A P P S Y C H O L O G YM S . N E L S O N

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

DSM -IV

DSM-IV

•Official diagnostic manual for mental issues• International and USA• Published by American Psychiatric Association•New one published (DSM-V) in 2012• Expensive• Changes

AXIS I

•List clinical disorders•Complex detail of possible disorders

•Can be more than one disorder•Must be justified•Principle diagnosis

AXIS II

•Personality disorders•Mental retardation• Intellectually disabling issues•Must be separated from diagnosis

AXIS III

•General medical conditions•Sever allergies, diabetes, injuries

•May be separate or may effect behavior

AXIS IV

• Environmental issues• Living conditions

• Psychosocial issues• Family problems

•May affect mental state

AXIS V

•Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)• Clinician assigned score• Continuum of 0-100• 100 being superior functioning• 70 known as mild symptoms• 20 danger of hurting self or others• Based on mental health only

DSM CLASSIFICATION

• Number system• Severity specified during diagnosis• Mild• Moderate• severe

• If criteria is no longs met• In Partial Remission• In Full Remission• Prior History

CHILDHOOD DIAGNOSIS

• Infancy, childhood or puberty• Retardation and Learning Disorders•Motor skill or Communication Disorders• Autistic/Asperger’s Continuum• Feeding/Elimination • ADD/ADHD• Tick Disorders

COGNITIVE DISORDERS

•Delirium, dementia, amnestic• Physical deterioration of brain• Aging or disease• Effect of alcoholism, drug addiction • Toxic substances• Inability to “think straight” (delirium)• Loss of memory (dementia)

SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS

• Caused by dependence on chemicals•Dependence vs. abuse•Drugs, alcohol, stimulants, tobacco• Behavior & addiction of specific drug• Behavior related to the addiction process

SCHIZOPHRENIA & PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS

• Severe abnormalities in behavior that interfere with daily functioning• Thinking, perception, movement, motivation, emotion

•Delusions: • Inflated power or worth• Persecution, cheated, followed• Spectrum of intensity

MOOD DISORDERS

• Affective disorders• Severe disturbances in mood•Depression•Mania•Over-excitement•Manic depression/bipolar• Alternating episodes of depression & mania

ANXIETY DISORDERS

•Unrealistic fears or phobia •Generalized feelings of dread• Panic attach-physical chemical reaction•Obsessive compulsive behavior• rituals of thought or actions•Used to control anxiety•Often caused by traumatic event

SOMATOFORM DISORDERS

•Physical symptoms with no apparent physical cause•Hypochondriac: unusual preoccupation with health•Pain disorder•Example: blindness, paralysis

FACTITIOUS DISORDERS

• Intentional false mental or physical disorder•Under the person’s control•Used to meet a psychological need• To assume the role of a “sick person”• To avoid responsibilities or financial gain

DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER

• Psychologically caused problems of• Consciousness• Self-identification• Loss of memory• Amnesia•Development of more than one identity•Multiple personality

SEXUAL & GENDER IDENTITY

• Unusual objects or situations sexually arousing• Fetish: baby carriages, shoes• Exhibitionism• Pedophilia, sadism

• Unsatisfactory sexual activity• Dysfunction, addiction, pain

• Gender identity issues• sexuality• Roles and behavior

• Changes in DSM

EATING DISORDERS

•Anorexia Nervosa•Bulimia Nervosa•Binging•Connection to trauma•Brain chemistry

SLEEP DISORDERS

•Problems with sleep/wake cycle•Seasonal Affective Disorder•Narcolepsy•Breathing related sleep disorder•Parasomnias•Night terror, nightmares•Sleepwalking

IMPULSE CONTROL

•Compulsive behavior•Gambling•Kleptomania: stealing•Pyromania: arson•Trichotillomania: pulling out hair•Thrill seeking•Chemical reaction

ADJUSTMENT DISORDER

•Failure to adjust to life events•Divorce, financial problems, family discord

•Emotions and depression•Cause and effect•Symptoms do NOT represent grieving stages

PERSONALITY DISORDERS

• Enduring patterns of inner experience of behavior that deviates from social culture• Cognition of self and others• Affectivity: range, intensity,

appropriateness• Interpersonal functioning• Impulse control

• Must exhibit at least two of the above

CLUSTER A-BEGINNING IN EARLY ADULTHOOD

• Paranoid • Distrust/suspiciousness of others• Interpreted as malevolent behavior

• Schizoid• Detachment for social relationships• Restricted range of expressions of emotions

• Schizotypal• Social/interpersonal deficits• Eccentric behavior

CLUSTER B-PUBERTY ONSET

• Antisocial• Disregard for and violation of the rights of

others• Borderline• Instability of interpersonal relationships & self-

image• Histrionic• Excessive emotionality and attention seeking

• Narcissistic• Grandiose need for admiration, lack of empathy

CLUSTER C-CHILDHOOD ONSET

• Avoidant• Social inhibition, hypersensitive, feelings

of inadequacy • Dependent• Need to be taken care of, clinging

behavior, fears• Obsessive-compulsive• Preoccupation with orderliness,

perfectionism, control, lack of flexibility

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTIVE HEALTH

• Problems related to abuse or neglect• Relational issues• Medication induced• True physical problems• Headaches, high blood pressure, muscle ache

• Caused or worsened by psychological factors• Anxiety or worry

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• DSM IV, American Psychiatric Association. 1994.