antiepileptic#dg09 gdg

“ANTI-EPILEPTIC EFFECT OF MUSTA ON ALBINO RATS ”- AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

BY

JAGADEESH.S.HANDIGANUR

Dissertation submitted to the

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore

In partial fulfillment of the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati M.D.

In

DRAVYA GUNA

Under the Guidance of Dr.G.V.MULAGUND MD (AYU)

And Co-guidance of

Dr. KUBER SANKH MD (AYU)

Department of Dravya Guna

Post Graduate Studies & Research Centre,

D.G. MELMALAGI AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE, GADAG

2004-2007

Ayurmitra

TAyComprehended

Declaration by the candidate

I here by declare that this dissertation / thesis entitled “Anti-epileptic effect of

Musta on albino rats – An experimental study” is a bonafide and genuine

research work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. G.V.Mulagund M D

(AYU) professor and H.O.D, Dr. Kuber Sankh M D (AYU) Lecturer in Dravya

Guna, DGMAMC, PGS&RC, Gadag.

Date: (Jagadeesh.S.Handiganur)

Place: Gadag

D.G.M.AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE

POST GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

CENTRE

GADAG-582103

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Anti-Epileptic Effect Of Musta On

Albino Rats--An Experimental Study” is a bonafide research work done by

Jagadeesh.S.Handiganur in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the post

graduation degree of “Ayurveda Vachaspati M.D. (Dravya Guna)” Under Rajiv

Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.

Co- Guide Dr. KUBER SANKH

M.D. (Ayu) Lecturer in Dravya Guna

DGMAMC, PGS&RC, GADAG

Date:

Place: Gadag

Guide Dr. G.V. MULAGUND M.D. (Ayu) Professor & HOD Dept. of Dravya Guna DGMAMC, PGS&RC, GADAG

Date:

Place: Gadag


POST GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

CENTRE

GADAG, 582 103

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Anti-Epileptic Effect Of

Musta On Albino Rats--An Experimental Study” is a bonafide research work done

by Jagadeesh.S.Handiganur in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the post

graduation degree of “Ayurveda Vachaspati M.D. (Dravya Guna)” Under Rajiv

Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.

Date :

Place:

Sri SHIVKUMAR INAMDAR M.Pharma Associate guide Lecturer K.L.E’s college of pharmacy Gadag

© Copy right

Declaration by the candidate

I here by declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health

Sciences, Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and

disseminate this dissertation/ thesis in print or electronic format for the

academic / research purpose.

Date : (JAGADEESH.S.HANDIGANUR)

Place : Gadag

© Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka

J.S.V.V. SAMSTHE’S


POST GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH CENTRE

GADAG, 582 103

Endorsement by the H.O.D,Principal/head of the

institution

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Anti Epileptic Effect Of

Musta On Albino Rats--An Experimental Study” is a bonafide research work done

by Jagadeesh.S.Handiganur under the guidance of Dr.G.V.MULAGUND MD (AYU)

Professor and H.O.D Dept of dravyaguna and Dr. KUBER SANKH, MD (AYU) in

partial fulfillment of the requirement for the post graduation degree of “Ayurveda

Vachaspati M.D. (Dravya Guna)” Under Rajiv Gandhi University of Health

Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.

(Dr. G. B. PATIL) Principal,

DGM Ayurvedic Medical College, Gadag

Date: Place: GADAG

(Dr. G. V. MULAGUND) Professor & HOD

Dept. of Dravya Guna PGS&RC.

Date: Place: GADAG

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my deep sense of gratitude to their great holiness Shree Guru

Khasgateshwar Swamiji Talikoti and Jagadguru Shri Abhinava Shivananda

mahaswamiji for their divine blessings.

I express my thanks & dedicate this work to my respected parents Smt. Neela

&.Shri.Shivanda.R.Handiganur the prime reasons for all my success.

I express my deep sense of gratitude to my respected my guide Prof

Dr. G.V.Mulagund, Head of the department, Department of Postgraduate Studies and

Research in Dravya guna , D.G.M.A.M.C., Gadag. He has been very kind to guide me

in research and for whose extraordinary efforts, tremendous encouragement and most

valuable advice made me to complete this work.

I am whole heartedly very grateful to my associate guide Shri

Shivkumar.Inamdar.M.Pharma.lecturer,K.L.E’s College Of Pharmacy Gadag. He has

been very kind to guide me in research and for whose extraordinary efforts,

tremendous encouragement and most valuable advice made me to complete this work.

I am also grateful to my respected Co-guide Dr. Kuber Sankh M.D.(Ayu) lecturer

in Dravya Guna, PGARC, D.G.M. Ayurvedic medical college, Gadag, for patiently

going through the draft of thesis and correcting with precious remarks, which has

been very useful.

I am extremely thankful to our Principal Dr. G.B. Patil for providing all

necessary facilities for this research work.

I am very thankfull to other staff of K L Es College of pharmacy Gadag C S

Hallikeri,B S Patil, Suresh Hiremath & also remaining non teaching staff.

i

I am very much grateful to Dr. G. S. Hiremath H.O.D. of Dravya Guna and

Dr. S. B. Nidagundi. Lecturer in department of post graduation studies in Dravya

Guna & Dr.Veena.Kori for their valuable suggestion in this work.

I wish to convey thanks to my respected HOD’s of other dept Dr.

V.Varadacharyalu, Dr. Purushottamacharyulu, Dr. M.C.Patil,and lecturers

Dr.K.S.R.Prasad, Dr. Shivaramudu, Dr. Shashidhar Doddamani, Dr.R.V.Shetter,

Dr.Girish Danappagoudar, Dr. Santosh Belavadi, Dr Jagadeesh Mitti, Dr.Mulkipatil,

Dr.Shankargouda.

I am very much thankful to Mr.Gururaj.Shedagatagi, Dr. Suvarna.G.

Shedagatagi & Manjunath Nidagundi for supporting me in preparing the dissertation

right from beginning to end.

I am very much thankfull to my roommates Dr.Vijay.G.Hiremath,

Dr.Sharanu.Angadi, Dr.Linagareddy.Biradar. Dr.Anand Doddamani, Shivu, Naveen

& Manjunath for supporting me in preparing the dissertation right from beginning to

end.

I sincerely thank my beloved seniors & classmates Dr.K.S.Hiremath,

Dr.K.S.Paraddi. Dr.Shashikala.Bani. Dr.Shivakumar.Sajjanar, Dr.Ashok.Bingi,

Dr.Sunita.G. Dr.C.B.Inamdar, Dr.Gangur, Dr.V.M.Katarki, Dr.Shivaleela.K,

Dr.Ashwini.V, Dr.Shalini.S, Dr.Jaya.malagoudar, Dr.Mukta, Dr.Kalavati.Petlur.

Dr.Savita.Batt. Dr.Basavaraj.Kallmath Dr.D.S.Kendadmath Dr.venkaraddy,

Dr.Ganti.B, Dr.Agnihotri.P Dr.Ashok.M.G. Dr.Madhushri. Dr.Suma.Jamakhandi.

DrRudrakshi. Dr.Kattimani. Dr.Ratnakumar. Dr.Udaykumar Dr.Shivkumar.Sarvi

Dr.G.G,Patil Dr.Anand.H.Dr.Shobagin. Dr.Ashok.Akki. Dr.S.V.Teggi. Dr.SibaPrasad

Dr.Prasanna Dr.Jayashri. Dr.Umesh.Kumbar. Dr.Manjunath.Akki.

ii

Dr.Krishna.Jigalur. Dr.Ashwini.Dev and all other post graduation branches for their

constant co-operation and help.

I wish to convey my thanks to my friends Venkatesh Mahendrakar, Raju

Hanchate, Ranjeet Hanchate, Prashanth Bagalkot, Dr.Vijay Patil, Dr. Vishwanath

Dr.Nandini, Dr.Busi, Dr.Amlyal, Dr.Chittargi, Dr.Huddar, Dr.Nalaband, Dr.Sunil.

who have supported me very well to prepare this valuable research work.

And also thankful to my sisters Akkamahadevi, Manjula, Sarswati, Sunita,

Dr.Purnima,Dr.Sangeetha, Savita, Shobha, Lata, Surekha, Parvati & the respected

jijaji’s. I feel immense pleasure to say thanks to my love Smt.Hema.J.Handiganur.

who has very kind enough for the success of this research work.

I wish to convey my thanks to beloved Librarian Shri V.M. Mundinamani and

Mr. S.B. Sureban and Shavi for providing me essential references in the study.

I am very much grateful to all lecturers, Physicians, house surgeons, hospital

staff, and non-teaching staff for their timely assistance in completion of this work.

Date:

Place:

JAGADEESH.S.HANDIGANUR

iii

ABBREVIATIONS

A.H. - Asthanga Hridhaya

A.K. - Amara kosha

A.P.I. - Ayurveda Pharmacopoeia of India.

Ab.R. - Abhidhana Ratnamala

A.S. - Asthang Sangrah

B.P. - Bhavaprakash

B.S. - Bhela Samhita

C.S. - Charaka Samhita

D.N. - Dhanvantari Nighantu

D.G. - Dravya Guna by P.V.Sharma

I.M.P. - Indian Medicinal Plants.

K.N. - Kiayadev Nighantu

Md.G. - Madhava Dravyaguna

M.N. - Madanapala Nighantu.

M.N. - Madhava Nidana

Mh.N. - Mahoushadi Nighantu.

N.A. - Nighantu Adarsha.

R.N. - Raja Nighantu

S.S. - Sushruta Samhita

V.S. - Vangasena

Y.R. - Yoga Ratnakara

iv

ABSTRACT

In ayurvedic classics while classifying the threevidha dukha viz Adyatmic,

Adidaivic, Adibhoutic they have given prime importance to ubhayendriya manas or

mana. This manas is dependent of Dhee, Dhrutia and Smruti any alteration in the

activities of these three leads to manasik rogas, which inturns leads to shareereek

rogas.

Among these three Smruti is defined as remembrance of things directly

perceived, heard and experienced.

In the disease Apasmara are Epilepsy Smruti vibhramsha takes place. Here

Smruti vibhramsha refers to altered memory. It affects people of all the intelligency

level and social groups; it is not confined to any age group.

Apart from Epilepsy or Apasmara, Smruti vibhransha occurs in other diseases

like Alzheimer’s disease, HIV, senile dementia, Parkinson’s disease, trauma, chronic

insomnia and Huntington’s chorea etc.

Here the effect of musta (cyperus rotundus) as Apasmarahar or Anti epileptic

has been carried. The musta has been mentioned as Apasmarahar in all the

Bruhatrayees, Yogaratnakar and Vangasen.

In this study alcoholic extract of Musta has been taken as testdrug. They are

compared with std and control group with respective parameters.

In the present study Electro convulsiometre is used to induce convulsions

(epileptic seizures) in rats. Epileptic seizures are induced by giving maximal electric

shock through convulsiometer of 150mA for 0.2secs.

v

OBJECTIVES

1) To evaluate anti epileptic effect of Musta in maximal electric shock induced

rats.

2) A comparative experimental study of alcoholic extract of Musta in minimum

and maximum dose.

METHODS

In this experimental study randomly 24 rats are selected and 6 rats per group,

grouped as Group 1 Serves as control, group 2 standard, Group 3 100mg/kg, Group 4

150mg/kg body wt, effect is assessed with parameters like 1) Flexion 2) Extensor 3)

Clonus 4) Stupor phases.

RESULTS

Both 3rd and 4th group showed significant results but 4th group showed more

significant than 3rd.

CONCLUSION

In this experimental study the drug Musta has shown highly significant anti

epileptic activity in maximum dose.

KEYWORDS

Musta, Smruti, Apasmar, Epilepsy, Rajas and Tamas, Sanjnavaha srotas,

Convulsiometer etc.

vi

CONTENTS Chapters Page No

1. Introduction 01 - 04

2. Objectives 05

3. Review of Literature 06 - 68

4. Methodology 69 - 76

5. Results 77 - 99

6. Discussion 100 - 103

7. Conclusion 104 - 105

8. Summary 106

9. Bibliography 107 - 119

10. Annexure 120

vii

LIST OF TABLES

Sl No Title of the table Page No

1 MUSTA

1.1 Gana and Varga according to different authors 6 1.2 Synonyms according to different authors. 7 1.3 Gunas according to different authors 10 1.4 Karmas Prayoga according to different authors 11 1.5 Prayojya anga according to different authors 11 1.6 Prayoga according to different authors 11-12 1.7 Standard Physicochemical values of Musta 17

2 APASMARA 2.1 Types of Apasmara according to different authors. 34 2.2 Nidanas of Apasmara according to different authors 35 2.3 Lakshanas of vataj Apasmara according to different authors 43 2.4 Lakshanas of pittaj Apasmara according to different authors 43 2.5 Lakshanas of kaphaj Apasmara according to differentauthors 44 2.6 Upashaya & Anupashaya in Apasmara 46 2.7 Patya for Apasmara. 61 2.8 Apthya for Apasmara 61

3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Concentration and doses before induction of epilepsy 76

4 OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS 4.1 The Physico chemical values of Musta 78 4.2 Results of Parameter 1st of all groups 80 4.3 Summary of data of parameter 1st of all groups 80 4.4 ANOVA table for Parameter 1st of all groups 80 4.5 Comparison for Parameter 1st between the groups 80 4.6 Results of Parameter 2nd of all groups 81 4.7 Summary of data of parameter 2nd of all groups 81 4.8 ANOVA table for Parameter 2nd of all groups 81 4.9 Comparison for Parameter 2nd between the group 81 4.10 Results of Parameter 3rd of all groups 82 4.11 Summary of data of parameter 3rd of all groups 82 4.12 ANOVA table for Parameter 3rd of all groups 82 4.13 Comparison for Parameter 3rd between the groups 82 4.14 Results of Parameter 4th of all groups 83 4.15 Summary of data of parameter 4th of all groups 83 4.16 ANOVA table for Parameter 4th of all groups 83 4.17 Comparison for Parameter 4th between the groups 83 4.18 The mean of all the groups for all the parameters 84

viii

LIST OF GRAPHS Sl No Title of the Graph Page No

1 Flexion phase observed in individual rat of control group 90 2 Flexion phase observed in individual rat of standard group 90 3 Flexion phase observed in individual rat of extract 100mg group 91 4 Flexion phase observed in individual rat of extract 150mg group 91 5 Extensor phase observed in individual rat of control group 92 6 Extensor phase observed in individual rat of standard group 92 7 Extensor phase observed in individual rat of extract 100mg group 93 8 Extensor phase observed in individual rat of extract 150mg group 93 9 Clonus phase observed in individual rat of control group 94 10 Clonus phase observed in individual rat of standard group 94 11 Clonus phase observed in individual rat of extract 100mg group 95 12 Clonus phase observed in individual rat of extract 150mg group 95 13 Stupor phase observed in individual rat of control group 96 14 Stupor phase observed in individual rat of standard group 96 15 Stupor phase observed in individual rat of extract 100mg group 97 16 Stupor phase observed in individual rat of extract 150mg group 97 17 Mean flexion phase of all the groups 98 18 Mean extensor phase of all the groups 98 19 Mean clonus phase of all the groups 99 20 Mean stupor phase of all the groups 99

MASTER CHART

Sl No Title of the Master Chart Page No 1 Assessment of Parameter I II III & IV of all groups 79 LIST OF FIGURES

Sl No Title of the FIGURES Page No

1 Schematic representation of Apasmara samprapti 50

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

Sl No Name of the Photograph 1 Musta plant 2 Musta plant in the field 3 Musta plant with kanda 4 Musta flower 5 Electro convulsiometer 6 Showing applying ear electrodes to albino rats 7 Showing flexion phase 8 Showing extensor phase 9 Showing clonus phase 10 Showing stupor phase

ix

Introduction

___________________________________________________________ ____ Anti epileptic effect of Musta

1

INTRODUCTION

Herbal medicines are the oldest form of health care known to mankind. Herbs

had been used by cultures through out history. It was an integral part of the

development of modern civilization. Primitive man observed and appreciated the

great diversity of plant available to him. The plants provided food, clothing, shelter

and medicine. Much of the medicinal use of plants seems to have been developed

through observation of wild animals and by trial and error, as time went on each tribe

added power of herb in their area to its knowledge base.

Practically every country develops its own medicinal system, which includes

civilization of China, Egypt and India. Thus the Indian medicinal system Ayurveda

came into existence. The raw materials for Ayurvedic medicine were mostly obtained

from plant sources in the form of crude drugs such as dried herbal powders or their

extracts or mixture of products.

The WHO estimates that 4 billion people, 80%of world population presently

using herbal medicine for some aspects of primary health care. Major pharmaceutical

companies are currently conducting extensive research on plant material. Substance

derived from the plant remains the bases for a large population of commercial

medications used today for the treatment of heart diseases, hypertension, pain, asthma

and other problems.

At the moment scientific research on medicinal plants is continuing most

intensely research institutes, universities and pharmaceutical laboratories as well as in

the clinics of many developed countries. This research oriented mainly in two

directions, firstly the active ingredients of plants that have been known for their

medicinal properties are been investigated. The second part of basic research has lead

to the discovery of new kinds of medicinal plants and new drugs from the more

Introduction


2

remote regions of the world where new species with unknown substance still remain

to be looked into.

If we go through the definition of Ayurveda Hita, Ahita, Sukha and Dhukha

pertaining to the Ayu have been explained. Yes exactly it is right because if we

studied the classics of Ayurveda not only the physical well being of an individual is

mentioned but also the things which to be done, should not to be done and which

gives pleasure to both mind and body as well as.

Ayurvedic science is just not Vedic science; it is expression of essence of

experienced thoughts.

Since our classics have broadly classified three types of disease that is

Adyathmik,Adibhouthika and Adidaivika and another two types Shareerika and

Manasika.

In both the types manas has been included. This manas depends upon Dhee,

Dhruti and Smruti, any alteration in the activity of these three leads to Manasika rogas

which inturn leads to Shareerika rogas.

