appendices to: a living landscape. bronze age settlement sites in the dutch river area (c. 2000-800...

8/4/2019 Appendices to: A Living Landscape. Bronze Age settlement sites in the Dutch river area (c. 2000-800 BC)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/appendices-to-a-living-landscape-bronze-age-settlement-sites-in-the-dutch 1/194

M B O V O D @ B M D L W G M U KNridzk M`k skttbkhkdt sotks od tak Lutga rovkr mrkm (g. >555-155 NG)

Wto cd Mrdiblusskd

MUUKDLOGKW \I



Wolkstidk Urkss M dkw `kdkrmtoid if Uunbosaod`

_iu mrk rkmlod` m fubb vkrsoid if taos niij, fir frkk!

\aos niij os pmrt if tak Wolkstidk k-bonrmry wakrk hist if iur

punbogmtoids mrk fubby mggkssonbk fir frkk. Fir mggkss ti hirk

frkk niijs vosot3 www.solkstidk.gih/bonrmry

Liwdbiml Fubb ULFVosot tak Wolkstidk k-bonrmry ti nriwsk iur k-niijs. Fir m hodohmb

fkk yiu gmd purgamsk m fubby fudgtoidmb ULF mdl ny liod` si, yiu

akbp ti jkkp iur bonrmry ruddod`.

www.solkstidk.gih/bonrmry



MUUKDLOGKW \I3

M Bovod` Bmdlsgmpk

Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdt sotks od tak Lutga rovkr mrkm (g. >555-155 NG)



© >551 Wtocd Mrdiblusskd

Uunbosakl ny Wolkstidk Urkss, BkolkdWolkstidk rk`ostrmtoidduhnkr3 WWU7>=<5557www.solkstidk.gih

OWND ?01-?5-11?5-5=>-?

Bmyiut3 Wtocd MrdiblusskdGivkr lkso`d3 Wolkstidk UrkssGivkr paiti`rmpay3 Ciad Pibbwkrta (Msakpii rovkr lkbtm, Wiuta Gmribodm, [WM)

\ak hmod punbogmtoid ti waoga taksk mppkdlogks nkbid` gmd nk intmodkl skpkrmtkbytariu`a tak mutair ir tak punbosakr.

\aos rkskmrga prickgt wms fudlkl ny tak Lutga Ir`mdosmtoid fir Wgokdtofog ^kskmrga (DPI).



MUUKDLOGKW \I3

M Bovod` Bmdlsgmpk

Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdt sotks od tak Lutga rovkr mrkm (g. >555-155 NG)

UaL \aksos, Bkolkd [dovkrsoty,Fmgubty if Mrgamkibi`y

ny

Wtocd Mrdiblusskd

>551



OV



V

Gidtkdts

U^KFMGK VOOO

O UMBMKI@KI@^MUA_ MDL IGG[UM\OID AOW\I^_ IF \AK SOCLK^VKBL HMGÎ-^K@OID =

O.O Odtrilugtoid =

Aostiry if mrgamkibiògmb rkskmrga = \ak `kibiògmb gidtkxt 7

O.OO Wiurgk grotogosh <

Girod` gmhpmo`ds (siob hmppod`) < Girod` ny ^MMU < \kst-trkdgaks ;

\ak >55< kxgmvmtoids ; O.OOO Iggupmtoid aostiry mdl pmbmki`ki`rmpaogmb lkvkbiphkdt ;

Kmrby mdl Hollbk Dkibotaog ; Bmtk Dkibotaog 0 Kmrby Nridzk M`k mdl Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M ? Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N =5 Bmtk Nridzk M`k >< Kmrby Orid M`k >;

OO UMBMKI@KI@^MUA_ MDL IGG[UM\OID AOW\I^_ IF \AK KO@KDNBIJ HMGÎ-^K@OID >0

OO.O Odtrilugtoid >0

Aostiry if mrgamkibiògmb rkskmrga >0 \ak `kibiògmb gidtkxt >0

OO.OO Wiurgk grotogosh >0

Girod` gmhpmo`ds (siob hmppod`) >0 Fokblwmbjod` mdl girod` ny ^MMU >? \kst-trkdgaks >? \ak Ko`kdnbij kxgmvmtoids >?

OO.OOO Iggupmtoid aostiry mdl pmbmki`ki`rmpaogmb lkvkbiphkdt 75

Kmrby mdl Hollbk Dkibotaog 75 Bmtk Dkibotaog 7> Kmrby Nridzk M`k mdl Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M 77 Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N 7; Kdspocj << Bmtk Nridzk M`k <; Kmrby Orid M`k <6



VO

MUUKDLOGKW \I3 M BOVOD@ BMDLWGMUK. NÎDSK M@K WK\\BKHKD\ WO\KW OD \AK L[\GA ÔVK^ M^KM

OOO UMBMKI@KI@^MUA_ MDL IGG[UM\OID AOW\I^_ IF \AK LK NI@KD HMGÎ-^K@OID <0

OOO.O Odtrilugtoid <0

Aostiry if mrgamkibiògmb rkskmrga <0 \ak `kibiògmb gidtkxt ;=

OOO.OO Wiurgk grotogosh ;>

Girod` gmhpmo`ds (siob hmppod`) ;> Fokblwmbjod` mdl girod` ny ^MMU ;7 \kst-trkdgaks ;< \ak ‑Lk Ni`kd‟ kxgmvmtoids ;; OOO.OOO Iggupmtoid aostiry mdl pmbmki`ki`rmpaogmb lkvkbiphkdt ;1

Kmrby mdl Hollbk Dkibotaog ;1

Bmtk Dkibotaog 65 Kmrby Nridzk M`k 6; Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M 6? Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N 0; Bmtk Nridzk M`k ?7 Kmrby Orid M`k ?;

OV UMBMKI@KI@^MUA_ MDL IGG[UM\OID AOW\I^_ IF \AK POCJ NOC L[[^W\KLK HMGÎ-^K@OID ?0

OV.O Odtrilugtoid ?0

Aostiry if mrgamkibiògmb rkskmrga ?0 \ak `kibiògmb gidtkxt ?1

OV.OO Wiurgk grotogosh ??

Girod` gmhpmo`ds (siob hmppod`) ?? \kst-pottod`, girod` mdl fokblwmbjod` ny tak ÎN ?? \ak ‑Lk Airlkd‟ mdl ‑Lk @kkr‟ kxgmvmtoids =55 OV.OOO Iggupmtoid aostiry mdl pmbmki`ki`rmpaogmb lkvkbiphkdt =5=

Kmrby mdl Hollbk Dkibotaog =5=

Bmtk Dkibotaog =5< Kmrby Nridzk M`k mdl Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M =5; Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N =56 Kxgmvmtoids mt ‑Lk Airlkd‟ =50 Kxgmvmtoids mt ‑Lk @kkr‟ ==0 Bmtk Nridzk M`k =>5 Kmrby Orid M`k =>=



VOO


V UMBMKI@KI@^MUA_ MDL IGG[UM\OID AOW\I^_ IF \AK BOKDLKD HMGÎ-^K@OID =>;

V.O Odtrilugtoid =>;

Aostiry if mrgamkibiògmb rkskmrga =>; \ak `kibiògmb gidtkxt =>6

V.OO Wiurgk grotogosh =>0

Girod` gmhpmo`ds ny K`nkrts mdl Amvod`m & Ip ‑t Aif =>0 Fokblwmbjod` mdl girod` gmhpmo`ds ny ^MMU =>0 \kst-trkdgaks =>? Kxgmvmtoids =75

V.OOO Iggupmtoid aostiry mdl pmbmki`ki`rmpaogmb lkvkbiphkdt =77

Kmrby mdl Hollbk Dkibotaog =77

Bmtk Dkibotaog =77 Kmrby Nridzk M`k mdl Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M =7< Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N =70 Bmtk Nridzk M`k mdl Kmrby Orid M`k =<6

VO UMBMKI@KI@^MUA_ MDL IGG[UM\OID AOW\I^_ IF \AK LILKPMM^L HMGÎ-^K@OID =<?

VO.O Odtrilugtoid =<?

Aostiry if mrgamkibiògmb rkskmrga =<?

\ak `kibiògmb gidtkxt =<?

VO.OO Wiurgk grotogosh =;5

Girod` gmhpmo`ds ny Amvod`m & Ip ‑t Aif =;5 Kxgmvmtoid ‑Lilkwmmrl‟ =;= Wtkkdnkkj girod` gmhpmo`d =;= Fokblwmbjod` mdl girod` gmhpmo`ds ny ^MMU =;> \kst-trkdgaks =;7

VO.OOO Iggupmtoid aostiry mdl pmbmki`ki`rmpaogmb lkvkbiphkdt =;<

Kmrby mdl Hollbk Dkibotaog =;<

Bmtk Dkibotaog =;6 Kmrby Nridzk M`k mdl Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M =;1 Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N =65 Bmtk Nridzk M`k =6; Kmrby Orid M`k =60

VOO ^ KFK^KDGKW =6?



VOOO


Urkfmgk

\aos punbogmtoid gidtmods tak sox hmod mppkdlogks ti tak UaL taksos ‑M Bovod` Bmdlsgmpk. Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdtsotks od tak Lutga rovkr mrkm (g. >555-155 NG)‟ waoga wms punbosakl od >551 (Mrdiblusskd >551). \amt stuly kdtmobsmd mdmbysos if tak dmturk (o.k. tak gidstotukdt gihpidkdts) mdl lydmhogs (o.k. lomgaridog mpprimgaks ti skttbkhkdtlydmhogs) if Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdt sotks od tak Lutga rovkr mrkm. Ot mohkl ti odtk`rmtk mdl sydtaksozk odtkrprktmtoidsif Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdts nmskl id m duhnkr if rkbmtovkby bmr`k-sgmbk kxgmvmtoids od tak Lutga rovkr mrkm.

\ak losgussoid if tak mrgamkibiògmb mdl `kibiògmb aostiroks if rkskmrga fir taksk sotks, lktmobkl siurgkgrotogosh mdl bid`-tkrh ivkrvokws if tak iggupmtoid aostiroks if sox hmgri-rkòids mriudl taksk hmod kxgmvmtklsotks giubl ‗ fir smjk if gidgoskdkss ‗ dit nk odgirpirmtkl odti tak hmod stuly‟s tkxt. Aiwkvkr, suga losgussoidsgidtmod grotogmb odfirhmtoid dkgkssmry ti girrkgtby odtkrprkt tak rksubts if taksk kxgmvmtoids mdl ti kvmbumtk takorrkprkskdtmtovkdkss. \akrkfirk, ot wms lkgolkl ti hmjk taos odfirhmtoid mvmobmnbk skpmrmtkby.

Paobk taksk tkxts mrk prohmroby mppkdlogks ti tak UaL stuly rkfkrrkl ti mnivk, taky gmd nk rkml skpmrmtkby

ny taisk wai mrk pmrtogubmrby odtkrkstkl od tak rksubts ‗ taus fmr punbosakl dkmrby kxgbusovkby od Lutga ‗ if m spkgofogkxgmvmtoid. Od mllotoid, tak mppkdlogks privolk m rkgkdt ivkrvokw if tak pmbmki`ki`rmpay mdl iggupmtoid aostiry ifsox g. 75 jh> bmr`k hmgri-rkòids od tak Lutga rovkr mrkm. \aos odfirhmtoid hmy nk if rkbkvmdgk ti taisk stulyodìtakr sotks wotaod taksk hmgri-rkòids fir tak pkroil udlkr stuly (g. >555-155 NG).



=

O Umbmki`ki`rmpay mdl iggupmtoid aostiry if tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rkòid

O OD\ÎL[G\OID

\ak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rkòid os gaiskd ti odgbulk m bmr`k duhnkr if Nridzk M`k fodl-spits mriudl tak kxgmvmtoidif m Nridzk M`k mdl Orid M`k skttbkhkdt sotk g. =55-755 h ti tak dirtakmst if tak amhbkt gmbbkl Soclkrvkbl. \aksotk wms idk if tak forst Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdt sotks ti nk kxgmvmtkl od tak Lutga rovkr mrkm (tak forst kxgmvmtoidgmhpmo`d wms od =?66) mdl saiwkl m rkhmrjmnby ìil prkskrvmtoid, wota sambbiw fkmturks suga ms aiif-ohprodtsmdl stmjk wmbbs mdl fkdgks nkod` prkskrvkl. Wihk gidstrugtoid wiil, m wobbiw mxk amft mdl m nrusawiil trmgjwmywkrk mbsi prkskrvkl. Ms tak odotomb kxgmvmtoids wkrk pmrt if m rksguk gmhpmo`d wakd tak nirlkrod` smdl-lrklòd`sotk wms kxpmdlkl, gidlotoids wkrk sihktohks bkss takd olkmb fir kxgmvmtoid. ^kgkdtby (>557->55<), tak wolkdodìf tak M> hitirwmy dkgkssotmtkl kxgmvmtoid if tak mrkms nirlkrod` tak odotomb kxgmvmtoid. \aos gmhpmo`d rksubtkl odtak losgivkry if tarkk mllotoidmb Nridzk M`k aiusk-sotks. Di kxgmvmtoid aml tmjkd pbmgk wakd tak smdl-lrklòd`sotk wms forst kstmnbosakl, ir proir ti tak odotomb gidstrugtoid if tak M> hitirwmy, bkmvod` m gidsolkrmnbk pmrt if tak

skttbkhkdt sotk(s) udkxgmvmtkl mdl prksuhmnby losturnkl.

Aostiry if mrgamkibiògmb rkskmrga\ak sotk if Soclkrvkbl wms losgivkrkl ny twi bigmb mrgamkibiòsts od =?6; (\akudosskd & Aubst =???n, =;6). \akykxkgutkl sihk girod`s mdl lu` m duhnkr if tkst-trkdgaks od md irgamrl tamt wms ìod` ti nk lkstriykl wakd tak

Fo`. O.= ^kskmrga mdl fodl-spits od tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri- rkòid. \ak odotomb Soclkrvkbl kxgmvmtoids mrk odlogmtkl ms di >6>57.

m3 M> hitirwmy gidstrugtoid zidk, n3 mrkm sunckgtkl ti girod` gmhpmo`ds, g3 bigmtoid if fodl-spits.



>

MUUKDLOQ \I3 M BOVOD@ BMDLWGMUK. NÎDSK M@K WK\\BKHKD\ WO\KW OD \AK L[\GA ÔVK^ M^KM

mlcmgkdt smdl-lrklòd` sotk wms ti nk kdbmr`kl (Aubst =?60, >). Idk tkst-pot turdkl iut (od =?0=) ti nk sotumtkl wotaodm Hollbk Nridzk M`k aiusk pbmd mdl yokblkl vmroius gkrmhogs, nidks mdl stidk mrtkfmgts. \ak bigmb mrgamkibiòstsgidtmgtkl tak Wtmtk Wkrvogk fir Mrgamkibiògmb Odvksto`mtoids (ÎN, diw ^MGH), wai odotomtkl tarkk bmr`k sgmbkkxgmvmtoid gmhpmo`ds (titmb g. =.> Am) od =?6;, =?66 mdl =?0= (fo`. O.=, di >6>57: Aubst =?6;m-n: =?66: =?0;m (=?07):=?0;n: =??=: Aubst & \akudosskd =???n: Mrgaos >6757 (giirlodmtks dit wotaod kxgmvmtoid)). Ms m gidskqukdgk, twi

pbits ti tak dirta mdl siuta wkrk lkgbmrkl pritkgtkl mrgamkibiògmb hiduhkdts (fo`. O.>: Mrgamkibiògmb HiduhkdtHmp (MHJ) dis. 71F<=/=571; mdl 71F<>/=5716). Od tak wolkr rkòid, bigmb mrgamkibiòsts gidtodukl wota gmhpmo`ds if tkst-pottod` mdl hidotirod` ifgidstrugtoid wirjs (fo`. O.=, dis. =1, 17, 0>=1, >65?>, >65?6->65?1, 70?71, gf. Ambnkrtshm =?6<: Lk Jij =?6;: BiuwkJiiochmds =?0<, 705-70>, dis. 15-1<, ?>-?7: Wbiis =?11: Jiirkvmmr =??1), hmdy if waoga yokblkl rkhmods lmtmnbkti tak Nridzk M`k. Idby idk if taksk sotks, jdiwd ms Gubkhnir` - Lkd Akuvkb (fo`. O.=, di =1) wms kxgmvmtkl od =?6;ti sihk kxtkdt (5.77 am: Biuwk Jiiochmds =?66: Wbiis =?11: Mrdiblusskd & Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<). Od =??0, m pbmdti nrimlkd tak M> hitirwmy bkl ti tak lkgosoid ti kxkgutk md mrgamkibiògmb girod` gmhpmo`d mbid` vmroius pmrts iftak M> hitirwmy (Ammrauos =??1).

Lkspotk tak fmgt tamt idby m shmbb duhnkr (D 8 6, g. 0 %) if tak girod`s od tak vogodoty if tak kxgmvmtkl sotk yokblklmrgamkibiògmb hmtkrombs (fo`. O.>, girod`s 767, 760, 761, 705, 7?> mdl <?=: Ammrauos =??1: Mrdiblusskd >557, 7:Mrgaos <;>??-<;75=) ot wms lkgolkl ti odvksto`mtk tak sotk fur takr wota tkst-trkdgaks (fo`. =.7, n). Od dodk tkst-trkdgaks,g. ==<5 squmrk hktkr wms odvksto`mtkl (Mrdiblusskd >557). Mbb tkst-trkdgaks yokblkl fkmturks mdl fodls waoga wkrklmtmnbk ti tak Nridzk M`k. Nmskl id tak rksubts if tak gmhpmo`d if tkst-trkdgaks, ot wms lkgolkl ti kxgmvmtk m bmr`krmrkm lorkgtby mlcmgkdt ti tak firhkr kxgmvmtoids, ms wkbb ms m pmrt if tak skttbkhkdt sotk losgivkrkl ti tak siutawkstif tak M> hitirwmy. Lurod` taos kxgmvmtoid, tak tarkk mllotoidmb Nridzk M`k aiusk-sotks mbrkmly rkfkrrkl ti mnivk

Fo`. O.> ^ksubts frih girod` gmhpmo`d dkmr Soclkrvkbl.

m3 M> hitirwmy gidstrugtoid zidk, n3 mrkm sunckgtkl ti girod` (Ammrauos =??1), g3 iroòdmb Soclkrvkbl kxgmvmtoids (Aubst =??=: Aubst &

\akudosskd =???n), l3 pbits lkso`dmtkl mrgamkibiògmb hiduhkdt, k3 girod` wota mrgamkibiògmb rkhmods (Ammrauos =??1).



7

MUUKDLOQ O3 SOCLK^VKBL

wkrk udgivkrkl (Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;). Od >550 md mrkm mlckgkdt ti tak dirtawkst if tak mrkm kxgmvmtkl od>55< wms kxgmvmtkl ms pmrt if m wmtgaod` nrokf (fo`. =.7, l: Jdoppkdnkr` od prkp.)

Od >557, m shmbb (7>55 h>) mrkm dkmr tak tiwd if Gubkhnir` wms kxgmvmtkl mdl yokblkl sihk Kmrby Nridzk M`krkhmods (Gubkhnir` - Bmdxhkkr-N: Ilï & Ammrtskd =??1: Auos od ‑t Vkbl >55<: Mrgaos ;65>0). Ubmddkl gidstrugtoidwirjs od tak gkdtrk if tak amhbkt if Soclkrvkbl dkgkssotmtkl girod` gmhpmo`ds id twi shmbb pbits od >55<, nut dikvolkdgk fir (Nridzk M`k) iggupmtoid wms fiudl takrk (fo`. O.=, dis. 65>;6 mdl ;17;?: Vmd Nkdtakh & Whot >55<).

