apa (6 edition) a concise guidepdmresearch.wits.ac.za/...resources_1524552382.pdf · american...

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APA (6th Edition)Referencing

A Concise Guide

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American Psychological Association (APA) Referencing

WSG uses the American Psychological Association (APA) publication style guide. For the purposes of the Diploma modules, the style guide is particularly important in terms of ref-erencing. No other referencing system will be accepted, and you are required to become familiar with creating in-text citations, as well as how to build an accurate reference list.

This publication provides examples of the most likely reference types that you will need in order to write assignments for the WSG.

A full reference style guide is available at

www.apastyle.org.

A comprehensive guide on referencing using APA is available on the Mendeley website:

https://www.mendeley.com/guides/apa-citation-guide

Many universities have resources on APA referencing, and it would be reinventing the wheel to try to replicate the good work that others have done. Make use of Google and find resources on reference, but make sure that they are edition 6. Many institutions have references that go back to previous versions, which have not been updated.

In this document, examples of passages with citations included are shown in blue text. The corresponding example of a reference list entry is shown in green. Examples of the basic form of a reference entry are shown in purple:

In order to enable a common ground for groups of students to engage a higher level of academic discussion, informed by learned theory as well as lived experience, curricula must ensure a common foundation of concept and discourse as a starting point (Betts, 2008).

Betts, S. C. (2008). Teaching and assessing basic concepts to ad-vanced applications: Using Bloom’s taxonomy to inform gradu-ate course design. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, 12 (3), 99–107.

Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Title of article. Name of journal, Volume Number [issue or part number, optional], page num-bers. DOI or Retrieved from URL

Example passage

Example reference list entry

Example basic form of a reference

This guide was written by Murray Cairns with input from a range of WSG academics.

Wits School of Governance

APA Referencing - Concise Guide

American Psychological Association (APA) Referencing 2

The basic principles of APA citation and referencing. 4

Referencing sources where there is more than one author 4

Re-using a reference already cited in the text 5

Citing secondary sources (A, YYYY, cited by B, YYYY) 6

When is it necessary to cite secondary sources? 6

Referencing multiple publications to support a particular argument or statement. 7

Basic citation styles 7

The Reference list and the DOI 8

Basic Form of a DOI 8

Reference List – referencing different kinds of resources 9

Referencing Journal Articles 9

Books authored by one author. 10

Referencing an e-book or e-book chapter 11

Referencing a newspaper article 12

How to reference a website 12

Referencing acts of parliament 12

In text citation: 12

Referencing an online blog 13

Referencing personal communications 13

Referencing research participants 14

Reference list 15

Referencing software 16

Contents



The basic principles of APA citation and referencing.

APA uses a surname (date) convention for in-text citation. The combination of these two pieces of data should refer to a unique entry on the reference list.

The principle here is that a reader should be able to identify the full reference in the reference list from the surname and year citation, and be able to follow the full reference to access the original text that was read by the writer.

In order to enable a common ground for groups of students to engage a higher level of academic discussion, informed by learned the-ory as well as lived experience, curricula must ensure a common foundation of concept and discourse as a starting point (Betts, 2008).

In this example the reference is fully in parenthesis. The sen-tence makes a statement, and the reference gives it authority and acknowledges the source.

There are no initials, only the surname and year of publication in the citation. The reference list entry has the full information to find the source.

Note that the title of the work has the first letter capitalised, and the rest in lower case, and then after the colon, the first letter capitalised, EXCEPT for proper nouns (eg. Bloom).

Betts, S. C. (2008). Teaching and assessing basic concepts to advanced applica-tions: Using Bloom’s taxonomy to in-form graduate course design. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, 12 (3), 99–107.

If there are up to two authors, you must cite both authors each time you reference their publication.

A key foundation for rigorous research is the development of a comprehensive literature re-view (Boote & Beile, 2005).

In the example below, Betts (2008) is referenced as an authority in the paragraph, and the entry alongside is how the reference list entry would appear.