Smruti nash is main pathophysiology in Apasmara roga, which is one of the

function of Manas. This smruti is defined as recollection, or remembrance of the

things directly perceived heard and experienced earlier. It is one of the most essential

factors for attainment of salvation. When Rajo and Tamo gunas of the manas exploits

the Satva guna, Smruti Vibramsha takes place, which becomes main causative factor

for Manasika rogas. Treatment of these Manasika rogas is conducted under the

heading of Shodhan, Shaman, Aahara Vidi vidhana and Nidana parivarjan.

This apasmara may affect any individual without considering the criterias like

rich/poor, educated/illiterate, cast and communities.

Introduction


3

Apart from the mental problems the most of the metabolic disorder also lead

to convulsions or seizures, chronic fever condition may also lead to febrile

convulsions.

As per the present impact of epileptic seizures, it affects nearly 1-5 % of

population.

For treatment of disease 4 required pillers are being explained in our classics,

among these Dravya is one. In our classics so many medicines explained for the

treatment of Apasmara under the heading of Apasmarahar, Sanjnasthapana etc. and to

some extent Medya drugs are also beneficial in such conditions. There are lots of

single and compound formulations have been explained in our classics in the contest

of Apasmar Chikitsadhyaya or Apasmara adhikara . But most of those are not retested

according to current research methodology, which is must in present scenario for the

upgradation of Ayurvedic science as well as updating of Ayurveda itself. So thereby

we will give a good recognition to Ayurveda in the scientific world.

In this present study Musta (Cyperus rotundus) is taken from the Ayurvedic

treasure of therapeutics having Kashaya Tikta Katu rasa, Katu vipaka and Sheet

veerya, Laghu, Ruksh gunas having Grahi, Agnideepak, Pachak, Vatanulomuk,

Swedotpadaka, Medya, Stanyavardhak, Kandughna, Jantughna, Vranaropak,

Thrsnanigrahan etc properties. In Charak samhita chikitsa sthana 10th chapter Mustadi

gana has been explained.

In the present study I have taken alcoholic extract of Musta(Cyperus

rotundus) powder which is given orally to the albino rats.

There are so many drugs told in contemporary science, as Anti epileptics, still

there is always a search for newer molecules because of more demerits upon merits

Introduction


4

with high cost effect and increasing drug resistance. Usually Carbamazipine,

Diazapam, Phenytoin are popularly used.

By observing above mentioned merits and demerits here an attempt is made to

reestablish safe, naturally, and abundantly available Anti epileptic drug Musta

(Cyperus rotundus).

Objectives

_______________________________________________________ _________ Anti epileptic effect of Musta

5

OBJECTIVES:

To evaluate the Antiepileptic effect of Musta on Maximal Electric

Shock induced albino rats.

A comparative experimental study of alcoholic extract of Musta in minimum

and maximum dose.

Drug review

_______________________________________________________ ________ Anti epileptic effect of Musta

6

DRUG REVIEW:

Historical review of Musta1

Musta plant is mentioned in Atherva parisishta for the purpose of vashikaran

(A.P 35/2/9). It is also reported that Musta is described as ‘Kyambu’ in the vedic

literature its synonyms are mentioned as ‘Shyandadurva’, ‘Vyalkash’,’Kambu’.

Action and uses in other system of medicine: 2

Unani- Root is diuretic, emmenogogue, diaphoretic, anthelminthic, vulnaray, useful

for ulcers and sores, fever and dyspepsia.

Action and uses in other countries:

China- Tubers act on the lungs and liver. Their general action is tonic, stimulating

and stomachic.

Cylon- Decoction of the tuber is given in fever, diarrhoea, dyspepsia and stomach

complaints.

Konkan-The fresh tubers are applied to the breast as a galactagogue.

Cumbodiya- The root is considered diuretic and anti periodic.

Table No 1.1 Ganas and vargas according to different authors:

Sl No Author Gana Varga

1 Charak Samhita Stanyashodhan, Trushnanigrahan Lekhaneeya, Truptighna, Kandughna

2 Sushrut Samhita Mustadivarga, Vachadivarga, 3 Astang Hriday Mustadigana, Tiktavarga 4 Bhavaprakasha Nighantu Karpuradivarga 5 Kaiyadev Nighantu Aushadhivarga 6 Raj Nighantu Pippalyadivarga 7 Dhanvantari Nighantu Guduchyadivarga 8 Madanapal Nighantu Abhayadivarga 9 Abhidana Ratnamal Kashaya dravya skanda 10 Amar kosha Vanoushadhivarga 11 Mahoushadhi Nighantu Chandnadivarga 12 Priya Nighantu Shatapuspadivarga 13 Nighantu adarsha Mustadivarga 14 Saligram Nighantu Karpuradivarga 15 Madhav Dravya Guna Vividoushadivarga

Drug review


7

Table No 1.2 Paryayas according to different authors:

Sl N

Synonyms C S

S S

A H

B8 N

K9 N

R10 N

D11 N

M12 N

Ab13 R

A14 K

N15 A

Mh16 N

S17 N

1 Mustak - - - + - - - - - + - + - 2 Vaarid - - - + - + - - - - + + - 3 Krodeshta - - - - - + - - - - - - - 4 Gangeyam - +5 - - + + + - + - + + + 5 Gundra - - - + - - - - - + + - - 6 Naagarmotha - - - - - - - - - - + - - 7 Musta - - - + + + - + + + + + - 8 Sugandhi - - - - - + - - - - - - - 9 Hima - - - - - + - - - - - - - 10 Ghana +3 - + - + + + + - - - - - 11 Megha - - - - - + + - - + + - - 12 Rajakaseruk - - - - + + + + + - + - - 13 Bhadramusta - - - + + - + + - + + - - 14 Varahad - - - - + - + + - - - - - 15 Abda + +6 + - - + + + + - - - - 16 Kuruvindak - - - + + + + + + + + + - 17 Jeemut - - - - - + + - - - - - - 18 Vrushadwankshi - - - - - - + - - - - - - 19 Jalad - - + - - - + - - - - - - 20 Balahak - - - - - - + - - - - - - 21 Ambod +4 +7 + - + + - - - - - - - 22 Peethar - - - - + - - - - - - - - 23 Pindmustak - - - - + - - + - - - - - 24 Poornakostha - - - - + - - - - - - - - 25 Bhadrahansa -- - - - + - - - - - - - - 26 Prachya - - - - + - - - - - - - - 27 Kalapadra - - - - - - - - + - - - - 28 Paripelav - - - - - + - - - - - - - 29 Bhadra - - - - - + - - - - - - - 30 Neerad - - - - - + - - - - - - - 31 Amra - - - - - + - - - - - - - 32 Vaarahi - - - - - + - - - - - - - 33 Gunja - - - - - + - - - - - - - 34 Granthi - - - - - + - - - - - - - 35 Bhadrakoshi - - - - - + - - - - - - - 36 Vanya - - - - - + - - - - - - - 37 Kaseru - - - - - + - - - - - - - 38 Kacchota - - - - - + - - - - - - - 39 Krudhakasderuk - - - + - - - - - - - - - 40 Naagarmotha - - - + - - - - - - - - - 41 Vaaridhar - - - - - - - + - - - - - 42 Meghakhya - - - - - - - + - - - - - 43 Vishadwankshi - - - - - - - + - - - - - 44 Ambudar - - - - - - + - - - - - - 45 Nagar - - - - - - - + - - - - - 46 Kutannat - - - - - - - - + - - - - 47 Plav - - + - - - - - + - - - - 48 Vitunna - - - - - - - - + - - - - 49 Sheernapurna - - - - - - - - + - - - - 50 Dashapuran - - - - - - - - + - - - - 51 Kurubilwa - - - - - - - - - - - - - 52 Toyad - - + - - - - - - - - - - 53 Granthila - - - - - + - - - - - - -

Drug review


8

Paryayas and its meaning:

1.Krodeshta- “krodhanam ishta”. (NA)

Pigs like to eat it more.

2.Gangeyam- “Gangayah Apaayam.”(NA)

It is considered as an image of Ganga.

3.Gundra- “Gaam jalam draati gacchati iti”(NA)

It grows near the water

4.Nagaramusta “Nagare bhavam nagaram nagare cha tat mustakam cha

iti”(NA)

It grows in the town areas.

“Nagaranam priyam mustukam iti”(NA)

It is liked by town population mainly

5.Bhadramusta “Bhandate kalyanay bhavati iti” (NA)

It is holistic and restores health

6.Musta “Musyati khandaya

“Mustayati samyak hanti kaphapittasratrudajwaraadin

iti”(NA)

It breaks and cuts through the diseases and eliminates vitiated

Kapha, Pitta, Rakta, Jwara and Thrishna etc.

7.Vaarid “Vaari dadat iti vaaridah”(NA)

It contains more water or it grows in water.

8.Sugandhi “Shobhano gandho yasyah” (SKD)

It has got good smell.

9.Hima “Hanti ushmana iti”(SKD)

It subsides burning and heating effect.

10.Kacchotta “Kaccheshu jalaprayabhumisu jayate iti”(RN)

It grows aquatic and subaquatic regions.

11.Granthila “Granthi rupa” (RN)

Which looks like nodule

12.Prachya “Prachi bahashah”(KN)

Grows particularly in eastern part.

13.Rajakasheruk “Kasherusadruschyah kando asya”(DN)

Rhizome looks like kasheruk.

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Vividha basha naam vernacular names: 18

Latin - Cyperus rotundus

Sanskrit - Abda, Amboda, Bhadrakasi, Bhadramushta, Gangaya,

Granthi, Gundra, Hima etc

Hindi - Motha, Musta, Nagarmotha.

Kannada - Tunge gadde, Jekingaadde

Gujarathi - Motha

Marathi - Barikmotha, Musta

Telagu - Bhadeamusta, Gadal, Kaivarthmuste

Mustakamu, Shatutangeru, Tungmuste

Tamil - Kora Karai

Bengal - Motha,Mutha

Sinhalese - Kalayadrum

Arabic - Suad

English - Nut grass

USA - Nut grass

Australia - Yelka

Cylon - Nut grass

Spanish - Juncia redunda

Europe - Cyperus esceulentus, Cyperus longus, Cyperus

rotundus.

China - Cyperus rotundus

Indochina - ,,

Philippine Island - ,,

West Africa - Cyperus articulatus, Cyperus esculantus.

South Africa - Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus fastigiatus.

Cyperus longus, Cyperus sexangularis.

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Bheda according to different authors.

According to BhavPrakash Nighantu

Mustaka - Cyperus rotundus

Nagarmustaka - Cyperus scoriosus

kaivartmustaka

According to Raj Nighantu

Musta - Cyperus rotundus

Nagarmusta

According to Kaiyadev Nighantu

Mustaka - Cyperus rotundus

Paripelav/Khsudramusta/Kaivartumusta - Cyperus scoriosus

According to Dhanvantari Nighantu

Musta - Cyperus rotundus

Jalamusta

Table No 1.3 Gunas according to different authors:

Properties B19 N

D20

N M21 N

R22 N

K23 N

Md24

G N25 A

Mh26

N S27

N RASA

Tikta + + + + + + + + + Katu + + + + + - + +

Kashaya + - + - + + + + + GUNA

Laghu - - - - - - - - + Ruksha - - - - - - - - +

VEERYA

Sheeta + + - + + - + + - VIPAK

Katu - - - - - - + - - DOSHAGHNATA

Pittashaman + + + + + - + + - Kaphashaman + + + + + + + + -

Raktavikarahar + + + - + - - - -

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Table No 1.4 Karmas according to various authors:

Karmas B28 P

D29N M30 N

R31N K32 N

Md33 G

Mh34

N P35 N S36

N Grahi + - + - + + + - - Agnideepak + - + - + - + + - Pachak + - - + + + + + - Vatanulomaka + - - - - - + - - Swedotpadak + - - - - - + - - Medya + - - - - - + - - Stanyavardhak + - - - - - + - - Mutral + - - - - - + - - Kandunashak + - - - + - + - + Jantughna + - - - + - + - - Garbhashyattejak + - - - - - - - - Keshavardhak + - - - - - - - - Vranaropak + - - - - - - - - Trushnanigrahan + - - + + - - + + stanyashodhan + - - - - - - - - Malabandh - - + - - - - - - Kantidayak - - - - + - - - +

Table No 1.5 Prayojya anga:

Table No 1.6 Prayoga according to different authors:

Prayoga C S S S AH BP37 KN38 RN39 MN40 MhN41 SN42 DN43 PN44 VS45 YR46

Rasayan + + + - - - - - - - - - -

Jwara + + + + + + + + + + + - -

Raktapitta + + + - - - + - + - - - -

Gulma + - - - - - - - - - - - -

Prameha + + + - - - - - - - - - -

Kustha + + + - - - - + - - - - -

Rajayakshma + - - - - - - - - - - - -

Apasmara + + - - - - - - - - - + +

Shotha + - + - - - - - - - - - -

Udar + - + - - - - - - - - - -

Grahani + - + - - - - - - - + - -

Pandu + + + - - - - - - - - - -

Hikka + - - - - - - - - - - - -

Shwasa + + + - - - - - - - - - -

Properties PV S Mh N B N N A

Kanda + + + +

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Kasa + + + - - - - - - - - - -

Atisara + + + + - + - + + + - - -

Chardi + - - - - - - - - - - - -

Visarpa + + + - - - - + - - - - -

Visha + + + - - - - - - - - - -

Madatyaya + + - - - - - - - - - - -

Vrana + - - - - - - - - - - - -

Kantharoga + - - - - - - - - - - - -

Karnaroga + - + - - - - - - - - - -

Urusthambh + - - - - - - - - - - - -

Vaatavyadhi + + + - - - - + - - - - -

Vaatarakta + - + - - - - - - - - - -

Yoniroga - + - + - - - - - - - - -

pramehapidika - + - - - - - - - - - - -

Stanaroga - + - + - - - - - - - - -

Upadansha - + - - - - - - - - - - -

Vruddhi - + + - - - - - - - - - -

Sleepad - + - - - - - - - - - - -

Mukharoga - + + - - - - - - - - - -

Netraroga - + + + - - - + - + - - -

Pratishyaya - + - - - - - - - - - - -

Shiroroga - + + - - - - - - - - - -

Hridroga - + - - - - - - - - - - -

Arochak - + - - + + - + + - + - -

Unmad - + - - - - - - - - - - -

Formulations of Musta.

1. Shadangpaneeya

2. Kiratatiktadi choorna

3. Mustadi choorna

4. Kayastadi varti

5. Mustadi varti

6. Navayas choorna

7. Mandoor vatak

8. Yoshadya ghrita

9. Mustadi quath

10. Pushyanaga choorna

Controversy 47

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After study of nighantus it appears that besides the two Cyperus species, that

is Cyperus, rotundus, Musta, Pindmusta and Cyperus scoriosus, Bhadramusta, there is

a third kind of Musta that is called Kaivarthik Musta, which is generally considered to

be synonym of Plav. Dhanvantari Nighantu mentions it with its synonyms Jalad,

Jalamusta, Dasapura, Paripelav, Vanya and Shaival, while Raj nighantu appears to

agree with it, but doesnot mention all the synonyms and properties like those of the

former. Bhavamishra also agrees fully but without mentioning Shaival as its

synonym, which he has mentioned separately. Confusion is created by former two

nighantus which mention still another drug giving almost all the synonym but which

according to them is ushnaveerya different from sheetveerya-

Shaival/Kaivarthinustak.

Classification:

Kingdom - Plantae (plant kingdom)

Subkingdom - Tracheobionta

Division - Spermatophyta

Subdivision - Magnoliophyta

Class - Monocotyledons

Subclass - Commmaelinidae

Order - Cyperales

Family - Cyperacea

Genus - Cyperus

Species - rotundus

Latin name - Cyperus rotundus

English - Nut grass

Family – Cyperaceae:48

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• Perennial (rare annual) herbs with the habit of grasses, roots fibrous, stem

terete: 3-angled usually simple.

• Leaves- Grass like (rarely 0) 3-ranked, mostly crowded at the base of the stem

with tubular sheath which are more or less closed or the lower split to the base,

ligule 0 or a short prolongation of the mouth of the sheath opposite to the

blade.

• Inflorescence-solitary, fasciculate,paniculate or spicate spikelets composed of

small distichously or spirally imbricate scaler (glumes).

• Flower- minute 1-2 sexual in the axils of the glumes, Perianth 0,q of 2 or more

• Hypogynous bristles or scales (ovary enclosed in a utricle in carex).

• Stamens- 1-3, filaments flattened, anthers basifixed, linear.

• Ovary -1 celled, ovule solitary, basal erect anatropous.

• Style – short or long

• Stigma- 2-3

• Fruit-Composed a trigonous nut.

• Seed- erect, free, embryo minute, within the base of the floury albumen

• Total Genera-85

• Species -2600.

Cyperus: 49

• Perennial (rarely annual) glabrous herbs, rhizome creeping short or long or

ovoid.

• Leaves –mostly towards the base of the stem occasionally reduced to sheath.

Spikelets in solitary globose or umbellate heads or spikes involueral. Bracts- 1

or more foliaceous bracteoles under the secondary division of the

inflorescence. Rhachilla usually persistant, not or in a few species disarticulating

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towards the base, sometimes with membranous wings derived from the persistant

glume bases. Glumes distichons the 2 lowest empty those above 2-sexual are

nearly equal, deciduous from below upwards, the Uppermost 1-3 sterile or empty,

hypogynous scales or bristles 0.

• Stamens – 1-3 anthers linear or oblong

• Ovary –compressed

• Style –short or long or obsolete

• Stigmas -2 or 3

• Fruit- Trigonons triquetrons or planoconvex

• Species-40

Cyperus rotundus50

Glabrous, stolon, elongate, slender 10-20 cm long, bearing heard ovoide

tunicate black fragrant tubers 0.8-2.5 cm dia, root fibers clothed with flexuous hairs,

Stems- sub solitary 10-7.5cm long triquetrons at the top sometimes tuberous at the

base.

