmodels

oftheproductsandreactants.StandardsAddressed1. Usetheperiodictableasamodeltopredicttherelativepropertiesofelementsbasedon

thepatternsofelectronsintheoutermostenergylevelofatoms.(HS-PS1-1)2. Constructandreviseanexplanationfortheoutcomeofasimplechemicalreaction

basedontheoutermostelectronstatesofatoms,trendsintheperiodictable,andknowledgeofthepatternsofchemicalproperties.(HS-PS1-2)

3. Usemathematicalexplanationstosupporttheclaimthatatoms,andthereforemass,areconservedduringachemicalreaction.(HS-PS1-7)

4. Thefactthatatomsareconserved,togetherwithknowledgeofthechemicalpropertiesoftheelementsinvolved,canbeusedtodescribeandpredictchemicalreactions.(PS1.B.3)

Vocabulary,ContentandMisconceptionsReactantProductBalancedEquationVisualizingthenumberofatomspresentinthereactantsandproductsofareactionwillhelpstudentsgainaconceptualunderstandingofbalancingequations.However,somestudentsmayonlymakeonemoleculeofeachproductandreactant.Besuretoremindstudentsthatnumberofatomsonbothsidesoftheequationmustbeequal,thereforetheymightneedtomakemorethanoneofeachmolecule.Remindstudentsthatonceyouwritethechemicalformulastonottouchthesubscriptsinthechemicalformulaswhenbalancingachemicalequation–usecoefficientsonlytobalancethechemicalequation.Notethatatthecombustionreactionstation,groupsmayconstructamodelofthereactionusingdifferentstartinghydrocarboncompounds.Usethisasateachingpointtoexplaintheuniquetrendsincombustionreactions

ChemicalReactionTypesLessonGuide

2

Materials

- HappyAtomsmodelingset- HappyAtomsapp- ChemicalReactionTypesStudentWorksheet

AdvancePreparationProvidetoeachstudent:

-ChemicalReactionTypesWorksheet(doublesided)Providetoeachlabstationgroup: -HappyAtomsappdownloadedontotabletdevice -HappyAtomsmodelingset.Forthislesson,itmaybeeasiertohavestudentsrotatethroughstationsofreactions.Ifthisisthecase,combinethesameatomsfromdifferentHappyAtomsetsinordertohaveenoughofeachatomateachstationtocreatemodelsofthereactions.Beforethelesson,youwillneedtosorttheatomsintotheappropriatesets.

- Station1:Nitrogen,hydrogen(3:1ratio)- Station2:Carbon,oxygen(2:1ratio)- Station3:Magnesium,lithium,hydrogen(1:2:2)- Station4:Magnesium,sulfur,oxygen,hydrogen(1:1:1:1)- Station5:Remainingcarbon,hydrogen,oxygen

ChemicalReactionTypesLessonGuide

3

ExpectedActivityTime:Oneclassperiod(50minutes)DescriptionofLessonIntroduction(5-10minutes)

1. Distributeworksheettostudents,andprovideinformationabouteachofthestations.

2. Havestudentsfollowalonginthefirstrowofthetableasyoudemonstratehowtomodelthefirstreaction.(NH3)

a. Demonstratehowtousethesearchfeatureandsearchforammoniaintheapp

b. Buildthemoleculec. Buildtheproductsbasedonthegivenchemicalequationd. Buildenoughofeachproductandreactanttomodelabalancedequationfor

yourstudents.WorksheetActivity(35minutes)

1. Studentsstartatoneofthe5differentstations(onestationwillbetheNH3reaction),dependingonclasssizeandclassroommanagement,youcanallowstudentstomovefreelyfromstationtostation,oruseatimertoensureeachstudentgetstimeateachstation.

WrapUpandClosingDiscussion(5-10minutes)

1. Reviewtheworksheetwithstudentsandaskiftherewereanyquestions.2. Askdifferentgroupswhat“ChallengeMolecule”theyused,andhavetheentireclass

trytocompletethetableforthesemolecules.3. Mostimportantly,reviewthatthetotalnumberofeachelementsonthereactants

andproductssideofabalanceequationshouldhavethesamenumberofatoms,justarrangeddifferentlyamongmolecules.

ChemicalReactionTypesWorksheet

1

Name:___________________________________________________________________________________________ Period#:_________ Date:_________________Background:Duringchemicalreactions,bondsbreakandnewbondsforminordertomakenewstablemolecules.Thenumberofeachmoleculeneededforanyreactiontoproceedwilldependonthemolecule.Generally,thetotalnumberofeachelementonthereactantsandproductssideofareactionmustbeequal.Youcanbuildeachreactantandproduct,andbuildenoughuntiltherearethesamenumberofatomsoneachsideoftheequation.Thatwillhelpyoudeterminehowtobalancetheequation.PartI:IdentifyingElementsCompletethistableusingtheHappyAtomsmodelingkitandHappyAtomsapp.YoucansearchformoleculesbyChemicalFormulaORbyCommonName.Ifyouaren’tsurehowtobuildamolecule,HappyAtomswillhelpyou.

Reactant(s)

Product(s)

BalancedChemicalEquationChemicalFormula CommonName

ChemicalFormula

CommonName

Ammonia à Nitrogengas 2NH3→N2+3H2

C O2 à

Magnesiumhydride

Lithium à

à Magnesiumsulfide Water

à Carbondioxide Water

ChemicalReactionTypesWorksheet

2

ChallengeQuestion:Completethefollowingchallengereactions.RemembertousetheHappyApptofindthemolecule,andlearnhowtomakeit.

Reactant(s)

Product(s)

BalancedChemicalEquationChemicalFormula CommonName

ChemicalFormula

CommonName

CarbonicAcid à

Ethanol à

HCl à SodiumHydroxide