In your text you provide a key which the reader can use to find the full reference in the reference list, which appears at the end of your document

If there are up to five authors for a publication, you should cite all the authors, and the year of publica-tion the first time you reference it. Thereafter you can use et al., followed by the year. Both examples are provided below:

Facione, Facione and Giancarlo (2000) argue that a linkage between internal motivation to problem solve and critical thinking is tenuous.

Fancione et al. (2000) argue that a linkage be-tween internal motivation to problem solve and critical thinking is tenuous.

Referencing sources where there is more than one author

Notice the use of the authors’ surnames in the structure of the sentence – in which case you put the year in parenthesis.



Note the quote marks for ‘in-tellectual character’ – which acknowledges that these words are a direct quote from Facione et al.(2000) and that the page number is also pro-vided (p. 61).

Re-using a reference already cited in the text

Once you have cited a multi-author source, thereafter you can use ‘et al.’. ‘Et al.’ is an abbreviation for ‘et alia’ which is Latin for ‘and others’, In terms of APA publication style guide rules, all words that are not English must be presented in italics. Note that citations and references are the exception, and they are presented in normal text.

A better way of developing critical thinking skills would be to develop strategies for “in-tellectual character” rather than focusing pri-marily on cognitive skill (Facione et al., 2000, p. 61).

It is mandatory to include a page number where you have a direct quote (even if it is only one word) from an author. If you are ref-erencing an issue from a particular page, you should reference the page. If you are working with the argument as presented in a whole article or book, you would not include page numbers.

If the publication has six or more authors, you provide the first author surname only followed by ‘et al.’ and the year of publication.

Reading articles from roughly ten years ago on public health and the HIV and AIDS epi-demic in South Africa (Chopra et al., 2009), and considering where we are now is instruc-tive in terms of understanding how we have moved as a society both in terms our develop-ment narrative, as well as the likelihood of us achieving our MDG goals.

This article actually has 13 authors. Only the first is listed in the in-text citation. Notice that not all 13 authors are listed in the reference list either. Only the first six, followed by ‘...’ and the last author.

Chopra, M., Lawn, J. E., Sanders, D., Bar-ron, P., Abdool Karim, S. S., Bradshaw, D., … Coovadia, H. (2009). Achieving the health millennium development goals for South Africa: Challenges and priorities. Lancet, 374 (9694), 1023–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61122-3

Where your reference list contains more than one article from an author in the same year, you would a list them, with an alphabet-ic identifier for each of the articles published in the same year. This identifier would be used both in the in-text citation, as well as the reference list. Eg.:

(Author, 2018a)

(Author, 2018b)



Citing secondary sources (A, YYYY, cited by B, YYYY)

‘Secondary’ sources in this context are sources which you have not read yourself, but which are refer-enced, and perhaps quoted in the sources that you have read. In some instances you want to use and acknowledge the work of the secondary source. The example below shows you how to do it.

Note the different ways in which referencing is used in the pas-sage above. In the one instance, we are not using a direct quote from Goffman, so we only need to acknowledge that Harwood & Petric cite Goffman. In the other case, we are using a direct quote from Goffman that was cited in the Harwood & Petric arti-cle, in which case we need to provide page numbers (ALWAYS include the page number that you got the quote from).

When is it necessary to cite secondary sources?

Sometimes you need to reference an authori-ty that appears in another author’s work. For instance, in Harwood & Petric’s (2011) work on student citing behaviours, key reference is made to the work of Goffman’s 1959 publica-tion on citations as student identifiers of ‘en-acted performance’. Unfortunately we do not have access to the 1959 publication, though it is critical in terms of understanding the con-cept of ‘enacted performance’ and how it in-forms the way in which people engage and manipulate the perceptions of others around them through their actions and rituals. The conceptual importance of Goffman’s work is that people will adopt different modes of ac-tion, activity, dress, language and identifying rituals, depending on what is most expedient at a particular time to influence others’ percep-tions of them in terms of performance (Goff-man, 1959, cited in Harwood & Petric, 2011). By definition, performance is defined as “all the activity of a given participant on a given occasion which serves to influence in any way any of the other participants” (Goffman, 1959, p.26 cited in Harwood & Petric, 2011, p. 56).