• Leaves- shorter or longer than the stem narrowly linear 4-8 mm broad, finely

acuminate, flat 1-nerved, umbel, simple or compound, rays 2-8 the longest

reaching 7.5cm long bearing short spikes of 3-10 slender, spreading red brown

spikelets (the inflorescence sometimes contracted into a head, occasionally of

only one spikelets), bracts 3, variable in length, the longest reaching 15cm

long but sometimes abbreviated and much shorter than the head. Spikelets

variable in length 1.6-3.8cm 2.5 cm, linear, subacute, red brown 10-50

flowered compressed, rhachilla with hyaline wings. Glumes 3-4mm long,

oblong obtuse or slightly apiculate back, reddish brown 3-7 nerved, sides,

margins and tip hyaline.

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• Stemens - 3 Anthors-2.5mm long.Nut-1.6mm long, broadly

Obovoid, trigonus, grayish black.

• Style-1.6mm long

• Stigma-3, elongate reaching 4mm long much exerted.

Habitat: Common in rice fields, low lands waterlogged places, through out India

Chemical composition:51

The drug is rich in Cu, Fe, Mg and Ni, beta-sitosterol. The dichloro methane

extracts of tubers showed Sesquiterpenes, alpha- Cyperene, Cyperene, alpha and beta

Celinene, humelene, Isocurcumenol, Nottkatone and aristolone, and one triterpine

oleanolic acid (internet).

Alcoholic extract of the tubers showed a flavonol glycoside Rhemnetin, 3- 0 –

Rhamnosyl, -(1-4)Rhamnopyranoside Isocyperol.

Essential oils contain Gamma-cadinene and calamenone. Three new

sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (-)-isorotundene, (-)- cypera-2, 4(15)-diene, (-)-

Norrotundena, (-)- Rotundene (internet).

Rotundenes A (1), B (2), C (3) three novel sesquiterpene alkaloids with an

unprecedented carbon skeleton were isolated. The structure of 1-3 was elucidated by

spectral and chemical methods.

Physicochemical study:

The following observations were drawn on Musta with regard to foreign

matter, total ash, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extractive value. Identity, purity

and strength found.

Table No 1.7 Standard Physicochemical values of Musta:

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Sl.No. Physicochemical constants Std API

1 Foreign matter ≤ 2 %

2 Total ash ≤ 8 %

3 Acid insoluble ash ≤ 4 %

4 Alcohol soluble extractive ≥ 5 %

5 Water soluble extractive ≥ 11 %

Disease review

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18

DISEASE REVIEW:

Historical review of Apasmara:

A brief review of earlier works would help in understanding not only the

concept of the disease as a whole but also the changing perspective about Apasmara

in modern times. Hence it would in a nutshell, give an idea about the long path

mankind has traversed in finding a cure for this disease.

1.Vedas & Upanishads:

• In earliest description of Atharvaveda, ‘Jambha’ is the term used as equivalent

to epilepsy.52

• The word ‘Grahi’ has been mentioned in several Vedic scripts. ‘Grahi’ means

to seize.53

• Genesis of Apasmara has been attributed to various non-human forms like

Gandharvas, Yaksha, Rakshasas etc.54

3.Samhitha:

Charaka Samhita:

• One among eight diseases evolved at the time of Daksha Yajna.

• Kind of individuals susceptible to disease have been described in 8th chapter of

Nidana Sthana along with Nidana, Purvarupa, Pratyatma Lakshana, Rupa,

Bheda and Samprapti.

• Possibility of Agantuja Apasmara along with Doshaja type has been

considered in 8th chapter of Nidana Sthana.

• Chikitsa of Apasmara described in detail in 10th chapter of Chikitsa Sthana.

Sushruta Samhita:

• Paroxysmal nature of disease is his major contribution.

• Nidana, Rupa, Samprapti and Chikitsa have been described in detail in 61st

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chapter of Uttara Tantra.

• Apasmara is a Doshaja Vyadhi, not an Agantuja Vyadhi and is described

as Mahavyadhi. 55

Astanga Sangraha & Astanga Hridaya:

• Nidana, Purvarupa, Rupa, Samprapti and Chikitsa of Apasmara have been

described in 10th chapter of Uttara Tantra of Astanga Sangraha and 7th

chapter of Uttara Tantra of Astanga Hridaya.

• Described as Maha Marma Samasraya.56

Kashyapa Samhita:

• Lakshanas of Apasmara in infants have been described in 25th chapter of Sutra

Sthana i.e. in Vedanadhyaya.57

Bhela Samhita:

• Nidana, Rupa and Samprapti have been described in 8th chapter of Nidana

Sthana.

• An interesting description regarding the paroxysmal nature of disease can be

found in 4th chapter of Sharirasthana.

• Term ‘Rasa Vega’ has been used and held responsible for manifestation of

Apasmara .58

• Comparison of Apasmara Vega to that of Trtiyaka and Chaturtaka Vishama

Jvara.59

• Trauma as one of the cause.60

• Chikitsa is described in 9th chapter of Chikitsa Sthana.

Harita Samhita:

• One of Maha vyadhi in 1st chapter of Trtiyasthana.

• Lakshana, Samprapti and Chikitsa in detail in 18th chapter of 3rd Sthana.

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• Udana and Prana vata are vitiated along with other Doshas.

• Most striking feature is mention of Shiras as site of Dusti.

• Vega Lakshana are described in detail in Balaroga Chikitsa i.e.57th chapter of

Trtiya Sthana along with Vega Kalina Chikitsa.

Sharngadhara Samhitha:

• 4 types of Apasmara- 7th chapter of Prathama Khanda.

Madhava Nidana:

• Nidana, Rupa, Samprapti, Sadhya Asadhya in 21st chapter.

Bhava Prakasha:

• Brief description of Nidana, Rupa, Samprapti and Chikitsa- 23rd chapter of

Madhyama Khanda.

Gada Nigraha:

• Apasmara described under Bhuta Vidya Tantra in 31st chapter of Panchama

Khanda.

• Prognosis of the disease should be decided on the chronicity.

Yoga Ratnakara:

• Similar to Madhava Nidana, described in Purvardha.

• Different Yogas described for Chikitsa.

Review of previous research works: 61

Ayurveda with its time tested principles and ancient wisdom has the

potential to come out with solutions where the modern science has failed to provide

answers. Some efforts have been done in this direction are as follows:

1. Ashwini Shetty, Role of Medya Rasayana in management of psychomotor

epilepsy and its EEG correlates, 1991, BHU, Varanasi.

2. Ayush-56, an Ayurvedic AED, CCRAS.

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3. Nagarajan.C - Apasmaram and its management, a critical study, 1991, Dept. of

Kayachikitsa & Panchakarma, Government Ayurvedic college,

Thiruvanantapuram.

4. Pandya M.B.- Apasmara: A treatise on epilepsy, 1962, Dept. of Kayachikitsa,

I.P.G.T. & R.A., Jamnagar.

5. Sutaria Bharati.N. - A clinical study on the role of Rasayana drugs in the

management of Apasmara, 1988, Dept. of Kayachikitsa, IPGT&RA,

Jamnagar. (Vachadi vati was proved to be effective in Apasmara)

6. Thesia M.H.- Pharmaceutical and clinical study of two different extracts of

Bharangi, 1992, Dept.of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, IPGT & RA,

Jamnagar.

7. Usha satyanarayana, Role of Maha Panchagavya Gritha in Apasmara,

2000, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar.

8. A Suhas Kumar Shetty, A comparative study of Brahmi Gritha As Shaman

and Brumhan Sneha in Apasmara 2004 Dept of Manas Roga SDM college of

Ayurveda Hospital Hassan.

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CONCEPT OF APASMARA

Etymology of Apasmara:

• The word ‘Apasmara’ consists of ‘Apa’ Upasarga and ‘Smr’ Dhatu by

applying ‘Nich’ Pratyaya, which means loss of memory (during attack).

• The term Apasmara, which indicates the main clinical features of the Vyadhi,

is a combination of two words i.e, Apa and Smara.

Apa -

• Parivarjana- i.e. loss.62

• Gamana - i.e. to go down.63

As prefix to verb -

• Away from

• Deterioration, does wrongly or badly Contradiction, opposition, negation

Exclusion

As noun –

• Away from

• Without, on the outside of

• With the exception of (Apte).

Smara- Recollection of the knowledge, which is seen, heard or experienced, is known

as Smruti.64 The term ‘Smara’ indicates ‘Smruti’ which has been attributed many

meanings in the literature. But, its meaning in the context of Apasmara is as follows

• Bhutartha Vijnana i.e, knowledge of past experience.65

• Recollection of the knowledge, which is seen, heard or experienced, is known

as Smruti.65

• Smarah Smaranam i.e. ability to remember, recollect.66

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Apasmara-

• The word ‘Apasmara’ consists of ‘Apa’ Upasarga and ‘Smr’ Dhatu by

applying ‘Nich’ Pratyaya, which means loss of memory. (During attack).

• It consists of ‘Apa’ Upasarga and ‘Smr’ dhatu after adding ‘Ghan’ Pratyaya,

which means to forget the past experience during attack.

Definition of Apasmara:

• Dalhana describes it as the condition where the smruti is lost during attack.66

• Apasmara is defined as Apagama of smruti associated with Tamah pravesh

and Bibhatsa chestha due to derangement of dhi Satva and smruti.67,68

The two terms of Apasmara are elaborated that smruti signifies the facility of

recollecting or recalling the past sense perception and the prefix ‘Apa’denotes

deprivation. Therefore the disease in which the individual looses the facility of past

cognitions is termed as Apasmara.69

• Destruction or Naash of smaranshakti is termed as Apasmara.70 and it is due to

samplav of Dhee and Satva.

• According to Astanga Hridaya same definition, Apasmara is described as the

loss of smruti characterised by tamah pravesh which occurs spontaneously.71

• Yogaratnakar and Bhavaprakash followed M N.

Concept of Smruti

Apasmara is the disease characterized by transient impairment of Smruti.

Hence, an understanding of this term would give a vivid picture of the disease.

The term Smruti stands for many faculties of human intellect and is also used

in metaphysics. In this context, it is confined to focus only on Apasmara.

Smruti is enumerated as one of the Lakshanas of Atman.72 Chakrapani

explains that it is one of the functional components of Buddhi. It directs oneself by

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recollecting the past experience. This statement is further substantiated by the fact that

Smruti has also been considered as one of the lakshanas of Satva. 73

Smruti- It is useful in remembering the information present in literature.

Anubhava- This is used for remembering past experience acquired through

Jnanendriyas.

Definition :

Smruti is used to denote memory.74

• Smruti is defined as the cognition of past experience.75

• Smruti is recognized as one of the characteristic feature of cognizance.76

• While explaining the qualities of Aptas, Smruti is the term used to indicate

prowess in Shastras.77

• Smruti indicates ability to recollect and to be well-versed in Shastras and to

acquire mastery in higher sciences 78 It also indicates the ability to recollect.

• The ability to recognize the basic nature of all matters is Smruti.

Thus,‘Smruti’ is the term used to denote a wide array of higher intellectual

faculties including memory, cognition, past sense perception, mastery in higher

sciences. But these are not affected or lost in the patients of Apasmara.

In the context of Apasmara, Smruti is generally taken for consciousness. But,

consciousness is not lost in all types of Apasmara and at all times. Moreover, the term

‘Smruti’ is not used to denote consciousness generally. But the term ‘Sanjna’ is used.

These two are recognized as different faculties.

• Consciousness is inferred by recognition.79

• Memory is inferred by recollection. 80 Chakrapani has elaborated the meaning

of the term Smruti in this context. Smruti here does not stand for mere

recollection but for the whole process involved in the formation of faculty of

memory.81

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Thus the term ‘Smruti’ has a very complex structure overlapping

many higher intellectual faculties. The process of formation of smruti requires

Indriyas and Manas. But Smarana is an introspective function and at this juncture,

does not require any relation to the sense organs. The deprivation of this faculty,

Smruti has been explained. When on account of the mind is being clouded with Rajas

and Tamas, the retention of true knowledge is destroyed, that is called Smruti

bramsha for indeed the memorable abides in the memory. Smruti bhramsa leads to

Prajnaparadha or violational transgression. It is the inducer of all pathological

conditions.82

In the context of Apasmara, though Smruti can be called consciousness, but

there is no derangement. The Smruti remains intact but there is a transient departure

from the original sense of awareness. So, the term-impaired consciousness is more

appropriate than the term, loss of consciousness.

Impaired consciousness is defined as the inability to respond normally to

exogenous stimuli by virtue of altered awareness and or responsiveness. Hence the

types of seizures, which do not involve loss of consciousness, can also be included

under the umbrella of Apasmara.

Concept of Manas

Human birth is very rare privilege; only Man has the possibility of living a

conscious, wide-awake, controlled life. Human being possesses instinct and

intelligence. All these may not happen without presence of Manasa (psyche) and

Atma (soul). In Ayurveda, Ayu is defined as the combined state of the Shareera

(body), Indriya, (senses), Satva (psyche) and Atma (soul). 83

The Atma is the bearer of knowledge, with the virtue of the invisible past

actions are designated as life. Although this combination is momentary because of the

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body it self-being momentary being fixed by some process of continuity, this is taken

as one single continuum.84

In this way it is chiefly responsible for perceiving healthy life. Signs of good

health, which are mentioned in the Sushruta Samhita are as follows,

One whose humors (Doshas) and metabolic state (Agni) are in equilibrium,

whose functional activities of the tissues and excretory systems are in balance and the

soul, senses and mind feel well.

Mind transcends all the sense faculties that are responsible for the perception

of the external objects. Even though mind is also to be considered as a sense faculty

and it is responsible for experiencing happiness, etc. Still in this context, the other

sense faculties refer mind act as a controller of all the other sense faculties. They are

more so in relation to the mind which is much more subtle than the other sense

faculties.

The various functions of the mind are determined by its objects like happiness

etc; the objects motivate the mind by their proximity, this motivation further depends

up on the existence of the sentient Atma, which is in fact responsible for the

experience of happiness and psyche behavior. Therefore, cheerful state of mind is

very necessary for the good healthy life.

In today’s metaphysical society, as human life become speedy, mechanized

less affections and more centered, which contribute to more production of Kaama

(Desire), Krodha (anger) Lobha (greed), Bhaya (fear), Shoka (grief), Chinta (worry)

and Irsha (envy) etc like Manasa Vikaras. By this we can say that knowledge of

manasa is necessary to understand about nature of life and health.

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Etymology of manasa:-

The word “Manah” is derived from root “Mana” adding the suffix “Asuna”

with the following meanings.

• Which perceives

• Which leads to Knowledge

• Which analyses by special knowledge

Definition of manasa85, 86

A substance, which is responsible for the presence and absence of the

knowledge, is called as Manasa.

A substance, which establishes the contact between the soul, body and

regulates the functions of the Indriyas is defined as Manasa.

Mind is defined as the entity which even on contact with self, sense organs

and sense objects is responsible for production or otherwise of knowledge by its

attending respectively.

Synonyms of manasa87

• Atindriya

• Satva

• Chetana

Charecteristic of manasa88

Anutvam (atomic dimension) and Ekatwam (oneness) are considered to be the

characteristics of the manasa. These are basic characters of the mind, if it were not so,

all kind of perceptions would have occurred at a same time.

Object of manasa89

The object of Manasa is Chintya (thinking or things requiring thought)

Vichara (analyzing or consideration), Uhya (reasoning or hypotheses) Dheya

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(meditating or Emotional thinking), Sankalpa (determination) and whatever is to be

perceived by mind is its objects or regarded as its subjects.

• Chintya: Thing requiring thought, to think about do or not to do with purposeful

or purposeless manner.

• Vicharya: The word Vichara (Vitchartyat) derived from root “Vi” adding suffix

“Char” and “Yat” which means a distinct analysis, which enough to direct the

mind to accept or reject a thing.

• Uhya: The word Uhya derived from root “Uha” it means Vikara or it is

speculation hypothetical self-discussions and logical thinking about a thing.

• Dhyeya: It is an emotional thinking about distinct thing or meditating about

distinct thing.

• Sankalpa: It is consideration, determination of mind about thing.

Chakrapani over Cha.Sha 1/21 stated that thinking upon perceived object for its

reception (Upadeya) or rejection (Heya) is Vichara.

Functions of manasa90

Indriyabhigraha (control of sense organs or control over senses)

Swasyanigraha (self-restraint) Uha (hypothesis) and Vichara (consideration)

represents the action of mind.

• Indriyabhigraha:

Manasa is called as the controller of Indriyas because it indicates to receive

and send the impulse and impels to cognitive senses for sense for perception of

objects here Abhigraha means receiving of senses all over the body. Indhriabhigraha

means receiving the sense from the all sense organs.

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• Svasyanigraha:

Controlling of own function or self control is another function of Manas, it is

called Chanchala,91 so it is necessary Svasyanigraha to have right orientation to wards

desired objects and retraction from those after the purpose is fulfilled in Geetha in 6th

chapter explained as “Manasaivoindriyagramam Viniyamya Smantatha.”

It means it is necessary to Adhyatma yogi persons controlling over the Manasa

or Svasyanigraha.

Physiology of manasa

Physiology of Manasa which is divided in to three stages

1) Perception (cognitive or sensory )

2) Discussion and determination.

3) Stimulation or initiation (conation or motor reflex)

1) Perception (Cognitive or Sensory) 92,93,94

In this stage Indriya receives Artha if Manasa stimulates it. It is a key factor of

indriyas if it wants to receive arthas. If perception occurs the connection between

Atma, Indriya, Manasa and Arthas are very essential.

2) Discussion and determination95

After the perception the procedure of actual analysis starts, these processes i.e.

chintya, vicharya uhya, dhyeya, sankalpa etc. highlight the various objects of mind

according to its capacity. It gives the determination to the perception.

3) Stimulation of initiation (conation or motor reflex)

Manasa is called ubhayendriya because it connects Jnanendriyas and

Karmendriyas. After the determination of knowledge perceived by Jnanendriyas,

further necessary and desired actions are to be done by karmendriyas, which produces

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decisive knowledge by which one proceeds to speak or to do something with full

knowledge.

In this way beginning from cognitive and sensory perception up to stimulation

of motor reflex, Manasa does whole process of knowledge.

