anthony giddens ● mitchell duneier ● richard appelbaum ● debora carr slides created by shannon...

ANTHONY GIDDENS ● MITCHELL DUNEIER ● RICHARD APPELBAUM ● DEBORA CARRSlides created by Shannon Anderson, Roanoke College

Third Edition

Chapter 15: Urbanization, Population,

and the Environment 1

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

Important issues

• How cities have changed and why

• Rural, urban, and suburban living

• Globalization and urbanization

• Population growth and its consequences

• Globalization, urbanization, growth, and the environment

2


Ancient cities

• Organized very differently than today’s cities, both spatially and socially

• Centers for culture, science, commerce, and so on

• The vast majority of the population lived in rural towns and communities, with little or no connection to cities.

3


What is urbanization?

• Urbanization is a shift in population from rural living to living in cities and towns.

• Occurred alongside industrialization.• London as a prime example:

– 1800: 1.1 million people– 1900: > 7 million people

• The United States: 1800: <10% urban

2010: approximately 80% urban

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Global urbanization

• 1900 onward: urbanization became a global, not just national, process.

• That trend intensified from 1950 forward.

• Global, urban population statistics:

– 1975: 39%

– 2000: approximately 50%

– 2050: estimated 70%

5


Theories of urbanism

• The Chicago School

– Urban ecology• Cities organized naturally so as to generate

equilibrium• Robert Park

– Urbanism as way of life• Urban interaction problem• Louis Wirth

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The “urban interaction problem” is a necessity for citydwellers— respecting social boundaries when so many peopleare in close physical proximity all the time.

Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company


Theories of urbanism

• Jane Jacobs, “Eyes and ears”– Multiplicity of people on the streets increases

security through watchfulness

• Urbanism as a created environment– David Harvey– Manuel Castells

8


Rural life

• Stereotypes of idyllic rural America often misrepresent rural realities

• Rural areas = 75% of land, but hold only 17% of the population.

• The rural population has been in decline for most of the twentieth century.

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Declining rural population

• Declines in farming and other rural industries

• High poverty rates

• Few opportunities or amenities

• Few government services

• Hard to attract new residents

• New technologies and social programs work to reverse these trends

10


Suburban development

• Suburbs are towns that develop as residential hubs around industrial cities.

• Suburbs developed during the economic boom that followed World War II.

• This happened with significant government assistance.

• Suburban populations have been largely white.

11

Suburban Levittown, New York, in the 1950s. Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition

Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company


Problems with urban life

• Suburbanization led to changes in cities.

• Industries left cities, taking mostly blue-collar jobs with them.

• This led to increased residential segregation as poorer, non-whites remained in cities.

• This left cities with lower tax revenues, leading to perpetual financial problems.

13


Urban renewal

• Gentrification is a process whereby wealthy people buy and renew deteriorating properties in cities.

• Tends to be good for property values but bad for the previous, low-income residents.

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Clinton Street was a grim, graffi ti- ridden streetscape Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition


It has evolved into a lively restaurant row onNew York’s Lower East Side



Global cities

• Saskia Sassen’s global cities are those that house major transnational corporations and other global firms.

• These are the seats of global power and control.

• Global cities are sites of extreme wealth and poverty.

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Urbanization in the developing world

• Africa and Asia are still predominantly rural—only around 40% urban.

• The urban population is growing more rapidly in these regions of the world.

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Urbanization in the developing world

• Major environmental risks are posed by such rapid growth, overcrowding, and poverty:

– Housing

– Pollution

– Sanitation

– Water supply

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Studying global populations

• The study of population is called demography.

• Important terminology:– Crude birthrate– Fertility and fecundity– Crude death rate (mortality)– Life expectancy and life span

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Map 15.1 Population Growth Rate, 1980–2002Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition



Consequences of population change

• Rapid population growth and urbanization may lead to:– Increased internal migration– Significant environmental challenges– Health concerns– Increased crime– More and larger squatter settlements– Famine and food shortages

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The environment and society

• The way of life in Western societies creates major environmental challenges.

– Massive amounts of non-recyclable waste

– Pollution

– Depletion of resources and biodiversity

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The environment and society

• Global warming—also a human product—affects us all.

• Energy consumption may outstrip certain resources.

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Figure 15.2 Shares of Total World Consumption of theRichest 20 Percent and the Poorest 20 Percent, 1995



Sustainable development and change

• New sustainable development policies seek equilibrium between environmental concerns and the economy.

• Such policies tend to work well for wealthy countries at the expense of poorer countries.

