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Chapter
World CivilizationsThe Global Experience
AP® Seventh Edition
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
African Civilizations and the Spread of Islam
9
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Figure 9.1 In 1324, Mansa Musa, King of Mali, made a pilgrimage to Mecca that brought the attention of the Muslim world to the wealth of his kingdom. A Jewish cartographer in Spain, Abraham Cresques, depicted the trip more than 50 years later in the map shown above. Mansa
Musa is depicted at the bottom right with a golden scepter and crown, symbolizing his royal
power, and an enormous gold nugget, symbolizing his country’s wealth.
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Chapter Overview
I. African Societies: Diversity and Similarities
II. Kingdoms of the Grasslands
III.The Swahili Coast of East Africa
IV.Peoples of the Forest and Plains
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TIMELINE 100 C.E. to 1400 C.E.
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
African Societies:Diversity and Similarities
• Political forms vary
• Different religions
• Societies With and Without States
– Stateless societies
Kinship fundamental
– Secret societies
– State-building under a variety of conditions
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
African Societies:Diversity and Similarities
• Common Elements in African Societies
– Bantu migration
One language base
– Animism
Cosmology
Ethical code
Lineage important in relation with god
– Religion, economics, history intertwined
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
African Societies:Diversity and Similarities
• The Arrival of Islam in North Africa
– Part of Mediterranean
Ifriquiya
Maghrib
– Arrival of Islam
Spain, by 711
Berber Almoravids
• Western Sahara
• Assist conversion
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
African Societies:Diversity and Similarities
• The Arrival of Islam in North Africa
– Almohadis
Succeed Berbers, 12th century
– Appeal of Islam
Equality within community
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
African Societies:Diversity and Similarities
• The Christian Kingdoms: Nubia and Ethiopia
– Copts
Egyptian Christians
Welcome Muslims
Spread to Nubia (Kush)
– Ethiopia
Heirs to Axum
King Lalibela
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Figure 9.2 This extraordinary 13th-century church, Bet Giorgis, represents the power of early Christianity in Ethiopia. It was one of a great complex of eleven churches that King
Lalibela believed God had commanded him to build. Dedicated to St. George, the patron saint of Ethiopia, it was cut out of the bedrock of the
earth. Its roof, in the shape of an enormous cross, lies at ground level. Although it is
surrounded by impassable walls and can be reached only by way of an underground tunnel
carved in stone, it is still used for worship today.
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Kingdoms of the Grasslands
• Caravans across Sahara
• Sahel (grasslands)
– Transfer point
• Sudanic States
– Rulers sacred
– Islam
From 900s
Supports state
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Kingdoms of the Grasslands
• The Empire of Mali and Sundiata, the "Lion Prince"
– Malinke peoples from Ghana
– Agriculture, gold trade
Merchants, juula
– Griots
Oral historians, keepers of traditions
– Ibn Battuta
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Map 9.1 Empires of the Western Sudan
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Kingdoms of the Grasslands
• The Empire of Mali and Sundiata, the "Lion Prince"
– Sundiata (d.1260)
Mansa (emperor)
Expanded state
– Mansa Kankan Musa
Pilgrimage to Mecca
Brings back Ishal al-Sahili
• Architect from Muslim Spain
• Beaten clay architecture
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Kingdoms of the Grasslands
• City Dwellers and Villagers
– Jenne, Timbuktu
Thrive with expansion of Mali, Songhay
– Mandinka juula
Merchants
– Farmers the majority
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Kingdoms of the Grasslands
• The Songhay Kingdom
– Middle Niger valley
– Independent by 700
Muslim by 1010
– Capital at Gao
– Sunni Ali (1464–1492)
Expanded territory
Successors: askia
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Kingdoms of the Grasslands
• The Songhay Kingdom
– Muhammad the Great
– Defeated by Morocco, 1591
– Hausa states, northern Nigeria
Kano becomes Muslim center
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Kingdoms of the Grasslands
• Political and Social Life in the Sudanic States
– Fusion of Muslim, indigenous traditions
– Sharia
– Slavery as a process of conversion
Women and children
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The Architecture of FaithDogon village mosque in Kani-Kombole, Mali,
west Africa.
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The Architecture of FaithDomed Middle Eastern mosques shown in the
skyline of Yazd, Iran.
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The Swahili Coast of East Africa
• Trading ports
– Muslim influence strong
– Rest of population remains traditional
• The Coastal Trading Ports
– Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Pate, Zanzibar
– Zenj
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Map 9.2 The Swahili Coast; African
Monsoon Routes and Major Trade Routes
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The Swahili Coast of East Africa
• The Coastal Trading Ports
– Madagascar
Southeast Asian immigrants
Bring bananas, coconuts
– Blended culture
Bantu, Islamic
Swahili
Spreads along coast
Trade with Asia
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The Swahili Coast of East Africa
• The Mixture of Cultures on the Swahili Coast
– Islam unifies with Swahili
– Swahili language
– Matrilineal and patrilineal
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Peoples of the Forest and Plains
• Artists and Kings: Yoruba and Benin
– Nok culture, 500 B.C.E. and 200 C.E.
Nigerian forests
Agriculture, iron tools
– Gap in record, 200-1000 C.E.
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Figure 9.3 In the 13th and 14th centuries, Ile-Ife artists worked in terracotta as well
as bronze and produced skilled
individual portraits like this one.(The Brooklyn
Museum of Art)
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Peoples of the Forest and Plains
• Yoruba
– Urbanized agriculturalists
– Small city-states
Divine kings
– Ile-Ife
Holy
Notable portrait heads
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Peoples of the Forest and Plains
• Edo
– Benin, 14th century
Ewuare
Iguegha
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Two Transitions in the History of World Population
• Two periods of human population
– Very slow growth
– 1750–present: very rapid growth
• Demographic transition
– Process of shifting from agrarian to industrialized society
– Higher life expectancy
– Less possible to emigrate
– Unprecedented rate of growth
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Peoples of the Forest and Plains
• Central African Kingdoms
– Bantu close to Cape Horn by 1200
Form states
– Katanga
Luba peoples
Divine kingship
Hereditary bureaucracy
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Peoples of the Forest and Plains
• The Kingdoms of the Kongo and Mwene Mutapa
– Kongo
Along lower Congo River
By late 15th century
Agricultural
Pronounced gender division of labor
• Women farm, run household
• Men clear forest, hunt, trade
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Peoples of the Forest and Plains
• The Kingdoms of the Kongo and Mwene Mutapa
– Kongo
Mbanza Kongo
• Capital
Federation of 8 states
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Figure 9.4 Bronze plaque of Oba and retainers. African rulers often negotiated with
the Portuguese on equal terms and incorporated them into local political and commercial networks. In this plaque, the
presence of Portuguese retainers—the helmeted figures armed with muskets on each side of the main figure’s head—were marks of
the Oba’s power.
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Peoples of the Forest and Plains
• The Kingdoms of the Kongo and Mwene Mutapa
– Shona speaking peoples
Zimbabwe (stone courts)
• By 9th century
Great Zimbabwe
• Mwene Mutapa
• Control of gold sources
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Figure 9.5 Great Zimbabwe was one of several stone settlement complexes in
southeastern Africa. Added to at different times, it served as the royal court of the
kingdom. In their search for traces of the non-African people they believed “must” have built
these massive stone structures, European explorers and treasure-seekers stripped the
site of layers of artifacts that might have told more of the story of Great Zimbabwe.
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