Seat of manasa

In classics differences of opinion regarding the seat of Manasa, which are

being discussed as here under:

1. Indefinite:

Mind is continuously active i.e. Chanchala, so it can not stay at one particular

place. Hence, it is very difficult to say about the seat of Manasa.

2. Hridaya96

Many references are available in Charaka and Sushruta regarding the seat of

Manasa in Hridaya. Both Acharyas have mentioned that only Hridaya is the seat

of chetana in the body. It indicates that Hridaya is the actual seat of Manasa.

3. Shira;

In Charaka (Su.17/12), it has been explained that Prana and whole Indriyas are

situated in Uttamanga i.e. Shira. Among the Indriyas, Manasa is the supreme.

because it is the controller of them. So it illustrates that Manasa is situated in

Uttamanga i.e. Shira.

4. Sarva Shareera:

Acharya Charaka states that Sarva Shareera is Adhishtana of Atindriya i.e.

mind (Ch. Vi.5/7).

All the reference regarding the seat of Manasa which are mentioned above

indicates various places, but majority of Acharyas believe that the actual seat Manasa

is Hridaya and its transportation channel is Sarva Shareera.

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Sanjna Vaha Srotas

Sanjnavaha Srotas unlike other Srotases does not have a definite anatomical

structure and there will be no Abhivahana of any gross drava. But in this context, the

term Abhivahana acquires a very broad meaning and has to be studied keeping in

mind, the various functions of the nervous system.

Here, Abhivahana refers to the carrying of impulse from the site of stimulus

to the base. This term Sanjnavaha Srotas was used while explaining Vyadhi like

Apasmara, Mada, Murccha, and Sanyasa. Here more stress was given to the

pathological process than to the physiological process.

While explaining the samprapti of Mada, Murccha, Sanyasa, it was clarified

by Chakrapani that it is a part of Manovaha Srotas, which is meant for ‘Sanjna

Vahana’.

It has been referred to as Manovaha Dhamani.97

It has been referred to Manovaha Dhamani, which is responsible for the

sensory perception.98

Vijaya Raksita gave the most appropriate definition of this term. Any Sira,

Dhamani, Srotas can be termed as Sanjnavaha Nadi, if Mana gets through them to the

respective Indriya Desa. 99 Thus, Sanjnavaha Srotas stands for that pathway which is

responsible for Sanjna or Jnana. Hence, it does not stand for any gross anatomical

structure. It is also referred to as Chetovaha Srotas by some authors.

Rajas and Tamas:

The Trigunas viz. Satva, Rajas & Tamas are used in the Indian metaphysics to

explain certain concepts regarding evolution. The theory of Trigunas of Sankhya has

been liberally used in Ayurveda in framing its philosophical concepts as well as in

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formulating the applied fundamentals of the human constitutions, psychic personality

& in the treatment of psychological disorders.

The Trigunas are the ultimate components of the primordial matter i.e.

Prakruti. Seal as permanent features of the reals regarded the Trigunas. They

therefore, appear as non-material in a general sense, but process Parimana or quantum

& Parichinnatva i.e. extensivity.

According to the ancient Indian views, all matters from the subtlest to the

grossest are characterised by the exhibition of the three Gunas or predicaments. The

functions of the Trigunas are to reveal, to make active & to suppress respectively.

Rajas are dynamic where as Satva & Tamas can neither reveal nor suppress without

being rendered active by Rajas initially. Every matter is characterised by the three

Gunas viz. Satva, Rajas & Tamas. Accordingly we have Rajasika, Tamasika &

Satvika animals, vegetables, foods, drinks, drugs etc.

The Satva stands for the capacity of the matter to reflect Atma or

intelligence, Rajas for energy & Tamas for mass that offers resistance to Rajas. The

Tridoshas on the somatic side represent the condensation of these three qualities by

which the matter in its primordial state has been understood & described.

The Trigunatmaka constitution of Pancha Mahabhutas was clearly described

by Susruta100:

1.Akasa is predominant with Satva

2.Vayu with Rajas

3.Agni with Satva-Rajas

4.Jala with Satva-Tamas and

5.Prithvi with Tamas

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In the context of Manas, Satva represents normalcy i.e. equilibrium, Rajas

passion and Tamas stand for inertia. The preponderance over the other two Gunas is

to be inferred from the normalcy of the mental state. On the contrary, the Rajas &

Tamas, which are susceptible to vitiation or imbalance, have been described as the

two-Manasika Doshas101

Psychological importance of Trigunas:

The aforesaid description reveals that Manas is immensely related to Trigunas.

The philosophical principle of Trigunas had been found suitable for all applied

aspects of science of mind & therefore, Ayurvedists architectured the whole mansion

of their concept of Manas on the sound footings of Trigunas. All Gunas are obtained

in the same man but not at the same time (C.S.Sa.4/36). It was commented by

Chakrapani that the same man may be Satvika at a time, may be Rajasa when he is

thoughtful to Kama & at times Tamasa, when caught by delusion.102

The division of Manas into three parts depends upon three aspects i.e.

Kalyanamshatva, Roshamashatva & Mohamshatva. Trividha Satva & the Amshas or

psychic factors are the energies or forms succeeded to Manas from the three

component of pattern of the primordial matter in the cause of evolution.

The Trigunas are opposite to and divergent from one another. Satva stands for

purity, theism, brightness, right conduct, faith, intelligence; Rajas stands for

talkativeness, ego, anger, vanity, jealousy and Tamas for fear, ignorance, sleep,

lethargy, depression.103

Besides the mutually suppressive nature, Sankhya Karika explains that the

Trigunas are Anyonyasrayan (mutually supporting), Anyonyajanmanaha (mutually

productive), Anyonyamithunaha (mutually consorting) and Anyonyavrtayasca

(mutually existing) pointed it out.

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On this basis, the pathogenesis of Apasmara has been explained. Rajas and

Tamas obscure the Satva (Suddha amsha) of Manas. It indicates that Rajas and Tamas

in the state of pathogenesis restricting the Shuddha Amsha, keep it impeded. The

impediment of Satva Amsha in psychic diseases as met with, in the pathology of

Ayurveda is also recognised almost in the same sense in terms of super-ego by the

psychoanalysts.

The concepts of metaphysics regarding Rajas and Tamas are too complex &

hard to follow. In understanding the applied aspects of these two factors, a simple

method has to be followed. In the context of evolution, Satva, Rajas and Tamas are

considered Gunas. While describing Manas, the latter two are described as Doshas. It

implies that during the process of evolution the antagonistic or contradictory forces

act in a constructive manner. Once the existence or creation takes place, there should

be a state of equilibrium. Later, these same principles act in a destructive way. Thus,

Rajas and Tamas may stand for the contradictory factors for any kind of process that

is kept in equilibrium by satva. But, they represent all the opposite entities that are

present at grosser or minute levels in both living & non-living organism. The factors

that represent rajas are innumerable.

Table No 2.1 Types of apasmara according to different authors:

Types C S104 S S105 A S106 G N107

Vataj + + + +

Pittaj + + + +

Kaphaj + + + +

Sannipataj + + + +

Though there is mentioning of Agantuja Apasmara in the context of Chikitsa,

but it is missing under the subtypes of Apasmara. Chakrapani has clarified the reason

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for exclusion of Agantuja Apasmara under the classification of Apasmara. He

describes that though there will be an Agantuja karana, but the symptoms will not be

manifested unless the occluded Doshas reaches Hridaya and Indriya Ayatana unlike

other diseases.108

Apasmara nidana

The various Nidanas of Apasmara explained by Acharyas are summarised as

follows:

Table No 2.2 Nidanas of Apasmara, according to various authors:

Sl No.

Nidana C.S109 S.S110 A.S111 A.H112 B.S113 M.N114

1 Malina Ahara + + + + + - 2 Asuchi Ahara + + + + + - 3 Upahita Ahara + + + + + - 4 Viruddha Ahara + + + + + - 5 Madya Sevana + - - - - - 6 Vishama Bhojana Prayoga + - - - - - 7 Vishama Sharira Chesta + + + + + - 8 Upakshaya + - - - - - 9 Vega Nigraha - + - - - - 10 Asatmendriyartha Samyog - + - - - - 11 Udbhranta Dosha + - - - - - 12 Bahu Dosha + - - - - - 13 Vishama Dosha + - - - - - 14 Rajasvala Gamana - + - - - - 15 Deva Dvija Guru Apamana - - + + - - 16 Rajas Vikruthi + + + + + - 17 Tamas Vikruthi + + + + + - 18 Alpa Satva - - + + - - 19 Kama + + - - - - 20 Krodha + + - - - - 21 Bhaya, Shoka + + - - - + 22 Lobha + - - - - - 23 Moha + - - - - - 24 Harsha + - - - - - 25 Chinta + - - - - + 26 Udvega + + - - - - 27 Marmabhighata + - - - - - 28 Visha Upavisha - - + + - - 29 Abhoghata (Fall) - - - - + - 30 Upahata Chetas + - - - - -

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The type of individuals who are prone to develop Apasmara rapidly as

described by Charaka (C.S.Ni.8/4) are as follows:

Those whose minds are obscured by Rajas & Tamas.

Those in whom the increased & vitiated Doshas have deviated from

their course or are in an unbalanced or in a plethoric condition.

Those who make use of in the manner forbidden by the dietetic rules,

of improper dietary articles, which are unclean & ill prepared.

Those who abuse the general rules of healthful living.

Those who indulge in Vishama Chesta.

Those in whom the morbid Doshas have become exacerbated as a

result of extreme emaciation.

Those whose mind have become obscured with Upahata Chetas.

In the above conditions, the morbific doshas lie in wait above the Hridaya and

around the Indriya Ayatanas.

When these Doshas lying dormant, are aroused by a sudden accession of

Kama, Krodha, Lobha, Moha, Harsha, Shoka, Chinta & Udvega, they occlude the

Hridaya and Indriya Ayatanas and then the individual is possessed by Apasmara

Vega. Thus, Apasmara Vega is the outcome of interplay between the internal &

external environment. Hence, Upahata status of the Chetas play a key role in the

occurance of Apasmara Vega.

It must be accepted that virtually every individual is potentially epileptic if the

provocation, whether physical or physiological is sufficient, but in some, presumed to

have a very high ‘epileptic threshold’, this provocation must be intense. While in

others in whom seizures occur without apparent precipitating factors, it is presumed

that the convulsive threshold is low.

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Based on the nature of the disease, the Nidanas of Apasmara can be classified

into two groups i.e. Utpadaka Nidanas and Vyanjaka Nidanas.

I.Utpadaka Nidana:

1. Aharaja Nidana:

(i) Samala (C.S.Ni.8/4), Malina (S.S.Utt.61/4) - The food that becomes contaminated

during the process of cooking or after it.

(ii) Asuchini (C.S.Ni.8/4), Asuchi bhojana (S.S.Utt.61/5) – The food which is

prepared of unclean raw materials or stored in contaminated utensils.

(iii) Upahitani (C.S.Ni.8/4) – The food that is mixed along with contaminated food

articles.

These foods either individually or in combination are responsible for the

vitiation of Sharirika & Manasika Doshas. The Aharas contaminated with Mala may

not do the Poshana Karma. The Mala present may act as Gara Visha depending on its

contents. It can also vitiate Rajas or Tamas doshas according to its nature. Asuchi &

Upahita also have the same action on Agni & Doshas and Malina Ahara leads to

Tridosha Prakopa along with the exacerabation of Rajas & Tamas.

(iv) Vikruta (C.S.Ni.8/4), Viruddha (S.S.Utt.61/4) – Charaka has explained a specific

type of Samskara Viruddha Ahara, which results in Apasmara. One must not eat

Pauskara, Rohinika or Kapota mamsa fried in Sarsapa Taila. These should not be

eaten along with honey & milk. If done so, one would suffer from Shonitabhisyandha,

Dhamani Pratichaya, Apasmara, Shankaka, Galaganda, Rohini and may ultimately

lead to death. The Samskara Viruddha Ahara acts as Visha. (C.S.Su.26/92)

(v) Ahita Bhojana (S.S.Utt.61/5) – The Ahita Ahara does not act at once results in

Dosha Prakopa, but in constant Nidana Sevana in a long run provides a fertile ground

for the Vyadhis.

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(vi) Ahara Vidhi (C.S.Ni.7/4) – If one does not follow the proper Ahara Vidhi, it will

in turn result in the vitiation of Doshas of both Sharira and Manas.

Diet: (Relation of food in causation of epilepsy)

2. Viharaja Nidana:

(i) Vishama Sharira Chesta (C.S.Ni.8/4) - Vishama Chesta may be Abhighata,

Ratrijagarana or Ati Vyayama. This leads to Vata Prakopa, later vitiation of other

Doshas. Vishama Chesta might also indicate trauma indirectly.

Bhela has mentioned head injury as one of the causes of Apasmara.

(B.S.Chi.9/2).

(ii) Malina Vihara – Vishama Vihara also includes Vega Nigraha. This would also

lead to Vata Prakopa. Vega Nigraha has been mentioned specifically by Susruta as

one of the cause.(S.S.Utt.61/5). Among the various vega, Trishna nigraha results in

condition similar to Apasmara (S.S.Utt.47/70-71).

The lakshana resembles the convulsions that result due to electrolyte

imbalance.

iii) Rajasvalabhigamana (S.S.Utt.61/5) – Neurosyphilis is the spirochetal disease in

which seizures are occasionally the initial manifestations of syphilitic meningitis

(Walker AE, 1936).

(iv) Madya (Alcohol) – Apasmara is one of the vyadhis that results due to intake of

excess of Madya along with Moha, Bhaya, Shoka, Krodha, Murcha, Unmada,

Apatantaka & even death. (C.S.Chi.24/56).

Madya acts on Sanjnavaha Srotas & causes Smrti Vibhramsa. It also turns an

individual into Avara Satva. Thus Madya acts as both Utpadaka Nidana as well as

Vyanjaka Hetu.

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II. Vyanjaka Nidana:

(i) Manasika Karanas -

Kama, Krodha, Bhaya, Lobha, Moha, Harsha, Shoka, Chinta & Udvega may

act as precipitating factors of Apasmara Vega. The vitiated Doshas are present in

Hridaya & Indriya Ayatana in Linavastha. The onslaught of Kamadi etc. occludes the

Indriya Ayatana & Sanjnavaha Srotas causing Apasmara Vega. They also aggravate

the Doshas, which are already Udbranta and Bahu in nature. (C.S.Ni.8/4)

Kama, Shoka and Bhaya vitiate Vata while Krodha aggravates Pitta. The

person who is subjected to Utpadaka Nidana will be in Upahata stage of his Chetas.

Rajas & Tamas will cloud his Manas. Any trivial stimulation brings about Kama,

Krodha, Bhaya etc. which either aggravate Rajas or Tamas thus bringing down the

threshold, which paves the way to Apasmara Vega.

These Kama, Krodha etc. Bhavas have the potential of causing Smrti

Bhramsha by themselves in the long term as illustrated in ‘Bhagvadgita’ (Bhagvadgita

2/62). But it is to be noted that the final outcome of Apasmara is Apagama of Smrti

and Smrti Bramsha.

Precipitating factors –

In a survey of modulating or precipitating factors associated with occurrence

of seizures carried out in 177 patients, felt tension, anxiety, restlessness or irritability

as prodromal symptoms. These phenomena are believed to reflect fluctuations in

predisposing factors that lower the epileptogenic threshold or the appearance of

endogenous precipitating factors. Stress plays an important role as aetiology in

epilepsy.

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ii) Marmaghata –

Apasmara has been enumerated as one of the Vyadhis from Hridaya Abhigata.

(C.S.Si.9/6). They may act as Sannikrista Karana for Apasmara.

(iii) Asatmyendriyartha Samyoga –

Excessive or faulty indulgence in objects of sensory perceptions has been

included as one of the Nidanas of Apasmara. (S.S.Utt.61/4) It is explained by Dalhana

that Indriyartha refer Shabdadi Pancha Jnanendriya and Karmanam refers to Karmas

of Kaya, Vak & Manas. It may act as Utpadaka Hetu in the long run, but can act as

Vyanjaka Hetu in a person with Upahata Chetas.

Purvaroopa

The Purvaroopas of Apasmara mentioned in the texts indicate that they are of

transient nature. They are not usually present throughout the course of the disease.

The occurance of Purvarupa heralds the onset of Apasmara Vega. Based on

the time of occurance, they can be classified into two groups.

1. The features that are present for hours to days before the Vega.

2. Those, which occur just before the manifestation of the Vega.

Following are the Purvarupa, which may appear hours to days before onset of

attack –

• Anannabhilasha

• Arochaka

• Avipaka

• Daurbalya

• Asthibheda

• Angamarda

• Svapne Mada, Nartana, Vyadhana115

• Nidranasha116

• Svapne Tailasya Madyasya Panam Mehanam Cha117

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Purvarupas that manifest immediately before the Vega are as follows –

• Satatam Aksnoho Vaikrtum

• Asabda Sravanam

• Lala Srava

• Singhanaka Prasravanam

• Hrid Graha

• Kukshe Graha

• Moha

• Tamaso Darshana

• Murcha

• Bhrama118

• Asanti Rupa Darshana119

• Hrt Kampa

• Shunyata

• Sveda

• Dhyana

• Pramudhata120

Vishista Purvarupas, which help in determining the Doshaja predominance of

Apasmara, are also described & they are mainly visual auras but they have been

placed in the main clinical event. An individual with Vataja Apasmara experiences

the visual auras of Parusha, Aruna, Krshna Rupa. An individual of Pittaja Apasmara

experiences the Pita Asruk Rupa Darshana. The visual aura for Kaphaja Apasmara is

Shukla Rupa Darshana121 An individual who visualises himself being chased by a

strange creature i.e. Krishna Vikruta satva is overcome by Vataja Apasmara Vega. An

individual with Pittaja Apasmara experiences the visual aura of being chased by Peeta

Vikruta Satva and the Kaphaja Apasmara brings about the visual aura of being chased

by Shukla Vikruta satva.