Harwood, N., & Petric, B. (2011). Perfor-mance in the citing behavior of two student writers. Written Communi-cation, 29(1), 55–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088311424133

In general, you only cite (and always only refer-ence) the authors of the publications that you have read. It is only where the work of another is impor-tant to the foundations of your argument (as is the case in the example above where the theoretical foundations for an argument are based on an im-portant source from a particular thinker) that you would reference them as being cited by an author that you have read. Note, however that in the ref-erence section, you would only reference the pub-lications that you have read yourself.

In general, you will only cite the authors you have read unless you are using a direct quote that an au-thor has quoted from another – in the case above the quote from Goffman’s work that was cited ver-batim in Harwood & Petric.

If we were to do an ‘Author A cited by Author Z’ type reference for every theory or concept that we are reading, we’d be attempting to go back to the original theorist, who may arguably be Aristotle. i.e.: Author A cited in Author B cited in Author C, cited in Author D…… all the way down the line.

If you are doing a PhD you would be required to read and reference the original, in this case Goff-man. For the purposes of the PDM and in many instances a coursework Masters, you are not nec-essarily required to read the original work.

A reference list is a list of all those sources which you have referenced in your work. A bibliography is a list of everything you have read, whether refer-enced or not, in exploring the issues in your work. For the purposes of your WSG work, you will only develop a reference list



Referencing multiple publications to support a particular argument or statement.

Multiple citations in support of one idea are all listed with-in one set of parenthesis,

Citations are listed in alpha-betical order, separated by a semi-colon. Particularly note that it is NOT in date order.

Basic citation styles

This table shows the protocol to use when citing work with one, to six or more authors. Note that it shows a parenthetical (Surname, year) format, as well as the in-citation style where the surname be-comes part of the sentence.

Type of citation First citation in text Subsequent citations in text

Parenthetical format, first citation in text

Parenthetical format. Subsequent citations in text

One work by one author

Betts (2008) Betts (2008) (Betts, 2008) (Betts, 2008)

One work by two authors

Uhl-Bien and Marion (2009)

Uhl-Bien and Marion (2009)

(Uhl-Bien & Marion, 2009)

(Uhl-Bien & Marion, 2009)

One work by three authors

Uhl-Bien, Marion, and McKelvey (2007)

Uhl-Bien et al. (2007) (Uhl-Bien, Marion, & McKelvey, 2007)

(Uhl-Bien et al., 2007)

One work by four authors

Fein, Tziner, Vasiliu, and Felea (2015)

Fein et al. (2015) (Fein , Tziner, Vasiliu, & Felea, 2015)

Fein et al. (2015)

One work by five au-thors

Husain, Mokri, Hussain, Samad, and Majid (2012)

Husain et al. (2012) (Husain, Mokri, Husain, Samad & Majid, 2012)

(Husain et al., 2012)

One work by six or more authors

Chopra et al. (2009) Chopra et al. (2009) (Chopra et al., 2009) (Chopra et al., 2009)

Groups (readily identi-fied through abbrevia-tions) as authors

South African Revenue Service (SARS, 2014)

SARS (2014) (South African Revenue Service [SARS], 2014)

(SARS, 2014)

Groups (no abbrevia-tion) as authors

National Treasury (2015) National Treasury (2015) (National Treasury, 2015) (National Treasury, 2015)

The bulk of the works used in the referencing examples given above deal with issues relat-ing to writing. Apart from the work on the role and importance of literature reviews (Boote & Beile, 2005), the rest tend to work through ways in which writers use identifiers to signal complexity in their thinking as evidenced by their writing (Betts, 2008; Facione et al., 2000; Harwood & Petric, 2011).