Didktakbkss, nmskl id tak bigmtoid if tak pbits id tak Soclkrvkbl bkvkk mdl/ir grkvmssk lkpisots, tkst-trkdgaks wkrkmlvoskl (Vmd Nkdtakh & Whot >55<, =<).

\ak `kibiògmb gidtkxt \ak Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdt sotk if Soclkrvkbl os sotumtkl od m pmrt if tak gkdtrmb rovkr mrkm tamt ams skkd m gihpbkx

pmbmki`ki`rmpaogmb lkvkbiphkdt. Vmroius rovkr systkhs amvk gidtronutkl ti tak Aibigkdk lkvkbiphkdt if tak hmgri-rkòid. \ak nkst jdiwd fbuvomb systkhs od tak mrkm mrk lkpogtkl od foùrk O.< (ivkrbkmf).

\ak skttbkhkdt sotk if Soclkrvkbl os sotumtkl id tak bkvkk-lkpisots if tak kpidyhius fbuvomb systkh mdl pissonby mbsi id grkvmssk lkpisots if tak Wgaiidrkwikrl fbuvomb systkh waoga lorkgtby ivkrby tak grkvmssk mdl/irbkvkk lkpisots if tak Soclkrvkbl gamddkb. \ak hirpaibi`y if tak bmdlsgmpk os taus odfbukdgkl ny bkvkk mdl grkvmsskfirhmtoid if twi fbuvomb systkhs, rksubtod` od m bigmbby strid`by vmromnbk hogri-tipi`rmpay. \aos vmromtoid hmykxpbmod tak iftkd loffkrkdt firhs if tak fbuvomb lkpisots ms lkpogtkl id tak vmroius `kibiògmb mdl siob-survky hmpsgihpobkl fir tak mrkm (Vmd Socvkrlkd >557m: rkfkrkdgks ti Vodj =?>6: Vkrnrmkgj =?05: Lk Nikr & Uids =?65:Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=).

Fo`. O.7 Mrgamkibiògmb kxgmvmtoids mt Soclkrvkbl.m3 iroòdmb Soclkrvkbl kxgmvmtoids (Aubst =??=: Aubst & \akudosskd =???n), n3 tkst-trkdgaks (Mrdiblusskd >557), g3 tak >55< kxgmvmtoids(Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;), l3 wmtgaod` nrokf (>550: Jdoppkdnkr` od prkp.).



<


OO WI[^GK GÔ\OGOWH

Girod` gmhpmo`ds (siob hmppod`)Mbtaiuà Vodj (=?>6, 6-1) iffkrkl m sairt odtrilugtoid ti tak hktailibi`y mppbokl lurod` tak siob-hmppod` gmhpmo`ds

proir ti tak punbogmtoid if aos =?>6 taksos mdl hmps if tak ‑Bkj‟ lostrogt, di odfirhmtoid id girod` lkdsoty mdl lkptasos mvmobmnbk. Fir tak siob-hmppod` gmhpmo`d od tak ‑Vocfakkrkdbmdlkd‟ lostrogt, punbosakl ny Lk Nikr & Uids (=?65,rkf. ti Uids =?;=), tak mppbokl hktailibi`y wms mbsi dit lksgronkl od tak punbogmtoid. \ak kibiògmb hmp if tak mrkm,

nmskl id gir od`s kxkgutkl nktwkkd =?;0 mdl =?6<, wms punbosakl od =?05 ny Vkrnrmkgj. \aos hmp wms nmskl idmd mvkrm`k if dodk girod`s pkr squmrk jobihktrk, wota m `kdkrmb lkpta nktwkkd 6 ti =5 h (Vkrnrmkj =?05, prkfmgk).Hmppod` mrgamkibiògmb sotks (ir ‑mdgokdt skttbkhkdt siobs‟) wms dit md inckgtovk wota mdy if taksk tarkk stuloks.Gidskqukdtby, mbtaiuà gidsolkrmnbk mttkdtoid wms pmol ti girrkgtby hmppod` tak bigmtoid if tak fbuvomb gamddkbs,

takor mrgamkibiògmb pitkdtomb wms dit mllrksskl.

Girod` ny ^MMU \ak trmckgtiry tamt wms ìod` ti nk losturnkl ny tak wolkdod` if tak M> hitirwmy wms ‗ nmskl id mvmobmnbk

pmbmki`ki`rmpaogmb mdl kibiògmb hmps ‗ lovolkl odti tarkk udots waoga aml m biw, hilkrmtk ir m aoà prinmnoboty ifkdgiudtkrod` mrgamkibiògmb rkhmods (Ammrauos =??1, =5-==). Pakrk kxpkgtmtoids wkrk aoà, twi riws if girod`s (<5h mpmrt mdl >; h iffskt, wota ;5 h nktwkkd girod`s od m riw) ti kotakr solk if tak M> hitirwmy wkrk udlkrtmjkd. \akgirod`s wkrk `kdkrmbby twi hktrks lkkp mdl wkrk gihnodkl wota fokblwmbjod` wakrk pissonbk (Ammrauos =??1, =>).Od tak mrkms wota m hilkrmtk kxpkgtmtoid, idby idk riw wms kxkgutkl ti kotakr solk if tak hitirwmy. Od tak rkhmodod`

Fo`. O.< Fbuvomb systkhs od tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rkòid (mftkr Nkrkdlskd, Fmksskd & Jkhpkd =??<: Nkrkdlskd kt mb . >55=: Nkrkdlskd &Wtiutamhkr >55=. \ak bigmtoid if tak Soclkrvkbl gamddkb nkl lkpisots os nmskl id Vmd Socvkrlkd >557m mdl loffkrs frih tak prkvoiusbyquitkl punbogmtoids).

m3 tak Soclkrvkbl hogri-rkòid mdl kxgmvmtkl mrkms, n3 fbuvomb systkhs, g3 bigmtoid if pissonbk rovkr ludks.



;


mrkms, di girod`s wkrk kxkgutkl (Ammrauos =??1, ==). \aos lkgosoid dit ti udlkrtmjk mrgamkibiògmb rkskmrga odtak mrkms wakrk ‗ nmskl id tak mvmobmnbk hmps ‗ di bkvkk ir grkvmssk lkpisots wkrk kxpkgtkl, gmd nk grotogosklwota aodlsoàt. \ak mvmobmnbk hmps odlogmtk idby tak `kdkrmb bigmtoid if tak gamddkb-nkl lkpisots mdl tak odtrogmtkhirpaibi`y if tak bkvkkmdl grkvmssk lkpisots dkkl dit nk rkprkskdtkl mggurmtkby. Hirkivkr, udhmppkl systkhsgmd if giursk mbwmys nk kdgiudtkrkl. Mbtaiuà tak girod` `rol mppbokl od tak itakr mrkms os tii wolk ti nk usmnbk firlktmobkl hmppod` if tak hirpaibi`y if grkvmssk/bkvkk lkpisots (gf . Pkkrts =??6, <7-<<: Vmd Lodtkr & Vmd Socvkrlkd>55>) takor prkskdgk giubl didktakbkss amvk nkkd kstmnbosakl ny gamdgk od mrkms wakrk didk wakrk kxpkgtkl irhmppkl nkfirkamdl.

\kst-trkdgaksMbtaiuà mllotoidmb mrgamkibiògmb odvksto`mtoid (ny hkmds if hirk girod`s) wms su``kstkl fir mbb sotks odvksto`mtkl

ny ^MMU od tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rkòid (Ammrauos =??1, 77), tkst-trkdgaks wkrk uskl ti lktkrhodk tak kxtkdt mdlqumboty if tak vmroius sotks (sotks =>-=<: Mrdiblusskd >557: sotks sox, skvkd, dodk ti kbkvkd: Wgarockr >557m-n, skk mbsi\kr Pmb >55<m-n (sotks idk mdl twi, fiur mdl fovk) mdl Wgauttk >55; (sotk 7). Nmskl id mlhodostrmtovk riudls, tarkk sotks (=>-=<) wkrk lkso`dmtkl od tak vogodoty if tak firhkr Soclkrvkblkxgmvmtoids. \ak bigmtoid if tak tkst-trkdgaks mt taksk sotks wms prklktkrhodkl mdl skvkrmb trkdgaks wkrk pbmddkl

mgriss hilkrd lrmodm`k lotgaks. Ms ot wms dit mbbiwkl ti gamd`k taksk irokdtmtoid if tak tkst-trkdgaks, tak trkdgaksgiubl dit nk lu` ti takor hmxohuh kxtkdt. Furtakrhirk, m bmr`k mrkm ti tak siutawkst if tak M> hitirwmy mdl takirgamrl dkxt ti tak pbit kxgmvmtkl od =?0= giubl dit nk odvksto`mtkl (Mrdiblusskd >557, 6: 66: 6?). Mbtaiuà takdmturk if tak fkmturks losgivkrkl od tak tkst-trkdgaks odlogmtkl tamt prkaostirog aiusk-sotks wkrk ti nk kxpkgtkl gbisk-

ny, di gbkmr aiusks ir iutnuoblod`s giubl nk rkgidstrugtkl frih tak fkmturks udgivkrkl (Mrdiblusskd >557, 65).

\ak >55< kxgmvmtoids\ak kxtkdt if tak >55< kxgmvmtoid wms bohotkl ti tak mrkms waoga wkrk ti nk losturnkl ny tak hitirwmy gidstrugtoid.Potaod taksk zidks, m titmb if =.< am if m Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdt sotk wms udgivkrkl. Lkspotk taos bmr`k mrkm, taktarkk dkw aiusk-sotks losgivkrkl mrk mbb bigmtkl wotaod =5 h if tak kxgmvmtoid bohots. \aos, udfirtudmtkby, amhpkrsodtkrprktmtoid if tak aiusk-sotk bmyiut mdl strugturod`. \ak prkskdgk if hilkrd nuoblod`s mdl lrmodm`k lotgaks mbsigidtronutkl ti udwmdtkl pmrtotoidod` if tak kxgmvmtkl surfmgk. Didktakbkss, tarkk rkmsidmnby gidtoduius surfmgks

giubl nk kxgmvmtkl ti tak dirta-kmst if tak hitirwmy, idby skpmrmtkl ny m hilkrd aiusk od tak dirta(wkst) mdltak rksolumb ùbby od tak siuta(kmst). \i tak siuta-wkst if tak M> hitirwmy, m hirk ir bkss gidtoduius surfmgk wmsudgivkrkl od tak siuta(kmst), waobk fudlod` mdl tohk mbbiwkl idby fir tkst-trkdgaks ti nk uskl od tak dirta(wkst) pmrt(fo`. O.7: Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, =7). Mbtaiuà hist if tak bmr`kr pistaibks amvk nkkd skgtoidkl, bmr`k `riupsir strktgaks if stmjks aibks od waoga di strugturks (k.`. fkdgks) wkrk losgkrdonbk, amvk nkkd lksgronkl ms idk fkmturkmdl idby sihk fkmturks wotaod taksk gbustkrs wkrk skgtoidkl (Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, =<-=;). \ak fkdgk-bodksudgivkrkl od tak >550 wmtgaod` nrokf (fo`. O.7, l: Jdoppkdnkr` od prkp.), yokblkl bottbk mllotoidmb odfirhmtoid itakrtamd id takor spmtomb kxtkdts mdl trmckgtiroks.

OOO IGG[UM\OID AOW\I^_ MDL UMBMKI@KI@^MUAOGMB LKVKBIUHKD\

Kmrby mdl Hollbk DkibotaogWkvkrmb kmrby Aibigkdk rovkr systkhs mrk fiudl od tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rkòid. \ak Jirtkdaikvkd, \okdaivkdmdl @irjuh-Mrjkb fbuvomb systkhs stmrt takor sklohkdtmtoid mriudl ;6;5 gmb NG, ;5;5 gmb NG mdl <;6; gmb NGrkspkgtovkby mdl takor kdl if sklohkdtmtoid os kstohmtkl ti <=75 gmb NG (Jirtkdaikvkd mdl \okdaivkd) mdl 76<5gmb NG (@irjuh-Mrjkb: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, >==: >76: >5=). Wklohkdtmtoid ny tak Hmuroj fbuvomb systkh

‗ waoga wms prkvoiusby lmtkl ti nktwkkd <>;5 mdl 7515 gmb NG (Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, >=1) ‗ ams rkgkdtbygidvodgod`by nkkd lmtkl ti nktwkkd ;7=5/;=<5 mdl <<75/<5<5 gmb NG (Giakd >557, ;>: =67). Umrts if tak \okdaivkdfbuvomb systkh wkrk rkcuvkdmtkl bmtkr-id mdl ‗ mbtaiuà sboàtby loffkrkdt lmtks mrk rkgidstrugtkl fir tak Mutkdm(<=65 ti 7515 gmb NG) mdl Hollkbjiip (;<>5 ti 7<55 gmb NG) rovkr systkhs (Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, >=1: =1?



6


: >>5) ‗ tak Mutkdm mdl Hollkbjiip hmy rkprkskdt m sod`bk fbuvomb systkh tamt fibbiwkl pmrts if tak firhkr fbuvombgamddkb lkpisots. \ak Soclkrvkbl fbuvomb systkh mbsi fibbiwkl pmrts if tak firhkr rovkr giursks (tak Soclkrvkbl systkhwms giddkgtkl upstrkmh ti tak Sikbhidl rovkr systkh (Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, ><?: Giakd >557, =67). \akstmrt if sklohkdtmtoid ny tak Soclkrvkbl systkh os lmtkl tariuà m smhpbk if gbmyky parm`hotks pkmt udlkrdkmta takbkvkk-lkpisots ti g. <775-<5<5 gmb NG (@rD-=1?>>3 ;7<; ½ <5 NU: \ördqvost =??7, =<<, gf . Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr>55=, ><0). Fir tak kdl (g. 76;5-7=55 gmb NG) if sklohkdtmtoid ny tak Soclkrvkbl systkh, m lmtk if m parm`hotks

pkmt smhpbk frih tak nittih if tak rksolumb ùbby os mvmobmnbk (@rD-;>>=3 <6>5 ½ 65 NU: Lk Cid` =?05-0=, 1>, gf .Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, ><0). M skgidl smhpbk if tkrrkstromb hmgri-rkhmods frih tak biwkrhist pmrt iftak Soclkrvkbl rksolumb ùbby wms lmtkl ti g. >105-><15 gmb NG ([tG-=751<3 <51> ½ ;5: Nkrkdlskd & Aikj >55;,>=). \ak bmttkr (yiud`kr) lmtk os taiuàt ti nk tak hist mggurmtk (onolkh). Od tak siuta-kmst pmrt if tak Soclkrvkblhmgri-rkòid, tarkk rovkr systkhs wkrk mgtovk lurod` tak Hollbk Dkibotaog3 \ak Vrktstriio systkh, waoga wms mgtovk

nktwkkd g. ;>65/<?<5 gmb NG mdl <;65/<7;5 gmb NG (Giakd >557, =6<-=6;), tak ^kùbokrkd systkh ‗ fir waoga dilmtks mrk mvmobmnbk ‗ mdl takor suggkssir tak Wgamoj systkh (Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, >7?: >75: >7>->77). Firtak Wgamoj systkh, skvkrmb rmloigmrnid lmtks fir tak stmrt (kstohmtkl mriudl 777; gmb NG) mdl kdl if sklohkdtmtoid(mriudl >>?5 gmb NG) mrk mvmobmnbk (Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, >7>->77).

Fkw mrgamkibiògmb rkhmods lmtmnbk ti tak kmrby mdl hollbk Dkibotaog pkroils mrk jdiwd frih tak hmgri-rkòid. Dkmr tak tiwd if Bkkrlmh, r ovkr ludk sklohkdts wkrk udgivkrkl od smdl-kxtrmgtoid pots lu` ny m fmrhkr id m pbit

Fo`. O.; Kmrby mdl Hollbk Dkibotaog fbuvomb systkhs mdl Hollbk Dkibotaog fodl-spits (fobbkl syhnibs mrk gkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids, iutbodklsyhnibs udgkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids) od tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri- rkòid.

m-g3 Kmrby (boàt) ti Hollbk (lmrj) Dkibotaog fbuvomb systkhs, l3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, k3 mkibomd (rovkr) ludks, f3 grkvmssk lkpisots ifudjdiwd m`k, `3 gkrmhogs, a3 fbodt ohpbkhkdts, o3 nitmdogmb rkhmods.



0


jdiwd ms ‑Uiblkr Aii`kodl - Wgaiidrkwikrlsk lidj‟ fo`. O.;, di ><1?>). \akrk, od tak kxtrmgtoid pots mdl m fkw tkst- pots lu` bmtkr, mhid`st itakr mrgamkibiògmb fodls, sihk Vbmmrlod`kd pkroil sakrls wkrk fiudl (Lk Jij =?6;: BiuwkJiiochmds =?0<, 70=, di ?>: Mrgaos ><1?>). M tkst-pot lu` odti m rovkr ludk jdiwd ms ‑Mutkdmsk Lidj‟ (fo`. O.;, di>65?6) yokblkl gkrmhogs tamt giubl dit nk msso`dkl m hirk prkgosk lmtk tamd Dkibotaog ir Nridzk M`k (Lk Jij =?6;:Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<, 705, di 0?: Mrgaos >65?6). Potaod tak >55< kxgmvmtoids mt Soclkrvkbl (fo`. O.;, di <0>?5),sihk fodls lmtmnbk ti tak Hollbk Dkibotaog wkrk rkgivkrkl. Khnkllkl od tak bkvkk-lkpisots, idk rktiugakl mdl idk

nurdkl nbmlk frm`hkdt, wkrk fiudl od tak siutawkst pmrt if tak sotk (fo`. O.;, di <0>?5: Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;,1<). Od tak siuta-kmstkrd pmrt if tak kxgmvmtoid, m fbodt girk mdl m gaop frih m pibosakl fbodt mxk wkrk rkgivkrkl frihtak bkvkk lkpisots, od mssigomtoid wota gkrmhogs tamt mrk gmutoiusby lmtkl ti tak Hollbk Dkibotaog (Jdoppkdnkr` &Cid`stk >55;, 1<). Idk mllotoidmb pmrt if m pibosakl fbodt mxk wms fiudl lurod` tak =?05‟s kxgmvmtoids mt Soclkrvkbl(fo`. O.;, di >6>57) mdl ykt mditakr idk frih m lotga dkmr tak gaurga if Soclkrvkbl (fo`. O.;, di ?55: \akudosskd &Aubst =???n, =;1: =0;). Furtakr kvolkdgk fir auhmd mgtovotoks dkmr tak Soclkrvkbl kxgmvmtoids lurod` tak Hollbk

Dkibotaog gidsosts if Gkrkmbom mdl Ubmdtmì bmdgkibmtm pibbkd od tak biwkrhist fobb if tak Soclkrvkbl gamddkb rksolumbùbby (Lk Cid` =?05-=?0=, fo`. 1: \akudosskd & Aubst =???n, =;1).