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Rupa

The cascade of events that take place during Apasmara Vega has been

summarized by Charaka.122 This clinical event is classified into four types on the basis

of dosha predominance. The basis of classification being

• The duration of attack

• The nature of Bibhatsa Chesta

• The frequency of Vegas &

• Specific features, characteristic of each dosha.123

But still, it would be difficult to determine the clinical features & ascribe

them to specific doshas on the basis of the above-mentioned guidelines. The specific

features unique to each doshas are very subtle in nature & would require very keen

observation and a quick diagnosis cannot be made relying on these features.

In order to remove this obstacle, an effort has been made. The help of

Upashaya & Anupashaya has been sought (C.S.Ni.8/8).

Sushruta gives two sets of specific clinical features, which are ascribed to each

doshas.124 Hrit Toda, Trit & Utkleda along with Pralapa, Kujana & Klesha belong to

Vataja, Pittaja & Kaphaja Apasmara respectively. But these features seem to be

Purvaroopas rather than Rupas.

The other clinical features, which guide in determining the Doshaja type, are –

• Bibhatsa Chesta or convulsive movements.

• Clinical features specific to each Dosha.

An effort on classifying the disease based on aetiology has been made by

Bhela.125 When an individual of Vata Prakruti consumes Vataja Ahara &indulges in

excessive physical activities, Vata gets vitiated & leads to Vataja Apasmara Mode of

manifestation is similar in Pittaja, Kaphaja and Sannipataja Apasmara.

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Table No 2.3 Lakshanas of Vataja Apasmara:

Table No 2.4 Lakshanas of Pittaja Apasmara:

Lakshanas C132 S

S133 S

A134 H

B135 S

M136 N

Y137 R

1. Abhikshanam Apasmarantam + - + - - - 2. Kshane Sanjna Pratilabamanam + - + - - - 3. Avakhoojana + - - - - - 4. Asafalayantham Bhoomim + - + + - + 5. Ugrabairava Rupa Darshana + - + - - - 6. Peeta Phena Vamana + - - - + - 7. Vakthrangatha + - + - + - 8. Vaktrakshata + - + + + + 9. Peetasrug Roopa Darshana + - + + + + 10. Trishna + + - - + - 11. Lokadarshi Analavyapthi + - - - + - 12. Tapa/ Murcha - + - - - - 13. Swedadhikyata - + - - - - 14. Bhru vikaram - + - + - + 15. Peetam Mamanudhavathi - + - - - - 16. Dantan Katakatayathi - - - + - +

Lakshanas C126

S S127 S

A128 H

B129 S

M130 N

Y131 R

1. Abhikshanam Apasmarantam + - + - - - 2. Kshane Sanjna Pratilabamanam + - + - - - 3. Utpinditaksha + - + + - - 4. Viswaram Rudan + - + - - - 5. Udgamantam Phenam + + + - + + 6. Ateevadhmata Greevam + - + - - - 7. Avidda Shiraskam + - + - - - 8. Vishama Vinanatangulim + - + - - - 9. Hasta Pada Vikshepana + - + - - - 10. Arunata of Nakhadi + - - - - - 11. Parusha Rupa Darshana + - + - + + 12. Kampa/ Vepathu + + + - + + 13. Pradhamsha Dantan + + + + + + 14. Swasa Krichrita + + + - + + 15. Krishnam Mamanudhavathi - + + + - - 16. Patit Kshitau - - + + - -

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Table No 2.5 Lakshanas of Kaphaja Apasmara:

Lakshanas C138 S.

S139 S.

A140 H.

B141 S.

M142 N.

Y143 R.

1. Chirat Apasmarantam + - + - - - 2. Chirat Sanjna Pratilabamanam + - + - + + 3. Anati Vikruta Chesta + - + - - - 4. Lalam Udvamantam + - - - - - 5. Shuklata of Nakhadi + + + - - + 6. Guru, Snigdha Rupa Darshana + - + + + + 7. Sleshmala Anupashaya + - - - - - 8. Viparito Upashaya + - - - - - 9. Shukla Phena Vamana + + - - + + 10. Hrillasa - + - - - - 11. Nidrartha - + - - - - 12. Patanata + + - - - - 13. Hritsanga + - - - + + 14. Bruyat Tamasa - - - + - - 15. Swetam Mamanudhavathi - - - - - - 16. Aruchi - - - + - -

Salient Feature Of Apasmara – Its Episodic Nature

The unique feature of Apasmara that has fascinated and puzzled the

Acharyas is its paroxysmal nature. It was pondered over by Sushruta & a doubt has

been raised regarding its doshaja nature.

Since this disease manifests without any cause, subsides even without any

treatment & some say that Apasmara is not due to Dosha & they are supported by

some authoritative texts144. The explanation for the doshic nature of Apasmara by

Sushruta is that the peculiar nature of the Vyadhi is due to the orderly derangement &

momentary vitiation of doshas and it responds to the treatment administered

according to doshas.144 Further his stand on the doshaja nature of Apasmara has been

substantiated in a beautiful verse with a lucid explanation for its paroxysmal nature.

Just as the seeds sown in a field, remain dormant & sprout only in Sharat Ritu

in spite of earlier rains, so the doshas staying dormant inside the deha increase in

morbidity in due course of time, manifest the Vikara in many ways of their own

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nature at appropriate time. Hence, Apasmara, the Mahavyadhi is definitely of dosha

nature.145

The process, which takes place from the time of Nidana Sevana to the time of

manifestation, is crucial for the disease to take root in deha.

An explanation, which sheds some light on the nature of the Vyadhi has given

by Bhela. It is explained why people do not suffer from Apasmara continuously. As

water is the source of life for the aquatic life forms, the Rasa Dhatu is the source for

the presence of Tridoshas. Whenever there is an onslaught of Rasa Vega, the

individual experiences Apasmara vega. Thus people have periodic episodes once in a

day, once in three days, once in a fortnight, month and so on.146

The view regarding Grahas as factors responsible for Apasmara has also been

expressed. The individuals experience Vega when they become ‘Rasopahata’ and free

from it during ‘Rasa Praviveka Kala.147 Sushruta has given a similar explanation

comparing the Vega to tides in the context of Jvara Vega. The Vega nature is similar,

so it holds good for Apasmara also. As the sea swells up stimulated by the wind (at

the flow tide), similarly the doshas excited by Vata produce Vega. As during the flow

tide, water of the sea covers the shores, but during the web tide, they recide and merge

into the sea. Similarly when the vitiated doshas are highly agitated, the patient gets a

Vega and with the subsidence of the momentum of the vitiated doshas, the Vega

subsides like the waters in the sea.148

Chakrapani has explained the subsidence of Vegas without any reason. The

Vega itself is responsible for the alleviation of doshas. As in case of Vishama Jvara,

the doshas lose their bala after inducing the Vegas.149

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Upashaya-anupashaya

As the diagnosis of Apasmara, based on the clinical events is difficult there

is lot of scope of Upashaya and Anupashaya in the diagnosis & management of

Apasmara. That is the reason why Charaka has mentioned the utilization of Upashaya

and Anupashaya in the diagnosis of specific types of Apasmara. Charaka says that in

Vataja Apasmara, Vatahara Kriyas act as Upashaya & those procedures, which are

Vata Vardhaka acts as Anupashaya. This is true in case of Pittaja & Kaphaja

Apasmara also.150

This is an attempt laid in the direction of application of 18 types of Upashaya

and Anupashaya in terms of Apasmara

Table No 2.6 Application of 18 types of Upashaya & Anupashaya in Apasmara:

Aushadhi Ahara Vihara

Hetu Viparita Pancha Gavya Ghrita in Vataja Apasmara

Increased Rajas, Satvic Ahara

Increased Tamas due to sleep, Ratrijagarana

Vyadhi Viparita Anti epileptic drug, Smruti Sagar Rasa

Ketogenic diet Reminding pleasant things

Ubhaya Viparita Ushna Ahara Vihara Janya – Chandanadi Taila

Cold milk Cold bath

Hetu Viparitathakari

Nasya in traumatic epilepsy

Utkleshaka Ahara Bhaya Darshana

Vyadhi Viparitathakari

Lashuna Nasya during attack

Madya Constant activity

Ubhaya Viparitathakari

Virechana in Vataja Apasmara

Matsya after Shodhana

Loosening exercise

Samprapti

The peculiar nature of Apasmara requires a fresh approach to be adopted

while dealing with its samprapti. Since an individual afflicted with this disease is

apparently normal in between the vegas, there might be different processes, which

finally culminate in Apasmara Roga and Apasmara Vega.

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Thus, the Samprapti can be classified into two phrases –

• Sthayi (Utpadaka) Samprapti: That which persists throughout the course of the

disease.

• Vega Kalina (Vyanjaka) Samprapti: This is the transient process that takes

place during the Vega Kala.

Sthayi (utpadaka) samprapti:

• Sanchaya:

The Rajas and Tamas act on the Manas resulting in ‘Upahata Chetas’

Here, Rajas and Tamas gain dominance either through the inherent nature or

Prakruti of the individual or by dint of Ahara, Vihara that aggravate them.

• Prakopa:

The factors of Prakopa vary according to different Nidanas. They may act

individually or in combination. Nidana sevana vitiates the related dosha.

• Prasara :

Persistence in nidana sevana, lack of any dosha pratyanika chikitsa or the

factor like kala, ritu aid the further aggravation of the already vitiated doshas

leading to their Prasara Avastha.

• Sthana Samsraya :

The prakupita doshas spread through the Rasavaha Srotas and when they

reach Hridaya and Indriya Ayatana i.e. Shiras, they settle down making them their

abode. They remain in linavastha until the vyanjaka nidana acts on them.

• Vyakti :

This results in Apasmara Roga. This Samprapti will be present without

any manifestation.

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This Samprapti is of high significance since Avasthika or Vegakalina

Samprapti itself is not capable of causing Apasmara Roga. This statement is further

fortified by the observation made by Gangadhara. Apasmara cannot afflict an

individual who acquires ‘Upahata Satva’ by the action of Rajas & Tamas due to that

cause alone. He acquires Apasmara by the later vitiation of Vatadi Doshas thus

requiring Manasa and Sharirika Doshas for the causation of disease (Ga. on

C.S.Ni.8/2).

The term ‘Vyakti’ in the context of this Samprapti refers to the stage, when

the vyadhi manifests itself but is not evident in between Vegas. This in turn plays as a

fertile ground for the precipitating factors to act upon the already established dusti.

Avasthika or vegakalina samprapti:

Chaya, Prokopa & Prasara :

The vyanjaka nidanas i.e. kama, krodha etc. exacerbate the already vitiated

doshas and agitate them. At this juncture, the Caya, Prakopa and Prasara phases occur

spontaneously.

Sthana Samsraya:

Among the vitiated and agitated doshas, Rajas and Tamas by the dint of the

subtleness occlude the Sanjnavaha Srotas. This results in Dhi & Satva Samplava.

Here, the term ‘Samplava’ stands for derangement paving way to Apagama of Smruti.

Vyakti :

This is the stage of manifestation of Apasmara vega bringing about a chain

of events, which repeats themselves during each vega.

The Avasthika Samprapti repeats itself during each vega. But the Sthana

Samsraya at the level of Sanjnavaha Srotas is transient. Thus, there are no signs of

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Sanjnavaha sroto dusti in between the vegas. This Avasthika Samprapti may act as

nidana for the successive Vegas.

Bheda :

It stands for the specific classifications of the 4 types of Doshic

Apasmara.They are as follows:

1. Vataja Apasmara

2. Pittaja Apasmara

3. Kaphaja Apasmara

4. Sannipataja Apasmara

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SAMPRAPTI – SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION CHAYA - RAJAS & TAMAS- UPAHATACHETAS UTPADKA NIDANA SEVANA

PRAKOPA NIJA AGANTUJA 1.AHARA 1.MARMABHIGHATA 2.VIHARAJA 2.SHIRO ABHIGHATA HRIDAYA & DASHA DHAMANI

PRASARA INDRIYA AYATANA STHANA SAMSRAYA

VYANJAKA NIDANA (MANASIKA NIDANA) VYAKTI - APASMARA ROGA CHAYA PRAKOPA PRASARA ABHIGHATA (MARMABHIGHATA) STHANA SAMSRAYA - SANJNAVAHA SROTAS DHI SAMPLAVA SATVA SAMPLAVA SMRTI APAGAMA VYAKTI - APASMARA VEGA

Figure I: Showing Schematic Representation Of Samprapti Of Apasmara

S T H A Y I S A M P R A P T I

A V A S T H I K A S A M P R A P T I

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Samprapti ghataka:

Dosha: The involvement of both the Shareerika and Manasika doshas is vital for the

samprapti.

Shareerika Dosha: These include the subtype of each of the dosha.

Vata: Udana and Prana Vata are vitiated along with other doshas during Apasmara as

per the description of Harita.151

Udana Vata has its abode in the region of Urah. It is responsible for

Vakpravrrti, Prayatna (initiation of any voluntary work), Urja, Bala, Varna and Smruti

(A.H.Su.12/5). Since Apagama of Smrti is the salient feature of Apasmara, Udana

Vata is vitiated bringing about impaired Smruti.

Prana Vata resides in Murdha & also traverses Urah and Kanta. It is

responsible for the Dharana of Buddhi, Hridaya, Indriya and Chitta.152 Since vitiated

Doshas lie in Hridaya and Indriya Ayatana, the vitiated Dosha is Prana Vayu.

Vyana Vata is seated in Hridaya & traverses the whole body with incredible

speed. It is responsible for all the movements. The motility required for any process in

the body is due to Vyana Vayu.153 Vyana Vayu is affected to some extend after the

sevana of utpadaka nidana. Its vitiation is further triggered by vyanjaka nidana and

during the manifestation of Apasmara Vega, the bibhatsa chesta that follows is mainly

due to the vitiated Vyana Vayu.

A careful study of the pathogenesis of Apasmara shows that these conditions

involve the activities of higher mental faculties and emotional states with which

Sadhaka Pitta has been correlated. Ayurveda has presented in Sadhaka Pitta, a concept

which refers to some essential factors (or a factor complex) and which governs mental

functions especially memory, intelligence, self consciousness, intellect and a number

of emotional situations such as grief, fear, anger, excitement etc.154

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Sushruta opines that the Pitta located in Hridaya is to be known as the

Sadhakagni describes it, in as much as its function is to enable one to achieve one’s

aspiration.155 Dalhana observed that it enables one to achieve one’s Mano Artha viz.

Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha. This, it does by dispelling the Kapha and Tamas

of the Hridaya and thus enabling the Manas to perceive things clearly. The concept of

Sadhaka Pitta therefore appears to be psychophysiological in its outlook. Thus, it can

be inferred that Sadhaka Pitta plays a great role in the Samprapti of Apasmara.

The Buddhi Vaiseshika type of Alocaka Pitta is also vitiated since it is mainly

concerned with the intellectual faculties according to Bhela.156 As these faculties are

affected during the Vega, Buddhi Vaiseshika Alocaka Pitta may have a role in the

Avasthika Samprapti of Apasmara.

Kapha: Tarpaka Kapha resides in Shiras and does Sneha and Tarpana of Indriyas.157

The reference of Sneha and Tarpana has been interpreted by Dalhana as ‘Sneha means

the Majja of the Mastaka and Tarpaka nourishes this structure & the Indriya with its

Snehana quality and enables them to perform their specific functions. Thus Tarpaka

Kapha takes part in both Sthayi and Avasthika Samprapti as it is present in the Indriya

Ayatana i.e. Shiras. It may be agitated to a greater extent in case of Shiro Abhighata.

Manasika dosha: The Ahara and Vihara, which vitiate the respective Sharirika

doshas, are also responsible for the vitiation of the Manasika doshas viz. Rajas and

Tamas. In fact these two doshas play an important role in reducing the threshold of an

individual by rendering him with Upahata Chetas. All the precipitating factors like

Kama, Krodha, Lobha, Shoka, the individual who is affected by either Rajas or Tamas

experiences Udvega.

Dushya: There is no direct reference of any Dushya in the Samprapti of Apasmara as

it is a paroxysmal disease and involves the Sanjnavaha Srotas with a subtle pathway

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in its own sense. But for the manifestation of the Vyadhi or Vega to be precise,

involvement of Dushya is a must.

The Dushya involved during the course of the disease may be different from

that which is involved during the Vega Kala. Bhela has held ‘Rasa Vega’ responsible

for the manifestation of Apasmara Vega. Whenever Rasa Vega afflicts an individual,

he experiences Apasmara Vega.158 But the Rasa Dusti may be transient and confined

to the Vega Kala.

Throughout the course of the disease, Majja Dhatu present in the Shiras may

bear the brunt of the Vegas. Since it is where the initiation of the Vegas takes place

even though the stimulus caused by vyanjaka nidana may lie elsewhere. The

lakshanas of Majja Pradosha are almost to that of Apasmara (C.S.Su.28/17).

Srotas:The vitiated Doshas, which are in Linavastha, are seated in Hridaya.159 While

explaining the Samprapti, the term Dhamani is used by Charaka.160 This has clarified

by Chakrapani that the Dhamani originate from Hridaya obviously refer to the Dasha

Dhamani.

Hridaya and Dasha Dhamani are the Mula of Rasavaha Srotas.161 It has been

clearly explained by Bhela that the vitiated Doshas go up and reach Hridaya and

Dasha Dhamani.162

Thus Rasavaha Srotas can be considered as the Srotas involved. Bhela has

referred to Jalavaha Nadi while describing the Samprapti.163 It might be the synonym

of Rasavaha Srotas. The Srotas involved during the Vega is Sanjnavaha Srotas.164 But

the involvement of this Srotas is only transient.

Sroto Dusti: The vitiated Doshas occlude Hridaya, Dasha Dhamani and Indriya

Ayatana and cause Apasmara Roga.

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The already morbid Rajas and Tamas doshas are exacerbated due to the

precipitating factors like Kama, Krodha etc. and occlude Sanjnavaha Srotas resulting

in Apasmara Vega. The Sanga is the type of Dusti, which occurs in this Vyadhi.

Agni & Ama:The Agni involved depends on the cause. Thus, Jataragni, Dhatvagni

or even Bhutagni may be involved. The corresponding Ama may result.

