anywave transmitter efficiency 2016.01 v2

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COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

PRESENTATION TITLE:

Transmitter designs to reduce the cost of ownership

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“Cost of ownership” is the estimate of all direct and indirect costs associated with an asset or acquisition over it‘s entire life cycle.

What is “Cost of Ownership” and “Figure of Merit Efficiency”

“Figure of Merit Efficiency” is the estimate of Total Transmitted Power Output versus Total Energy to operate the Transmitter.

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RentFloor space required and heat into room (AC requirements)

Service

Robustness, Redundancy, Access, Ease of Maintenance

MaintenanceRoutine planned, Preventative, Retrospective, Remote Control/Diagnostics

Off AirRedundancy

PowerConsumption of the Amplifier, still key cost of a stationTypically makes up 70% of a stations expenses

Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters

MAJOR FACTORS EFFECTING COST OF OWNERSHIP

POWER CONSUMPTION IS THE BIGGEST FACTOR CONCERNING THE COST OF OWNERSHIP

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More than 80% (typically)of network operators costs relate to power consumption

Most power is consumed

by the RF power amplifier devices.

Standard Class A/B design transmittersoperate with poor efficiency due to the high peak to average ratio. Typical Class A/B transmitter system efficiency is between 14-20% *

Amplifiers operate at highest efficiencyat saturation point


THE FINAL POWER AMPLIFIER IS THE BIGGEST FACTOR FOR TRANSMITTER EFFICIENCY

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A Brief history of amplifier devices

What technology to choose for the best efficiency

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LDMOSTransistor

Tianjin Radio and Television Tower

First there were Vacuum tubes Klystrons Tetrodes Diacrodes Klsytrodes IOT’s

The came Transistors 1960 – 2015 Significant increase in power capability Employed initially in VHF then in the 70’s to UHF Big effect on Power handling and Performance

LDMOS; Laterally Diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor Today: LDMOS provides 250-300W Average power per pallet ( and up to 2kW per chassis)

Klystron

IOT


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Tianjin Radio and Television Tower


ReceiverKLYSTRON

IOT

25-30,000 Volts 50 Volts

Choice of Amplifying device

6 Devices / AmplifierTypically 2 – 20 amplifiers per transmitter

300W LDMOSTRANSISTOR

SizeSafety

RedundancyEfficiency ?

Complexity• 6 PSU• 15 Protection

mechanisms• 3 cooling

systems• Low gain• Very High

Voltage

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4

25

1618

20 21

50

42

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KLYSTRON TRANSISTOR TETRODE KLYSTRON MSDC IOT DIACRODE MSDC IOT DRAIN MODULATION DOHERTY TRANSISTOR

Device Electrical Efficiency (ATSC Signal)

Electrical Efficiency (ATSC Digital)

1960’s 1970’s 1975 1985 1990 1994 2009 2011 2011

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The choice now is what type of transistor amplifier to use…

So Vacuum Tubes are finally put to rest!

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Solid State Transistorized TransmittersAlmost all transmitters are now employing transistors

Class A/B

Significant improvements from 5% to 20% system efficiency

Standard Class A/B design transmittersAre no longer going to be used because of significant technology innovations


Three choices available

Class A/B

Envelope Modulation

Doherty Modulation

Class A/B

EnvelopeModulation

DohertyModulation

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Receiver

Energy Dissipated as Heat

Transmitted Radio Signal

EnvelopeModulation

Drain Modulation (Envelope Modulation)

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Receiver

V DC


Modulator/Exciter

~ 30% Efficiency70% Wasted energy as heat

A1Class A/B Amplifier


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DC-DC Converter

~ 33% Efficiency67% Wasted energy as heat

Average Power Tracking

A1

V DC

Modulator/Exciter

Class A/B Amplifier


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Class A/B Amplifier

Envelope Detector

Envelope doesn’ttrack to zero ~ 44% Efficiency

56% Wasted energy as heat

Envelope Power Tracking

A1

Modulator/Exciter

DC-DC Converter

V DC


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Class A/B

Class A/B

Efficiency 28%Temperature 75ᴼ C

Average Junctiontemperature 140 ᴼ C

Drain Modulation

Drain Modulation




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William Doherty - 1936

Bell Labs (Western Electric) Successful developments by Continental Electronics (James B. Weldon / Joseph Sainton) 50kW AM transmitters Various versions including parallel Class AB and C tubes (Continental 317C) 9 tubes versus RCA’s 32 tubes!