Ot skkhs tamt nita ludks ms wkbb ms rovkr bkvkks wkrk uskl ny Hollbk Dkibotaog gihhudotoks od tak Soclkrvkblhmgri-rkòid. Ms tak bkvkk-lkpisots if tak Soclkrvkbl fbuvomb systkh amvk nkkd pmrtombby krilkl mdl rkwirjkl ny

grkvmssks if tak yiud`kr Wgaiidrkwikrl fbuvomb systkh (skk nkbiw), wk gmddit nk surk tamt tak gkrmhogs mdl fbodtfrm`hkdts rkprkskdt mgtovotoks id taksk pmrts if tak bkvkks if tak mgtovk Soclkrvkbl fbuvomb systkh. Dkotakr li takrkgivkrkl tiibs mdl gkrmhogs mbbiw fir m hirk prkgosk lmtod` ir odtkrprktmtoid if taksk auhmd mgtovotoks. \ak pibbkdmdl rmloigmrnid lmtk frih tak biwkrhist fobb if tak Soclkrvkbl systkh rksolumb ùbby od mdy gmsk odlogmtk tamtlurod` tak >dl pmrt if tak fiurta hobbkddouh, taksk ‗ ir upstrkmh ‗ pmrts if tak Soclkrvkbl mrkm wkrk nriuàt udlkrgubtovmtoid.

Bmtk DkibotaogVmroius fbuvomb systkhs wotaod tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rkòid nkgihk mgtovk lurod` tak Bmtk Dkibotaog. Fir takNbijaivkd fbuvomb systkh ‗ sotumtkl od tak kxtrkhk dirta if tak hmgri-rkòid ‗ di lorkgt lmtks mrk mvmobmnbk mdltak mgtovk pkroil os kstohmtkl ti nktwkkd g. >6;5 mdl =1;5 gmb NG (Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, =?>-=?7). \akAidswocj fbuvomb systkh os bigmtkl m fkw audlrkl hktkrs ti tak siuta mdl griss-guts pmrts if tak Nbijaivkd lkpisots.

\ak stmrt if sklohkdtmtoid ny tak Aidswocj systkh os dit lmtkl lorkgtby, nut bodjkl ti tamt if tak Akddoslocj systkh(@rD-6>753 7?<; ½ 7; NU, g. >;05->755 gmb NG: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, >50: >5;: @rD-6>>?3 71?; ½ <5:Hmjmsjk =??1, >5<). \wi Aidswocj rksolumb ubby lmtks mrk mvmobmnbk (@rD-0?6=3 7><; ½ 7; NU mdl @rD-10=<3 75;5½ 75 NU: Nkrkdlskd =?1>, =05: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, >50), piodtod` ti m gkssmtoid if sklohkdtmtoid mriudl=<=5-=>=5 gmb NG. Fir tak stmrt if sklohkdtmtoid ny tak Akddoslocj systkh, twi rkbkvmdt rmloigmrnid lmtks amvkmbrkmly nkkd hkdtoidkl mnivk. Aiwkvkr, mditakr rmloigmrnid lmtk if nitmdogmb rkhmods frih tak tip if tak sklohkdtudlkrdkmta ivkrnmdj lkpisots ([tG-<6<73 71=1 ½ <> NU: Hmjmsjk =??1, >57) os uskl ny Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr(>55=, >5;) ti lmtk tak stmrt if sklohkdtmtoid ny tak Akddoslocj systkh ti g. ><65->=75 gmb NG. M rksolumb ùbby lmtkfir tak Akddoslocj systkh piodts tiwmrls md kdl if tak sklohkdtmtoid mriudl g. =705-=5;5 gmb NG ([tG-<6<>3 >?0; ½7; NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, >5;, nut skk Vmd lkd Nrikjk (>55=, =6<: =66) id <ta gkdtury NG nriigaks frihtak nittih if m rksolumb ùbby if tak Akddoslocj systkh). \ak Akddoslocj systkh firhkl kxtkdsovk stmgjkl grkvmsskspbmy lkpisots od tak wkstkrd fbiilnmsod, waoga wkrk gbkmrby firhkl od skvkrmb pamsks, nut waoga udfirtudmtkbygmddit nk lmtkl hirk prkgoskby (Hmjmsjk =??1, >5<: mppkdlox, skgtoid =7).

Fir tak Wgaiidrkwikrl fbuvomb systkh, waoga grissks tak stuly-mrkm frih kmst ti wkst, vmroius lmtks fir takstmrt mdl kdl if sklohkdtmtoid mrk mvmobmnbk (\ördqvost & Vmd Locj =??7, =77: Hmjmsjk =??1, >=0: >550: Nkrkdlskd& Wtiutamhkr >55=, >77->7<: Nkrkdlskd & Aikj >55;, >0). \ak tip if m pkmt lkpisot udlkrdkmta ivkrnmdj lkpisots

ny tak Wgaiidrkwikrl systkh wms lmtkl ti g. 7;55-75=5 gmb NG (@rD-=51163 <;>5 ½ 65 NU: \ördqvost & Vmd Locj=??7, =77). M huga yiud`kr lmtk intmodkl frih pkmt udlkrdkmta tak Wgaiidrkwikrl bkvkk lkpisots dkmr Gubkhnir`([tG-=750;3 7110 ½ 7; NU: Nkrkdlskd & Aikj >55;, >0) ams bkl ti m loshossmb if kmrbokr stmrtod` lmtks fir takWgaiidrkwikrl systkh ms m waibk ny Nkrkdlskd mdl Aikj (onol .). Aiwkvkr, ot os kqumbby wkbb pissonbk tamt taoslmtk girrkspidls sibkby ti tamt pmrtogubmr nrmdga od qukstoid if tak Wgaiidrkwikrl systkh. \ak fodl if m pissonbyVbmmrlod`kd Gubturk pkroil (g. 7<555->655 gmb NG) mxk frih m grkvmssk if tak Wgaiidrkwikrl systkh (Mrdiblusskd



1


>555, 1> fo`. 6.;: Mrgaos >=1?0) os od suppirt if tak iblkr, rmtakr tamd tak yiud`kr stmrt lmtks. \aos wiubl mbsi nkttkrkxpbmod tak itakrwosk vkry aoà sklohkdtmtoid rmtks fir tak Wgaiidrkwikrl fbiilnmsod (Hmjmsjk >550, =>=-=>>).Nitmdogmb rkhmods frih tak Wgaiidrkwikrl rksolumb ùbby mrk lmtkl ti g. ><65->=<5 gmb NG ([tG-<6<03 71>7 ½ <5NU: Hmjmsjk =??1, >57), odlogmtod` tamt mgtovoty gkmskl wkbb nkfirk tak Kmrby Nridzk M`k. Uroir ti tak bmtkr Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N iggupmtoid, tak odmgtovk rksolumb ùbby if tak Soclkrvkbl fbuvombsystkh wms rkmgtovmtkl (Lk Cid` =?05-=?0=, ksp. 1;: Vmd Socvkrlkd >557m). \akrk os di mnsibutk lmtk mvmobmnbkfir taos rkmgtovmtoid pamsk, nut ot hmy amvk nkkd gmuskl ny grkvmssks if tak Wgaiidrkwikrl systkh. M shmbbkr

pissonbk rksolumb grkvmssk ùbby od tak dirtawkst pmrt if tak =?66 kxgmvmtoids hmy mbsi amvk nkkd grkmtkl f rih takWgaiidrkwikrl fbuvomb systkh, nut fir taos ùbby ms wkbb, di lorkgt lmtks mrk mvmobmnbk. \akrkfirk, ot rkhmods pissonbktamt itakr fbuvomb systkhs (k.`. tak Akddoslocj ir Aidswocj fbuvomb systkhs: fo`. O.6) wkrk rkspidsonbk fir taos pamskif rkmgtovmtoid mdl ùbby firhmtoid.

Gbkmr odlogmtoids fir auhmd mgtovotoks wotaod tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rkòid lurod` tak Bmtk Dkibotaog (>?55->555 gmbNG) mrk mnskdt. Od pmrt, taos hmy nk rkbmtkl ti tak rkgkdtby gbmohkl bid`kr pkroil if mgtovoty fir tak Soclkrvkbl fbuvombsystkh (pissonby up ti g. ><15 gmb. NG: Nkrkdlskd & Aikj >55;, >=). \ak mnskdgk if rkhmods frih tak skgidl ambfif taos pkroil ‗ mdl kspkgombby id tak Wgaiidrkwikrl lkpisots ‗ os rkhmrjmnbk, ms tak liwdstrkmh Wgaiidrkwikrlbkvkk lkpisots skkh ti amvk nkkd uskl odtkdsovkby lurod` tak fodmb pamsk (Vkbuwk-typk lkgirmtoid, gf . Lrkdta &Ai`kstocd >556 id nkmjkr typibi`y) if tak Nkbb Nkmjkr pkroil (Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<, 76<-760, fo`. =1 dis. ;5, <>,7?, 7> mdl pissonby mbsi <7, 7<, >?, >;, ><m). \ak kxgmvmtkl sotks if ‑Ittibmdl - Iistkodl‟ (Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<:Lkudaiuwkr =?16: \amdis =??;) mdl ‑Hibkdmmrs`rmmf‟ (Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<, =6?-77?) mrk tak nkst jdiwd iftaksk sotks. Potaod tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rkòid pripkr, frm`hkdts if m stidk nmttbk mxk mbbk`klby iroòdmtk frih tak

Fo`. O.6 Bmtk Dkibotaog fbuvomb systkhs mdl fodl-spits (fobbkl syhnibs mrk gkr tmod olkdtofogmtoids, iutbodkl syhnibs udgkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids)od tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rkòid.

m3 mgtovk fbuvomb systkhs, n3 fissob fbuvomb systkhs, g3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, l3 mkibomd (rovkr) ludks, k3 grkvmssk lkpisots if udjdiwdm`k, f3 gkrmhogs, `3 fbodt ohpbkhkdts.



?


tiwd if Gubkhnir` (Jbmskds =?07, fo`. O.6, di >=). M shmbb pkmj if Gkrkmbom pibbkd od tak (rkmgtovmtkl) Soclkrvkblrksolumb ùbby giubl dit nk lmtkl prkgoskby, nut hust lmtk id strmto`rmpaogmb `riudls nktwkkd tak Hollbk Dkibotaogmdl Hollbk Nridzk M`k (Lk Cid` =?05-=?0=, 16: \akudosskd & Aubst =???n, =;1). Itakr odgidgbusovk odlogmtoidsfir Bmtk Dkibotaog mgtovotoks mrk iffkrkl ny mssuhkl lmtks fir (vk`ktmtoid airozids wota) mrgamkibiògmb rkhmodslosgivkrkl lurod` girod` gmhpmo`ds mt ‑Gubkhnir` - Umr ocsga M/N‟ (Ilï & Ammrtskd =??0: Mrgaos <<?05 mdl <?<;1:fo`. O.=, di <<?05) mdl ‑Gubkhnir` - Bmdxhkkr‟ (Ilï & Ammrtskd =??1: Mrgaos <;=01: fo`. O.6=, di <;=01). Ambf mjobihktrk ti tak siuta if tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rkòid, id tip if tak Wgamoj fbuvomb systkh‟s lkpisots, fiur pissonbkBmtk Dkibotaog sakrls wkrk fiudl mt tak sotk ‑Nkksl - M> vodlpbmmts 6/0‟ (\kr Pmb >55;m, >5->=). Kxpbmodod` taos sgmrgoty if fodl-spits lmtmnbk ti taos pkroil id tak Wgaiidrkwikrl bkvkk lkpisots wotaodtak hmgri-rkòid os loffogubt. Ukramps tak aoàkst pmrts if tak stmgjkl bkvkk mdl grkvmssk lkpisots if tak Kmrbymdl Hollbk Dkibotaog fbuvomb systkhs ti tak dirta iffkrkl m hirk suotmnbk kdvoridhkdt fir auhmd mgtovotoks. \akkxgmvmtoids mt Soclkrvkbl mdl Gubkhnir` (fo`. O.=, dis. <0>?5 mdl =1, skk mbsi nkbiw) amvk, aiwkvkr, dit yokblkl mdygbkmr Bmtk Dkibotaog(-N) fodls, lkspotk takor sgmbk if kxgmvmtoid (>.< mdl 5.77 akgtmrks rkspkgtovkby). Gidvkrskby, otos mbsi pissonbk tamt tak fbiilnmsod lkpisots ny tak Wgaiidrkwikrl fbuvomb systkh id tip if tak Soclkrvkbl lkpisots

piskl m bkss fmviurmnbk bmdlsgmpk fir prmgtosod` m`rogubturk ms gihpmrkl ti tak Wgaiidrkwikrl lkpisots pripkr.Mllotoidmbby, tak pissonoboty tamt grkvmssks frih itakr mgtovk fbuvomb systkhs ‗ k.` . tak Akddoslocj, Nbijaivkd ir

Aidswocj systkh ‗ grkmtkl udfmviurmnbk gidlotoids od taos pmrt if tak rovkr mrkm lurod` tak Bmtk Dkibotaog hust nkgidsolkrkl (gf . Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, >77, wai losguss m rkckgtkl yiud`kr rksolumb ùbby lmtk fir tak Wgamojfbuvomb systkh ([tG-=<=53 7675 ½ <5 NU, rkfkrkdgk ti \ördqvost =??7, =<7). Aiwkvkr, ot os hist bojkby ‗ kspkgombby firtak Wgaiidrkwikrl lkpisots ‗ tamt idby m loffkrkdgk od rkskmrga odtkdsoty (gf . Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<, =>: 70, =56)ams grkmtkl md mppmrkdt sgmrgoty if sotks frih taos pkroil od taos rkòid.

Kmrby Nridzk M`k mdl Hollbk Nridzk M`k-MLurod` tak Kmrby Nridzk M`k mdl Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M pkroils, di dkw fbuvomb systkhs khkr`k wotaod tak hmgri-rkòid if Soclkrvkbl. \ak Aidswocj mdl Akddoslocj fbuvomb systkhs mrk stobb mgtovk (skk mnivk fir lktmobs) mdl sihkgrkvmssk firhmtoid ny taksk systkhs iggurs. Lkspotk taos pkroil if rkbmtovk fbuvomb trmdquobboty, fkw fodl-spits wotamrtkfmgts lmtmnbk ti tak Kmrby Nridzk M`k mrk jdiwd frih wotaod tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rkòid. Mt ‑Gubkhnir`-Bmdxhkkr -N‟ md Kmrby Nridzk M`k akmrta mdl sihk pistaibks wkrk udgivkrkl (fo`. =.0, di ;65>0: Ilï & Ammrtskd

=??1: Auos od ‑t Vkbl >55<, ==: Mrgaos ;65>0). Mt tak sotk ‑Gubkhnir` - Lkd Akuvkb‟ (fo`. O.0, di =1) twi NmrnklPork-stmhp lkgirmtkl sakrls mdl m pbmdi-gidvkx fbodt jdofk wkrk rkgivkrkl od skgidlmry gidtkxts, odlogmtod` tamtKmrby Nridzk M`k mgtovotoks hust amvk tmjkd pbmgk gbisk-ny (Biuwk Jiiochmds =?66: Wbiis =?11: Mrdiblusskd& Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<). \i tak wkst if tak hmgri-rkòid, hmdy Kmrby Nridzk M`k fodl-spits mrk jdiwd frih takWgaiidrkwikrl bkvkk lkpisots (Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<, 76<-760, fo`. =1 dis. <>, 76, 7>, 75, >1/>0 mdl >6). \aosaoà duhnkr if sotks os odtkrprktkl ny Biuwk Jiiochmds ms rkfbkgtod` ‑idk bid` ronnid skttbkhkdt‟ (=?0<, =5?). Odkxpbmodod` tak mnskdgk if sohobmrby bmr`k duhnkrs if fodl-spits id tak Wgaiidrkwikrl bkvkk lkpisots wotaod takhmgri-rkòid, tak smhk mrùhkdts mppby ms uskl fir tak Bmtk Dkibotaog (skk mnivk). \aus, wotaiut mllotoidmb rkskmrgafiguskl id tak hirk upstrkmh mrkms if tak Wgaiidrkwikrl systkh, ot os ohpissonbk ti tkbb waktakr m gihpmrmnbklkdsoty if skttbkhkdts kvkr kxostkl wotaod tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rkòid. Fir tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M, kvolkdgk fir mgtovotoks wotaod tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rkòid os kqumbby sgmrgk.Mbtaiuà hirk tamd 7;55 Nridzk M`k sakrls amvk nkkd udgivkrkl od tak kxgmvmtoids mt Soclkrvkbl, dit m sod`bksakrl wota m ‑Aobvkrsuh‟-stybk if lkgirmtoid ‗ waoga wms gurrkdt lurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M ‗ wms fiudl. \ak

idby odlogmtoid if auhmd prkskdgk os m rmloigmrnid lmtk fir tak iutkr `riwta rod`s if m wiilkd pist frih tak =?05‟skxgmvmtoids mt Soclkrvkbl (g. =115-=<?5 gmb NG, @rD-;7063 7705 ½ 15 NU: Bmdtod` & Hiij =?00, =>5: \akudosskd &Aubst =???n, =;1: =6<-=6;: fo`. O.0, di >6>57). Ot hmy mbsi nk tak gmsk tamt mbrkmly gkdturoks ibl wiil (ir m gkdturoksibl trkk) wms uskl od bmtkr gkdturoks (gf . Vmd ôcd >55=: >557: Aokbjkhm, Urmd`shm & Cid`stk >55>, =50). Od gidgbusoid, kvolkdgk fir auhmd mgtovotoks lurod` taksk twi pkroils gmddit nk kstmnbosakl wota gkrtmodty,

nut dkotakr mrk takrk mrùhkdts ti kxpkgt mnskdgk. Kspkgombby tak grkvmssk mdl bkvkk lkpisots if tak Wgaiidrkwikrlfbuvomb systkh, tamt wobb amvk firhkl tak aoàkst pmrts od tak kdvoridhkdt if taisk tohks, hmy amvk privolkl olkmb(skttbkhkdt) sotk bigmtoids.



=5


Hollbk Nridzk M`k-NBojk od tak lorkgtby prkgklod` pkroils, di dkw fbuvomb systkhs gmhk mniut od tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rkòid lurod`tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N. \ak Aidswocj fbuvomb systkh rkhmods mgtovk mt bkmst udtob tak =<ta ir =7ta gkdtury NG (skkmnivk). Ot ams mbsi nkkd su``kstkl mnivk tamt tak Akddoslocj fbuvomb systkh ‗ waisk kdl if sklohkdtmtoid os lmtkl

ny Nkrkdlskd mdl Wtiutamhkr (>55=, >5;) ti g. =705-=5;5 gmb NG ‗ hmy amvk aml nrmdgaks waoga fudgtoidkl wkbbodti tak stmrt if tak Orid M`k. Od mllotoid, idk hmy suspkgt sihk if tak kxtkdsovk Akddoslocj grkvmssk spbmys tiamvk nkkd firhkl mt tak kdl if taos pkroil, ms grkvmssk firhmtoid iftkd mggihpmdoks tak kdl if sklohkdtmtoid ny mdmdmstihisod` rovkr (gf. Wtiutamhkr >55=, >=->>).