Note that where you are using the names as part of a sentence, and there is more than one author, but less than six, you will use the ‘and’. If you are using the parenthetical reference, you will use ‘&’.



Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number, page range. doi:0000000/000000000000 or http://doi.org/10.0000/0000

Facione, P. A., Facione, N. C., & Giancar-lo, C. A. (2000). The disposition toward critical thinking: Its charac-ter, measurement, and relationship to critical thinking skill. Informal Logic, 20, 61–84. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.05.007

Brownlie, D. (2007). Toward effective poster presentations: An annotat-ed bibliography. European Jour-nal of Marketing, 41, 1245-1283. doi:10.1108/03090560710821161

The Reference list and the DOI

All of the examples used to date have been journal articles. If you look at the reference list included on page 15, you will find them listed, in alphabetical order of the author’s surname with the full reference list entry, including the DOI (document object index) or the URL that it was retrieved from (if applicable). The DOI is an important identifier for resources that are available online, including the journal databases available to you through the Wits Library. In www-space, documents are associated to pages through HTML links called URLs. Often, the structure of a web site will change, and the links will change with the structure. Thus a link that may have worked when you first accessed an article will no longer work. For this reason, the DOI was introduced to provide a stable link that will not change, which can be used to find an article, regardless of where it is positioned on a website in terms of HTML file paths and URLs. APA 6th edition requires that you include the DOI in your reference list in order for a reader to access the article from your reference list.

In some cases the journal article will not have the DOI written on it – especially if it was published more than five years ago. In this case, you should look for the article in the journal databases, and look for the DOI at source. The DOI is not included in many Google Scholar references, so do not assume that because Google Scholar does not list the DOI it does not exist.

If you are referencing a book, or a publication that you have not sourced from an on-line source, there will be no DOI. In such cases, you will not include a DOI in your reference entry.

Most print-versions of journals are including the DOI in the print version to facilitate easy retrieval of the document. Where you are reading print version (that comes from the printed volume in a library for instance) then you should look for and include the DOI where it is included.

The way in which DOIs are presented has changed since they started being included. In 2011 the for-mat was changed to an alpha-numeric string, from the earlier verson which was an html address. You should use whichever form appears in your source.

If there is no DOI assigned, and you access the article online, APA recommends that you provide the URL to the journal’s home page.

The basic principle is that you provide as much information as you possibly can to allow a reader to find the source.

See ”How to reference a website” on page 12 to reference web pages.

Basic Form of a DOI



Reference List – referencing different kinds of resources

The way in which a reference appears in the reference list indicates the type of publication has been used.

You must take note of punctuation, and the use of italics. It is important that you get this right, and consistent throughout your reference list.

Some referencing software displays references in ways that do not conform to APA referencing style rules. This guide shows examples of errors that were made when referencing using Men-deley.

The reference list appears at the end of the document. It DOES NOT appear as footnotes. Footnotes are allowed in APA, but not for referencing. They are used to give more information on an issue that you have included in the text.

Referencing Journal Articles

Many of your references in the PDM will be for jour-nal articles. The format used for a reference list entry for a journal article is as follows:

Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Title of article. Name of journal, Volume Num-ber [issue or part number, optional], page numbers. DOI or Retrieved from URL

In the next section, a number of different publication types will be shown, and the details of how they appear in the reference list will be discussed. In all cases, look for the author in the reference list to see how the reference appears in the reference list.

Facione, P. A., Facione, N. C., & Giancar-lo, C. A. (2000). The disposition toward critical thinking: Its charac-ter, measurement, and relationship to critical thinking skill. Informal Logic, 20, 61–84. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.05.007

For instance, this example with three authors:



Books authored by one author.

Citing a book where the whole book is being ref-erenced.

If you are citing a work which is written by a single author, you would reference to the book title, not a chapter within the book:

Stuart Wells is the single author and editor of the book ‘From Sage to Artisan: the nine roles of the Value-Driven Leader’ (Wells, 1997).

