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Chapter

World CivilizationsThe Global Experience

AP® Seventh Edition

Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.

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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert

African Civilizations and the Spread of Islam

9


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Figure 9.1 In 1324, Mansa Musa, King of Mali, made a pilgrimage to Mecca that brought the attention of the Muslim world to the wealth of his kingdom. A Jewish cartographer in Spain, Abraham Cresques, depicted the trip more than 50 years later in the map shown above. Mansa

Musa is depicted at the bottom right with a golden scepter and crown, symbolizing his royal

power, and an enormous gold nugget, symbolizing his country’s wealth.


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Chapter Overview

I. African Societies: Diversity and Similarities

II. Kingdoms of the Grasslands

III.The Swahili Coast of East Africa

IV.Peoples of the Forest and Plains


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TIMELINE 100 C.E. to 1400 C.E.


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African Societies:Diversity and Similarities

• Political forms vary

• Different religions

• Societies With and Without States

– Stateless societies

Kinship fundamental

– Secret societies

– State-building under a variety of conditions


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• Common Elements in African Societies

– Bantu migration

One language base

– Animism

Cosmology

Ethical code

Lineage important in relation with god

– Religion, economics, history intertwined


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• The Arrival of Islam in North Africa

– Part of Mediterranean

Ifriquiya

Maghrib

– Arrival of Islam

Spain, by 711

Berber Almoravids

• Western Sahara

• Assist conversion


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• The Arrival of Islam in North Africa

– Almohadis

Succeed Berbers, 12th century

– Appeal of Islam

Equality within community


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• The Christian Kingdoms: Nubia and Ethiopia

– Copts

Egyptian Christians

Welcome Muslims

Spread to Nubia (Kush)

– Ethiopia

Heirs to Axum

King Lalibela


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Figure 9.2 This extraordinary 13th-century church, Bet Giorgis, represents the power of early Christianity in Ethiopia. It was one of a great complex of eleven churches that King

Lalibela believed God had commanded him to build. Dedicated to St. George, the patron saint of Ethiopia, it was cut out of the bedrock of the

earth. Its roof, in the shape of an enormous cross, lies at ground level. Although it is

surrounded by impassable walls and can be reached only by way of an underground tunnel

carved in stone, it is still used for worship today.


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Kingdoms of the Grasslands

• Caravans across Sahara

• Sahel (grasslands)

– Transfer point

• Sudanic States

– Rulers sacred

– Islam

From 900s

Supports state


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• The Empire of Mali and Sundiata, the "Lion Prince"

– Malinke peoples from Ghana

– Agriculture, gold trade

Merchants, juula

– Griots

Oral historians, keepers of traditions

– Ibn Battuta


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Map 9.1 Empires of the Western Sudan


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• The Empire of Mali and Sundiata, the "Lion Prince"

– Sundiata (d.1260)

Mansa (emperor)

Expanded state

– Mansa Kankan Musa

Pilgrimage to Mecca

Brings back Ishal al-Sahili

• Architect from Muslim Spain

• Beaten clay architecture


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• City Dwellers and Villagers

– Jenne, Timbuktu

Thrive with expansion of Mali, Songhay

– Mandinka juula

Merchants

– Farmers the majority


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• The Songhay Kingdom

– Middle Niger valley

– Independent by 700

Muslim by 1010

– Capital at Gao

– Sunni Ali (1464–1492)

Expanded territory

Successors: askia


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• The Songhay Kingdom

– Muhammad the Great

– Defeated by Morocco, 1591

– Hausa states, northern Nigeria

Kano becomes Muslim center


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• Political and Social Life in the Sudanic States

– Fusion of Muslim, indigenous traditions

– Sharia

– Slavery as a process of conversion

Women and children


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The Architecture of FaithDogon village mosque in Kani-Kombole, Mali,

west Africa.


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The Architecture of FaithDomed Middle Eastern mosques shown in the

skyline of Yazd, Iran.


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The Swahili Coast of East Africa

• Trading ports

– Muslim influence strong

– Rest of population remains traditional

• The Coastal Trading Ports

– Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Pate, Zanzibar

– Zenj


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Map 9.2 The Swahili Coast; African

Monsoon Routes and Major Trade Routes


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• The Coastal Trading Ports

– Madagascar

Southeast Asian immigrants

Bring bananas, coconuts

– Blended culture

Bantu, Islamic

Swahili

Spreads along coast

Trade with Asia


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• The Mixture of Cultures on the Swahili Coast

– Islam unifies with Swahili

– Swahili language

– Matrilineal and patrilineal


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Peoples of the Forest and Plains

• Artists and Kings: Yoruba and Benin

– Nok culture, 500 B.C.E. and 200 C.E.

Nigerian forests

Agriculture, iron tools

– Gap in record, 200-1000 C.E.


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Figure 9.3 In the 13th and 14th centuries, Ile-Ife artists worked in terracotta as well

as bronze and produced skilled

individual portraits like this one.(The Brooklyn

Museum of Art)


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Two Transitions in the History of World Population

• Two periods of human population

– Very slow growth

– 1750–present: very rapid growth

• Demographic transition

– Process of shifting from agrarian to industrialized society

– Higher life expectancy

– Less possible to emigrate

– Unprecedented rate of growth


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• The Kingdoms of the Kongo and Mwene Mutapa

– Kongo

Along lower Congo River

By late 15th century

Agricultural

Pronounced gender division of labor

• Women farm, run household

• Men clear forest, hunt, trade


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Figure 9.4 Bronze plaque of Oba and retainers. African rulers often negotiated with

the Portuguese on equal terms and incorporated them into local political and commercial networks. In this plaque, the

presence of Portuguese retainers—the helmeted figures armed with muskets on each side of the main figure’s head—were marks of

the Oba’s power.


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Figure 9.5 Great Zimbabwe was one of several stone settlement complexes in

southeastern Africa. Added to at different times, it served as the royal court of the

kingdom. In their search for traces of the non-African people they believed “must” have built

these massive stone structures, European explorers and treasure-seekers stripped the

site of layers of artifacts that might have told more of the story of Great Zimbabwe.

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