Vmroius sotks tamt wkrk tkst-trkdgakl ny bigmb mrgamkibiòsts yokblkl pittkry frm`hkdts lmtmnbk ti tak ‑NridzkM`k‟. Ms taksk fodls gmddit nk lmtkl hirk prkgoskby, taky mrk losgusskl od taos skgtoid. Hist fodl-spits rkprkskdthmtkrombs rkgivkrkl frih tak bkvkk mdl grkvmssk-lkpisots if tak Soclkrvkbl gamddkb nkbt. \arkk hmod pmtgaks wotam Nridzk M`k ‑iggupmtoid bmykr‟ mt m sotk jdiwd ms ‑Akogip - Soclkrvkblsk striihru`‟ giubl nk lkfodkl tariuàgirod` mdl amvk nkkd punbosakl id m paysoi`rmpaogmb hmp ny Biuwk Jiiochmds (=?0<, ==> fo`. 75m). M tkst-trkdgaif 7 ny 5.6 h lu` mt tamt sotk yokblkl m =; ti >5 gh taogj ‑gubturk bmykr‟ wota stidks, nidks mdl Nridzk M`k gkrmhogsid tip if smdly mdl sobty lkpisots (fo`. O.1, di >65?>: Ambnkrtshm =?6<, 7=5-7==: Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<m, ==<: 705,di 15: Mrgaos >65?>). Mditakr, ykt shmbbkr, tkst-pot wms lu` mt ‑Ivkrnikogip - Hmromaikvk‟, wakrk m smdly ti sobty‑gubturk bmykr‟ wms udgivkrkl. \aos bmykr wms roga od nurdkl gbmy, gamrgimb mdl gidtmodkl sihk qumrts-tkhpkrkl

Fo`. O.0 Fbuvomb systkhs mdl fodl-spits lmtkl ti tak Kmrby Nridzk M`k if Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M (fobbkl syhnibs mrk gkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids,iutbodkl syhnibs udgkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids) od tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rkòid.

m3 mgtovk fbuvomb systkhs, n3 fissob fbuv omb systkhs, g3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, l3 mkibomd (rovkr) ludks, k3 grkvmssk lkpis ots if udjdiwd m`k,f3 gkrmhogs, `3 fbodt ohpbkhkdts, a3 nitmdogmb rkhmods.



==


Nridzk M`k gkrmhogs (fo`. O.1, di >65?0, Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<, 705, di 1=: Mrgaos >65?0). Od m tkst-trkdga mt m sotkid tak Soclkrvkbl strkmh rol`k diw jdiwd ms ‑Akogip - Uiblkr Dklkrakogip‟, m bmykr wota Orid M`k gkrmhogs id tipif m ‗ <; ti 1; gh lkkp ‗ bmykr wota Nridzk M`k gkrmhogs wms odvksto`mtkl ny bigmb mrgamkibiòsts od =?6; (fo`. O.1,di >65?1: Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<, 705, di 1> ‑Wgaiidrkwikrl - Ivkrnikogip‟: Uids =?;=: =?6=: Mrgaos >65?1). Mttak sotk ‑Soclkrvkbl - Lk Aii`t‟ g. >1 Nridzk M`k sakrls wkrk rkgivkrkl frih m g. <5 gh taogj bmykr if lmrj `rky ti

nbmgjosa auhog smdly gbmy (fo`. O.1, di 70?71, Jiirkvmmr =??1: Mrgaos 70?71. \aksk sakrls mrk odtkrprktkl ms amvod` nkkd wmsakl frih md udjdiwd skttbkhkdt sotk bigmtkl aoàkr up id tak Soclkrvkbl f buvomb systkh‟s bkvkk lkpisots(Jiirkvmmr =??1, 0).

M fkw lkgirmtkl (fod`krtop ohprkssoids id tak roh mdl od twi riws id tak iutkr wmbb) Nridzk M`k sakrlsmrk bostkl od tak Lutga gkdtrmb mrgamkibiògmb lmtmnmsk (M^GAOW) ms iroòdmtod` frih m sotk gmbbkl ‑Akogip - Uiblkr

Dklkrakogip‟ (fo`. O.1, di >65?1: Mrgaos >65?1), nut di odfirhmtoid id takor kxmgt gidtkxt os mvmobmnbk. Ms tak spkgofoklgiirlodmtks (mggurmgy =55 h) wiubl pbmgk taos fodl-spit od tak fbiilnmsod, mdl tak lksgroptoid spkmjs if ‑itakr sotksid taos strkmh rol`k‟, idk hmy mssuhk tamt taos hmtkromb mbsi iroòdmtkl frih tak dkmrny Soclkrvkbl bkvkk ir grkvmsskspbmy lkpisots. Fiur sakrls losgivkrkl lurod` m girod` gmhpmo`d dkmr tak tiwd if Gubkhnir` mrk lmtkl nktwkkd takNridzk M`k mdl tak Orid M`k (Ilï & Ammrtskd =??0: Mrgaos <?<;1: nurdkl nidk ‑lmtkl‟ ti ‑Bmtk Nridzk M`k-OridM`k‟). Mt tkst-pot lu` odti m Bmtk Ubkostigkdk ir Kmrby Aibigkdk rovkr ludk dkmr tak tiwd if Vomdkd, mbsi yokblkl sihk

Nridzk M`k, Orid M`k mdl Hklomkvmb gkrmhogs (‑Vomdkd - Mutkdmsk Lidj‟: fo`. O.1, di >65?6, Lk Jij =?6;, =>>:Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<, 705, di 0?: Mrgaos >65?6, skk mbsi fo`. O.;, di ><1?> mdl rkfkrkdgks takrk fir mditakr ludkwota Nridzk M`k gkrmhogs).

Fo`. O.1 Fbuvomb systkhs mdl fodl-spits lmtmnbk ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k (-N), (fobbkl syhnibs mrk gkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids, iutbodkl syhnibsudgkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids) od tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rkòid.

m3 fissob fbuvomb systkhs, n3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, g3 mkibomd (rovkr) ludks, k3 grkvmssk lkpisots if udjdiwd m`k, f3 gkrmhogs, 3 fkmturks,a3 nitmdogmb rkhmods, o3 ziibiògmb rkhmods, c3 girod`s wota mrgamkibiògmb rkhmods.



=>


Urksuhmnby, tak Wgaiidrkwikrl lkpisots wotaod tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rkòid wkrk mbsi iggupokl lurod` tak HollbkNridzk M`k-N, nut kvolkdgk os dit ms gbkmr-gut ms fir tak Soclkrvkbl strkmh rol`k. M hodohuh if >< Nridzk M`ksakrls wkrk fiudl od tak fodls-bmykr mdl od bmtkr Orid M`k fkmturks mt tak sotk ‑Gubkhnir` - Lkd Akuvkb‟ (fo`. O.1,di =1: Mrdiblusskd & vmd Socvkrlkd >55<, 6;-66: Wbiis =?11, >5: tmnbk ==) nut taksk sakrls giubl lmtk nita ti takKmrby mdl/ir ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k. \ak sod`bk Nridzk M`k sakrl losgivkrkl lurod` fokblwmbjod` if m pbit gmbbkl‑Gubkhnir` - Viirjiip‟ gmddit nk rkbmtkl ti mdy spkgofog fbuvomb systkh (fo`. O.1, di 0=1>: Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<,707, di =5=: Mrgaos 0=1>). \ak smhk mppboks ti tak fodls-bmykrs losgivkrkl od twi girod`s kxkgutkl mt ‑Gubkhnir`- Bmdxhkkr‟, waoga mrk gmutoiusby lmtkl (nmskl id takor lkpta, mt ;5-=75 gh nkbiw tak surfmgk) ti tak Nridzk M`k irOrid M`k (fo`. O.1, dis. <;=0?-<;=15: Ilï & Ammrtskd =??1: Mrgaos <;=0?-<;=15: gf . Auos od ‑t Vkbl >55<). Liwdstrkmhif tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rkòid, skvkrmb fodl-spits wota kvolkdgk fir auhmd mgtovotoks lurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`kid tak Wgaiidrkwikrl bkvkk lkpisots mrk jdiwd (Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<, 76<-760, dis. >6->1, 70, 7?, <=, <7, <?, ;>,<, pissonby id Wgaiidrkwikrl grkvmssks3 dis. ;; mdl ;6). Od gidgbusoid, takrk mrk hmdy odlogmtoids fir auhmd prkskdgk mdl iggupmtoid if tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rkòidlurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N. Hist fodl-spits, didktakbkss, gmddit nk uskl ti sakl boàt id tak kxmgt dmturk iftak Nridzk M`k iggupmtoid, ms fkmturks wkrk iftkd mnskdt mdl tak lostodgtoid nktwkkd ‑gubturk bmykrs‟, ‑fodls-bmykrs‟mdl ‑vk`ktmtoid airozids‟ wms dit mbwmys hmlk. Bugjoby, tak gidskgutovk kxgmvmtoid gmhpmo`ds mt Soclkrvkbl gmd nk

uskl ti sakl boàt id Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdts od taos rkòid lurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N.

Fo`. O.? Aiusk-sotk idk if Soclkrvkbl (skk fo`. O.6 fir md ivkrvokw).

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 fkmturks mssigomtkl wota strugturks, g3 fkmturks dit mssigomtkl wota strug turks.



=7


\ak Soclkrvkbl kxgmvmtoids amvk udgivkrkl fiur Nridzk M`k aiusk-sotks mdl vmroius strugturks mdl fkmturks dirhmbbykdgiudtkrkl id Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdt sotks suga ms `rmdmry-typk iutnuoblod`s, pots, wkbbs, lotgaks, fkdgks if vmroiustypks mdl pots. \ak prkskdgk if sambbiw fkmturks suga ms aiif-ohprodts mdl stmjk-aibks odlogmtks tamt tak fkmturk

prkskrvmtoid wms kxgkbbkdt od pmrts. \ak gidstrugtoid wiil if vmroius iutnuoblod`s mdl aiusks ams mbsi nkkd pmrtombby prkskrvkl (Aubst =?60m, ;: \akudosskd & Aubst =???n, =0;-=00: Vkrhkkrkd >55;), mbbiwod` fir lorkgt rmloigmrnidmdl lkdlrigaridibiògmb lmtod` (Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, =0). Didktakbkss, sihk krisoid if tak Nridzk M`kiggupmtoid bkvkbs mppkmrs ti amvk iggurrkl mdl mbtaiuà tak biwkrhist pmrts if tak Nridzk M`k vk`ktmtoid airozidmrk dkmrby mbwmys prkskrvkl, m wkbb lkvkbipkl fodls-bmykr wms mnskdt od hist trkdgaks (nut skk fo`. O.=0).

Idk aiusk-sotk frih Soclkrvkbl wms mbrkmly jdiwd (Aubst =?0;m: Aubst & \akudosskd =???n) mdl tak >55<kxgmvmtoids amvk udgivkrkl tarkk mllotoidmb aiusk-sotks. \aos forst jdiwd aiusk-sotk gihprosks m bmr`k (ivkr 75 h)fmrhaiusk wota m pbktairm if `rmdmry-typk iutnuoblod`s od tak lorkgt (2 >; h) vogodoty (fo`. O.?). \aos fmrhaiusk wmsodtkrprktkl ms amvod` nkkd kxtkdlkl od md kmstwmrl lorkgtoid (Aubst =?0;m, =57: \akudosskd & Aubst =???n, =65), nutm hkmsurod` krrir lurod` mrgamkibiògmb fokblwirj hmy mbsi amvk gmuskl tak orrkùbmr pbmd (gf. \akudosskd & Aubst=???n, =65). Of tak aiusk truby kvkr wms kxtkdlkl, idk wiubl kxpkgt ti amvk fiudl trmgks if tak firhkr wmbb-stmjks,kdtrmdgk pirtmb mdl m riif-nkmrod` pist wakrk diw didk wkrk losgivkrkl (fo`. O.=5: tak bigmtoid if fkmturks tamt hmy

nk kxpkgtkl of tak aiusk aml nkkd kxtkdlkl mrk odlogmtkl od boàt `rmy). Didktakbkss, tak gbkmr liunbod` if hmdy if

tak riif-nkmrod` pists odlogmtks kotakr bmr`k sgmbk rkpmors ir gidsibolmtoids, ir hmy mbtkrdmtovkby nk rkbmtkl ti takgidstrugtoid if md mttog (\akudosskd & Aubst =???n, =65-=6>).

\akrk os di lorkgt lmtod` kvolkdgk mvmobmnbk fir taos fmrhaiusk ir mdy if tak strugturks mdl fkmturks od tak lorkgtvogodoty. \aos hmjks ot gihpbogmtkl ti lktkrhodk waoga iutnuoblod`s fudgtoidkl gidtkhpirmdkius wota takfmrhaiusk. \ak hmciroty if `rmdmroks gidfirh od irokdtmtoid ti tamt if tak bidàiusk mdl ‗ smvk fir idk sox-piststrugturk tamt grissguts tak siutakrdhist kmvks-lrop lotga ‗ li dit ivkrbmp wota tak fmrhaiusk `riudl pbmd. \aklkdsk gidgkdtrmtoid if pistaibks ti tak siuta if tak wkstkrd kdl mdl gkdtrmb pmrt if tak fmrhaiusk ohpboks tamtduhkrius mllotoidmb strugturks hust amvk nkkd prkskdt, nut tamt taky giubl dit nk odtkrprktkl ms iutnuoblod`s wotasuffogokdt rkbomnoboty (o.k. taky wkrk dit olkdtofokl ny \akudosskd & Aubst =???n, =67-=60). \ak rkgurrkdt pbmgkhkdt ifsod`bk-stmjk typks if fkdgks ‗ lkfodod` rkgtmdùbmr pbits wota riudlkl girdkrs ‗ os odtkrprktkl ms lkbohotod` NridzkM`k fmrhstkmls (\akudosskd & Aubst =???n, =6?: Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, ;1: 67: =><). Od tamt gmsk, hmdy if

Fo`. O.=5 Aiusk idk if Soclkrvkbl.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 fkmturks mssigomtkl wota aiusk idk, g3 aypitaktogmb fkmturks mssigomtkl wota aiusk idk, l3 fkmturks dit mssigomtklwota aiusk idk.



=<


tak `rmdmry-typk iutnuoblod`s ti tak kmst if tak fmrhaiusk id aiusk-sotk idk hmy dit amvk nkkd pmrt if tak fmrhstkmlsu``kstkl ny taksk fkdgks. Didktakbkss, taky tii skkh ti gidfirh od irokdtmtoid ti tak fmrhaiusk, waoga otskbf hmyamvk nkkd mbo`dkl ti tak trmckgtiry if tak Soclkrvkbl rksolumb `ubby. Idk if tak hist typogmb mspkgt os tak rkgurrkdtrknuoblod` mdl ivkrnuoblod` if tak `rmdmroks (fo`. O.==), tkstofyod` ti m pkrsostkdtby mlakrkl ti vosoid if strugturod`tak fmrhaiusk surriudlod`s.

Fo`. O.== @rmdmry-typk iutnuoblod`s rknuobt id aiusk-sotk idk.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 fkmturks mssigomtkl wota m strug turk, g3 itakr fkmturks (M ti F mbb ti smhk sgmbk).



=;


Aiusk-sotk twi os bigmtkl lorkgtby ti tak wkst if aiusk-sotk idk nut tak prkskdgk if hilkrd lrmodm`k lotgaks mdl mlort riml priaonotkl tak kxgmvmtoid if tak twi aiusk-sotks od m gidtoduius trkdga. \aksk lotgaks mbsi amvk losturnkltak gkdtrmb pmrt if tak =? h bid` fmrhaiusk, waoga os irokdtmtkl mt m roàt md`bk ti mbb itakr Nridzk M`k aiusks odtak kxgmvmtkl mrkm. \i tak wkst, dirta mdl kmst if tak fmrhaiusk sod`bk fiur-pist iutnuoblod`s mrk fiudl, waiskirokdtmtoid hmtgaks tamt if tak fmrhaiusk (fo`. O.=>).

Od tak vogodoty if tak aiusk, skvkrmb bmr`kr fkmturks wkrk fiudl tamt giubl nk olkdtofokl ms lrodjod` piibs fir gmttbk(fo`. O.=>, W;?.1 mdl W;?.=1) mdl ms m wkbb (fo`. O.=>, W;?.>;: Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, 67-6;: Nmjkbs >55;, ==;).M frm`hkdt if Wmbox gamrgimb frih fkmturk W;?.1 wms lmtkl ti g. =<=5-==75 gmb NG (@rM->0=073 75<5 ½ 7; NU:

Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, =0).Aiusk-sotk tarkk os bigmtkl g. 0; hktkr ti tak siutakmst if aiusk-sotk idk (fo`. O.=7). Ot gmd nk olkdtofokl ny m

bmr`k (>?.; h) bidàiusk wota lu` ‑kmvks-lrop‟ lotgaks mdl kdtrmdgk pirtmbs od tak sairt solks. \ak bidàiusk hmyamvk nkkd irokdtmtkl pmrmbbkb ti tak trmckgtiry if tak Soclkrvkbl rksolumb ùbby, waoga os bigmtkl 7> h ti tak siutakmstif ot. Hmdy if tak pistaibks if tak aiusk stobb gidtmodkl pmrts if tak imj mdl mblkr pists (Vkrhkkrkd >55;, ==>). Idkmblkr pist wms rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti g. =<65-=7=5 gmb NG (fo`. O.=7, W60.;7: @rD->1?>?3 7=>5 ½ 75 NU: Jdoppkdnkr`& Cid`stk >55;, =0). \wi imj pists giubl nk lmtkl ny lkdlrigaridibi`y ti =<>= ½ ; gmb NG mdl =7?6 ½ 6 gmb NGrkspkgtovkby (kstohmtkl fkbbod` lmtks: fo`. O.=7, W60.<> mdl W60.7<: Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, =0). Ot skkhs prinmnbktamt tak aiusk wms krkgtkl nktwkkd =<>6 mdl =7?5 gmb NG. Md mblkr pist frih fkmturk W60.>= aiwkvkr, rmloigmrnid

Fo`. O.=> Aiusk-sotk twi if Soclkrvkbl.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 fkmturks mssigomtkl wota strugturks, g3 fkmturks dit mssigomtkl wota strug turks.



=6


wms lmtkl ti g. =7?5-==>5 gmb NG (@rD->1?7>3 75>; ½ 75 NU: Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, =0). \aos gmd odlogmtktwi taod`s3 kotakr tak mssksshkdts if tak fkbbod` lmtks mrk tii gidfodkl mdl tak kdtork aiusk wms nuobt sihkwakrkmriudl =7?5 gmb NG, ir mbtkrdmtovkby ‗ mdl taos os tak iptoid fmviurkl ny tak kxgmvmtirs ‗ tamt tak fkmturk rkprkskdtsm rkpmor ir rkodfirgkhkdt if tak kmstkrd kdtrmdgk mt bkmst m lkgmlk mftkr tak krkgtoid if tak aiusk (Jdoppkdnkr` &Cid`stk >550, =>;, gf . Mrdiblusskd >551, skgtoid 7.<.>).

