Chapter 12: Chapter 12: Introduction to Introduction to AnimalsAnimals

Aim: What are the Aim: What are the characteristics of all characteristics of all

animals?animals?

Animal CharacteristicsAnimal CharacteristicsCopy 6 characteristics on pg 330

Aim: How do animals adapt to Aim: How do animals adapt to survive?survive?

Adaptations for Obtaining Adaptations for Obtaining EnergyEnergyAll animals need food and eat

different kinds of food1.Herbivores-eat more often and

greater amounts b/c plants don’t give as much energy as other foods

2.Carnivores-capture and kill for foodSome are scavengersDon’t eat as often or as much as

herbivores b/c meat provides more energy

3. Omnivores Have more sources of food

4. Detritivores Feed on tiny bits of decaying

matter Exs: millipedes and beetles

Physical AdaptationsPhysical Adaptations1. Physical Features (protect

animals from predators) Outer coverings-pill bugs Hard shells-turtles Quills-porcupines2. Mimicry Animal closely resembles another

animal in appearance or behavior Predators have difficulty

distinguishing between them and won’t attack either animal

Ex: venomous coral snake and the non-venomous scarlet king

Can be a disadvantage for scarlet king b/c people mistake them for coral snake and kill them

3. Camouflage Helps animals blend into their

environment and hide from their predators

Ex: English peppered moth and lichens

Ex: trout Ex: cuttlefish-can change color

Predator AdaptationsPredator Adaptations1. Camouflage Used by predators to sneak up on

their prey Ex: tiger’s stripes hides them in tall

grasses Killer whales-black on top and

white underneath When viewed from top they blend

in with the ocean When viewed from the bottom they

blend in with sky

Behavioral AdaptationsBehavioral AdaptationsEnable animals to capture prey or

avoid predatorsSkunk spray liquid to keep

predators awayOctopus- releases cloud of ink to

escape predatorsGazelle can outrun it’s predators

(speed)Wolves travel in packs, which

enable them to hunt large prey

Aim: How are animals Aim: How are animals classified?classified?

Aim: What are the Aim: What are the characteristics of characteristics of

sponges?sponges?

SpongesSpongesAre homes for many animals, such

as shrimp and snailsFood source for sea stars and fishSome used for bathing and

cleaningAppeared on earth 600 million

years agoEvolved separately from all other

animals b/c they have little in common with other animals

Characteristics of Characteristics of SpongesSpongesColors, shapes and sizes varySaltwater-blue, red, orange or yellowFreshwater-dull brown or greenAre sessileFound in coloniesBody is a hollow tube, that is closed

at the bottom and open at the topHas many poresNo tissues, organs or organ systems

Collar cells line the inside of the sponge and moves water into the sponge

Spicules and spongin provide support and help protect against predators

Eat microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, algae, and protists

Food and oxygen enter through the spores

Wastes travel out through opening in at the top

Can reproduce sexuallyMost are hermaphroditesSponge’s own sperm can not

fertilize its own eggCan reproduce asexually through

budding and regeneration

Aim: What are the Aim: What are the characteristics of characteristics of

cnidarians?cnidarians?

CnidariansCnidariansIncludes corals, sea anemones,

hydras, jellyfish and Portuguese man-of-war

Most live in saltwaterMany types of hydras live in

freshwater2 body forms1.Polyp: shaped like a vase and

sessile2.Medusa: bell-shaped and free

swimming

Characteristics of Characteristics of CnidarianCnidarianHave one body openingRadial symmetryHave cells that are arranged into

tissuesHave a digestive cavityNerve net-system of nerve cells

that enables them to conduct simple movements and responses

Have tentaclesTentacles have a stinging cell that

help cnidarians capture food

Are predatorsReproduce asexually and sexuallyPolyp forms reproduce asexually

by buddingPolyp forms can reproduce

sexually by producing egg and sperm

Medusa forms have a sexual and asexual stage of reproduction

Aim: Why are corals Aim: Why are corals important?important?

CoralsCoralsCoral reefs are formed by corals

secreting their hard external skeletons on to earlier generations

Takes millions of years for large reefs to form

Has a great diversity of lifeHelp protect beaches and

shorelines from the action of waves

Home for organisms that provide us with valuable shells and pearls

Chemicals released by corals may provide humans with drugs to fight cancer

Some coral can be used to replace human bone

Aim: What are the Aim: What are the characteristics of flatworms?characteristics of flatworms?

Aim: What are the Aim: What are the characteristics of characteristics of

roundworms?roundworms?

RoundwormsRoundwormsAka nematodesFound in soil, animals, plants,

freshwater, and saltwaterMost are free-livingSome are parasitic2 body openings, a mouth and

anusReproduce sexuallyBody is a tube within a tube

Some cause disease in humansCause damage to fiber, agricultural

products and foodSome are beneficial b/c they feed

on fleas, termites, ants, beetles and many other insects

They provide nutrients to the soil as they breakdown organic material

Help in nitrogen cycle