Follow on development by NXP (Ex-Philips) LDMOS design using standard format two transistor pallet Current models BLF888B (Narrowband) and BLF888D (Broadband) – 250W output (average

power – UHF) Up to 55% Drain Efficiency (at the transistor)

Doherty Modulation

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WilkinsonSplitter

0ᴼ

90ᴼ

Main PA = Class A/B Carrier Amplifier

90ᴼPhase Shift

Matching Section

Output

Input

Identical amplifiers (in phase and gain), but the Peak PA is biased in Class C, which means that V g < V pinchoff

A1

A2

Peak PA = Class C (Peaking amplifier)

Doherty Modulation

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WilkinsonSplitter

0ᴼ

90ᴼ

Main PA = Class A/B Carrier Amplifier

Peak PA = Class C (Peeking amplifier)

90ᴼPhase Shift

Matching Section

Output

Input

A1

A2

At Low PowerThe Main PA is ONThe Peak PA is OFF

Z1 = 100 Ω

Z2 = 25 Ω

Zout = 50 ΩZout² = Z1 x Z2

Dependent on Operating Frequency

Doherty Modulation

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Curtesy of NXP

Doherty Modulation using BLF888D

Wide band combiner

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Temperature

Class A/B

Class A/B



Drain

Drain



Doherty

Doherty



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Doherty ModulationStructureNo change in the architecture of the transmitter

Number of Components

No additional components

ConsumptionSignificantly higher efficiency

ReliabilitySignificantly lower junction temperature; leading to higher MTBF

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Nothing is for free!

Increased Intermodulation Distortion (IMD)

Increased Signal to Noise (SNR)

Bandwidth limitations

Doherty Modulation

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Performance Comparison between Class A/B and DOHERTY Amplification

1kW UHF OFDM AMPLIFIER

Shoulders BEFORE correction

Shoulders AFTER correction

Difference

MER BEFORE correction

MER AFTER correction

Difference

24dB

42dB

18dB

21dB

39dB

18dB

17dB

39dB

21dB

14dB

36dB

22dB

With DOHERTY Modulation correction has to work 3 – 4dB harder

Class A/B DOHERTY

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Efficiency Calculation – ANYWAVE® MPTV Series with DOHERTY Technology vs. Market average Air Cooled Transmitter

MPTV Series with DOHERTY Technology

Market Average Transmitter

Pin

Pout

Power Efficiency

Required Energy/Year 24/7

Expected Energy Costs at

$0.12 / Year 24/7

Saved Energy Costs / Year

Energy Costs in 5 Years

Saved Energy Costs in 5 Years

4246 W

1550 W

36.5%

37195 KW/h

$4,463

$3,684

$22,315

$18,420

7750 W

1550 W

20.0%

67890 KW/h

$8,147

$40,735

Five to Six Years for complete capital investment pay off

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MPTV Series with DOHERTY Technology

Market Average Transmitter

Pin

Pout

Power Efficiency

Required Energy/Year 24/7

Expected Energy Costs at

$0.12 / Year 24/7

Saved Energy Costs / Year

Energy Costs in 5 Years

Saved Energy Costs in 5 Years

1940 W

640 W

33%

16994 KW/h

$2,039

$2,166

$10,195

$10,830

4000 W

640 W

16.0%

35040 KW/h

$4,205

$21,025

Efficiency Calculation – ANYWAVE® LPTV Series with DOHERTY Technology vs. Market average Air Cooled Transmitter

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DOHERTY TECHNOLOGYmakes it possible to improve the efficiency of a broadcast amplifier

WITH COFDM (DVB-T2. ISDB-T and ATSC3.0)

efficiency increases from 20% to 40%

WITH SINGLE CARRIER SYSTEMS (ATSC 1.0)Efficiency increases from 25% to 50%

TYPICAL SAVINGS PER KILOWATT For a standard 1.5kW transmitter can be over $3,000 USD per year

SAVINGS Can equate to over 100% of capital investment in five years

Efficiencies are improved by 50%over traditional Class A/B.


Summary

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Typical Peak to Average Ratio of OFDM (ISDB-Tb) is nearly 10dB

Doherty Modulation in Analog Operation?

PeakAverage

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Typical Peak to Average Ratio of NTSC (Analog) is only 2.5dB

Doherty Modulation in Analog Operation

PeakAverage

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As no significant Peak to Average Ratio in Analog, NO Advantage in efficiency with DOHERTY

Disadvantage is still the significant non-linearity caused by the Class A/B stage

Conclusion: DOHERTY does not operate efficiently with Analog

Doherty Modulation in Analog Operation

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As DOHERTY configuration is slightly more expensive than standard Class A

Performance is compromised with DOHERTY

No efficiency improvements at lower power

ROI is less at lower power

Should DOHERTY by used at all Powers?