Mriudl taos bidàiusk, dodktkkd iutnuoblod`s amvk nkkd rkgidstrugtkl, if waoga fovk amvk nkkd rmloigmrnid lmtkl.Nksolks twi fiur-pist `rmdmry-typk iutnuoblod`s tamt griss-gut tak `riudl pbmd if tak fmrhaiusk, hist iutnuoblod`shmy amvk nkkd gidtkhpirmdkius. Md imj pist frih m dodk-pist iutnuoblod` wms lmtkl ny lkdlrigaridibi`y ti =<17½ 6 gmb NG (kstohmtkl fkbbod` lmtk: fo`. O.=7, di =?: Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, =0), waoga os skvkrmb lkgmlks iblkr

tamd tak kstohmtkl krkgtoid if tak fmrhaiusk. Ot os pbmusonbk tamt iblkr (rk-uskl gidstrugtoid) wiil wms uskl fir takgidstrugtoid mt tak tohk if usk if tak fmrhaiusk (gf. \rmunk =?15, >?;: Pmtkrsid >557, <;: Cmdiwsjo >557, =5>). \akstrugturmb sohobmroty if taos iutnuoblod` ti iutnuoblod`s >5 mdl >= hmy nk md mllotoidmb mrùhkdt fir taos. Iutnuoblod`>5 yokblkl md Mbdus pist tamt wms rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti g. =<75-=>65 gmb NG (@rD->1?>03 7515 ½ 75 NU: Jdoppkdnkr`& Cid`stk >55;, =0) mdl md imj pist frih tak ivkrbmppod` iutnuoblod` >= wms lmtkl ny lkdlrigaridibi`y ti =70< ½ ;gmb NG (kstohmtkl fkbbod` lmtk: Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, =0). Of wk gihpmrk tak lmtk kstmnbosakl fir iutnuoblod`>= ti tak lkdlrigaridibiògmb lmtks fir aiusk tarkk, ot os gbkmr tamt taos strugturk wms prinmnby krkgtkl nktwkkd >0mdl ;0 ykmrs mftkr tak gidstrugtoid if tak aiusk.

Fo`. O.=7 Aiusk-s otk tarkk if Soclkr vkbl.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 fkmturks mssigomtkl wota strugturks, g3 fkmturks dit mssigomtkl wota strugturks, l3 pots mdl lotgaks mssigomtkl wotaaiusk-sotk (tak bodks giddkg tod` tak bmnkbs odlogmtk tak fkmturks lmtkl).



=0


\wi sox-pist iutnuoblod`s wkrk rkgidstrugtkl lorkgtby dirta if tak wkstkrd kdl if tak fmrhaiusk. Md mblkr pist frihidk if taksk (fo`. O.1, di =1) wms rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti g. =<<5-=>65 gmb NG (@rD->1?773 7==5 ½ 75 NU: Jdoppkdnkr` &Cid`stk >55;, =0). Od taos pmrt if tak aiusk-sotk, hmdy itakr fiur-pist `rmdmry-typk iutnuoblod`s wkrk rkgidstrugtkl,waoga gmddit mbb nk gidtkhpirmdkius ti kotakr tak aiusk ir tak sox pist iutnuoblod` bmnkbbkl di =1. Idk fiur-pist`rmdmry ivkrbmps wota tak aiusk wmbb, wakrkms mditakr griss-guts tak kmvks lrop ùbby, ohpbyod` tamt ot wobb amvk

nkkd bmtkr tamd tak krkgtoid if tak aiusk. M sohobmrby yiud` m`k hmy mppby ti twi fiur-pist iutnuoblod`s sotumtkllorkgtby od fridt if tak wkstkrd sairt solk kdtrmdgk ti tak aiusk. Ot saiubl nk ditkl tamt skvkrmb if taksk `rmdmry-typkiutnuoblod`s loffkr sboàtby od irokdtmtoid frih tak fmrhaiusk mdl tak iutnuoblod`s prksuhmnby gidtkhpirmdkius tiot. Lorkgtby ti tak siuta if tak kmstkrd fmrhaiusk kdtrmdgk, mditakr gbustkr if fiur ivkrbmppod` fiur-pist iutnuoblod`sos fiudl. Di wiil aml nkkd prkskrvkl, nut m gamrrkl sbik prudk ( Urudus spodism) frih m pistaibk if iutnuoblod`7> wms rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti g. =<75-=>65 gmb NG (@rM->0=?=3 751; ½ 7; NU: Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, =0).Ms gidtkxt rkbomnby if tak smhpbk hmy nk qukstoidkl, taos lmtk mt nkst liks dit ippisk tak mssuhptoid tamt takskiutnuoblod`s tii hmy amvk nkkd (suggkssovkby) gidtkhpirmdkius ti tak fmrhaiusk. \ak smhk mppboks ti m Wmboxfrm`hkdt frih m pistaibk if tak koàt-pist iutnuoblod` =5 waoga wms rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti g. =<75-=>65 gmb NG (@rD->1?7=3 75?5 ½ 75 NU: Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, =0). Nksolks pist-nuobt strugturks, tarkk itakr fkmturks id aiusk-sotk tarkk yokblkl lmtmnbk hmtkromb. \wi if takh

mrk odtkrprktkl ms lrodjod` piibs fir gmttbk (fo`. O.=7, fkmturks W;5.=1< mdl W60.;6). Fkmturk W;5.=1< mgtumbby griss-guts md iblkr fkmturk, mbsi odtkrprktkl ms m lrodjod` piib. \aos kxpbmods tak orrkùbmr sampk if tak fkmturk od takkxgmvmtoid pbmd. M wobbiw frm`hkdt frih mniut ambfwmy tak gybodlrogmb, idk hktkr lkkp, yiud`kst fkmturk wms lmtklti g. =;75-=755 (@rD->1?>13 7=;5 ½ ;5 NU: Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, =0). \ak dirtakrd lrodjod` piib (W60.;6)os odtkrprktkl ms griss-guttod` tak dirtakrd kmvks-lrop lotga (Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, <<: 6<, gf . Mrdiblusskd>551, skgtoid ;.6). Ot hmy, aiwkvkr, mbsi nk mrùkl tamt tak sampk if taos fkmturk rkspkgts tak bigmtoid mdl firh if takkmvks-lrop lotga, mdl tak kxgmvmtirs mbsi mrùk tamt tak prkskdgk if taos pot hmy kxpbmod tak mnskdgk if tak skgidl

pamsk if lotga lo`òd` liguhkdtkl mt tak siutakrd solk if tak aiusk. Ot os vkry wkbb pissonbk tamt wakd kotakr smdl irgbmy wms dkklkl (rkdkwmb if tak wmbb pbmstkr9 gf . Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, 6?) ir wakd tak lrmodod` gmpmgoty iftak (sobtkl-up) lotgaks aml ti nk kdbmr`kl, m lotga wms lu` ti tak siuta if tak aiusk, wakrkms ti tak dirta m lrodjod`

pidl fir mdohmbs wms grkmtkl, tamt wms fkl ny tak rmodwmtkr gihod` frih tak dirtakrd riif‟s wmtkrsakl. \ak twibmr`kr iutbodkl fkmturks mttmgakl ti W60.;6 ti tak dirta mrk mrkms wota aiif-ohprodts frih gmttbk, strkd`takdod` tak

pripiskl odtkrprktmtoid ms m lrodjod` piib. Od tak nitmdogmb stuloks udlkrtmjkd if tak fobbs if taksk piibs, pbmdtsodlogmtod` wkt, trillkd wmtkrsolks lihodmtk (Nmjkbs >55;, ==;). Of tak mssuhptoid tamt taos lrodjod` piib lol dit nkbid` ti tak odotomb bmy-iut if tak aiusk-sotk aibls truk, tak lmtod` if taos pot gmd mbsi odfirh us id tak usk-bofk if taosaiusk-sotk. Md mblkr frm`hkdt frih tak biwkrhist fobb wms rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti g. =<<5-=>=5 gmb NG (@rD->1?75375?5 ½ <5 NU: Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, =0). M losgmrlkl frm`hkdt if m wirjkl imj pist giubl nk lmtkl nylkdlrigaridibi`y ti g. =7<; NG (kstohmtkl fkbbod` lmtk: Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, =0). \aos ohpboks tamt taoslrodjod` piib wms fobbkl-od nktwkkd ;= mdl 06 ykmrs mftkr tak krkgtoid if tak fmrhaiusk: twogk tak bofkspmd dirhmbbymssuhkl fir prkaostirog fmrhstkmls (Mrdiblusskd >551, skgtoid 7.<.>). \ak fodmb lmtkl fkmturk frih taos aiusk-sotk os md ivmb fkmturk odlogmtkl ms W;5.06. Gorgubmr strugturksid Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdt sotks usumbby rkprkskdt nmrriws (Mrdiblusskd >551, skgtoid 1.>.7.7) ir lrmodm`k lotgaksmriudl lryod` ir stirm`k strugturks fir gkrkmbs (Nuurhmd =??6m) nut akrk di pisotovk odlogmtirs if suga fudgtoids(di `rmvk, di hiudl nily, di nitmdogmb rkhmods) wkrk fiudl (Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, 0>-07). \ak gamrrklfrm`hkdt if wobbiw frih tak fobb lmtkl ti g. =<=5-==?5 gmb NG (@rM->0=0<3 75;5 ½ 7; NU: Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk

>55;, =0) waoga bkmvks ipkd tak iptoid ti rk`mrl ot ms m pmrt if aiusk-sotk tarkk.\ak fkdgks mt taos aiusk-sotk li dit gbkmrby odlogmtk tak kxtkdt if m fmrhstkml. Mbtaiuà hist gidfirh od

irokdtmtoid ti tak rksolumb ùbby mdl tak aiusk ‗ ir rud mt roàt md`bks ti takh ‗ sihk lospbmy m lkvomtod` irokdtmtoidmdl m sod`bk stmjk frih wotaod tak gorgubmr fkmturk wms lmtkl ti tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k (skk nkbiw). \aos su``ksts tamtdit mbb mrk gidtkhpirmdkius ti tak aiusk. Furtakrhirk, m fkdgk gidsostod` if `kdkrmbby sihkwamt bmr`kr (=; ghlomhktkr) pists pbmgkl mt >->.= h odtkrvmb ivkrbmps wota iutnuoblod` =?, nut hoàt nk iblkr ms wkbb ms yiud`kr. \akfmgt tamt fkmturk W;5.=1< griss-guts m sod`bk-stmjk typk if fkdgk hmy odlogmtk tamt sihk bmdlsgmpk strugturod` wotafkdgks prklmtkl tak krkgtoid if tak fmrhaiusk mdl ots mssigomtkl iutnuoblod`s.



=1


\i tak wkst if tak M> hitirwmy, mdl ti tak siuta if tak rksolumb `ubby, m fiurta aiusk-sotk wms losgivkrkl. Akrk, mrkhmrjmnby shmbb (=< h bkd`ta) fmrhaiusk mdl tarkk `rmdmry-typk iutnuoblod`s giubl nk rkgidstrugtkl. Gamrgimbif md mblkr trkk frih pistaibk W=<.7 wms rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti g. =;>5-=7=5 gmb NG (@rM->0=?>3 7=<5 ½ <5 NU:Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, =0). \ak pistaibks if tak iutnuoblod`s mriudl taos aiusk mppkmr rmtakr shmbb ‗ pkrampstii shmbb ti suppirt tak rmtakr bmr`k iutnuoblod` ti tak dirta if tak aiusk9 ‗ od lomhktkr gihpmrkl ti taisk ifiutnuoblod`s ti tak dirta if tak rksolumb `ubby.

M =.7 h lkkp wkbb (fo`. O.=<, fkmturk W=<.66) wota odlogmtoids if m gidstrugtoid fir lrmwod` wmtkr wms fiudl =0 h titak dirtawkst if tak aiusk (skk Mrdiblusskd >557, >?-75: Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, 66). Md udwirjkl frm`hkdtif mblkr frih wotaod tak wkbb wms rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti g. =;>5-=<55 gmb NG (JoM->=5>13 7=0< ½ >; NU: Mrdiblusskd

>557, 75). \aos wkbb griss-guts m sod`bk stmjk typk if fkdgk, hmjod` ot udbojkby tamt nita fkmturks firhkl pmrt if msod`bk aiusk-sotk pamsk. \ak pots odlogmtkl ms W=<.70 mdl W=<.7 id fo`. O.=< wkrk ;5 mdl =; gh lkkp rkspkgtovkby mdl

nita gidtmodkl sihk f odls, nut dit suffogokdt ti mssuhk m (skgidlmry) fudgtoid ms rkfusk luhps. Fkmturk W=<.>55gidtmodkl twi gidgkdtrmtoids if nurdkl gbmy mdl sihk nurdkl nidk. Aiwkvkr, od tak mnskdgk if bmykrs if msa,gamrgimb ir m lostodgtovk niudlmry wota odlogmtoids if nurdod`, tak gbmohkl odtkrprktmtoid ms m akmrta ir pot fir

nurdod` saiubl nk rkfutkl (gidtrm Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, 60) Od mllotoid ti tak odfirhmtoid id tak strugturk if tak fiur aiusk-sotks mbrkmly rkfkrrkl ti mnivk, tak Soclkrvkblkxgmvmtoids iffkr mbsi m pogturk if wamt amppkdkl iutsolk takh. \ak bmdlsgmpk iutsolk (of prkaostirog pkipbk kvkr fkbtsuga m lostodgtoid) tak aiusk-sotk mppkmrs systkhmtogmbby mdl kxtkdsovkby pmrgkbbkl, wota systkhs if fkdgks trmgkmnbk

Fo`. O.=< Aiusk-sotk fiur if Soclkrvk bl.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 fkmturks mssigomtkl wota strugturks, g3 fkmturks dit mssigomtkl wota strugturks, l3 pots mdl wkbbs mssigomtkl wotaaiusk-sotk fiur.



=?


ivkr audlrkls if hktkrs. [dfirtudmtkby, taksk fkdgks gmddit nk lmtkl mggurmtkby mdl fkmturk odtkrrkbmtoids amvksaiwd (skk mnivk) tamt fkdgks amvk nkkd krkgtkl proir, lurod` mdl mftkr tak bmtk =;ta kmrby =<ta gkdtury pamsk if NridzkM`k iggupmtoid. Idk wobbiw stmjk frih m sod`bk-stmjk typk if fkdgk pbmgkl pkrpkdlogubmr ti tak lorkgtoid if takrksolumb ubby (W>>.6?, skk fo`. O.=? fir bigmtoid) wms rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti g. =<>5-=>=5 gmb NG (@rD->1?><3 7565 ½ 7;NU: Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, =0). Lotgaks wkrk mbsi uskl od strugturod` tak bmdlsgmpk, nut taky tii mrk loffogubtti lmtk. \ak `kdkrmbby shmbb (wolta ;5-=55 gh) mdl strmoàt lotgaks nita griss-gut mdl mrk griss-gut ny sod`bk stmjktypks if fkdgks waisk irokdtmtoid taky iftkd gidfirh ti. Of wk mssuhk taksk lotgaks ti amvk nkbid`kl ti tak smhksystkh ms tak gurvobodkmr lotga id aiusk-sotk twi tamt guts mgriss m pist if tak aiusk (fo`. O.=>), tak lotgaks hmy mbb nkyiud`kr tamd tak fmrhaiusks, nut gkrtmodby li dit rkprkskdt tak fodmb pamsk if bmdlsgmpk strugtur od`.

Iutnuoblod`s mrk mbsi fiudl mt gidsolkrmnbk lostmdgks frih tak aiusk(-sotk)s. Nita sox- mdl fiur-pist typks ifiutnuoblod`s mrk rkprkskdtkl. \aky iftkd iggur od mrkms if biw fkmturk lkdsoty (smvk fir trmgks if fkdgks), su``kstod`tamt taksk mrkms hoàt nk `mrlkds ir hkmliws. \ak irokdtmtoid if taksk iutnuoblod`s mppkmrs ti nk hirk vmrokl tamdtamt if taisk dkmr ti tak aiusks. @kdkrmbby, taksk iutnuoblod`s mrk dit rknuobt mdl dit iftkd ivkrnuobt. \ak `rmdmrokssaiwd id foùrk O.=6 (ivkrbkmf, odskt N) mrk md kxgkptoid, nut taky hmy amvk nkbid`kl ‗ nkgmusk if takor bigmtoiddkmr tak kxgmvmtoid bohots ‗ ti m dit ykt udgivkrkl Nridzk M`k aiusk-sotk. Md mblkr pist if tak dodk-pist iutnuoblod`lkpogtkl ms fo`. O.=6 M: f, wms rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti g. =<;5-==75 gmb NG (@rD-6<5<3 756; ½ ;; NU: \akudosskd &Aubst =???n, =;1).

Fo`. O.=; Ivkrvokw if fkdgks mdl pissonbk Nridzk M`k lotgaks mt Soclkrvkbl.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 strugturks, g3 lotgaks, l3 sod`bk-stmjk typk fkdgks, k3 liunbk-stmjk typk fkdgks, f3 typk =n fkdgk, `3 pissonbkpmbosmlk.



>5


Fo`. O.=6 Ivkrvokw if osibmtkl iutnuoblod`s mt Soclkrvkbl (M ti B mbb id smhk sgmbk, skk O).

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 fkmturks mssigomtkl wota strugturks, g3 itakr fkmturks, l3 liunbk-stmjk typk fkdgks, k3 sod`bk-stmjk typk fkdgks, f3rmloigmrnid lmtkl pist.



>>


pibbkd frih tak rksolumb ùbby mssigomtkl wota tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k pamsk wms olkdtofokl ny Lk Cid` (=?05-=?0=,15: 17). Md olkdtofokl qukrd ruddkr stidk mbsi su``ksts gkrkmb prigkssod` id tak sotk (Jdoppkdnkr` >55;, 16-10). Odvmroius pmrts if tak sotk, spmlk hmrjs wkrk kdgiudtkrkl, nut taky gmddit nk lmtkl wota gkrtmodty ti tak Nridzk M`kmdl hmy nk mssigomtkl wota bmtkr (Kmrby Orid M`k) usk if tak sotk (skk fo`. O.=1: Aubst =?60m, ;-6: Mrdiblusskd >55>,76). Pakrkms tak spmlk hmrjs od shmbbkr trmdskgts hmy rkprkskdt lrmodm`k systkhs, tak hirk kxtkdsovk spmlk hmrjsdkmr tak Orid M`k aiusk hoàt nk rkbmtkl ti grip gubtovmtoid. Mdohmb ausnmdlry, ny gidstrmst, os wkbb liguhkdtkl.Aiif ohprodts if gmttbk giubl nk olkdtofokl od vmroius pmrts if tak kxgmvmtoid, mdl tak mssigomtoid if taksk fkmturkswota tak lrodjod` piib id aiusk-sotk tarkk ams mbrkmly nkkd hkdtoidkl.

Nidks frih lihkstog mdohmbs (ms wkbb ms m fkw mdtbkr frm`hkdts mdl m nkmvkr tiita) amvk nkkd rkgivkrkl frihfkmturks od vmroius pmrts if tak kxgmvmtoid. Gmttbk os lihodmdt od duhnkr (?< %) mdl suppbkhkdtkl ny shmbb duhnkrs

if po` (7%), sakkp/ìmt (>%) mdl m amdlfub if nidks if li`s mdl airsks (Mrdiblusskd & Fidtocd >556, >?? fo`. 1: nmskl id \akudosskd =???, >;<: Gbmsid =???, 7?: Gmvmbbi >55;). Uaispamtk hmppod` wms udlkrtmjkd wotaod twi iftak aiusks, nut tak odlogmtoids fir fudgtoidmb loffkrkdgks wotaod tak aiusk pbmds mrk odgidgbusovk (Iidj >55;). Guthmrjs wkrk olkdtofokl id sihk nidks if gmttbk mdl sakkp/ìmt (Gmvmbbi >55;, ?=). Audtod` mdl fosaod` mrk taiuàt tiamvk firhkl idby m hmròdmb pmrt ‗ of mt mbb ‗ if tak sunsostkdgk strmtkòks (Gmvmbbi >55;, ??: Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk>55;, =>>). \ak mrtkfmgts rkgivkrkl aodt mt tak dirhmb rmd`ks if Nridzk M`k m`rogubturmb mgtovotoks. M pissonbk fbodtsgrmpkr hmy amvk nkkd uskl od aolk prigkssod` (Jdoppkdnkr` >55;, 1;) mdl sihk pissonbk `rodlod` mdl amhhkrod`stidks wkrk fiudl (\akudosskd & Aubst =???n, =0;: Jdoppkdnkr` >55;, 16-10). Nidk ir gkrmhog mrtkfmgts (itakr tamd

Fo`. O.=1 Ivkrvokw if aiif ohprodts mdl spmlk hmrjs mt Soclkrvkbl.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 strugturks, g3 fkdgks, l3 spmlk hmrjs (prksuhmnby Orid M`k), k3 aiif-ohprodts (Nridzk ir Orid M`k).