26

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For more learning resources, please visit our online StudySpace at: http://www.wwnorton.com/college/soc/essentials-of-sociology15/

27© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.

Chapter 15: Urbanization, Population, and the Environment


Clicker Questions

1. The statement that “cities do not grow up at random but grow in response to advantageous features of the environment” reflects which view of urbanism?

a. Wirth’s urbanism as a way of life

b. the Chicago School’s ecological view

c. Harvey’s view of cities as restructured space

d. Castells’s view of urbanism as contested space

28


Clicker Questions

2. According to David Harvey, urbanism is a process that involves a constant restructuring of space. What influences this process?

a. the movement of new population groups into a city

b. the degree to which cities remain undiversified culturally

c. decisions made by business, government, and investors

d. the pressures of various social movements

29


Clicker Questions

3. Louis Wirth was among the first to address the “urban interaction problem.” Which of the following best represents that problem?

a. the necessity for city dwellers to move around the city quickly via public transportation

b. the necessity for city dwellers to demonstrate the sophistication and critical acumen of the urbanite

c. the necessity for city dwellers to put out-of-towners in their place

d. the necessity for city dwellers to respect social boundaries when so many people are in close proximity all the time

30


Clicker Questions

4. As the population of developing countries undergoes a demographic transition in the years to come, what is likely to be the consequence?

a. The population of these countries will steadily fall.

b. There will be rapid growth of cities as more people migrate there in search of employment.

c. There will be less famine and food shortages will decrease.

d. There will be a decrease in religiosity.

31


Clicker Questions

5. In what way do more recent theories of urbanism differ from the earlier Chicago School?

a. They focus on the negative social consequences when strangers occupy the same physical spaces.

b. They focus on the way people interact in public spaces.

c. They stress that urbanism is in response to major patterns of political and economic change rather than natural forces.

d. They examine the development of urban culture and how that contributes to a particular way of life.

32


Clicker Questions

6. Social problems such as high levels of child poverty, high rates of motor vehicle fatalities and other accidental deaths, and low levels of health and educational services are troubling realities faced by people living

a. in suburbia.

b. in rural areas.

c. in gentrified neighborhoods.

d. in America’s largest cities.

33

Art Presentation Slides

Chapter 15

Anthony Giddens

Mitchell Duneier

Richard P. Appelbaum

Deborah Carr

Urbanization, Population, and the Environment

Chapter OpenerEssentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition


A coal miner emerges from a mine after a day’s workin Shanxi Province, China.


Traffic outside of the Bank of England in the financialdistrict of London in 1896.


The “urban interaction problem” is a necessity for citydwellers— respecting social boundaries when so many peopleare in close physical proximity all the time.


The Castro district in San Francisco is not only open tobut celebratory about its large and vibrant gay andlesbian population.


Joe Peterson and John Baker have coffee inChugwater, Wyo-ming.


Suburban Levittown, New York, in the 1950s. Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition


A new housing development in the exurb, Highland, California.Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition


Globalization and Everyday LifeEssentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition


Clinton Street was a grim, graffi ti- ridden streetscape Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition


It has evolved into a lively restaurant row onNew York’s Lower East Side


The overcrowded streets of the Hong Kong– Guangdongmegacity.


Families sit on the sidewalk with their belongings afterbeing evicted by police from a central São Paulo building.


Newspaper salesman Alvarado uses a mask to protecthimself from air pollution as he sells papers at a busycrossroad in Mexico City.


Map 15.1 Population Growth Rate, 1980–2002Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition


Passengers travel in an over-crowded train in theeastern Indian city of Patna.


Figure 15.1 Median Age, U.S. Population, 1850–2050Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition


Kids play on a merry-go-round near an oil refineryat the Carver Terrace housing project play-ground inwest Port Arthur, Texas.


Figure 15.2 Shares of Total World Consumption of theRichest 20 Percent and the Poorest 20 Percent, 1995


A worker at an e-waste recycling company in Bangalore,India, shows shredded pieces of printed circuit boards ofobsolete electronic gadgets undergoing the recycling process.


W. W. Norton & Company Independent and Employee-Owned

Essentials Of SociologyTHIRD EDITION

This concludes the Art Presentation Slides

Slide Set for Chapter 15

byAnthony GiddensMitchell Duneier

Richard P. AppelbaumDeborah Carr

anthony giddens ● mitchell duneier ● richard appelbaum ● debora carr slides created by shannon...

Documents

urbanization population

rural living

ancient cities

todays cities

rural towns

suburban living globalization

consequences globalization

shannon anderson