analysis of waste management policies in indiaanalysis of waste management policies in india...
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Analysis Of Waste Analysis Of Waste Management Policies In IndiaManagement Policies In India
Application of AIM/Material to IndiaApplication of AIM/Material to India
Ashish RanaAshish Rana
NIESNIES
The 7th International AIM Workshop, Tsukuba, March 15-17, 2002
Solid wastes problem in IndiaSolid wastes problem in India
As visible as water pollution, air quality in citiesAs visible as water pollution, air quality in citiesManagement and safe disposalManagement and safe disposalGeneration is higher than collectionGeneration is higher than collection
City Solid wastes (Tons/day)Generated Collected
Bombay 3200 3100Madras 1819 1637Bangalore 1800 1225Ahmedabad 1200 1080Kanpur 2142 1500Pune 1000 700Lucknow 600 500
Types of solid wastesTypes of solid wastes
RuralRuralChiefly organic, animal wasteChiefly organic, animal waste
MunicipalMunicipalFrom householdsFrom households
IndustrialIndustrial
Rural wastes handled adequately by traditional Rural wastes handled adequately by traditional methods with little technological inputsmethods with little technological inputs
Quantity and nature of wasteQuantity and nature of waste
Per capita waste generation Per capita waste generation –– 300 to 600 grams 300 to 600 grams per dayper dayCharacteristicsCharacteristics
Low Calorific valueLow Calorific valueHigh Moisture contentHigh Moisture contentHigh proportion of organic matterHigh proportion of organic matterLower recyclable content such as paper, plastics, Lower recyclable content such as paper, plastics, metals. metals.
Composition of MSWComposition of MSW
Composition PercentageBiodegradable 52% Metals Scrap, Rubber, Textiles, Leather etc 11% Stones and Rubbles 8% Fine Earth and Sand 23% Plastics 1% Paper and Paper Products 5%
Industrial wastesIndustrial wastes
Inadequate dataInadequate dataAvailabilityAvailabilityQualityQuality
Estimation: waste per unit of productionEstimation: waste per unit of productionTechnology differences? (Paper industry example)Technology differences? (Paper industry example)
Hazardous waste Hazardous waste -- more attentionmore attention
Wood-based Agri. Residue Wastepaper Wastewater (kg/Ton of output) BOD 65 176 20COD 246 741 70TSS 168 160 60Solid Waste (ton/ton of output) 1.5 - 2.0 0.15 - 0.2
Hazardous wasteHazardous waste
High priorityHigh priorityDischarge without checksDischarge without checksTrade/Illegal dumping from developed nationsTrade/Illegal dumping from developed nations
HighHigh--powered Committee Report 2000powered Committee Report 2000Civil society (NGOs like Greenpeace) actionCivil society (NGOs like Greenpeace) actionEstimated annual generation around 4.5 Million Estimated annual generation around 4.5 Million tons plus around 0.1 Million tons of importstons plus around 0.1 Million tons of imports
Environment industryEnvironment industry
Currently estimated at $2 Billion and expected to Currently estimated at $2 Billion and expected to grow to $7 Billion by 2010 (CII estimate)grow to $7 Billion by 2010 (CII estimate)
Total Market Local Production Coal 50.9 20 Textiles 39 29 Paper and Pulp 88 46 Power1 9.45 5.95
Environment control equipment market for some sectors 1998 (Million Dollars)
1 Only Environment monitoring equipment
RecyclingRecycling
Recycling from householdsRecycling from householdsOld traditionOld tradition
Recycling from industriesRecycling from industriesChiefly done through Chiefly done through ‘‘Informal sectorInformal sector’’
Absence of organized dataAbsence of organized data
Informal sectorInformal sectorRag picker/Itinerant BuyerRag picker/Itinerant BuyerLong chain of intermediaries Long chain of intermediaries –– waste dealers, wholesalers, waste dealers, wholesalers, Small recycling units or industriesSmall recycling units or industries
Plastics recycling ~ 60%Plastics recycling ~ 60%Paper recycling Paper recycling -- ~15~15--20%20%
AIM/Material applicationAIM/Material application
26 Sectors (24 Commodities)26 Sectors (24 Commodities)15 Waste types15 Waste typesEmphasis on solid wastesEmphasis on solid wastesSeparate treatment of hazardous wasteSeparate treatment of hazardous wasteRecyclingRecycling
Model schematicModel schematic Household
Market
Production Waste Toxic
Non-toxic
Waste Management
Waste Management
Recycling
Recycling
IntermediateManagement
IntermediateManagement
Disposal
Disposal
capital labor energyinput for
pollution management other intermediate
input
EnvironmentalIndustry
Emis
sion
righ
ts
Resource inputs
Inve
stm
ent
CO2 final disposal
final disposal
Resource inputs
Envi
ronm
ent I
nves
tmen
t
PTGUTL
House-hold
ACT(V)
production
PK
PL
PP(V,P)
PM(H,V)
PENE(V,”pro”)
PY(U)
IWM(WNT,WMW)
industrialwaste
managementActivity
For Non-toxic
PX(H)
PM(H,”iwm”)
PENE(“iwm”,”pro”)
PP(“iwm”,P)
PEK(“w_i”)
PL
PK
PZ
PIW(WNT,WMW)
PXE(EN)
IWM(WT,WMW)
industrialwaste
managementActivity
Fortoxic
PX(H)
PM(H,”iwm”)
PENE(“iwm”,”pro”)
PP(“iwm”,P)
PEK(“w_i”)
PL
PK
PZT
PIW(WT,WMW)
PXE(EN)
IWS(W,WMW)PWIX(W)
IWG(J)PW(J,”w_i”)
EXD(U)
ABR
PEX(U)
PDM(U)
PIM(I)
MRPE(J,P)
discharge into env.