=71755 =71655

< 7 ? ; 5 5

m n g l k



>7


pittkry) mrk mnskdt. Mbtaiuà di hktmb mxks wkrk rkgivkrkl, takor firhkr prkskdgk os vovolby obbustrmtkl ny tak tiibhmrjs losgkrdonbk id vmroius prkskrvkl pist stuhps (Vkrhkkrkd >55;, =51-===). Wkvkrmb loffkrkdt (typks if) mxkswkrk uskl ti krkgt tak bidàiusk if aiusk-sotk tarkk mdl tak surriudlod` iutnuoblod`s (pissonby fovk loffkrkdt mxks:Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, =>7), ohpbyod` tamt kotakr suga bmr`k duhnkrs if mxks wkrk mvmobmnbk ti tak iggupmdtsir tamt taisk akbpod` od nuoblod` tak aiusk nriuàt takor iwd mxks.

Lostronutoid mdmbysks if tak vmroius rkhmods saiws tamt `kdkrmbby fodl lkdsotoks mrk biw mdl tamt histhmtkrombs iroòdmtk frih bmr`kr fkmturks suga ms lotgaks, lrodjod` piibs, bmr`kr pots mdl sihk pistaibks (Jdoppkdnkr`& Cid`stk >55;, >1-77). M fodl-roga vk`ktmtoid airozid wms prkskrvkl idby od tak rkbmtovkby biwkr-byod` mrkm dkmrtrkdga =5 (skk fo`. O.=0). Od itakr mrkms, idby tak biwkrhist pmrt if tak vk`ktmtoid airozid wms fiudl, waoga aml hugabkss hmtkromb trmhpbkl odti ot. \ak mnskdgk if tak (fodls-roga) tiphist pmrt if tak vk`ktmtoid airozid (tak Nridzk M`ksurfmgk bmykr) hmy nk mttronutkl ti tak skgidl rkmgtovmtoid if tak Soclkrvkbl rksolumb ubby (skk nkbiw). \aos hmy amvkgmuskl sakkt-fbiw (Gairbky, Wgauhh & Wu`lkd =?1<, >65: Gibbodsid =??6, ;1) if tak tiphist pmrt if tak surfmgkbmykr, wmsaod` ot dkmrby gihpbktkby mwmy odti tak biwkr-byod` mrkms if tak fbiilnmsod (gf . Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>m, 05).

\ak rksolumb ùbby hmy od tak kmrbokst pamsks amvk odsporkl tak irokdtmtoid if fkdgks mdl aiusk-sotks. Odvmroius pmrts if tak kxgmvmtoids, fkdgks wkrk fiudl tamt fibbiwkl mdl pkramps lkbohotkl tak rksolumb ùbby. Mt taktohk if tak Nridzk M`k iggupmtoid, pkmt `riwta aml mbrkmly fobbkl-up tak Soclkrvkbl rksolumb ùbby ms wkbb ms tak

pmrts rkmgtovmtkl proir ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k iggupmtoid (Vmd Socvkrlkd >557m: Vmd Nkurlkd od prkp.). Wihk iftak grkvmssk ùbboks tamt wkrk firhkl frih tak Aidswocj - Akddoslocj fbuvomb systkh hmy amvk privolkl m bodj titak hmyir wmtkrwmys mdl of dit, tak hmod gamddkbs ‗ bigmtkl mt 7.; mdl 0 jh ti tak dirta mdl kmst ‗ if taksk mgtovkfbuvomb systkhs gkrtmodby lol. Liwdstrkmh, tak bkvkk lkpisots if tak Soclkrvkbl systkh wkrk ivkr`riwd wota pkmt irgivkrkl wota gbmy (Nkrkdlskd & Lk Cid` >557), nut id tak aoàkr pmrts (ms wkbb ms id tak grkvmssk mdl bkvkk lkpisotsif tak Wgaiidrkwikrl fbuvomb systkh dkmrny) sihk mblkr, wobbiw mdl pipbmr trkks wkrk `riwod` (\akudosskd & Aubst=???n, =0;: Nmjkbs >55;: Vkrhkkrkd >55;). \ak prkskdgk if aiif-ohprodts mdl itakr pbmdt rkhmods odlogmtk tamt odvmroius shmbbkr pmtgaks wkbb-trillkd wkttkr mrkms kxostkl (\akudosskd & Aubst =???n, =0=-=0>: Jdoppkdnkr` &Cid`stk >55;, 0<: Lk Cid` =?05-=?0=: Nmjkbs >55;: Vmd Nkurlkd od prkp.). Bmr`kr mrkms if ipkd wmtkr mdl hmrsakswobb amvk nkkd prkskdt od tak fbiilnmsod ti tak dirta (mdl ti m bksskr kxtkdt ti siuta) if tak skttbkhkdt sotk (VmdSocvkrlkd >557m: Vmd Nkurlkd od prkp.).

Od gidgbusoid, tak prkskdgk if fiur aiusk-sotks mt Soclkrvkbl lurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N giubl nk

kstmnbosakl, wakrkms twi hirk hmy nk kxpkgtkl sotumtkl cust iutsolk tak kxgmvmtkl mrkm. \ak >χ rmd`ks if takrmloigmrnid lmtks frih tak aiusk-sotk wkst if tak M> hitirwmy os sboàtby kmrbokr tamd taisk ti tak kmst. Ot gmddit,aiwkvkr, nk msgkrtmodkl tamt taos aiusk-sotk wms odlkkl kstmnbosakl kmrbokr (gf. Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, =>0).Ot os kqumbby wkbb pissonbk tamt mbb aiusk-sotks wkrk iggupokl mriudl g. =<55-=7?5 gmb NG. Of dit gidtkhpirmdkius,tak krkgtoid if tak skqukdgk if aiusk-sotks saiws m rkhmrjmnbk rkspkgt fir tak prk-kxostod` bmdlsgmpk strugturod`mdl mbrkmly prkskdt aiusk-sotks. Of taos wms m `rmlumbby kvibvod` gubturmb bmdlsgmpk, tak vmbuks kxprksskl od taosstrugturod` skkh dit ti amvk loffkrkl `rkmtby ivkr tohk. \ak prkskdgk if m samrkl (sydgaridius) ir roòlby mlakrkltii (lomgaridius) ditoid if aiw ti strugturk aiusk-sotks mdl takor wolkr kdvorids gmd nk mssuhkl. Wihkwakrk dkmr tak kdl if tak =7ta gkdtury NG, tak Soclkrvkbl rksolumb ùbby wms m`mod rkmgtovmtkl. \aosrkmgtovmtoid krilkl m auhog gbmy sklohkdt if waoga tak tip wms lmtkl ti g. =6?5-=<=5 gmb NG (@rD-;>>53 7>6; ½ 65NU: Lk Cid` =?05-=?0=, 17). M smhpbk if Uarm`hotks pkmt frih tak nittih if tak rkmgtovmtkl rksolumb ùbby lmtklti g. =>=5-?>5 gmb NG (@rD-;>=?3 >115 ½ 7; NU: Lk Cid` =?05-=?0=) mdl mditakr smhpbk wms lmtkl ti g. =<<5-=>;5gmb NG ([tG-=751>: 751; ½ <= NU (tkrrkstromb hmgri rkhmods): Nkrkdlskd & Aikj >55;, >=). Ms tak >χ odtkrvmbs

mrk gidskgutovk, wk gmd idby stmtk tamt mftkr g. =<=5 gmb NG, idk ‗ ir skvkrmb ‗ rkmgtovmtoids tiij pbmgk, waoga amvkiggurrkl nktwkkd tak =<ta mdl =5ta gkdtury gmb NG (gf. Lk Cid` =?05-=?0=: Vmd Socvkrlkd >557m: gidtrm Nkrkdlskd& Aikj >55;, >>). Aubst ditogkl tamt od tak mrkm wakrk tak spmlk hmrjs wkrk kdgiudtkrkl (skk fo`. O.=1, l), taky wkrklu` odti m sobty ti smdly bmykr waoga wms lkpisotkl id tip if tak (Nridzk M`k) vk`ktmtoid bmykr, o.k. givkrod` itakr(Nridzk M`k) fkmturks (Aubst =?60m, 0: =1). Aubst odtkrprktkl m sambbiw ùbby dkmrny ms tak siurgk frih waoga taossklohkdt aml nkkd wmsakl (Aubst =?60m, 0). Ukramps taksk lkpisots mrk rkbmtkl ti taos pkroil if ùbby rkmgtovmtoid. Odmdy gmsk, tak pibbkd kvolkdgk saiws m (sairt9) pamsk if ‑lriwdod`‟ (o.k. odgrkmskl wkttkr gidlotoids) mdl lkgrkmsklauhmd mgtovoty dkmr tak khl if tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N (Nkrkdlskd & Aikj >55;, <6).



><


Bmtk Nridzk M`kBojk lurod` tak prkgklod` pkroils, tak hmod fbuvomb mrtkroks mgtovkby lrmodod` tak lkbtm lurod` tak Bmtk Nridzk M`kmrk sotumtkl iutsolk tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rkòid: tak Aiutkd fbuvomb systkh ti tak dirta mdl tak Krogakh fbuvombsystkh ti tak siuta (Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, >5?: =??). \ak twi rksolumb ùbby lmtks fir tak Aidswocj fbuvombsystkh (skk mnivk), odlogmtk tamt frih tak stmrt if tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k pkroil, di sklohkdtmtoid frih taos systkhtiij pbmgk. Fir tak Akddoslocj fbuvomb systkh, lkspotk m rksolumb ùbby lmtk if g. =705-=5;5 gmb NG ([tG-<6<>3 >?0;½ 7; NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, >5;) mgtovoty up ti tak Orid M`k hmy nk mssuhkl (gf. Vmd lkd Nrikjk>55=, =6<: =66). Od mdy gmsk, kotakr tak Aidswocj ir tak Akddoslocj fbuvomb systkh gmuskl mditakr rkmgtovmtoid if takSoclkrvkbl rksolumb ùbby (skk mnivk). Kvolkdgk fir auhmd prkskdgk od tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rkòid lurod` tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k os hodohmb (Mrgaos<?<;1 (fo`. O.1, di <?<;1) gidgkrds nurdkl nidk waoga os ‑lmtkl‟ ti tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k-Orid M`k). \ak kxgmvmtoidsamvk dit udkmrtakl m sod`bk sakrl lmtmnbk ti tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k (\akudosskd & Aubst =???n, =0>-=0<: Vmd Nkkj>55;, 0;-1=). Didktakbkss, sihk pots amvk nkkd tkdtmtovkby (nmskl id fkmturk odtkrrkbmtoids) lmtkl ti tak Bmtk NridzkM`k (\akudosskd & Aubst =???n, =;?). M pipubus stmjk frih m fkdgk od tak gkdtrmb kmstkrd pmrt if tak kxgmvmtoid wmslmtkl ti g. =>65-?>5 gmb NG (@rD->1?>6, >1?5 ½ ;5 NU: Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;, =0, gf . \akudosskd & Aubst=???n, =;?: @rD-;;0<3 >66; ½ 15 NU). \aos fkdgk, aiwkvkr, os rmtakr frm`hkdtmry mdl hmjod` odfkrkdgks id tak

dmturk if tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k bmdlsgmpk strugturod` nmskl id taos sod`bk stmjk os ohpissonbk.

Iutsolk tak Soclkrvkbl hogri-rkòid, Bmtk Nridzk M`k fodls amvk nkkd rkgivkrkl ms strmy fodls frih rovkrs (Mrgaos0?0=: m Bmtk Nridzk M`k spkmrakml) mdl frih tkst-pots odti tak Wgamoj (Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<, 70>, di ?7: Mrgaos><1?=: \kr Pmb >55;m) mdl tak Wgaiidrkwikrl (Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<, 76<-76? dis. >1, <>, <?, ;>) f buvomb systkh‟s

Fo`. O.=? Piilkd (Uipubus) stmjk rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k mt Soclkrvkbl.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 liunbk-stmjk typk fkdgks, g3 sod`bk -stmjk typk fkdgks, l. rmloigmrnid lmtkl s tmjk.



>;


lkpisots. Gidskqukdtby, sotks lmtmnbk ti taos pkroil gmd rkmsidmnby nk kxpkgtkl ti nk losgivkrkl od tak futurk id takbkvkk- mdl grkvmssk lkpisots if tak rkbmtovkby aoàkr pmrts if tak Wgamoj mdl Wgaiidrkwikrl fbuvomb systkhs wotaodtak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rkòid.

Kmrby Orid M`kLurod` tak Kmrby Orid M`k, tak Nurkd fbuvomb systkh gihks odti nkod` cust ti tak kmst if tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rkòid (Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, =?6). Uissonby, ot hmlk usk if m Bkj prkgursir ti giddkgt liwdstrkmh ti takAm`kstkod fbuvomb systkh (Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, =?6). Potaod tak stuly mrkm otskbf, prksuhmnby bottbk fbuvombsklohkdtmtoid ‗ itakr tamd odgolkdtmb fbiilod` ‗ tiij pbmgk. Nksolks auhmd mgtovotoks mdl iggupmtoid id fbuvomblkpisots (skk nkbiw) twi bmtk Ubkostigkdk-Kmrby Aibigkdk ludks amvk yokblkl Orid M`k gkrmhogs tamt mrk odlogmtovkif auhmd prkskdgk (fo`. O.>5 dis. >65?6 (Lk Jij =?6;, =>>: Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<, 705 di 0?: Mrgaos >65?6) mdl><1?> (Lk Jij =?6;: Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<n, 70=, di ?>: Mrgaos ><1?>).

\wi skttbkhkdt sotks lmtmnbk ti tak Kmrby Orid M`k mrk jdiwd: idk wms udgivkrkl od tak Soclkrvkbl kxgmvmtoid (fo`.O.>5 dis. >6>57 mdl <0>?5: fo`. O.>=: \akudosskd & Aubst =???n: Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;) mdl tak skgidl os‑Gubkhnir` - Lkd Akuvkb‟ (fo`. O.>5 di =1: Biuwk Jiiochmds =?66: Wbiis =?11: Mrdiblusskd & Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<).Nita kxgmvmtoids amvk yokblkl gkrmhogs, rmloigmrnid lmtkl smhpbks mdl fkmturks tamt mrk lmtkl ti tak Kmrby OridM`k, nut idby mt Soclkrvkbl m gbkmr-gut aiusk-pbmd frih taos pkroil wms udgivkrkl (fo`. O.>=, nut skk Mrdiblusskd &Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<). Mllotoidmbby, tarkk rmloigmrnid lmtks fir taos fmrhaiusk mdl tak dkmrny dodk-pist iutnuoblod`

Fo`. O.>5 Fbuvomb systkhs mdl fodl-spits lmtkl ti tak (Kmrby) Orid M`k (fobbkl syhnibs mrk gkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids, iutbodkl syhnibs udgkrtmod

olkdtofogmtoids) od tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rkòid.

m3 mgtovk fbuvomb systkhs, n3 fissob fbuv omb systkhs, g3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, l3 mkibomd (rovkr) ludks, k3 grkvmssk lkpis ots if udjdiwd m`k,f3 gkrmhogs, `3 fbodt ohpbkhkdts, a3 nitmdogmb rkhmods.



>6


odlogmtk iggupmtoid lurod` tak Kmrby Orid M`k (skk \akudosskd & Aubst =???n, =;? fir m losgussoid if takskrmloigmrnid lmtks).

Ot os vkry wkbb pissonbk tamt mllotoidmb fkmturks mt tak Soclkrvkbl kxgmvmtoid waoga mrk prkskdtby lmtkl ti tak NridzkM`k, od rkmboty nkbid`kl ti tak Orid M`k pamsk if iggupmtoid, nut gidgbusovk kvolkdgk os bmgjod`. \ak gkrmhogsrkgivkrkl od tak =?05‟s kxgmvmtoid odlogmtks iggupmtoid lurod` tak skvkdta gkdtury gmb NG (\akudosskd & Aubst=???n, =0<). M wobbiw amdlbk fir m sigjktkl mxk hmy mbsi lmtk ti tak Kmrby Orid M`k (\akudosskd & Aubst =???n,=00). \ak sakrls fiudl lurod` tak >55< kxgmvmtoid giubl dit nk lmtkl hirk prkgoskby itakr tamd ‑Orid M`k‟ (VmdNkkj >55;, 15).

\ak tkst-pot lu` mt ‑Akogip - Uiblkr Dklkrakogip‟ yokblkl m bmykr wota Orid M`k gkrmhogs, id tip if mbmykr wota Nridzk M`k gkrmhogs mbrkmly rkfkrrkl ti mnivk (fo`. O.>5 di >65?1: Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<, 705 di 1>‑Wgaiidrkwikrl - Ivkrnikogip‟: Uids =?;=: =?6=: Mrgaos >65?1). Mllotoidmb girod` gmrrokl iut mt tak tohk if tak>55< Soclkrvkbl kxgmvmtoids mbsi yokblkl Orid M`k gkrmhogs (mhid` waoga m dmob-ohprksskl roh sakrl) frih tak

Wgaiidrkwikrl bkvkk lkpisots (fo`. O.>5, di ?56). Ot os gbkmr tamt nita tak rovkr ludks mdl tak fissob rovkr lkpisots od pmrts if tak Soclkrvkbl hmgri-rk`oid stobbiffkrkl m suotmnbk nmsk ti auhmd iggupmtoid lurod` taos pkroil. ^khmrjmnby, taos auhmd iggupmtoid skkhs ti nkgidfodkl ti tak Kmrby Orid M`k (nut skk Mrgaos >65?1, wakrk tak Orid M`k gkrmhogs mrk lmtkl ti tak Hollbk ir BmtkOrid M`k) waobk ot wms dit udtob tak Bmtk Orid M`k ‗ wota tak stmrt if sklohkdtmtoid ny tak klogakh mdl bmtkr Bkj mdlBod`k rovkrs ‗ tamt gidlotoids hmy amvk turdkl udfmviurmnbk fir auhmd iggupmtoid (Nkrkdlskd =?1>, =1;: \ördqvost=??7, =71: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, >=7->=6: >75). Ditwotastmdlod` taos dkw fbuvomb mgtovoty, m nrusawiiltrmgjwmy mt Soclkrvkbl wms rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti tak Bmtk Orid M`k (fo`. O.>=, G: \akudosskd & Aubst =???n, =05-=0=).

Fo`. O.>= Orid M`k fkmturks mt tak kxgmvmtoids dkmr tak tiwd if Soclkrvkbl. M3 Kmrby Orid M`k aiusk, N3 Kmrby Orid M`k iutnuoblod`, G3 BmtkOrid M`k nrusawiil trmgjwmy, L-K3 lotga wota Orid M`k gkrmhogs (mftkr \akudosskd & Aubst =???n mdl Jdoppkdnkr` & Cid`stk >55;).