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Cost of Ownership

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

0.1 0.25 0.5 1 2 3 5 10 15 20 30 40 60

SA

VIN

GS

IN U

SD

TRANSMITTER OUTPUT POWER

Fixed Drain Drain Mod. Doherty

Based on 24 hours 365 days per year operation, $0.1 KW/H electricity cost.

Class A/B

Optional

Doherty

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SO WHAT ELSE EFFECTS TRANSMITTER EFFICIENCY

Fans, couplers, combiners, Power Supplies ….

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SMALL BUT NOT TO COMPACT TO LIMIT SERVICABILITYSmall footprint is good, as long as it does not impede easy access

INCREASING REDUNDANCY TO REDUCE OFF AIR TIMEMultiple amplifying devices with appropriate isolationMultiple fans with plenty of cooling headroomMultiple Power Supplies and quick release

IMPROVING EFFICIENCY OF OTHER PARTS OF THE TRANSMITTERVariable speed fansLow loss couplersHigh Efficiency (98%) Power Supplies

SYSTEM CONTROL and REMOTEEasy to read, access and diagnose

MAKE THINGS OVER SIZED TO INCREASE MTBFEnsure that everything is overrated by at least 30%Cooling, Fans, Power Supplies, cable capacities etc…

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WHAT ELSE IS IMPORTANT?

Serviceability.. Ease of access… more information to make better decisions.

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Remote Control

MONITORING

All Voltages and Currents

All Powers FWD, Reflected

Transport Stream rate

Frequency of Operation

Fan speeds

ADJUSTMENTPowerNon-Linear CorrectionLinear CorrectionExciter Main/Standby

COMPLETE REMOTE CONTROLVia RJ45Standards Web Browser

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Most improvements can be obtained with more efficient amplifiers

Other improvements are possible but have less effect

High Efficiency using DOHERTY Modulation

Compromises using DOHERTY; performance

DOHERTY not applicable at lower powers and in Analog

DOHERTY : Clearly a huge jump in technology and the future of Digital TV

Summary

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ANYWAVE About

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ANYWAVE About

Locations and Products

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ANYWAVE Locations

USA Headquarters Lincolnshire, Illinois China Headquarters Shanghai

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ANYWAVE Created in 2007

Originally LINX ELECTRONICS

Employees: 200+

30% of revenue spent on R&D

Anytime, Anyhow, Anywhere…

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Today’s Core business:

o Exciters

o Transmitters

o Gap fillers

ANYWAVEAnytime, Anyhow, Anywhere…

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VHF

UHF

All standards (ATSC, ISDB-T, DVB-T2)

Adaptive and automatic correction

Continuous measurement of SNR/IMD

Direct Digital Up-conversion.

Measures POWER, SNR and SHOULDERS.

Full remote control via web browser.

ANYWAVE Exciters

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1W 2W

20W 30W

100W 140W

200W 280W

400W 560W

800W 1000W

1200W 1500W

2000W 2500W

3000W 4000W

OFDM and ATSC average transmitter power at the output of the filter.

1W to 3000W OFDM

2W to 4000W ATSC

ANYWAVE LPTV & MPTV Transmitters

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ANYWAVE HPTV Transmitters UHF (Band IV and V)

Liquid cooled

Doherty Modulation: High Efficiency

Modular

OFDM: 800W – 6KW (2030 mm)

ATSC: 1kW - 5kW (80”)

Analog: 2kW - 8.5kW (2030 mm)

Up to 20kW digital in multiple cabinets

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ANYWAVE Containerized Transmitters Transmitters

Translators

1W to 200W

Choice of…

o RF Input

oASI Input

o Satellite Input

o CVBS/SD-SDI Input

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ANYWAVE Digital Encoders MPEG-2 / 4

SD / HD

STAT-MUX

2 – 12 Inputs

EAS Switching

Static and Dynamic PSIP

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ANYWAVE RF Filters & Components Filters

Combiners

Cables

Connectors

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ANYWAVE for all your transmission needs

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ANYWAVE

FRANK W MASSAINTERNATIONAL SALES MANAGERANYWAVE COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES CO. LTD

300 KNIGHTSBRIDGE PARKWAY, 53/64 SARACHA VILLA, SANSUKLINCOLNSHIRE, IL 60069-3655, USA MUANG CHONBURI Thailand

SEND US AN [email protected]

CALL US(+66) 83 618 9333

(+1) 831 264-4159

VISIT OUR WEBSITEwww.anywavecom.com/en

For Product Inquiries, please don’t hesitate to contact us.

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

ANYWAVE

ANYWAVE COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES CO. LTD

300 KNIGHTSBRIDGE PARKWAY,LINCOLNSHIRE, IL 60069-3655, USA