Sthana Samsraya:

There remains a controversy regarding the Sthana Samsraya of Apasmara that

needs some critical analysis, while the advances in medical science point the site of

origin of the disease towards the brain, our texts have clearly stated Hridaya as the

seat of vitiated doshas. Some points remain to be clarified in order to nullify the

discrepancies between these two stands. The following features become obvious after

a glance at the classical texts:

There was no doubt regarding the term Hridaya among Acharyas when it was

mentioned as the seat of Vikruta dosha in Apasmara. Both Shiras & Hridaya have

been defined in the same chapter.165

Shiras has not been left out by the Acharyas while describing the Samprapti.

The term Indriya Ayatana refers to Shiras in particular.166 Bhela has mentioned Shiras

as the site of Sthana Samsraya.

The concept of Marma Abhighata is worth discussing here. The Vyadhis that

occur as a result of Hridaya Abhighata are Apasmara, Unmada, Pralapa, Chittanasha

etc. Those, which occur as a result of Shiro Abhighata, are Manyasthambha, Ardita,

Muka, Gadgada etc. The diseases, which are related to nerve and cortex purely, are

considered under the Shiro Abhighataja disorders. Those in which Manasika Doshas

are involved are considered under Hridaya Abhighataja disorders. There are further

evidence regarding the fact that Shiras was not considered as the main site of

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pathogenesis by the Acharyas. While enumerating the conditions in which Vairechana

Nasya Karma is beneficial, Apasmara has been included in this group by Vagbhata.167

Arunadatta clarifies that though Apasmara is not a urdhva jatrugata vadhi, it yields to

this type of Nasya therapy.

Charaka, Sushruta, Bhela etc. have considered Hridaya as seat of Chetana

(consciousness). 168,169,170

However, Susruta held the opinion that diseases involving Manasa doshas

unmada, bhaya, chittanasha etc. occur due to Abhighata of Simanta Marma. Thus, he

has shown the relationship of Manasa Vikaras with Shiras. But mentioning of

Apasmara is not found here.171

Sushruta regards Hridaya as the abode of Trigunas viz. Satva, Rajas and

Tamas. Rajas and Tamas are mentioned in the Samprapti of Apasmara.172

By going through the above references, we can say that there is a urgent need

to look at Hridaya and Shiras as systems which have close link with each other than as

anatomical structures with unrelated functions and pathogenesis.

The description of Sadhaka Pitta by Bhela gives us a new insight into the close

relationship between Hridaya and Shiras. ‘Sadhaka is that which enables the reception

of Shabda, Sparsha, Gandha etc. as well as to achieve Artha and Kama.173

Ayurveda never means that the psychological functions are totally related to

Hridaya. Charaka regards that Sparshanendriya pervades all the senses and Manas are

inherent in it. The field of Sparshanendriya is co-extensive, so is the case of Chetas.174

The emphasis laid in Ayurveda on the existence of close relationship between

Hridaya and Mastishka has minimized this controversy to a great extent.

In spite of extensive studies, the actual pathogenesis of epilepsy remains

unknown. Whatever recent advances have taken place in the existing knowledge are

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confined to the mechanism that takes place during the episodes of epileptic seizures or

the factors that precipitate the seizures. So, it can be inferred that the knowledge of

modern medical science is limited to Vega kalina Samprapti. Thus, there is a need to

look beyond and ponder over the Samprapti that takes prior to the transient

pathogenesis. A fresh approach towards Hridaya as the site of Sthana Samsraya may

open new horizons in the field of epilepsy research.

Sapeksha nidana

There are many conditions, which are similar to that of Apasmara, and

Sapeksha Nidana acquires high significance.

Murcha:

Sanjna Nasha without Bibhatsa Chesta

Recurrance not at regular intervals

Mada:

History of nidana sevana in Madyaja, Vishaja and Raktaja mada may be

present.

Absence of Bibhatsa Chesta.

Active treatment is necessary during Vega Kala.

Sanysa:

Sanjna Nasha may continue for hours or days.

Absence of bibhatsa chesta

Active treatment is necessary

Apatanaka, Apatantraka:

History of Vishista nidana sevana may be present

There is no recurrence in the form of Vegas.

Active treatment is required.

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Skandapasmara:

Condition almost similar to Apasmara, hence called Skandapasmara.

Found only in children

Agantuja nidana.

Yoshapasmara:

Common in adolescent females.

The attack usually manifests in the presence of others.

Specific motive is the cause.

The patient protects herself during fall and tongue bite is not present

Sadhya – Asadhyata

Vataja, Pittaja and Kaphaja types of Apasmara are considered to be Sadhya, if

they are of acute origin. Where as the fourth type i.e. Sannipataja Apasmara is

considered to be Asadhya.

If the patient is emaciated and the disease is chronic, then even the Eka

doshaja Apasmara are considered as Asadya to treat. Apasmara is stated to be

Asadhya if the patient gets repeated attacks (convulsions), if he is emaciated and

suffers from fierce movement of eyebrows.175

Arista Lakshanas

If one, in his wakeful state sees darkness where there is no darkness and

listens to all types of sounds even though there are no such sounds, he succumbs to

Apasmara.

If a patient while dancing in an intoxicated state is caught by a Preta (soul of

dead person) with his face downwards, he is sure to succumb to an attack of

Apasmara. Patients suffering from Vata Vyadhi, Apasmara, Kusta, Shota, Udara,

Gulma, Madhumeha, Rajayaksha do not yield to any treatment when there is

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diminution of Bala and Mamsa. Similarly the physician should also discard other

patient in such conditions.176

Ayurvedic Management Of Apasmara

The management of Apasmara can be discussed under two broad headings:

Vega Kalina Chikitsa (During attack)

Vegantara Kala Chikitsa (In between the attacks)

Vega Kala Chikitsa (Ictal period): 177,178,179

It includes different modalities used for regaining of consciousness (Sanjna

Prabhodana). Chiefs among those are –

1. Anjana

2. Varti

3. Dhuma

4. Nasya

5. Lepa etc.

Anjana:

• Yasti Anjana can be used in Pittaja & Vataja Apasmara.

• Manashila Anjana is also recommended.

Varti:

• Karanjadi Varti

• Mustadi Varti

• Vrschikalyadi Varti etc. (These can be also used as Anjana)

Dhuma:

• Pippalyadi Dhuma – Kaphaja Apasmara

• Kakolyadi Dhuma – Pittaja Apasmara

• Palankasadi Dhuma – Vata Kaphaja Apasmara

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Nasya:

• Yastiyadi Taila, Bilva swarasa – Vata Kaphaja

• Pippalyadi Choorna – Pradamana Nasya

• Swarasa of sweta palandu

• Swarasa of fresh Tulasi leaves etc.

Lepa:

• Churna or ashes of animal bones

• Palankasadi lepa.

Vegantara Kala Chikitsa: It includes all the three methods of treatment i.e.

• Yukti Vyapashraya Chikitsa

• Daiva Vyapashraya Chikitsa

• Satvavajaya Chikitsa

Yukti Vyapashraya Chikitsa: It can be divided into –

• Antah Parimarjana Chikitsa

• Bahi Parimarjana Chikitsa

• Shastra Pranidana

Antah Parimarjana Chikitsa: It can be further classified as Shodana & Shamana.

Shodana:

• Vataja Apasmara = Basti (Yapana Basti)

• Pittaja Apasmara = Virechana (Sudha ksheera)

• Kaphaja Apasmara = Vamana (Dhamargava)

Shamana – It includes the following recipes –

• Ekamoolikas (Single drug)

• Ghrita

• Choorna

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• Kashaya

• Asava/Arista

• Rasoushadi

• Rasayana Prayoga

Ekamoolika:

Vacha, Brahmi, Lashuna, Kusta, Kusmanda, Yasti, Tagara , Musta, Yendri,

Shankapusphi, Jyotishmati, Jatamamsi, Choraka, Hingu, Borjapatra, etc.

Ghrita:

Brahmi Ghrita, Panchagavya Ghrita, Vachadi Ghrita, Kalyanaka Ghrita,

Kushmanda Ghrita, Mahacaitasa Ghrita etc.

Kashaya:

Vidaryadi Kashaya, Jatamamsyadi Kashaya etc.

Asava/Arista:

Saraswatharista, Balarista etc.

Rasoushadi:

Smruti Sagar Rasa, Bhutabhairava Rasa, Indra Brahmi Rasa, Trilohadi Rasa,

Sarveswara Rasa, Navanga Gutika etc.

Rasayana Prayoga:

Kushmanda Rasayana, Narasimha Rasayana etc.

Bahi parimarjana chikitsa – Includes Abhyanga, Lepa etc.

Abhyanga –

Palankasadi Taila, Shirisadi Taila, Purana Ghrita, Katabyadi Taila, Sarshapa

Taila etc.

Shastra Pranidana – Sira Vyadha has been indicated in Apasmara.

Daiva Vyapashraya Chikitsa: It includes Pooja, Mantra, and Dana etc.

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Satvavajaya Chikitsa:

The Apasmari as well as the Unmadi should be specially protected from water,

fire and trees, mountains and irregular surfaces, since these may become the cause of

immediate death to such persons; Vagbhata has sounded the same opinion.

Pathya Apathya

The Pathya and Apathya mentioned in various Ayurvedic texts for Apasmara

are as follows:

Table No 2.7 Pathya Of Apasmara

Table No 2.8 Apathya Of Apasmara

AHARA VIHARA AUSHADHI ACHARA Asuchi Ahara Ati Vyayama Avagaha Chinta Viruddha Ahara Ati Ayasa Shoka Madya Vega Dharana Bhaya Matsya Shaila Arohana Krodha Tikshna, Ushna Pujya Vyatikrama Patrashaka Bimbi Odaka

AHARA VIHARA AUSHADHI ACHARA Rakta shali Snana Nasya Dana Mudga Siravyadha Trasana Godhuma Dhumapana Bandana Ghrita Abhyanga Tarjana Mamsa rasa Brahmi Bhaya Ksheera Vacha Tadana Patola Harsha Kushmanda Dhi Dadima Dhairya Purana Ghrita Atmadi Vijnana

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_______________________________________________ ________ Anti epileptic effect of Musta

62

Definitions of epilepsy

• Epilepsy is most easily defined in physiological term being the name for

occasional, sudden, excessive, rapid and local discharges of gray

Matter.180

• An epileptic seizure is a clinical manifestation of abnormal and excessive

discharges of a set of neurons in the brain.181

• Epilepsy means a tendency to have seizures and is symptom of brain disease

rather than disease itself. A single seizure is not epilepsy but an indication for

investigation.182

• Epilepsy is term used to describe a group of conditions in which the patient

have repeated seizures usually all much alike.183

Seizures and epilepsy184

• A seizure (from Latin sacire ‘to take the possession of’) is paroxysmal event

due to abnormal, excessive, hypersynchronous discharges from an aggregate

of CNS neurons.

• Epilepsy –condition in which a person has recurrent seizures due to chronic

underlying process.

• Epilepsy refers to a phenomenon rather than a disease entity, since there are

many forms for the cause of epilepsy.

Classification of epilepsy185

According to ILAE (International League Against Epilepsy

Partial (Focal) - seizures activity is restricted to discrete areas of cerebral cortex,

typically associated with structural abnormalities of the brain.

• Simple partial seizure –with motor, sensory, autonomic or psychic signs.

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• Complex partial seizures –unable to respond to visual / verbal commands

during the seizures and has impaired recollection or awareness of the ictel

phase.

Generalized seizures –involves defuse regions of the brain simultaneously in a

bilaterally symmetric fashion results from cellular, biochemical or structural

abnormalities and have the more wide spread distribution.

• Absence seizures-brief lapses of consciousness without loss of postural

control, losts for few seconds (Petit mal).

• Atypical absence seizures- lapse of consciousness is usually for longer period

and less abrupt in onset and cessession, accompanied with more obvious

motor signs

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures

• Atonic seizures

• Myoclonic seizures

Unclassified seizures

• Neonatal seizures

• Infantile spasms

Epilepsy syndromes

• Idiopathic (primary) a) Benign neonatal convulsions

b) Juvenile myoclonic convulsions

• Symptomatic (secondary) a)Leumox gastant syndrome

b) Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy syndrome

Causative /precipitating factors for epilepsy186

Emotional stress

Physical and mental exhaustion

Sleep deprivation

Fever (hyperpyrexia)

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Infections-meningitis, encephalitis, cerebral malaria, AIDS, brain abscess etc.

Metabolic and electrolyte disturbances-hyponatraemia (<12 mEq/lit),

hypernatraemia (>145mEq/lit), hypoglycemia (<7 mg/dl), hepatic failure,

uremia etc.

Drugs and toxins –Isoniazid, Chloroquine, Strychnine, Lead, alcohol.

ICSOL (Intracranial space occupying lesion)

Cerebral hypoxia

Hypertensive encephalopathy, toxemia of pregnancy

Head injury

Cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage

Visual stimulation- flickering lights, television viewing

Others- hot water, loud noise, music

Etiology of epilepsy according to age187

The causes of seizures depending on the age are as follows

1. Neonate (< 1 month) -

Perinatal hypoxia & ischaemia

Intracranial hemorrhage & trauma

Acute CNS infections

Metabolic disturbances (Hypoglycemia, hypocalcaemia, hypo magnesia,

pyridoxine deficiency)

Drug withdrawal

Developmental disorders

Genetic disorders

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2. Infants & children (> 1 month & < 12 yrs.) –

Febrile seizures

Genetic disorders

CNS infections

Developmental disorders

Trauma

Idiopathic

3. Adolescents (12-18 yrs.) –

Trauma

Genetic disorders

Infections

Brain tumors

Illicit drug use

Idiopathic

4. Young adults (18-35 yrs.) –

Trauma

Alcohol withdrawal

Brain tumors

Illicit drug use

Idiopathic

5. Older adults (> 35 yrs.) –

Cerebro-vascular diseases

Alcohol withdrawal, Brain tumors

Metabolic disorders, Illicit drug use

Alzheimer’s diseases & other degenerative CNS diseases.

Disease review


66

Pathophysiology188

A seizure threshold that varies from person to person the same person from

time to time is postulated to explain why some people get seizures and others do not

in the same situation.

Electrical changes:

Seizures develop when the balance between excitatory and inhibitory

mechanism is disturbed at the cellular or the synaptic level. At the cellular level,

depolarizing inward ionic currents are normally balanced by depolarizing outward

currents.

A sustained depolarization of the membrane with burst of action potentials is

recorded intracellularly during convulsive seizures. These bursts are Na+(Sodium)

dependent at their onset and Ca+(Calcium) ion dependent at the end. During the

seizers of almost all the type the extra cellular concentration of Ca+ ion drops

significantly. Extra cellular K+(Pottacium) raises after a brief delay in comparison

with the drop in Ca++ ion. The extra cellular Na+ falls moderately with a smaller raise

in extra cellular Cl-. (Clorin)

Neuro transmitter imbalance:

At the synaptic level there is an imbalance between the excitatory transmitter

like glutamate and inhibitory ones like Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) and

Glycine.

Spread of seizures:

During seizures many neurons fire synchronously and this activity spreads

locally by progressive recruitment of neurons. The initiation and spread synchronous

Disease review


67

discharges helped by ionic charges like a high K+ or low Mg++. Factors that decrease

GABA mediated inhibition also facilitate synchronized neuronal firing.

Differential diagnosis189

Syncopal attacks:

Attacks are due to transient global reduction in cerebral perfusion. The loss of

consciousness is brief and recovery rapid. Most of the times the cause is vasovagal

syncope.

Non-epileptic seizures of psychogenic origin

Tongue biting, incontinence of urine do not occur- except accident case

The patient is never alone during episode.

The movements may be bilateral but asynchronous.

A psychiatric history usually identifies secondary gain from the episode.

Cardiac syncope190

Syncope resulting from bradycardia and asystole often develops suddenly and

can be associated with injury. Recovery is usually swift, initial pallor being followed

by flushing with recovery. some clonic movements may be seen. frank epileptic

seizures are rare.

Hyperventilation

Common manifestation includes dizziness, detachment, blurred vision,

tingling, muscle spasm, tetany, palpitation, dyspnoea and chestpain, heartburn,

epigastric pain, muscle cramps and fatigue.

Panic attacks

They involve hyperventilation, abdominal discomfort, a choking feeling, fear,

autonomic symptom and some times even loss of consciousness, episodes often

longer than seizures.

Disease review


68

Status epilepticus191

Status epilepticus exists when a series of seizures occur without the patient

regaining awareness between the attacks. Most commonly this refers to recurrent

tonic clonic seizure and is life threatening medical emergency. Partial motor status is

obvious clinically but complex partial status and absence status may be difficult to

diagnose because the patient may merely present in a dazed, confused state. Status is

never the presenting feature of idiopathic epilepsy but may be precipitated by abrupt

withdrawal of lesion or acute metabolic disturbance, and tends to more common with

frontal epileptic foci.

Investigations192

There is an increasingly sophisticated range of investigation that can be

applied to the patients with epilepsy in order to derive the most benefit, appropriate

and to be cost effective It is essential not to order investigations blindly but to answer

specific questions.

Objectives:

To clarify the objectives of epilepsy or non epileptic attack

To determine the nature of the seizure types and epilepsy Syndromes

In case of Partial seizures to identify the laterality and

Localization of seizure onset.

To identify the etiology of the epilepsy

To identify concomitant problems, both neurological and general

To monitor the progression of the condition and the consequences of the

epilepsy and its treatment.

Investigation of epilepsy may be grouped under

⇒ Biochemical or Histological- Blood test, CSF examination

⇒ Structural-x ray, City scans MRI

⇒ Functional –Electroencephalogram

Methodology

___________________________________________________________ _____ Anti epileptic effect of Musta

69

METHODOLOGY:

Source of drug collection:

The genuine quality rhizomes of Musta (Cyperus rotundus) were purchased

from Hebsur store M.G.Market Hubli, Botanist and other experts verified the

rhizomes and its identification confirmed.

Preparation of drug:

Drying the rhizome:

The rhizomes were dried completely under shade to obtain dry rhizomes and

also to minimize the loss of volatile oil.

