ANIMALS and THEIR ECOLOGY

I. IntroductionA. General

Characteristics

1. Heterotrophic 2. Multi-

cellular3. Tissue Level Organization

5. Able to move

4. Store glucose as Glycogen

6. Growth phases and Fixed size as an adult

7. Practice SEX

B. Adaptations

1. Skeleton

2. Specialized Proteins for Contraction

3. Nervous Tissue

5. Strategies for Ingestion

4. Specialized Mouth Parts

The main mechanisms for animal ingestion are

suspension,

substrate,

fluid,

and bulk feeders.

Strategies for bulk ingestion. Herbivo

re,,

Carnivore,

and Omnivore.

II. Adapting SystemsA. Gas

Exchange

1. Definition2. Forces

Moving O2 into a body and CO2 out of a bodyConcentration Gradient and Simple

Diffusion

a. Direct

3. Strategies

b. Gills passive

b. Gills ram vs. gulping

b. Gills

c. Tracheal

direct vs. air sacs vs. tubular

c. Tracheal

direct vs. air sacs vs. tubular

c. Tracheal

direct vs. air sacs vs. tubular

positive vs. negative

B. Temperature Regulation

1. Problems

1. Problems

2. Surface to Volume Ratio

2. Surface to Volume Ratio

3. Energy Budgets

4. Strategies (Ectotherm vs. Endotherm)a.

PoikliothermyRegulate body temperature by external meansFish

,

4. Strategies (Ectotherm vs. Endotherm)a.

PoikliothermyRegulate body temperature by external meansAmphibia

ns,

4. Strategies (Ectotherm vs. Endotherm)a.

PoikliothermyRegulate body temperature by external meansReptiles, and most

invertebrates

b. Homeothermy

Regulate body temperature by internal meansBird

s

b. Homeothermy

Regulate body temperature by internal meansMamma

ls

b. Homeothermy

Regulate body temperature by internal meansMammals

c. Heterothermy

Regulate body temperature by both methodsBats, Hummingbirds,

and Bees

4. Solutionsa. Shifting

BloodDilate or Constrict

& Counter Current

b. Behavior

c. Metabolism

Torpor vs. Hibernation

C. Water Regulation

1. Sourcesa. Drinking &

Eating

b. Metabolic

2. Lossesa. Evaporative

Coolingb. Functional Losses

i. Respiratory Lossesii. Digestive Lossesiii. Urinary Lossesiv. Regulatory Losses

3. Preventiona. Outer

Covering

b. Specialized Glands

c. Salt Balance & Life Style

c. Salt Balance & Life Style

Tardigrada or Water bear

D. Waste Removal

1. ProcessesFiltration, Reabsorption, Secretion, &

Excretion

2. Cost vs. H2O losses

3. Other Strategiesa. Flame

CellsAdvantage vs. Disadvantage

b. Malpighian Tubes

Advantage vs. Disadvantage

4. Other Systems

a. Integumentary (skin)

b. Digestive

c. Respiratory

E. Rhythms

1. Types

a. Circadian

b. Light and Dark

c. Reproductive

2. Why?

Life offers few multiple choice questions, choose wisely.