Author surname, Initial(s). (Year). Title (ed.). Publisher location: Publisher

Wells, S. (1997). (Ed.). From sage to arti-san: The nine roles of the value-driven leader. Palo Alto, California: Davies-Black Publishing.

In this example, the (Ed.) denotes that the author is also the editor.

One of the chapters that Rosen included in the same book was authored by Jaakko Hintikka (Hintikka, 2000)

Hintikka, J. (2000). Questioning as a Phil-osophical Method. In S. Rosen (Ed.), Philosophy 101: Selections from the works of the western world’s greatest thinkers (1st ed., pp. 453–470). New York: Gramercy Books.

Author surname, initial(s). (Year). Chapter title. In editor initial(s). Editor surname (Ed.). Title of book (ed., pp chapter page range). Location: Publisher.

Stanley Rosen has edited a selection of chap-ters on philosophy. Rosen is the Editor – not the author, but he did author the introduction (Rosen, 2000).

Note that the chapter he wrote is in normal text, while the title of the whole work is in italics.

Note too that the surname, initial convention of the author of the chapter is reversed in the name of the editor, where it becomes initial, surname.

Rosen, S. (2000). Introduction. In S. Rosen (Ed.), Philosophy 101: Selections from the works of the western world’s great-est thinkers (1st ed., pp. xiiv–xxviii). New York: Gramercy Books.

place of publication is where the publixher is located. American cities are listed as City:State abreviation. Other cities are shown as city, country.Chicago, IL:

San Antonio, TX;

London, England;

Johannesburg, South Africa

For Chapter in an edited bookThe chapter title is in normal font, and the title of the book is in italics



Notice the differences between these two references – the same book, with chapters by different authors – note that one of the chapters is by the editor of the book, but the reference still lists the editor even though it is the same person.

Two chapters of the same book have been cited. In the refer-ence list, both chapters are listed independently, having been written by different authors, but in the same book.

Referencing an e-book or e-book chapter

Author surname, initial(s) (Ed(s).). (Year). Title (ed.). Retrieved [date] from URL

Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M., & Coyne, R.P. (2017). A guide to citation. Retrieved April 3, 2018 from https://www.mende-ley.com/reference-management/refer-ence-manager

You reference an e-book in the same way as you would a book, except that you swap the publisher name for a URL

Referencing an e-book chapter follows the same structure as an edited book chapter reference ex-cept the publisher is exchanged for a URL.

Last name of the chapter author, initial(s). (Year). Chapter title. In editor initial(s), surname (Ed.). Title (ed., pp. chapter page range). Retrieved [date] from URL

Troy, B.N. (2015). APA citation rules. In S.T, Williams (Ed.). A guide to citation rules (2nd ed., pp. 50-95). Retrieved April 3, 2018 from https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-man-ager

The guiding principle for referencing e-publications - whether an e-book, periodical or any other form of publication that is sourced in electronic rather than hard copy format is that you provide an address to retrieve it.

In many cases the URL will replace the publisher name and city of publication

It is important to accurately reference online versions of news-paper or other periodical publications which appear in both print and electronic formats. Often publishers will shorten articles, or re-paginate layouts for electronic media. For this reason it is important to reference the version that you accessed to ensure that the reader can access the same version that you read.



Referencing a newspaper article

A radio host in South Africa had the ‘plug pulled’ on her show mid-stream in the last week of March 2018 (Madibogo, 2018).

Madibogo, J. (2018, April 4) SABC waits for report on the silencing of Sakina’s mic during last show. The Sowetan, p. 3.

Newspapers and other periodical publications have a different format for the date. Because a publication may come out daily, weekly, or monthly, you need to include more information on the pub-lication date.

Author surname, initial(s). (Year, Month day). Title of article. Publication name, section and page number.