Powdering:

After proper drying the rhizomes were subjected to powdering by pulvarizer

under mesh to get coarse powder and stored in an airtight container.

Preparation of alcohol Extract:

The dried tubers of Musta were subjected to size reduction, coarse powder is

obtained around 450 gms of powder was subjected to Sauxhlet extraction with ethyle

alcohol, after the effective solvent were concentrated at room temperature in reduced

pressure using a rotary evaporator and extraction obtained was weighed its percentage

was calculated. The color and consistency of the extract was noted.

Thus obtained extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical

investigation and pharmacological screening for Antiepileptic activity by using MES

induced Epilepsy.

Place of work:

The study was conducted in the department of Pharmacology, K.L.E’S

College of Pharmacy, Gadag.

Methodology


70

Preliminary phyto chemical investigations of Musta carried out at the

department of Pharmacology, K.L.E’S College of Pharmacy Gadag.

Source of animals:

The required number of animals were procured from shree Venkateswar

enterprises No. 4303, 13th main 2nd cross subrahmanya Nagar B’lore 21. The rats

weighing between 110-180gms were procured.

Housing and feeding of animals:

The animals were maintained at room temperature of 250c, with 12 hrs day

and dark cycles. The standard laboratory diet was given with an unlimited supply of

drinking water.

Preparation of animals:

The animals were randomly selected, marked to permit individual

identification and kept in their cages for one week prior to dosing to allow for

acclimation to the laboratory condition.

Preparation of doses /vehicle:

All the extracts were prepared as a suspension by triturating with distilled

water and with 1% tween 20.

Administration of doses:

The test substance is orally administered in a single dose by using a stomach

tube. Animals were fasted for 24 hrs prior to dosing.

Data collected prior to the experiments:

1. Dose of Alcoholic extract of Musta (Indian journal of natural products)

2. Other research works carried out on Musta

3. Chemical constituent of Musta

Methodology


71

Preliminary phytochemical investigation of extracts: 195

Qualitative chemical tests were conducted for alcoholic extracts of Musta

(Cyperus rotundus) to identify the various phyto constituents. The various tests and

reagent used are given below and observation are recorded

Test for carbohydrates:

Molisch’s test:

2-3 ml of alcoholic extract added few drops of alpha-napthaol solution in

alcohol. Shaken and added conc H2SO4 from side of the test tube and observed for

violet ring at the junction of two liquids.

Barfoed’s test:

Equal volume of Barfoed’s reagent and test solution added. Heated for 1-2

min in boiling water bath and cooled, observed for red precipitate.

Tests for proteins:

Xanthoprotic test:

3 ml of extract was mixed with 1 ml of conc H2So4 observed for white

precipitate

Million’s test:

3ml of extract was mixed with 5ml of Million’s reagent white precipitate

obtained. Precipitate warmed turns brick red precipitate dissolves giving red colour

was observed.

Tests for glycosides:

Bal jet’s test:

A test solution is observed for yellow to orange color with sodium picrate

Methodology


72

Tests for Saponines:

Foam test:

The extract shaken vigorously with water persistent foam was observed.

Tests for Flavonoids:

Ferric chloride test:

Test solution added with few drops of ferric chloride solution, observed for

intense green color.

Lead acetate test:

To a small quantity of lead acetate extract was added, observed for yellow

color precipitate.

Tests for alkaloids:

Mayer’s test:

2-3 ml of extract was mixed with Heyer’s reagent, observed for yellow

precipitate.

Wagner’s test:

2-3 ml of extract was mixed with few drops of Wagner’s reagent, observed for

reddish brown precipitate

Different experimental models used for Epileptic studies193:

Innumerable in vitro and in vivo models of seizers have been described

In Vitro- include brain slices, monosynaptic systems, neuronal cultures.

In vivo – Animal species like mice, rats, guinea pigs, gerbils, cats, dogs,

monkey etc and use of different Pharmacological stimuli to induce seizers.

Methodology


73

EXPERIMENTAL SEIZURE MODELS

Electrical Chemical Genetic

MES PTZ induced

THRESHOLD Bicuculline Spontaneous semisponataneous

KINDLING NMDA Photic seizures

PICROTOXIN Androgenic

PENCILLIN

MES Method:

An electrical stimulus of sufficient intensity to induce maximal seizure is

applied by means of an external device stimulator or convulsiometer .A supramaximal

strength is 50 mA in mice or 150mA in rats for 0.2 seconds is used .The stimulus is

applied via corneal or ear clip electrodes. MES seizures remain the primary screening

for potential Antiepileptic activity.

THRESHOLD TEST:

The ability of drug to alter the seizure threshold for tonic hind limb extension

is determined as the current or voltage inducing hind limb extension in 50% of the

animals.

KINDLING:

Repeated administration of an initially sub convulsion electrical stimulus

result in progressive intensification of seizure activity culminating in a generalized

seizures.

Methodology


74

The seizure evolve through five stages –

1. Immobility eye closure twitching of vibrissae.

2. Facial clones and head nodding.

3. Unilateral forelimb clones (contra lateral to the focus).

4. Rearing after accompanished by bilateral forelimb clones.

5. Rearing and falling accompanished by generalized clonic seizures.

PTZ induced:

Pentylenetetrazole 60mg/kg has been introduced to induce generalized

clonic and in higher doses tonic seizures after different routes if administration i.e.

subcutaneous or intra peritoneal to rats, mice, cats.

The seizures are paralleled by spike wave complexes (clonic seizures) or

sharp hyper synchronized polyspikes (tonic seizures) in EEG.

Antiepileptic activity by MES method194

Objective:

To study the anticonvulsant activity of “MUSTA”(Cyperus rotundus) against

maximal electroshock induced convulsions in rats.

Principle:

Different type of epilepsies i.e. grandmal, petitmal, psychomotor type can be

studied in laboratory animals. The maximal electro-shock (MES) induced convulsions

in animals represent grandmal type of epilepsy. Similarly chemo convulsions induced

by pentylenetetrazole, which produce clonic type of convulsions, resemble petitmal

type of convulsion in man. These are two procedures used to study convulsions and to

test anticonvulsant drugs in laboratory animals.

In MES convulsions electroshock is applied through the ear electrodes through

stimulation cortical excitation is produced. The MES convulsion are divided into five

Methodology


75

phases such as 1) tonic flexion 2) tonic extensor c) clonic convulsion d) stupor and e)

recovery or death .A substance is known to possess anticonvulsant property if it

reduces or abolishes the extensor phase of MES convulsions this procedure may be

used to produce convulsions both in rats and mice.

It is advised that the students have complete background of the pharmacology

of antiepileptic drugs before performing this experiment.

Requirement:

Animals - Rats (110-180 mg)

Drugs - Phenytoin (25 mg/ kg)

Prepare stock solution of the test drug containing 5mg/ml of the drug and give it.

Equipments- Electro-convulsiometer, corneal or ear electrodes (apply 150mA

current for 0.2sec), stop watch.

Procedure

1. Weigh and number the animals. Divide them into four groups each consisting

of 6 rats first group is used as control and the for second drug phenytoin as a

standard to be given, for group third and forth minimum and maximum dose

of test drug should be given respectively.

2. Hold the animal properly, place corneal or ear electrodes on the cornea or ear

pinna and apply the prescribed current, note different stages of convulsion.i.e

a) tonic flexion b) tonic extensor phase c) clonic convulsions d) stupor e)

recovery or death. Note the time in seconds spent by the animal in each phase

of the convulsions. Repeat with other animals of control group.

3. Inject phenytoin intraperitonealy to-second group, min and max dose of

extract to third and forth group respectively orally. Wait for 30 min and

subject the animals to electro convulsions as described earlier.

4. Note the reduction in time or abolition of tonic extensor of MES convulsions

Methodology


76

Table No 3.1 Concentration, dose, and duration before induction of Epilepsy:

Group Drug or Extract Dose Route of administration

Time of admini stration prior to induce MES

Control (Dw+1% tween 20) 1 ml /rat Orally 30 min

Standard Phenytoin 25 mg/kg Intraperitonealy 30min

Min dose Extract 100 mg/kg Orally 30min

Max dose Extract 150 mg/kg Orally 30min

Results


77

OBSERVATION AND RESULTS:

Observation during alcoholic extract of Musta (Cyperus rotundus).

Preliminary phytochemical analysis of Musta (Cyperus rotundus).

Physicochemical analysis of Musta (Cyperus rotundus).

All the datas about the parameters considered for the study.

Results are compared.

Observation regarding the preparation of the drug:

The dried tubers of Musta (Cyperus rotundus) were black in color with

characteristic of aromatic odour. 2kg of Musta (Cyperus rotundus) was taken out of

that we obtained 1.9 kg of dried Musta (Cyperus rotundus). The dried tubers were

subjected to powdering in the pulverizer. The final yield of coarse powder was about

1.8 kg .

Observation during preparation of alcoholic extract:

500 gm of coarse powder of Musta (Cyperus rotundus) yielded about 50gm of

alcoholic extract (10 %.) The alcoholic extract was dark brown in colour with

aromatic odour. When mixed with distilled water the alcoholic extract gave light

yellowish colour solution.

Observation during mode of administration:

Alcoholic extract was taken in mortar and pistil, triturate with 1% tween 20, so

that it readily dissolve in distil water. Such dissolved solution is administered orally

with the help of gavage.

Results

Table No 4.1 Results of preliminary phytochemical tests :

Sl . NO Chemical tests Alcoholic extracts 1.

a b c

Tests for sterols Salkowaski test Libermann test Sulphur test

+ - +

2. a b

Tests for Triterpenoids Salkowaski test Libermann burchard test

- -

3 a b c d e

Test for glycosides Balget test Kill Raymonds test Bromine water test killer killani test Legal test

+ - - - -

4 a b

Tests for saponins Foam test Haemolysis test

+ +

5 a b c

Tests forcarbohydrates Molish’s test Barfoeds Test Benedict’s test

+ + -

6 a b c d

Tests for alkaloids Meyers test Wagner’s test Heyer’s test Dragendorff test

- + + -

7 a b c

Test for flavonoids Ferric chloride test Alkaline reagent test Lead acetate test

+ + +

8 a b c d

Test for proteins Million’s test Xanthoprotic test Biuret test Ninhydrine test

+ + - -


78

Results

_____________________________________________ ___________________ Anti epileptic effect of Musta

79

MASTER CHART

Assessment of Parameter I II III & IV of all groups

Group SNo

Mark Flexion Extension Clonus Stupor Recovery or death

1 Head 2.96 sec 13.52sec 2.60sec 152.00sec Recovered

2 Body 3.10 sec 12.36sec 3.10sec 162.00sec ,,

3 Tail 2.85sec 11.96sec 2.59sec 182.00sec ,,

4 Rt ft lb

3.45sec 13.10sec 3.10sec 164.00sec ,,

5 Rt hd lb 2.96sec 13.00sec 2.86sec 184.0sec ,,

1. Control

6 Lt hd lb 2.87sec 12.30sec 2.56sec 168.00sec ,,

1 Head 0.20 sec 0.00 sec 0.00sec 8.00sec ,,

2 Body 0.00sec 0.00 sec 0.30sec 10.20sec ,

3 Tail 0.35sec 0.10 sec 0.00sec 28.00sec ,,

4 Rt ft lb

0.20sec 0.20 sec 0.20sec 34.00sec ,,

5 Rt hd lb 0.00sec 0.00 sec 0.10sec 24.00sec ,,

2. Standard

6 Lt hd lb 0.00sec 0.00 sec 0.00sec 41.00sec ,,

1 Head 2.60sec 5.23sec 1.95sec 98.00sec ,,

2 Body 1.96sec 8.63sec 2.10sec 110.00sec ,,


4 Rt ft lb

2.60sec 6.93sec 2.35sec 98.00sec ,,


3.min doseof extract 100mg/kg body wt


1 Head 1.83sec 4.23sec 1.2sec5 85.00sec ,,

2 Body 1.56sec 3.23sec 1.64sec 110.00sec ,,


4 Rt ft lb

0.10sec 4.78sec 1.84sec 94.00sec ,,


4. max dose of extract 150mg/kg body wt


Results

Table No 4.2 PARAMETER -1- FLEXION PHASE

Sl.no. G 1 G2 G 3 G 4

1 2.96sec 0.20sec 2.60sec 1.83sec 2 3.10sec 0.00sec 1.96sec 1.56sec 3 2.85sec 0.35sec 2.10sec 0.89sec 4 3.45sec 0.20sec 2.60sec 1.10sec 5 2.96sec 0.00sec 2.40sec 1.20sec 6 2.87sec 0.00sec 2.36sec 1.53sec

Table No 4.3 SUMMARY OF DATA

Sl.no. Group Samples Mean Std D SEM Median

1 Control 6 3.032 0.223 0.091 2.960 2 Standard 6 0.125 0.147 0.060 0.100 3 100mg/kg 6 2.33 0.261 0.106 2.380 4 150mg/kg 6 1.35 0.347 0.141 1.365

Table No 4.4 ANOVA TABLE

Sl No

Source of Variation

Degree of freedom

Sum of Squares

Mean square

F value

1 Treatment 3 28.681 9.560 2 Residuals 20 1.302 0.06512 3 Total 23 29.983

146.80

Table No 4.5 COMPARISON

SlNo Comparison Mean difference q value p value

1 Ct vs Std 2.907 27.900 *** p < 0.001 2 Ct vs 100mg 0.6950 6.671 *** p < 0.01 3 Ct vs 150 mg 1.680 16.126 *** p < 0.001


80

Results

Table No 4.6 PARAMETER -2 EXTENSOR PHASE

Sl No Control Std 100mg/kg 150mg/kg



Sl.No Group Samples Mean Std D

SEM Median

1 Control 6 12.707 0.590 0.241 12.680 2 Standard 6 0.05 0.083 0.034 0.00 3 100mg 6 6.98 1.113 0.45 7.080 4 150mg 6 4.12 0.595 0.24 4.295

Table No 4.8 ANOVA TABLE Sl No Source of

VariationDegree of freedom

Sum of Squares

Mean square

F value

1 Treatment 3 509.16 169.722 Residuals 20 9.741 0.48713 Totals 23 518.90

348.45


Sl No Comparison Mean difference q value p value

1 Ct vs Std 12.65 44.422 *** p < 0.001 2 Ct vs 100mg 5.723 20.088 *** p < 0.001 3 Ct vs 150mg 8.582 30.120 *** p < 0.001


81

Results


82

Table No 4.10 PARAMETER 3- CLONIC PHASE

Sl No Control Std 100mg/kg 150mg/kg



Sl.No Group Samples Mean Std D SEM Median

1 Control 6 2.802 0.255 0.104 2.730 2 Standard 6 0.100 0.126 0.051 0.050 3 100mg 6 2.123 0.218 0.089 2.100 4 150mg 6 1.503 0.220 0.090 1.490

Table No 4.12 ANOVA TABLE

Sl No

Source of Variation

Degree of Freedom

Sum of Squares

Mean square

F value

1 Treatment 3 23.839 7.9462 Residuals 20 0.8883 0.0443 Totals 23 24.727

178.90


Sl No Comparison Mean difference q value p value


Results

Table No 4.14 PARAMETER-4-STUPOR

Sl.No Control Standard 100mg/kg 150mg/kg 1 152.00sec 8.00sec 98.00sec 88.00sec 2 162.00sec 10.20sec 110.00sec 110.00sec 3 182.00sec 28.00sec 120.00sec 100.00sec 4 164.00sec 34.00sec 98.00sec 96.00sec 5 184.00sec 24.00sec 120.00sec 94.00sec 6 168.00sec 41.00sec 140.00sec 92.00sec


Sl.No Group Samples Mean Std D SEM Median

1 Control 6 169.00 12.82 5.235 166 2 Standard 6 24.20 13.04 5.323 20 3 100mg 6 114.33 15.97 6.820 115 4 150mg 6 96.16 8.40 3.429 95

Table No 4.16 ANOVA TABLE Sl No Source of

Variation Degree of freedom

Sum of Squares

Mean square

F value

1 Treatment 3 64340 21447 2 Residuals 20 3301.4 165.07 3 Totals 23 67642 129.93



83

Sl No Comparison Mean difference

q value p value


Table No 4.18 Mean of all the groups for all the parameters

Results

Observed Results Of –Individual Groups.

Group Treatmaent Flexion Mean ± SEM

Extensor Mean ±SEM

Clonus Mean ±SEM

Stupor Mean ±SEM

Recovery or Death

1 Control 3.03±0.09 12.70±0.24 2.80±0.10 169.0±5.23 Recovered2 Standard 0.12±0.06 0.05±0.03 0.10±0.05 24.20±5.32 ,, 3 100mg/kg 2.33±0.10 6.98±0.45 2.12±0.08 114.3±6.52 ,, 4 150mg/kg 1.35±0.14 4.12±0.24 1.50±0.09 96.16±3.42 ,,

In control group:

Parameter 1 (flexion) – 1% tween 20 and 1ml dw/rat has been given to each rat

from 1-6 nbs. They showed tonic flexion phase for 2.96, 3.10, 2.85, 3.45, 2.96, 2.87

secs respectively.

Parameter 2(Extensor) --1% tween 20 and 1ml dw/rat has been given to each rat

from 1-6 nbs. They showed tonic extensor phase for 13.52, 12.36, 11.96, 13.10, 13.00,

12.30secs respectively.

Parameter 3(Clonus) - (1% tween 20 and 1ml dw/rat has been given to each rat

from 1-6 nbs. They showed clonus phase for 2.60, 3.10, 2.59, 3.10, 2.86, 2.56secs

respectively.

Parameter 4(Stupor) -1% tween 20 and 1ml dw/rat has been given to each rat

from 1-6 nbs. They showed, 152,162,182,164,184,168secs respectively.

In standard group:

Parameter 1 (flexion) –Standard drug Phenytoin 25mg/kg bd wt has been

administered intrapritoneally to each rat from 1-6 nbs they showed flexion phase for

0.20, 0.00, 0.35, 0.00. 0.00, 0.00secs respectively.