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 fkmturks mdl strugturks lmtkl ti tak Orid M`k, g3 iblkr ir yiud`kr fkmturks, l3 rmloigmrnid lmtkl pist.



>0

OO Umbmki`ki`rmpay mdl iggupmtoid aostiry if tak Ko`kdnbij hmgri-rkòid

O OD\ÎL[G\OID

\ak Ko`kdnbij hmgri-rkòid odgirpirmtks tak kxgmvmtoids udlkrtmjkd dkmr tak vobbm`k if ûhpt proir ti takgidstrugtoid if tak Nktuwkriutk frkoàt rmobwmy, ms wkbb ms m bmr`k mrkm if tak surriudlod` lkbtm. Od tak dirta if takhmgri-rkòid, m rkgkdt kxgmvmtoid if m Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdt sotk dkgkssotmtkl ny tak wolkdod` if tak M> hitirwmyos mbsi odgbulkl. Kxgkpt fir tak rksubts frih taksk kxgmvmtoids (tipidyhs ‑Ko`kdnbij‟ mdl ‑Kdspocj-M>‟), di fodl-spits odlogmtod` tak prkskdgk if Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdts sotks mrk jdiwd frih wotaod taos hmgri-rkòid. Potaodtak Ko`kdnbij kxgmvmtoids, fovk Hollbk Nridzk M`k(-N) aiusk-sotks wkrk (pmrtombby) kxgmvmtkl, wota tkst-trkdgaksgiddkgtod` tak vmroius pmrts. Mllotoidmb girod` tamt wms gmrrokl iut fir tak pmbmki`ki`rmpaogmb rkgidstrugtoid if takkdvoridhkdt mriudl tak kxgmvmtoid yokblkl koàt hirk pissonbk Nridzk M`k aiusk-sotks, waoga wkrk dit tarkmtkdkl

ny rmobwmy gidstrugtoid mdl waoga wkrk akdgk dit kxgmvmtkl. \ak Kdspocj-M> kxgmvmtoid pmrtombby udgivkrkl tarkkHollbk Nridzk M`k(-N) aiusk-sotks.

Aostiry if mrgamkibiògmb rkskmrgaUroir ti tak bmst lkgmlk, mrgamkibiògmb rkskmrga od tak Ko`kdnbij hmgri-rkòid ams nkkd bohotkl. \ak LutgaMrgamkibiògmb Lmtmnmsk M^GAOW ams rkgirls if strmy fodls (prklihodmdtby Bmtk Orid M`k, îhmd pkroil mdlhklomkvmb pkroil fodls) frih tak Ko`kdnbij hmgri-rkòid tamt amvk nkkd fiudl sodgk =?65. \aky rkprkskdt fodls frihfokblwmbjod` gmhpmo`ds kxkgutkl nita ny tak Wtmtk Wkrvogk fir Mrgamkibiògmb Odvksto`mtoids (ÎN, diw ^MGH)ms wkbb ms ny mhmtkur mrgamkibiòsts (gf. Mrgaos dis. >=77: >=07: 0<6;: >>1>1: >>17=: >>17<: >>171->>1<5: >>1<7:>;=><: <7071). Od tak Ko`kdnbij hmgri-rkòid, tkst-pots ir kxtkdsovk kxgmvmtoids if sotks wkrk rmrkby udlkrtmjkd proirti tak stmrt if tak Nktuwkriutk odvksto`mtoids (nut skk Mrgaos 7=;0;). \ak mrgamkibiògmb stuloks gmrrokl iut proir titak wolkdod` if tak M> hitirwmy, firh tak hist rkgkdt bmr`k sgmbk stuloks od tak Ko`kdnbij hmgri-rkòid (Ammrauos=??1: Nkrkdlskd & Lk Cid` >557: \kr Pmb >55<m-n: >55;m-n: Nkrkdlskd & Aikj >55;).

\ak `kibiògmb gidtkxt \ak hmgri-rkòid if Ko`kdnbij os sotumtkl od m (skkhod`by) rmtakr strmoàtfirwmrl pmrt if tak Lutga gkdtrmb rovkrmrkm (fo`. OO.=). \ak twi nkst jdiwd fbuvomb systkhs tamt lrmodkl taos mrkm mrk tak Ko`kdnbij mdl Aiionbij (Aiionbij,Kdspocj, @kbboguh) mdmstihisod` fbuvomb systkhs. \ak tips if takor lkpisots mrk sotumtkl rkbmtovkby gbisk ti tak prkskdt-lmy surfmgk mdl amvk gidskqukdtby nkkd hmppkl od hist lktmob. Fir tak kmrbokr Aibigkdk fbuvomb systkh (Lkob), hugabkss os jdiwd mniut ots kxmgt bigmtoid mdl hirpaibi`y (gf . Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, =<: Mshusskd =??<, >0). \akfbuvomb systkh id waoga tak kmstkrdhist sotks if Ko`kdnbij mrk sotumtkl, wms idby losgivkrkl ny mggolkdt lurod` takgihpobmtoid if m siob gihpmgtoid hmp proir ti tak rmobwmy gidstrugtoid (Cid`stk >55>m, =7). Mdmbysos if bmskr-mbtohktry hmps if taos mrkm (Vmd Socvkrlkd & Bmmd >55;) odlogmtkl tamt mllotoidmb grkvmssk

nrmdgaks ir fbuvomb systkhs mrk prkskdt nksolk taisk rkprkskdtkl id tak pmbmki`ki`rmpaogmb hmps if Nkrkdlskd mdlWtiutamhkr (>55=). Nmskl id rk-mdmbysos if tak mvmobmnbk lmtm (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<n), md ohprivkl hmp saiwod` takbigmtoid if tak fbuvomb lkpisots ams nkkd gihpobkl (fo`. OO.>). Ms tak vmroius grkvmssk lkpisots amvk dit nkkd hmppklir lmtkl od suffogokdt lktmob, taky amvk dit nkkd odgirpirmtkl od tak hmp saiwd nkbiw.

OO WI[^GK GÔ\OGOWH

Girod` gmhpmo`ds (siob hmppod`)\ak forst siob hmps fir tak Ko`kdnbij hmgri-rkòid wkrk punbosakl ny Vodj (=?;<) mdl Vmd lkr Wbuys (=?;6). \aksksiob-hmppod` gmhpmo`ds wkrk dit tmr`ktkl mt fodlod` mrgamkibiògmb sotks, mdl tak hktailibi`y mppbokl (biw girod`lkdsoty, bohotkl lkpta) mbsi pmrtombby kxpbmods way di sotks wkrk losgivkrkl od tak prigkss (Vmd lkr Wbuys =?6;, =).



>1


Fo`. OO.= Hmod fbuvomb systkhs od tak Ko`kdnbij hmgri-rkòid mggirlod` ti Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr (>55=) mdl Nkrkdlskd kt mb . >55=.

m3 hksi-rkòid, n3 fbuvomb systkhs, g3 kxgmvmtoids, l3 grkvmssk lkpisots.

Fo`. OO.> Hmod fbuvomb systkhs od tak Ko`kdnbij hmgri-rkòid mggirlod` ti Vmd Socvkrlkd (>55>m) mdl vmd Socvkrlkd & Bmmd (>55;).

m3 hksi-rkòid, n3 fbuvomb systkhs, g3 kxgmvmtoids.



>?

MUUKDLOQ OO3 KO@KDNBIJ

\ak hmppod` if ‑mdgokdt skttbkhkdt sotks‟ wms idk if tak (hodir) mohs if tak girod` gmhpmo`ds kxkgutkl od irlkr tigihpobk tak Wtonijm (=?07) siob hmp fir taos mrkm, mbtaiuà tak hmxohuh girod` lkpta if =.> h hktkr mdl biw girod`lkdsoty wobb amvk gmuskl hmdy sotks ti amvk nkkd hosskl (Wtonijm =?07, =>, =<5). Didktakbkss, ms m rksubt if tak Wtonijmgmhpmo`ds skvkrmb sotks ‗ histby Bmtk Orid M`k, îhmd pkroil mdl Hklomkvmb od lmtk ‗ wkrk losgivkrkl (Mrgaos dis.>;=>>, >;=>7, >;=>? mdl >;=75). \ak hktailibi`y mppbokl lurod` tak girod` gmhpmo`ds fir tak `kibiògmb hmp if takmrkm (Vkrnrmkgj =?1<) wms mbsi dit olkmb ti bigmtk prkaostirog sotks (Vkrnrmkgj =?1<, >7=: >77->7<).

Fokblwmbjod` mdl girod` ny ^MMU Lurod` tak odotomb prispkgtovk girod` ny ^MMU proir ti tak Nktuwkriutk gidstrugtoid (=??>-=??<), tak stmdlmrlhktailibi`y if girod` od twi riws, 75 h mpmrt, wota >; h nktwkkd girod`s od m riw wms mppbokl (fo`. OO.7, m: Mshusskd& Kxmbtus =??7, ==: ;?). Nkgmusk if tak bohotkl lkpta if tak gamddkb nkbt lkpisots, ot wms pissonbk od pmrts ti usk m 6gh lomhktkr mu`kr. \aos yokblkl m bmr`kr smhpbk vibuhk, si ot wms lksgolkl ti odgrkmsk tak lostmdgk nktwkkd girod`slurod` tak prispkgtovk pamsk mt Ko`kdnbij-Iist ti <5 h nktwkkd girod`s od tak riws, waoga wkrk stobb >; h mpmrt(Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, ==: ;;). Id twi pbits, gmbbkl ‑Ko`kdnbij-Pkst‟ mdl ‑Ko`kdnbij-Iist‟, m loffusk sprkmlif gamrgimb ‗ sihktohks wota gkrmhogs, nidks, stidks mdl nurdkl gbmy ‗ wms mttkstkl (Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7,;;-67: Mshusskd =??<, ?6-=5;). \aksk twi mrkms wkrk sunckgtkl ti mllotoidmb girod` od irlkr ti kvmbumtk tak kxtkdt

mdl qumboty if tak sotks (Mshusskd =??6, >6-75: ?;-?6). Od titmb, ivkr >55 girod`s (wota m `kdkrmb hmxohuh lkpta if>.; h: Mshusskd =??<, =57: =??6, ?-=5) wkrk kxkgutkl mt nita pbits. Nita sotks wkrk odtkrprktkl ms wkbb-prkskrvkl

prkaostirog aiusk-sotks mdl lkkhkl wirtay if prkskrvmtoid (Mhusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, ;?: 67: Mshusskd =??<, 75:Mshusskd =??6, >?-75). Ot os rkhmrjmnbk tamt sihk if tak girod`s kxkgutkl ny ^MMU mt tak bigmtoid if sotks idk tifiur yokblkl mrgamkibiògmb odlogmtirs, nut ms taksk wkrk taiuàt ti rkprkskdt wmsakl rkhmods od tak fbiilnmsod, dihmp ir lksgroptoid if taksk girod`s wms punbosakl (P. vmd Socvkrlkd, pkrs. gihh., Lkg. >55;).

\kst-trkdgaksNita prksuhkl prkaostirog aiusk-sotks losgivkrkl lurod` tak girod` gmhpmo`d wkrk sunckgtkl ti m gmhpmo`d if tkst-trkdgaod` od =??6 (fo`. OO.7, n: Cid`stk =??6: Nubtkd =??6). Dkmrby mbb trkdgaks mt Ko`kdnbij - Pkst yokblkl fkmturks(aiif-ohprodts, fkdgks mdl pistaibks) mdl fodls (gkrmhogs, nidks mdl stidks) waoga odlogmtkl tak prksuhmnbk dkmrny

prkskdgk if m Nridzk M`k aiusk-sotk. \ak fodls-bmykr, m Nridzk M`k vk`ktmtoid airozid wota sihk khnkllkl f odls,

wms dit krilkl ny bmtkr mgtovotoks. Id tak sotk Ko`kdnbij - Iist, pmrts if tak Nridzk M`k iggupmtoid surfmgk wmssaiwd ti amvk nkkd krilkl od sihk tkst-trkdgaks (Cid`stk =??6, =;: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>m, 66: 05). _kt akrk ms wkbb,hist trkdgaks yokblkl fkmturks suga ms fkdgks, pots mdl pistaibks tamt odlogmtkl tak pissonbk prkskdgk if m (HollbkNridzk M`k) aiusk-sotk dkmrny. \akrkfirk, nita Ko`kdnbij - Iist mdl Ko`kdnbij - Pkst wkrk lkkhkl wirtay if

prkskrvmtoid, dkgkssotmtod` mllotoidmb rkskmrga of taksk sotks wkrk ti nk losturnkl ny tak Nktuwkriutk frkoàt rmobwmygidstrugtoid (Cid`stk =??6, >7: Nubtkd =??6, >6). Pota aodlsoàt, idk hmy qukstoid way di bid` tkst-trkdgaks wkrkkxkgutkl id tak pbit nktwkkd sotks fovk mdl sox mdl ti tak wkst if sotk fovk. Aml taos nkkd lidk, tamd tak aiusk-sotks idsotks idk, twi mdl fiur giubl amvk nkkd rkgi`doskl mbrkmly od taos pamsk if tak rkskmrga. Id sotks fovk mdl sox, shmbbkrmdl losgidtoduius tkst-trkdgaks suffogkl ti msskss tak qumboty mdl gidforh tak odtkrprktmtoid if m prkaostirog aiusk-sotk, nut tak odtkrprktmtoid if mrkms ms ‑pkropakry‟ ir ‑prksuhmnby khpty‟ saiubl amvk nkkd mfforhkl ny lo`òd` tkst-trkdgaks if hmxohuh bkd`ta ms wkbb.

\ak Ko`kdnbij kxgmvmtoids

Ot wms lkgolkl tamt tak Nktuwkriutk rmobwmy trmckgtiry giubl dit nk lovkrtkl ti hoss tak sotks if Ko`kdnbij - Pkstmdl Ko`kdnbij - Iist (Cid`stk >55>m, =7) mdl frih =??0 ti =???, kxtkdsovk kxgmvmtoids wkrk gmrrokl iut id mdldkmr taksk twi sotks (fo`. OO.7, g). Lurod` taksk kxgmvmtoids, mllotoidmb girod`s wkrk kxkgutkl od irlkr ti gihpobk

pmbmki`ki`rmpaogmb hmps if tak hogri-rkòid (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>m, 6<-6?). Fiur hirk pissonbk skttbkhkdt sotkswkrk losgivkrkl ti tak wkst if Ko`kdnbij - Pkst lurod` taksk mllotoidmb girod` gmhpmo`ds. Kvkd furtakr ti tak wkst,m duhnkr if tkst-trkdgaks wkrk lu` ti odvksto`mtk losgibirmtoids ‗ waoga wkrk suspkgtkl ti nk nmrriws ‗ vosonbk idmd mkromb paiti`rmpa, nut taky turdkl iut ti nk histby rkbmtovkby khpty mrkms (Cid`stk >55>m, ?: Aokbjkhm, Urmd`shm& Cid`stk >55>, 17). Ms didk if tak prksuhkl nmrriw bigmtoids yokblkl m nmrriw, ot wms lkgolkl ti kxgmvmtk takiggupmtoid gbustkrs diw jdiwd ms sotks idk ti fiur, ti m `rkmtkr kxtkdt (U. Cid`stk, pkrs. gihh., Cmd. >556). \aksk



75


fiur sotks wkrk gamrmgtkrozkl ny md kxgkbbkdt prkskrvmtoid mdl wkrk kxgmvmtkl mftkr tak gihpbktoid if tak sotksKo`kdnbij - Pkst (sotk fovk) mdl Ko`kdnbij - Iist (sotk sox).

Od titmb ivkr 0.1 am wkrk kxgmvmtkl. Od fovk mrkms, tak gkdtrmb pmrts if Nridzk M`k aiusk-sotks wkrk udgivkrkl, nuttak prkaostirog nuobt-up kdvoridhkdt od dkmrby mbb pmrts wobb amvk kxtkdlkl nkyidl tak kxgmvmtoid bohots. \ak nkttkrvosonoboty if tak aiusk-sotks lurod` girod` gmhpmo`ds ams di liunt gidtronutkl ti taos pmttkrd if bmr`kr kxgmvmtklmrkms (tak aiusk-sotks) giddkgtkl wota shmbbkr trkdgaks (tak ‑pkropakroks‟).


Kmrby mdl Hollbk Dkibotaog\ak kmrby Aibigkdk fbuvomb `kdksos if tak Ko`kdnbij os gihpmrmtovkby obb-jdiwd. ^kgkdt rk-mdmbysos if tak loòtmbbymvmobmnbk girod`s fir tak Ko`kdnbij mdl Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<m) ams lkhidstrmtkl tamt takhmppod` if tak Kmrby Aibigkdk Lkob systkh ny Nkrkdlskd mdl Wtiutamhkr (>55=) os tii udrkbomnbk ti nk if mdyusk (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<m: Vmd Socvkrlkd & Bmmd >55;). Didktakbkss, vmroius kmrby Aibigkdk fbuvomb systkhs mrklosgkrdonbk od kibiògmb girod`s mdl skgtoids nmskl takrkid, nut tak jdiwbkl`k id takor kxmgt giursk mdl hirpaibi`yos bohotkl. \ak Ko`kdnbij fbuvomb systkh otskbf ivkrboks ‗ mdl pissonby fibbiws pmrts if ‗ m huga iblkr fbuvomb systkh.\krrkstromb nitmdogmb hmgrifissobs udlkrdkmta tak odotomb Aibigkdk bkvkk lkpisots <55 h kmst if tak hmgri-rkòidlmtk tak forst lkpisotoid if sklohkdts id tip if tak Ubkostigkdk tkrrmgk ti g. <015-<;55 gmb NG ([tG-01=>3 ;011 ½

Fo`. OO.7 Bigmtoid if ^MMU girod`s, tkst-trkdgaks mdl kxgmvmtoid trkdgaks mt Ko`kdnbij.

m3 ^MMU girod`s, n3 tkst trkdgaks, g3 kxgmvmtoid bohots.



7=


;5 NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, =07: =?6). M rmloigmrnid lmtk fir tak pkmt udlkrdkmta tak Ko`kdnbij gamddkb nkbt lkpisots odlogmtks m stmr t if sklohkdtmtoid mftkr g. <<;5-7?;5 gmb NG ([tG-01603 ;765 ½ =>5 NU: Nkrkdlskd &Wtiutamhkr >55=, =07: =?6). Urksuhmnby, nmskl id m rksolumb ùbby lmtk, sklohkdtmtoid ny tak Ko`kdnbij systkhkdlkl nktwkkd 77<5 mdl >?75 gmb NG (@rD-><>6;3 <<;5 ½ <5 NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, =??).

Di kmrby ir hollbk Dkibotaog fodls mrk jdiwd frih tak Ko`kdnbij hmgri-rkòid, mbtaiuà auhmd prkskdgkhmy nk suspkgtkl id shmbb rovkr ludks mdl bkvkks. Uibbkd mdmbysos if tak Ko`kdnbij rksolumb ùbby odlogmtks (bohotkl)

Fo`. OO.< Bmtk Dkibotaog fbuvomb systkhs, Bmtk Dkibotaog fodl-spits (fobbkl syhnibs odlogmtk gkr tmod olkdtofogmtoids, iutbodkl syhnibs udgkrtmodolkdtofogmtoids) mdl Bmtk Dkibotaog ti Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M sotks losgivkrkl lurod` tak mllotoidmb girod` gmhpmo`ds (` ti c). \ak odskt (N)

os saiwd od lktmob nkbiw.

m3 kxgmvmtoids, n3 pissonby mgtovk fbuvomb systkh, g3 fissob fbuvomb systkh, l3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, k3 grkvmssk lkpisots, f3 pittkry, `3fkmturks, a3 pissonbk skttbkhkdt s otk girk, o3 pissonbk skttbkhkdt sotk pkropakry, c3 pissonbk fokbls.