PEV(P) PP(J,P)
MRPW(J,S)PP(J,S)PW(J,S)
PK
PL
PEK(P)
PZ
PCARB
PEV(P)
PDM(U)
INV(U)
PDM(U)
PX(U)
PIM(U)
PINV(U) CAPF PCAP
INFR(IVP)PSI(IVP)
ECPF1(P)
ECPF2(P)
PECP(P)
PGI(U)GI(U)
PDM(U)
PX(U)
PIM(U)
CON(I)
PDM(U)
PX(I)
PIM(I) PC(I)
HOUSE PCONPENEH
IOM(H,J)
PDM(H)
PIM(H) PM(H,J)
PX(H)
EAGG1(EN)
EAGG2(EN)
EAGG3(EN)
PE(EN)PDM(EN)
PIM(EN)
PXE(EN)CEM(EN,J,D)
CEMH(EN)
PEC(EN,J,D)
PECH(EN)PCARB
PCARB
EAH
EAG(J,D)PENE(J,D)
PENEH
GWSPWM(W) PGW
HWSPWM(W) PDM(“mwm”)
PDM(“mwm”)
PE(EN)
PE(EN)
PE(EN)
PE(EN)
PCAP
PSI(IVP)
PECP(P)
PGI(U)
PTG
PCON
PDM(U)
PIM(U)
PGW
PE(EN)
Flow of goodssee “commodities” in the model
Activitysee “sectors” in the model
RED(J,P)
pollutantself
management
PA(P)
PX(H)
PXE(EN)PM(H,J)
PENE(J,P)
PZ
PEK(P)
PLMRPA(J,P)
self management
PP(J,P)
MWM(W,WMW)
Municipalwaste
managementactivity
PM(H,”mwm”)
PENE(“mwm”,”pro”)
PP(“mwm”,P)
PEK(“w_m”)
PL
PK
PZ
PX(H)
PMW(W,WMW)
PXE(EN)
MWS(W,WMW)PWMX(W)
MWG(J)PW(J,”w_m”)
PZT
PTGUTL
House-hold
ACT(V)
production
PK
PL
PP(V,P)
PM(H,V)
PENE(V,”pro”)
PY(U)
IWM(WNT,WMW)
industrialwaste
managementActivity
For Non-toxic
PX(H)
PM(H,”iwm”)
PENE(“iwm”,”pro”)
PP(“iwm”,P)
PEK(“w_i”)
PL
PK
PZ
PIW(WNT,WMW)
PXE(EN)
IWM(WT,WMW)
industrialwaste
managementActivity
Fortoxic
PX(H)
PM(H,”iwm”)
PENE(“iwm”,”pro”)
PP(“iwm”,P)
PEK(“w_i”)
PL
PK
PZT
PIW(WT,WMW)
PXE(EN)
IWS(W,WMW)PWIX(W)
IWG(J)PW(J,”w_i”)
EXD(U)
ABR
PEX(U)
PDM(U)
PIM(I)
MRPE(J,P)
discharge into env.
