Analyse sémiotique simple de la musique

Philip Taggwww.tagg.org

P Tagg: Simple semiotics (Fr.)

Musique (canal)

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n o r m e s s o c i o c u l t u r e l s

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partagé entre émetteur et récepteur

partagés entre émetteur et récepteur

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seulement récepteurseulement émetteur

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Modèle de communicationP Tagg: Simple semiotics (Fr.)

CCPMChamps de

connnotation paramusicale (liés au MCIO)

CCPMChamps de

connnotation paramusicale

(liés à l’OA)

OAObjet d’ analyse

MCIOMatériau de comparaison interobjective

intertextuel,unimodal

transmodallientransmodal

P Tagg: Simple semiotics (Fr.)

Paramètres d’expression paramusicale

•Son paramusical: claquer, cliqueter, craquer, crépiter, crier, carillon, jacasser, tapper, tic-tac, applaudir, hurler, siffler, bourdonner, bruire, ronronner, vrombir, grésiller, zoum!, birdsong, sound effects, crying, laughing, screaming, scraping, hitting, water, wind, thunder, etc. ad. inf.•Oral language: monologue, dialogue, commentary, voice-over, lyrics, accent/dialect, vocal type, prosody, type and speed of conversation/dialogue, &c...

•Written language: programme or liner notes, promo copy, title credits, subtitles, written devices on stage, expression marks and other performance instructions, &c...

• Visuals • font, graphic design, layout, painting, photo, sculpture, &c…• scenario, props, lighting, clothing, &c...• dramatic action, facial expressions, gestures, &c... • camera positions, cutting speed, editing technique, fades, pans, zooms, &c…

• Movement: dance, dive, drive, fall, fly, glide, hit, hover, jump, kick, lie, ride, rise, run, slide, sit, stand, stroke, stumble, sway, swerve, wait, walk, &c...

• (Re-)performance venue + concurrent activity: home, concert, club, TV, cinema, church, sports, dancing, riding, driving, restaurant, hotel, office, factory, circus, street, town, country, &c...

P Tagg: Simple semiotics (Fr.)

Parameters of musical expression (1)• instrumentational

• timbral (timbre)

• number/type of voices/instruments

• mechanical devices: mutes, pedals, stops, plectrum, string types, reed types, mouthpieces, bows, sticks, brushes, &c...

• electro-acoustic devices: microphone types & techniques, loudspeakers, echo, reverb, delay, panning, filtering, mixers, amplifiers, equalisers, phasing, flanging, chorus, compression, distortion, vocoding, dubs, &c...

• performance techniques: vibrato, tremolo, tremolando, glissando, portamento, pizzicato, sul ponte, picking, strum, &c...

• vocal: booming, breathy, clean, clear, cracked, crying, deep, gravelly, harsh, hoarse, howling, growling, guttural, husky, light, melismatic, muffled, piercing, plaintive, raucous, rich, screeching, shouting, shrill, sonorous, soothing, squeaky, squawking, strident, syllabics, thin, warbling, warm, wheezing, whooping, &c...

• instrumental: as for vocal + blaring, bubbling, buzzing, chiming, clanking, clattering, crashing, grating, hissing, humming, jarring, muted, ringing, rumbling, scraping, stuttering, throbbing, tinkling, whirring, whistling, &c...

P Tagg: Simple semiotics (Fr.)

Parameters of musical expression (2)

• temporal parameters

• duration: [1] of piece and relationship of this duration to other connected aspects of communication (film, rite, sports event, dancing); [2] of sections within the piece

• internal order/treatment of musical events: intros, cadences, bridges, continuations, interruptions, recurrences (reiterations, repeats, recaps), sequences &c…

• pulse, tempo: [1] base rate; [2] surface rate.

• rhythmic texture: polyrhythm, birhythm, monorhythm, &c...

• metre (rhythmic grouping of pulse, time signature, etc.), e.g. simple, compound, symmetric, asymmetric, additive, divisive, &c...

• accentuation, e.g. upbeat, downbeat, syncopation, regular,.

P Tagg: Simple semiotics (Fr.)

Parameters of musical expression (3)

• tonal parameters

• tuning system: how octave is divided, retuning, detuning, &c.

• pitch range: average and total for each voice/part; ambitus, tessitura, &c.

• tonal vocabulary: scale, mode, motifs, number and type of different pitches/notes

• motivic/melodic contour: rising, falling, oscillating, arched, V-shaped, centric, wavy, terraced, tumbling strain, &c...

• harmonic parameters• tonal centre (if any)

• type of tonality: droned, modal, diatonic, tertial, quartal, bebop, impressionist, late romantic, twelve-tone, &c…

• harmonic change as long and short term phenomenon, harmonic rhythm.

• dynamics

• loud soft • sudden gradual

• constant variable

P Tagg: Simple semiotics (Fr.)

Typologie simple de signes musicaux

anaphonesonoresonore: ressemble au son paramusicalkinesthésique: ressemble au mouvement paramusicaltactile: ressemble au grain paramusical

synécdochede genre

référence pars pro toto à 2 étapes: (1) à un idiome musical ‘étranger’; (2) de ce style à son contexte, culturel

marqueur épisodique

processus bref et unidirectionnel qui indique l’ordre ou l’importance relative des événements musicaux

indicateurde style

élément de structuration musicale typique du style de départ (de «chez soi»)

P Tagg: Simple semiotics (Fr.)

Breughel: Massacre of the Innocents

P Tagg: Simple semiotics (Fr.)

Palestrina: Missa Papae Marcelli

Smetana: Vltava (Moldau)

P Tagg: Simple semiotics (Fr.)

‘focal point’

‘stage’

‘auditorium’

Monocentric musical positioning

P Tagg: Simple semiotics (Fr.)