How to reference a website

Include as much information as you can to aid en-able a person to later access the same data. Often a page on a website will be moved, which will result in a URL being ‘broken’. When accessing URL ref-erences, and the reference is broken, you should attempt to find the article from the site’s home page (the part immediately after the www or http(s)/)

Referencing acts of parliament

The closest form that APA provides for Acts of Par-liament are statutes. Using the statutes form in Mendeley, the following results, which is accept-able in terms of ensuring that a reader is able to source the publication.

In the reference list you would add the act number as a Public law number (Pub. L. No.) :

In text citation:

(Name of Act, Year)

The Immigration Amendment Act provides for…(Immigration Amendment Act, 2016)…

Immigration Amendment Act, Pub. L. No. 8 (2016). South Africa. Retrieved April 4, 2018 from https://www.parliament.gov.za/storage/app/media/Docs/acts/616497_1.pdf

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of document. Re-trieved [date] from http://Web address



Referencing an online blog

Pat Thomson writes a great blog that deals with academic writing. If you are looking for inspiration or just to deepen your craft at aca-demic writing, you should have a look at what she has to say. Particularly the post on how we pull issues together for a reader and keep the reader engaged (Thomson, 2018)

Thomson, P. (2018). Your MC for this paper is... Retrieved April 5, 2018, from https://patthomson.net/2018/03/26/your-mc-for-this-paper-is/

The APA reference guide shows that a website date should have a Year, month day format for the date. When using Mendeley, this is rejected as a ‘n/d’ entry unless you only provide a year

Referencing personal communicationsIn the example below, a long quote has been used directly from the APA publication manual.

Personal Communications may be private letters, memos, some electronic communications (e.g., e-mail or messages from non-archived discussion groups or electronic bulletin boards, personal interviews, phone conversations and the like. Because they do not provide recov-erable data, personal communications are not included in the reference list. Cite personal communications in text only. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible:

T.K. Lutes (personal communication, April 18, 2001).

(APA, 2010, p. 179)

If, however the personal communication is recoverable, for instance because it has been placed in an archive, then you should reference it as archival material. Consult the APA guide at www.apa.org for details on how to do this.

Note that the quote has been shown as a block quote, indented from the left hand side, and in a clearly different font. In cases such as this (more than 40 words) you do not include quote marks. You only include quote marks where the quote is in-text.

We encourage you to use referencing software, but caution you to look carefully at the results that come out of it. In some in-stances you will need to manually correct a software-generated reference.



Referencing research participants

A fundamental principle of referencing and cita-tions is that they must point to retrievable data, based on the name of the author or originator, and the date that the data was created or published. When you are working with research respondents, you are often not able to direct the reader to the source. This may be because the respondents are anonymous, or the respondents have been guar-anteed confidentiality in the way the research re-sults are reported. For this reason you cannot list your research respondents in your reference list (Association, 2010, p. 16). In this case, you are required to prevent the reader from being able to identify the source.

Even though we may accept that you don’t ref-erence your sources, you do still have to discuss these sources. Their demographic and profes-sional profile may have an important bearing on the validity and reliability of the data that you have gathered for your research. In order to discuss your data, you should provide enough information to validate their data, or to give the reader enough context to place the data within the broad continu-um of data that is being presented, without specifi-cally identifying the person. You must use pseudo-nyms for your respondents, and inform the reader that you have done so.

For instance, “Thabo, a 24 year old customer service staff mem-ber in the department, said…..”, or “Mr T, who has a three year degree in social work was unable to engage parents of truant children in the community on the matter.”

The issue is that you are not providing enough information to identify the respondent, but you are providing enough for the reader to make sense of the responses of this respondent in comparison to other respondents.

You may include a table – NOT IN THE REFERENCE LIST – which lists all of your respondents, and when you interviewed them. Discuss this with your supervisor.



Reference list

Association, ..American Psychological. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psycho-logical Association. (...American Psycholog-ical Association, Ed.). Washington: ...Ameri-can Psychological Association.

Betts, S. C. (2008). Teaching and assessing basic concepts to advanced applications: Using Bloom’s taxonomy to inform graduate course design. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, 12 (3), 99–107.