Parameter 2(Extensor phase) - Standard drug Phenytoin 25mg/kg bd wt has

been administered intra pritoneally to each rat from 1-6 nbs they showed extensor

phase for 0.00, 0.0, 0.10, 0.20, 0., 00, 0.00secs respectively.


84

Results


85

Parameter 3(Clonus) -Standard drug Phenytoin 25mg/kg bd wt has been

administered intrapritoneally to each rat from 1-6 nbs they showed clonus phase for

0.0, 0.30, 0.0, 0.20, 0.10, 0.00secs respectively.

Parameter 4(stupor) - Standard drug Phenytoin 25mg/kg bd wt has been

administered intrapritoneally to each rat from 1-6 nbs they showed stupor phase for 8,

10. 20, 28, 34, 24.41sec respectively.

In group third:

Parameter 1-(flexion)-Alcoholic extract of musta 100mg /kgbd wt has been

administered orally to each rat from 1-6 no.They showed flexion phase for 2.6, 1.96,

2.1, 2.6, 2.4, 2.36secs respectively.

Parameter 2-(extensor)-Alcoholic extract of musta 100mg /kgbd wt has been

administered orally to each rat from 1-6 no.They showed extensor phase for

5.23, 8.63, 7.23, 6.93, 6.53, 7.35secs respectively.

Parameter 3-(clonus)-Alcoholic extract of musta 100mg /kgbd wt has been

administered orally to each rat from 1-6 no.They showed clous phase for 1.95, 2.10,

2.40, 2.35, 2.10, 1.84secs respectively.

Parameter 4(stupor)-Alcoholic extract of musta 100mg /kgbd wt has been

administered orally to each rat from 1-6 no.They showed stupor phase for 98, 110,

120, 98, 120, 140secs respectively.

In group 4

Results


86

Parameter 1 (flexion) -Alcoholic extract of musta 150mg /kgbd wt has been

administered orally to each rat from 1-6 no. They showed flexion phase for1.83,

1.56,0.89,1.10,1.20,1.53secs respectively.

Parameter 2(extensor)- Alcoholic extract of musta 150mg /kgbd wt has been

administered orally to each rat from 1-6 no.They showed extensoe phase for

4.23,3.23,4.56,4.78,4.36,3.59secs respectively.

Parameter -3(clonus) -Alcoholic extract of musta 150mg /kgbd wt has been

administered orally to each rat from 1-6 no. They showed clonus phase for

1.25,1.64,1.56,1.84,1.31,1.42secs respectively.

Parameter 4 (stupor)- Alcoholic extract of musta 150mg /kgbd wt has been

administered orally to each rat from 1-6 no. They showed stupor phase for

85,110,100,96,94,92secs respectively.

Observed results between the groups

Parameter 1 (flexion):

When the results of the study was compared in respect to the parameter1,

flexion by the rats among the groups the fallowing observations were made and

results drawn.

Between control and minimum dose group - the mean value in secs for flexion

phase was significantly lower in minimum dose group i.e 2.33secs when compare to

control compared to control i.e 3.032 secs.

Between control and maximum dose group- the mean value in secs for flexion

phase was significantly lower in maximum dose group i.e 1.35secs when compared to

control group i.e 3.032secs

Results


87

Parameter 2 (extensor)

When the results of the study were compared in respect to the parameter2

extensor by the rats among the groups the fallowing observations were made and

results drawn.

Between control and minimum dose group- the mean value in secs for extensor

phase was significantly lower in minimum dose group i.e 6.9sec 8sec when compared

to control group 12.70secs

Between control and maximum dose group- The mean value in secs for extensor

phase was higly significantly lower in maximum dose group that is 4.12secs when

compared to control group i.e 12.70secs.

Parameter 3 – (clonus)

When the results of the study were compared in respect to the parameter 3

clonus by the rats among the groups the fallowing observations were made and results

drawn.

Between control and minimum dose group- the mean value in secs for clonus

phase was little bit lower in minimum dose group i.e 2.123sec when compared to

control group i.e 2.80secs

Between control and maximum dose group- the mean value in secs for clonus

phase was very much lower in maximum dose group i.e 1.503secs when compared to

control group i.e 2.80secs.

Parameter 4 (stupor)

When the results of the study were compared in respect to the parameter 4 stupors

by the rats among the groups the fallowing observations were made and results drawn.

Results


88

Between control and minimum dose group- the mean value in secs for stupor

phase was much lower in minimum dose group i.e 114.33secs when compared to

control group i.e 169secs

Between control and maximum dose group- the mean value in secs for stupor

phase was very much lower in maximum dose group i.e 96.16secs when compared to

control group i.e 169secs.

Observation results of the parameter –flexion

When the small result of the study was compared in respect to the all

parameter by the rats amongst untreated and treated group at different doses the

following observations were made and the results drawn.

Between control and minimum dose - from the ANOVA table it may be seen

that the mean seconds observed for the flexion phase in the group third that is

100mg/kg bd wt was highly significant when compared to control group.

Between control and maximum dose - from the ANOVA table it may be seen

that the mean seconds observed for the flexion phase in the group fourth that is


Observation results of the parameter -extensor


that the mean seconds observed for the extensor phase in the group third that is



that the mean seconds observed for the extensor phase in the group fourth that is


Results


89

Observation results of the parameter-clonus


that the mean seconds observed for the clonus phase in the group third that is



that the mean seconds observed for the clonus phase in the group fourth that is


Observation results of the parameter-stupor


that the mean seconds observed for the stupor phase in the group third that is



that the mean seconds observed for the stupor phase in the group fourth that is


Results

Graph 1- Flexion Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Control Groups.

Flexion

01234

1 2 3 4 5 6

Rat

Sec

Graph 2 –Flexion Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Standard Group

Flexion

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

1 2 3 4 5 6

Rat

Sec


90

Results

Graph 3 –Flexion Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Extract 100 mg

Flexion

00.5

11.5

22.5

3

1 2 3 4 5 6

Rat

Sec

Graph 4 –Flexion Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Extract 150 mg

Flexion

00.5

11.5

2

1 2 3 4 5 6

Rat

Sec


91

Results

Graph 5 - Extensor Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Control Groups

Extensor

1111.5

1212.5

1313.5

14

1 2 3 4 5 6

Rat

Sec

Graph 6 –Extensor Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Standard Group

Extensor

00.05

0.10.15

0.20.25

1 2 3 4 5 6

Rat

Sec


92

Results

Graph 7 –Extensor Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Extract 100 mg

Extensor

0

2

4

6

8

10

1 2 3 4 5 6

Rat

sec

Graph 8 –Extensor Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Extract 150 mg

Extensor

0123456

1 2 3 4 5 6

Rat

sec

___________________________________________________________ _____

Anti epileptic effect of Musta

93

Results

Graph 9 - Clonus Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Control Groups

Clonus

01234

1 2 3 4 5 6

Rat

sec

Graph 10 –Clonus Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Standard Group

Clonus

00.10.20.30.4

1 2 3 4 5 6

Rat

sec


94

Results

Graph 11–Clonus Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Extract 100 mg

Clonus

0

1

2

3

1 2 3 4 5 6

Rat

sec

Graph 12 –Clonus Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Extract 150 mg

Clonus

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

1 2 3 4 5 6

Rat

sec


95

Results

Graph 13 - Stupor Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Control Groups

Stupor

050

100150200

1 2 3 4 5 6

Rat

sec

Graph 14 –Stupor Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Standard Group

Stupor

01020304050

1 2 3 4 5 6

Rat

sec


96

Results

Graph 15–Stupor Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Extract 100 mg

Stupor

0

50

100

150

1 2 3 4 5 6

Rat

sec

Graph 16 –Stupor Phase Observed in Individual Rat of Extract 150 mg

Stupor

0

50

100

150

1 2 3 4 5 6

Rat

sec


97

Results

Graph 17 – Mean Flexion phase observed between the Groups.

Flexon

0

1

2

3

4

Control Standard Ext-100 mg Ext –150 mg

Group

Sec

Graph 18 – Mean Extensor phase observed between the Groups.

Extensor

05

1015

Control Standard Ext-100 mg Ext –150mg

Group

Sec


98

Results

Graph 19 – Mean Clonus phase observed between the Groups.

Clonus

0123


Group

Sec

Graph 20 – Mean Stupor phase observed between the Groups.

Stupor

0

50

100

150


Group

Sec


99

Discussion

_________________________________________________ ______ Anti epileptic effect of Musta

100

DISCUSSION

The history of medicinal science begins from the Vedas itself

Ayurveda is considered as the Upaveda or Upang of Atharvaveda.

Maximal electric shock induced albino rats, an experimental study” an attempt

is made to evaluate it.

In Charaka samhita chikitsa sthana 10th chapter we find the reference of

Mustadigana for Apasmara as Abhyantar chikitsa.

In Sushruta samhita uttara tantra 61st chapter we find reference of

Mustadigana for Apasmara as Abhyantar chikitsa.

In Vangasen and Yogaratnakar there is reference of musta as single drug for

Apasmara chikitsa in the form of Nasya.

In the present study we have choosen Maximal Electric Shock inducing

method to induce the epileptic seizures, by applying a 50mA current for 0.2

seconds through ear electrodes by a commercially available Electro-

convulsiometer.

This method is simple, convenient, and accurate and we can correlate with

Grandmal Epilepsy.

In this we have taken 4 groups 1st group is control, 2nd group is standard drug

treated group, third group extract given in minimum dose that is 100mg/kg

body wt and 4th group extract given in maximum dose that is 150mg/kg body

wt.

Therapeutic dose of alcoholic extract of Musta was taken from the Indian

journal of natural products that is 100mg/kg body wt in rats. In this study we

have taken maximum dose as 150mg of alcoholic extract to get the good

therapeutic effect.

Discussion


101

Ayurveda describes specific class of drug for specific conditions may be

regarding health and for management of various psychological and

psychosomatic problems.

The drug, which is used for promotion and management of mental status, are

named as Medya dravyas.

Literally Medya means which are beneficial for the improvement of Dhe,

Dhruti and Smruti.

After screening of Samhita and Nighantu we find many drugs having the

Medya properties .One among them is Musta (Cyperus rotundus).

Ayurveda describes specific class of drugs for specific conditions like

Rasayana for general disability, Vajeekarana for sexual disorders,

Vedanastapak and Shothahar for pain so and so.

In the same way for the management of mental disorder i e Manasika rogas

they are grouped under the heading of Sanjnastapan, Apasmarahar, and Medya

etc.

As such Musta (Cyperus rotundus) is not included in any above said group but

reference says that it is very beneficial in case of common mental disorder like

Epilepsy.

Charka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Vangasen and Yogaratnakar highlight anti

epileptic action of musta.

Musta (Cyperus rotundus) posses Katu, Tikta, Kashayarasa, Katu vipak, laghu

rooksha guna, Sheetaveerya and Kaphapitta and Rakta shamak properties.

According to some authors musta is having Medya action, by BhavPrakash

and Mahoushadhi nighantu.

Discussion


102

By seeing the previous research works on Apasmara one can come to know

that more research works are done on noted Medya drugs like Vacha, Bramhi

and Shankpushpi etc. But there are very less research work on Musta (Cyperus

rotundus) as anti epileptic or Apasmarahar.

So in the present study “Anti epileptic effect of Musta (Cyperus rotundus) in

maximal electric have taken distilled water as a vehicle.

Oral route was chosen for administration of test drug.

We have used 1% tween 20 for dissolving the extract in distill water. Now

question arises can we use this agents or not? So for the 1st group we have

given 1% tween 20 +1 ml water per rat to rule out any anti epileptic effect of

the same.

Extract was administered orally 30min before the induction of Epilepsy.

All the parameters in control group showed no statistical significance this

showed that there was no effect of 1%twin 20+ distill water.

All the parameters in treated group showed highly significant results, this

showed that the alcoholic extract of Musta is therapeutically effect in

Epilepsy.

The therapeutic effect of the drug in the entire study, test drug treated was

lesser than standard drug treated group.

Mode of action -To act on Sanjnavaha srotas the drug should be explained

under the heading of Medya, Sanjnastapana etc and this Medya and

Sanjnastapan actions are attributed to the Prabhav of the drug .So in this study

also Musta has not explained under any Medya or Sanjnastapan group. So this

Apasmarahar or anti epileptic activity may be due to Prabhav only.

Discussion


103

Medya action of any drug is Prabhav janya because some drugs have Madhur

rasa Madhur vipak and Sheetaveerya where some have titka katu rasa katu

vipak and usnaveerya.

According to Brahatrayis this Musta is having rasayan properties so used in so

many rasayan preparations as one of the ingredient. Rasayan drugs mainly

does the Srothovishodhan, Agnisandheepan; Dhatuprinan there by it acts as

Medya dravya. The goal of rasayan karma is Medha vruddhi.

As the Musta has Kaphahar property, it helps in removing the excessive

tamodosha which is a cause for Smruti nash. This tamodosha vitiates because

of kapha dosha due to ashray ashrayi bhav.

Even the Musta has the rasayan property as we know the resultant of rasayan

we get deerghayu, medha and bala.

At last we can say that the mode of action of all Apasmarahar or Sajnastapan

or Medya drugs act by virtue of their nature or Prabhava. Their influence on

brain is not explainable in the terms of rasapanchak and threedosh siddhanth.

By the present study one can say that Musta is having Apasmarahar or anti

epileptic property apart from Grahi, Agnideepak, Pachak, jwarhar etc

properties

Musta possess katu titka kashaya rasa, katu vipak, but sheethveerya, which

seem to be vichitra prathyarabdha. Though having sheetaveerya and katu

vipak it does kapharan and Pittaharan instead of kapha prakopa and Pitta

prakopa respectively.

According to modern science anti epileptic molecule should have some

properties like GABA inhibitors etc here Musta is having a compound called

isocurcumenol, which acts as GABA inhibitor.

Conclusion

__________________________________________________________ ______ Anti epileptic effect of Musta

104

CONCLUSION

Screening anti epileptic drug is very rare from Ayurvedic faculty till now only

few drugs like Brahmi, Vacha had been screened.

Musta is highlighted as an anti epileptic in Bhrahatrayies.

Vangasen and Yogaratnakar highlighted its anti epileptic activity.

Musta is having katu tikta kashaya rasa katu vipak and sheetveerya.

Musta belongs to cyperaceae family and genus cyperus.

The useful part rhizomes were collected and confirmed.

The coarse powder was extracted with ethyl alcohol by soxhlet extraction.

Preliminary phytochemical study of extract was carried out.

As per the phytochemical investigations sterols, triterpenoids, carbohydrates,

saponins, Alkaloids, flavonoids and proteins are present in the alcoholic extract.

Rats were selected randomly weighing between 110-180gms.

Electro convulsiometer is used to induce seizure, 150mA current for 0.2secs

was given to induce seizures in rats.

Alcoholic extract 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg body wt was given to third and

fourth group respectively. Therapeutic effect for Epilepsy was observed in both

the groups

Musta in higher dose showed highly significant result for the treatment for

Epilepsy?

This anti epileptic effect may be due to presence of a sesquiterpene called

isocurcumenol which inhibits 3 (H) Ro15 -1788,binding and enhance 3(H)

flunitrazepam binding in the presence of GABA

Conclusion

__________________________________________________________ ______ Anti epileptic effect of Musta

105

These results suggest that isocurcumenol may serve as a benzodiazepine

receptor agonist and allosterically modulate GABA ergic neurotransmission via

enhancement of endogenous receptor ligand binding.

Musta is an anti epileptic agent which is established through this experimental

study

SCOPE FOR FUTURE STUDY

The study was conducted with one paradigm, i e MES method, other paradigm

like Strychnine induced, Kindling etc can be tested.

The 3rd level research can be carried out to evaluate the effect of Musta as an

anti epileptic clinically with a large sample size.

Studies to evaluate the effect of GABA inhibition and benzodiazepine receptor

agonist will be beneficial.

Aqueos extract and other Ayurvedic formulations like kwath etc of Musta to

be tried for their anti epileptic activity.

Summary

________________________________________________________ ________ __Anti epileptic effect of Musta

106

SUMMARY

• Very commonly available Musta has been taken for very common disorder

like Epilepsy but rarely screened by Ayurvedic faculty.

• Musta was procured from reliable sources.

• Alcoholic extract was collected through classical soxhlet method and

modified to homogenize form for easy and convenient to administer.

• Animals were randomly selected and subjected to Epileptic attacks through

electro convulsiometer.

• All the parameters were observed and results were drawn.

• The results were statistically analyzed and significance was elicited using

‘ANOVA’ by ‘t’ test.

• Both the test group showed effective results in respect to the 4 parameters

Flexion

Extensor

Clonus

Stupor

• Higher dose of Musta extract was more effective than normal dose.

Bibliography


107

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192) Brains Diseases of the nervous system.Chapter 22nd .John Walton editor.10th ed.

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Annexure


120

Annexure

Table3.1 Protocol of experimental study:

Time (sec) in various phases of convulsions Group Sl. No. Dose

Flexion Extensor Clonus Stupor Recovery/Death

1 2 3 4 5

1.Control

6 1 2 3 4 5

2.Phenytoin (25mg/kg) Standard

6 1 2

3 4 5

3.Alcoholic extract of

Musta 100mg/kg body wt

6 1 2

3 4 5

4. Alcoholic extract of Musta 150

mg/kg body wt

6

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Slokas

• • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • •• • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • •• •• • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • •• • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • ••• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• •• • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • •• • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • •• • • • •• •• • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • •• • • • •• • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • •• • • • • • •• • •• • • • •• • •• • • •• • • • • •• • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •


Slokas

Slokas of Apasmar •• • • •• • • • ••• • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • •• • •• • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• •• • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • •• • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • •• • • •• • • •• • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • ••• • •• • • • • • •• • •• • • • •• • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • •• • •• • • •• • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • ••• • • •• •• • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • •• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • •• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • •• • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • ••• • • •• • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• •• • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • •• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • •• • •• • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • ••• • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • •• • • • • •• • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •


Slokas

• • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • •• • •• • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • •• • •• • • • •• • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • •• •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • ••• • •• • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • •• • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • •• •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••••••••• •••


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