PEV(P) PP(J,P)
MRPW(J,S)PP(J,S)PW(J,S)
PK
PL
PEK(P)
PZ
PCARB
PEV(P)
PDM(U)
INV(U)
PDM(U)
PX(U)
PIM(U)
PINV(U) CAPF PCAP
INFR(IVP)PSI(IVP)
ECPF1(P)
ECPF2(P)
PECP(P)
PGI(U)GI(U)
PDM(U)
PX(U)
PIM(U)
CON(I)
PDM(U)
PX(I)
PIM(I) PC(I)
HOUSE PCONPENEH
IOM(H,J)
PDM(H)
PIM(H) PM(H,J)
PX(H)
EAGG1(EN)
EAGG2(EN)
EAGG3(EN)
PE(EN)PDM(EN)
PIM(EN)
PXE(EN)CEM(EN,J,D)
CEMH(EN)
PEC(EN,J,D)
PECH(EN)PCARB
PCARB
EAH
EAG(J,D)PENE(J,D)
PENEH
GWSPWM(W) PGW
HWSPWM(W) PDM(“mwm”)
PDM(“mwm”)
PE(EN)
PE(EN)
PE(EN)
PE(EN)
PCAP
PSI(IVP)
PECP(P)
PGI(U)
PTG
PCON
PDM(U)
PIM(U)
PGW
PE(EN)
Flow of goodssee “commodities” in the model
Activitysee “sectors” in the model
RED(J,P)
pollutantself
management
PA(P)
PX(H)
PXE(EN)PM(H,J)
PENE(J,P)
PZ
PEK(P)
PLMRPA(J,P)
self management
PP(J,P)
MWM(W,WMW)
Municipalwaste
managementactivity
PM(H,”mwm”)
PENE(“mwm”,”pro”)
PP(“mwm”,P)
PEK(“w_m”)
PL
PK
PZ
PX(H)
PMW(W,WMW)
PXE(EN)
MWS(W,WMW)PWMX(W)
MWG(J)PW(J,”w_m”)
PZT
SectorsSectorsAGR Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing WTR Water SupplyMIN Mining SRV Services FOD Food MWM Municipal Waste Management TEX Textiles IWM Industrial Waste Management PLP Paper and pulp EMC Environment Industry CHM Chemicals GOV Government service NMM Non-metallic minerals COL Coal BMT Basic Metals OIL Oil FMT Fabricated Metals GAS Gas MCH Machinery HYD+ Hydro Power ELM Electrical machinery THE+ Thermal Power TRE Transport equipment NUC+ Nuclear Power OTH Other manufacturing ELE* Electricity CNS Construction + Only Sector * Only Commodity
Waste categoriesWaste categoriesIndustrial Wastes WCT Construction Waste
ID Description DST Dust ASH Ash WZZ Other waste SLD Sludge WWT Toxic Waste WOL Waste Oil Municipal Wastes WPL Waste Plastic ID Description WPP Waste Paper WPL Waste Plastic WWD Waste Wood WPP Waste Paper WTX Waste Textile WTX Waste Textile WAP Animal and Plant Waste WAP Animal and Plant Waste SCM Scrap Metal SCM Scrap Metal WGC Waste Glass WGC Waste Glass SLG Slag WZZ Other waste
Industrial Wastes WCT Construction WasteID Description DST Dust ASH Ash WZZ Other waste SLD Sludge WWT Toxic Waste WOL Waste Oil Municipal Wastes WPL Waste Plastic ID Description WPP Waste Paper WPL Waste Plastic WWD Waste Wood WPP Waste Paper WTX Waste Textile WTX Waste Textile WAP Animal and Plant Waste WAP Animal and Plant Waste SCM Scrap Metal SCM Scrap Metal WGC Waste Glass WGC Waste Glass SLG Slag WZZ Other waste
Waste to goodsWaste to goods AGR TEX PLP CHM BMT OTH NMM FMT
ASH SLD WOL WPL WPP WWD WTX WAP SCM WGC SLG WCT DST WZZ WWT
ScenariosScenarios
Scenario 1Scenario 1Reference scenario Reference scenario –– no interventionsno interventions
Scenario 2Scenario 2Toxic Constraint Scenario Toxic Constraint Scenario –– limit the discharge of limit the discharge of toxic wastes.toxic wastes.
Scenario 3Scenario 3Countermeasures Countermeasures –– environmental investment with environmental investment with waste management efficiency improvementwaste management efficiency improvement
ResultsResults
Still preliminary and only indicative Still preliminary and only indicative Demonstrate what we can do with this model Demonstrate what we can do with this model when applied to India even with limited data when applied to India even with limited data availabilityavailability
Results Results –– Reference CaseReference Case
GDP growth of 5.85% for the period 1994GDP growth of 5.85% for the period 1994--20102010Total waste generation grows at 4.9%Total waste generation grows at 4.9%Growth in disposal of nonGrowth in disposal of non--toxic waste is 3.5%toxic waste is 3.5%Growth in disposal of toxic waste is 3%Growth in disposal of toxic waste is 3%Waste management service sectors (IWM and Waste management service sectors (IWM and MWM) growth rate is 5% while Environment MWM) growth rate is 5% while Environment Industry grows at 6.28%. Industry grows at 6.28%.
Results Results -- PolicyPolicy
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2007 2008 2009 2010Year
Milli
on D
olla
rs
scen2scen3
GDP Loss over reference scenario
0.015%
0.007%
0.022%
0.018%
Results Results -- PolicyPolicyEconomic sectors - change in output (2010) over reference scenario
99.6
99.7
99.8
99.9
100
100.1
100.2
100.3
100.4
100.5
100.6
MIN PLP CHM NMM BMT ELM
Scen2Scen3
Results Results -- PolicyPolicy
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
EMC MWM IWM
Scen2Scen3
Environment sectors - change in output (2010) over reference scenario
Results Results -- PolicyPolicyReduction in cost of toxic disposal in Scenario 3 over Scenario 2
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
2007 2008 2009 2010
Per
cent
Concluding remarksConcluding remarks
Environmental interventions Environmental interventions –– ‘‘No RegretNo Regret’’Future tasks:Future tasks:
Improvement of databaseImprovement of databaseCO2 mitigationCO2 mitigationInclude Sewage sectorInclude Sewage sectorInclude Water pollution, Air pollutionInclude Water pollution, Air pollution
Thank youThank you