Boote, D. N., & Beile, P. (2005). Scholars before researchers : On the centrality of the disser-tation literature review in research prepara-tion. Educational Researcher, 34(6), 3–15.

Chopra, M., Lawn, J. E., Sanders, D., Barron, P., Abdool Karim, S. S., Bradshaw, D., … Coovadia, H. (2009). Achieving the health millennium development goals for South Africa: Challenges and priorities. Lancet, 374(9694), 1023–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61122-3

Facione, P. A., Facione, N. C., & Giancarlo, C. A. (2000). The disposition toward critical thinking: Its character, measurement, and relationship to critical thinking skill. Informal Logic, 20, 61–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.05.007

Fein, E. C., Tziner, A., Vasiliu, C., & Felea, M. (2015). Considering the gap between Im-plicit Leadership Theories and expectations of actual leader behaviour: A three-study investigation of leadership beliefs in Roma-nia, 20(1), 68–87. https://doi.org/10.1688/JEEMS-2015-01-Fein

Harwood, N., & Petric, B. (2011). Performance in the citing behavior of two student writers. Written Communication, 29(1), 55–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088311424133

Hintikka, J. (2000). Questioning as a philosoph-ical method. In S. Rosen (Ed.), Philosophy 101: Selections from the works of the west-ern world’s greatest thinkers (1st ed., pp. 453–470). New York: Gramercy Books.

Husain, H., Mokri, S. S., Hussain, A., Samad, S. A., & Majid, R. A. (2012). The level of critical and analytical thinking skills among electri-cal and electronics engineering students, UKM. Asian Social Science, 8(16), 80–87. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v8n16p80

Immigration Amendment Act, Pub. L. No. 8 (2016). South Africa. Retrieved from https://www.parliament.gov.za/storage/app/media/Docs/acts/616497_1.pdf

Madibogo, J. (2018, April 4). SABC waits for re-port on the silencing of Sakina’s mic during last show. The Sowetan, p. 3.

Mitchell, J. ., Thomson, M., & Coyne, R. P. (2017). A guide to citation. Retrieved from https://www.mendeley.com/reference-man-agement/reference-manager

National Treasury. (2015). Executive summa-ry-NDP 2030 - Our future - make it work.pdf.

Rosen, S. (2000). Introduction. In S. Rosen (Ed.), Philosophy 101: Selections from the works of the western world’s greatest thinkers (1st ed., pp. xiiv–xxviii). New York: Gramercy Books.

SARS. (2014). Excise external standard account-ing for duty/levy. SARS.

Thomson, P. (2018). Your MC for this paper is... Retrieved April 5, 2018, from https://patth-omson.net/2018/03/26/your-mc-for-this-pa-per-is/

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Referencing software

There are a number of referencing programmes available which will allow you to automate your referencing, and the publication of your reference list. Note however that when articles are loaded onto the referencing software using the automatic upload functions, it is likely that the meta data that is used to load the details will be wrong. You MUST carefully check each reference as it is uploaded and make sure it is correct. Any mistakes in the reference list are your respon-sibility, not the software’s.

You might find that the software slightly alters the referencing format from that which is provided by APA itself. Either form is acceptable, but you should be sure you know where your software has made shifts in the format in case an assessor questions the change. You must also be aware that some publication types are not specifically listed in the software (for instance e-books in Mendeley). In cases where there is no particular publication type, you should choose the closest, and fill in the information providing as much as you can. Where there is no city and publisher, the you can provide a URL and a DOI.

Referencing software you may want to review includes:

Mendeley

EndNote

Zotero

The University of the Witwatersrand uses all of the above referenc-ing software, but these are not the only options that you have.

There is a Wikipedia page which shows a wide range of possible software, which you can review. Note however that you should Google for product reviews before using any one of the options.

apa (6 edition) a concise guidepdmresearch.wits.ac.za/...resources_1524552382.pdf · american...

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