7>


auhmd prkskdgk od tak bmdlsgmpk lurod` tak Hollbk Dkibotaog (Nrodjjkhpkr kt mb. >55>, <<1-<<?). \aos sgmrgoty ifkvolkdgk os nkst kxpbmodkl ny m bmgj if mrgamkibiògmb rkskmrga figuskl id tak Dkibotaog wotaod tak hmgri-rkòid.

Bmtk Dkibotaog\ak Bmtk Dkibotaog prksuhmnby wms m pkroil if rkmsidmnbk fbuvomb stmnoboty. M vk`ktmtoid airozid firhkl od tak tipif tak grkvmssks mdl bkvkk lkpisots if tak Ko`kdnbij systkh. Nkbb Nkmjkr sakrls (d 8 ><) wkrk rkgivkrkl frih mbbKo`kdnbij sotks kxgkpt fir sotk tarkk, nut hist sakrls (d 8 =6) iroòdmtk frih sotk fovk. Mt tak Kdspocj - M> kxgmvmtoid(fo` OO.<, di <5=;>0), idk Nkbb Nkmjkr sakrl mdl mditakr pissonbk Bmtk Dkibotaog sakrl wkrk rkgivkrkl frih takfodls-bmykr (\kr Pmb >55;n, >0->1). Mt mditakr sotk dkmrny (fo` OO.<, di <;>0;, m vk`ktmtoid airozid wota nita smdl-mdl qumrts- tkhpkrkl gkrmhogs wms losgivkrkl mt 5.0; ti =.>; h nkbiw surfmgk bkvkb (Ammrauos =??1, =?: Mrgaos<;>0;). Mbtaiuà tak gkrmhogs mrk dit vkry lom`distog, tak lkpta if taos fodls-bmykr hmy odlogmtk m lmtk frih takBmtk Dkibotaog idwmrl. \aos sotk wms bmtkr (lurod` tkst-trkdgaod` mdl kxgmvmtoid) `riupkl wota sotk <5=;>0 (\kr Pmb>55<m: >55;n: Mrgaos <;>0;). Od pmrts if sotks fovk mdl sox, twi iggupmtoid bkvkbs iggurrkl mt skpmrmtk strmto`rmpaogmb bkvkbs. \ak odtkr-gmbmtod` bmykr if gbmy giubl hkmsurk up ti 75 gh od taogjdkss, waobk od itakr mrkms tak twi bmykrs wkrk lorkgtbysupkrohpiskl (Cid`stk >55>m, 77: Aokbjkhm, Urmd`shm & Cid`stk >55>, =>7: =>;: =<7). \ak biwkrhist bkvkb os lmtkl

frih tak Hollbk- ti Bmtk Dkibotaog up ti tak stmrt if tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k (Aokbjkhm, Urmd`shm & Cid`stk >55>,=>;). M smhpbk frih m gamrgimb bmykr od m pot (fo`. OO.;: s=.>>0) sotumtkl wotaod tak rod`-lotga if md mssuhkl nmrriw idsotk fovk wms lmtkl ti g. >755 ti =0;5 gmb NG (@rD-><=553 7665 ½ 15 NU: Cid`stk >55>m, 7;). Mbb tak Bmtk Dkibotaoggkrmhogs, aiwkvkr, iroòdmtk frih tak uppkr (Bmtk Dkibotaog ti) Hollbk Nridzk M`k iggupmtoid bkvkb. Di itakr Bmtk

Dkibotaog fodls mrk jdiwd frih tak wolkr hmgri-rkòid.

Fo`. OO.; Fkmturks frih tak biwkrhist iggupmtoid bmykr mt Ko`kdnbij sotk ;. \ak odskt (M) saiws twi `rmdmry-typk iutnuoblod`s, mrl hmrjs(tip roàt) mdl vmroius trmgks if fkdgks.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 strugturks, g3 itakr fkmturks.



77


Kmrby Nridzk M`k mdl Hollbk Nridzk M`k-MOd titmb, di hirk tamd >5 pitnkmjkr, ‑Nmrnkl Pork‟-stmhp lkgirmtkl mdl Aobvkrsuh-stybk lkgirmtkl sakrls frihtak Ko`kdnbij kxgmvmtoids mdl tkd pitnkmjkr sakrls mdl m pokrgkl roh sakrl frih tak Kdspocj - M> kxgmvmtoids (foÒO.6, di <5=;>0) mrk tak bohotkl lorkgt kvolkdgk fir auhmd prkskdgk od tak Ko`kdnbij hmgri-rkòid lurod` tak KmrbyNridzk M`k mdl Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M .

Mt tak Ko`kdnbij kxgmvmtoids, m smhpbk frih m pot id sotk idk tamt gidtmodkl nrkml wakmt `rmods (\rotoguh mkstovuh)wms lmtkl ti g. =?<5-=6?5 gmb NG (MM-70>;>3 7;55 ½ <; NU: Cid`stk >55>m, 7;). Mt sotk sox, waoga os sotumtkl id takaoàkst pmrts if tak bkvkk lkpisots if tak Ko`kdnbij gamddkb nkbt pripkr, tak strmto`rmpay os bohotkl (fo`. OO.0). Idby

od pmrts if taos sotk wkrk twi fkmturk bkvkbs kdgiudtkrkl, skpmrmtkl ny m bmykr if fbiilnmsod lkpisots (Aokbjkhm,Urmd`shm & Cid`stk >55>, =<7). Gamrgimb frih udlkrdkmta tak nmrriw id sotk sox (s0;.==: fo`. OO.0) wms lmtkl nktwkkd=?65 mdl =6>5 gmb NG (@rD-><7?73 7<<5 ½ <5 NU mdl @rM-=710>3 7<75 ½ ;5 NU: Cid`stk >55>m, 7;). Md osibmtkl pist(s;=.;;) mdl gamrgimb frih m pot (s 66.1=) mt sotk sox mrk lmtkl ti g. =6=5-=<>5 gmb NG (@rD-><7163 7><5 ½ >; NU: [tG-16<<3 7>>< ½ 75 NU: Cid`stk >55>m, 7;). \aos odlogmtks tamt sihk mgtovotoks wkrk udlkrtmjkd takrk lurod` tak HollbkNridzk M`k-M, nut tak dmturk if taksk mgtovotoks rkhmods udgbkmr. Fir m nridzk lm``kr rkgivkrkl frih tak fodls-bmykr mt sotk sox, m lmtk mt tak kdl if tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-Mams nkkd su``kstkl (Aokbjkhm >55>, 770: Cid`stk >55>m, 71) nut ms ot saiws odtkdsovk wkmr, ot hmy amvk kdtkrkl tak`riudl huga bmtkr tamd lurod` tak =6 ta gkdtury NG od waoga ot wms hist bojkby prilugkl. (L. Fidtocd, pkrs. gihh.

Fo`. OO.6 Kmrby Nridzk M`k ti Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M fbuvomb systkhs mdl Kmrby Nridzk M`k mdl Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M fodl-spits (fobbklsyhnibs odlogmtk gkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids, iutbodkl syhnibs udgkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids).

m3 kxgmvmtoids, n3 pissonby mgtovk fbuvomb systkh, g3 fissob fbuvomb systkh, l3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, k3 grkvmssk lkpisots, f3 pittkry, `3nitmdogmb rkhmods, a3 wkmpids.



7<


Cmd. >556: gf . Cid`stk >55>n, 6>;). Lkspotk taksk odlogmtoids, tak truk m`k if hmdy if tak fkmturks frih tak biwkrhistbkvkb mt sotk sox hmy rmd`k nktwkkd tak Hollbk Dkibotaog mdl tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M. \ak fkw fodls (hmodby =17`rmh udgamrmgtkrostog pittkry: Aokbjkhm, Urmd`shm & Cid`stk >55>, =>0: U. Cid`stk, pkrs. gihh., Fkn. >556) lidit mol od lmtod` taos iggupmtoid pkroil. \ak hilkst mvmobmnbk kvolkdgk priaonots m losgussoid if tak dmturk mdl

pkrhmdkdgk if auhmd prkskdgk od tak hmgri-rkòid lurod` tak Kmrby- mdl Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M pkroils.Mftkr fokblwirj, m rmtakr tkdtmtovk strugturk mriudl m pist (s6;.=1) lmtkl ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M wms

rkgidstrugtkl ny tak prkskdt mutair mdl tak iroòdmb kxgmvmtir (U. Cid`stk: tak pist wms lmtkl g. =6>5-=<<5 gmb NG(@rD-><7163 7>15 ½ ;5 NU: Cid`stk >55>m, 7;)). Uissonby, taos pist wms pmrt if m pist-mbo`dhkdt tamt hmy amvk firhkltak riif-nkmrod` suppirts if m twi-mosbkl (aiusk9) pbmd (fo`. OO.1, N). Paobk tak fkmturks wkrk liguhkdtkl od skpmrmtkkxgmvmtoid bkvkbs, takor mnsibutk akoàts mdl lkptas odlogmtk tamt taky hmy amvk nkkd gidtkhpirmdkius.

Urksuhmnby mt, ir dkmr, tak kdl if taos pkroil, grkvmssk mgtovoty tiij pbmgk wotaod tak mrkm if tak bmtkr

Ko`kdnbij kxgmvmtoids. \aksk grkvmssk lkpisots krilkl huga if tak udlkrbyod` vk`ktmtoid airozid od tak aoàkr pmrts if tak bmdlsgmpk (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>m, 66: 05). Od biwkr byod` mrkms, fbiilnmsod lkpisots givkrkl tak kmrbokriggupmtoid bkvkbs. \ak fbuvomb systkh rkspidsonbk fir tak lkpisotoid if taksk grkvmssks os udjdiwd. \ak Amhkbsk(diw gmbbkl Kdspocj) fbuvomb systkh ams nkkd pripiskl ms tak rkspidsonbk systkh (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>m, 0=), nut taossystkh os taiuàt dit ti stmrt udtob tak Kmrby Orid M`k (Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, =??: >7;). ^kgkdtby, md iblkrlmtk (g. =1;5-=055 gmb NG) fir tak stmrt if sklohkdtmtoid ny tak Kdspocj fbuvomb systkh ams nkkd pripiskl (Nkrkdlskd& Wtiutamhkr >55;, =?). M smhpbk frih tak grkvmssk rksolumb ùbby odlogmtks tamt ‗ rk`mrlbkss if waoga systkh wmsrkspidsonbk ‗ taos grkvmssk gkmskl ti fudgtoid proir ti, ir nktwkkd, g. =?>5-=615 gmb NG (MM-70>;<3 7<0; ½ <; NU:Cid`stk >55>m, 76).

Fo`. OO.0 Fkmturks frih tak biwkrhist iggupmtoid bmykr mt Ko`kdnbij sotk 6. \ak odskts (M-G) saiw tarkk pissonbk mdgobbmry strugturks.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 strugturks, g3 itakr fkmturks.



7;


Hollbk Nridzk M`k-NFir tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N od tak hmgri-rkòid,twi bmr`kr skttbkhkdt sotks amvk nkkd kxgmvmtkl.\aksk mrk tak mbrkmly losgusskl kxgmvmtoidsdmhkl Ko`kdnbij, mdl ‗ sotumtkl od tak dirta-kmst pmrt if tak hmgri-rkòid ‗ tak Kdspocj - M>kxgmvmtoid, kxkgutkl od >55< (fo` OO.?: di <5=;>0:\kr Pmb >55<: >55;n: Mrgaos <;>0;: <;>1=: >;>1=:<5=;>0). Pakrkms tak Ko`kdnbij kxgmvmtoids wobb

nk lkmbt wota od hirk lktmob, tak rksubts frih takitakr kxgmvmtoid wobb idby nk suhhmrozkl akrk. Urksuhmnby sairtby mftkr tak firhmtoidif tak grkvmssk lkpisots mt Ko`kdnbij ms lksgronklmnivk, tak aoàkr pmrts if tak bmdlsgmpk wkrkuskl fir iggupmtoid lurod` tak Hollbk NridzkM`k-N. Gidlotoids aiwkvkr ìt odgrkmsod`by wkt

lurod` taos pkroil. \aos os pmrtby luk ti m biw, ykt pkrsostkdt, rosk if tak riudlwmtkr tmnbk, nut mbsi tisarodjm`k mdl sunsolkdgk if tak (udfiudlkl) pmrtsif tak grkvmssk lkpisots. Id tip if tak biwkr byod`mrkms if tak grkvmssks mdl od tak fbiilnmsods, gbmywms lkpisotkl. Hmgri-rkhmods frih taos gbmykybmykr wkrk lmtkl ti g. =<;5-=>65 gmb NG (MM-70>;<3 7=55 ½ <5 NU: Cid`stk >55>m, 76). Lkspotktaos gidtodukl lriwdod` if tak bmdlsgmpk (skvkrmbhobbohktrks if gbmy lkpisotkl mddumbby: Kxmbtus>55>, 1>) tak aoàkst pmrts wkrk didktakbkss usklfir amnotmtoid (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>m, 05).

Id sotks twi, fiur mdl fovk, lmtklgidstrugtoid wiil odlogmtks m (rk9)stmrt if takiggupmtoid nktwkkd =;>5 gmb NG mt ots kmrbokst mdl=7?; gmb NG mt ots bmtkst (@rD->;7<>3 7>=5 ½ >;NU: @rD->76<03 7=6; ½ =; NU: @rD->;7<<3 7=65 ½>; NU rkspkgtovkby: Cid`stk >55>m, 7;: Cid`stk od prkss.). Mt sotk idk, m fmrhaiusk mdl mt bkmstfiurtkkd iutnuoblod`s hmy lmtk ti tak HollbkNridzk M`k(-N). \ak hmciroty if taksk strugturks mppkmr ti nk sotumtkl wotaod m systkh if gurvobodkmr fkdgks (fo`.OO.=5). Di rmloigmrnid lmtks mrk mvmobmnbk fir tak aiusk pripkr, nut wiilkd pist-stuhps if twi iutnuoblod`s mdl mstmjk frih m fkdgk wkrk rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti g. =<?;-=>05 gmb NG (W>67.=5>: @rD->;7<;3 7=65 ½ >5 NU: W>55.=07:@rD->;7<53 751; ½ >; NU: W>=1.<;;: @rD->;7<73 75?5 ½ 75NU: mbb Cid`stk >55>m, 7;). \i tak siuta-wkst if tak aiusk,

m prksuhkl wkbb (s>76.<56) wms olkdtofokl. Wotk twi gidsosts if twi gidgkdtrmtoids if iggupmtoid trmgks tamt mrk sotumtkl id tak aoàkr pmrts if takgrkvmssk spbmy lkpisots (fo`. OO.==). \akrk os m rkmsidmnbk girrkbmtoid nktwkkd tak fkmturk lkdsoty mdl tak rkbmtovkakoàt if tak grkvmssk lkpisots. \ak dirta(wkstkrd) gbustkr if iggupmtoid trmgks gidsosts if shmbbkr pist- mdl stmjk-aibks od waoga di odlovolumb strugturks gmd nk rkgi`doskl. Od tak kvkd lkdskr siuta-kmstkrd gidgkdtrmtoid, aiwkvkr,twi riudl pbmds if aiusks giubl nk pmrtombby rkgidstrugtkl (skk Mrdiblusskd >551, ==6 fo`. <.?, dis. >-7). \ak aiusksivkrbmp mdl saiw md olkdtogmb irokdtmtoid ms wkbb ms gihpmrmnbk gidstrugtoid tkgadoquks. Piil frih m pistaibk iftak iblkr if tak twi aiusk-pamsks wms lmtkl ti g. =<?;-=7?; gmb NG (@rD->;7<<3 7=65 ½ >; NU: Cid`stk >55>m, 7;).Id tak hmròds if tak mrkms wota tak aoàkst fkmturk lkdsotoks, sox iutnuoblod`s wkrk rkgi`doskl, nut hmdy hirk mrk

Fo`. OO.1 Bigmtoid (M) mdl lktmobkl vokw (N) if m tkdtmtovk Hollbk Nridzk M`k- M (aiusk9) strugturk. \ak lkpta if tak pists frih dirtawkst ti siutakmst os>1, >0, ;;, ;1 mdl >7 gh rkspkgtovkby.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 rkgkdtby losturnkl, g3 fkmturks mssigomtkl ti strugturks,l3 itakr fkmturks.



76


saokblkl frih iur vokw ny tak swmrhs if pistaibks. Lorkgtby (g. => h) dirta if tak aiusks, m gidgkdtrmtoid if gmttbkaiif-ohprodts mdl m wkbb wkrk fiudl. Idk fkmturk (s>><.=) rkprkskdts md mrkm if nurdkl gbmy. \ak vmroius pots òvk digbuks mniut takor iroòdmb fudgtoid(s).

\ak fkdgks iftkd samrk tak irokdtmtoid if tak aiusks, su``kstod` tamt taky tii hmy nk rkbmtkl ti tak aiusk-sotks. \aksk fkdgks, aiwkvkr, li dit skkh ti òrl ir gidfodk tak lorkgt kdvorids if tak fmrhaiusk od m gidtoduiusfmsaoid. Fir tak shmbbkr bodkmr fkdgks tamt gbustkr dkmr tak siuta-kmstkrd sairt solks if tak aiusks, m fudgtoid ms gmttbklrovkwmys (lrivks) ams nkkd su``kstkl (Aokbjkhm, Urmd`shm & Cid`stk >55>, ?7). Wihk fkdgks hmy dit amvk nkkd

Fo`. OO.? Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N fbuvomb systkhs mdl Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N fodl-spits (f) mdl sotks losgivkrkl lurod` tak mllotoidmb girod`gmhpmo`ds (` ti o).

m3 kxgmvmtoids, n3 pissonby mgtovk fbuvomb systkh, g3 fissob fbuvomb systkh, l3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, k3 grkvmssk lkpisots, f3 bmr`krkxgmvmtoids wota fkmturks mdl fodls, `3 pissonbk skttbkhkdt sotk girk, a3 pissonbk skt tbkhkdt sotk pkropakry, o3 pissonbk fokbls.



70


Fo`. OO.=5 Hollbk Nridzk M`k(-N) strugturks id Ko`kdnbij sotk =.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 strugturks, g3 fkdgks, l3 itakr fkmturks.

Fo`. OO.== Hollbk Nridzk M`k(-N) strug turks id Ko`kdnbij sotk >.




71


gidtkhpirmry ti tak aiusks. M stmjk (s>>1.>0) lmtkl frih m fkdgk ti tak dirta if tak aiusks odlogmtks m yiud`krNridzk M`k pamsk if usk (@rD->;7<13 7565 ½ >5 NU: Cid`stk >55>m, 7;).

Id sotk tarkk, idby fiur iutnuoblod`s, sihk fkdgk-bodks mdl twi pissonbk riws if bmr`kr pists wkrkrkgi`doskl (fo`. OO.=>). Urksuhmnby taksk strugturksmrk sotumtkl od tak vogodoty if m firhkr Nridzk M`kaiusk-sotk, pissonby lorkgtby ti tak kmst ir siuta ifsotk tarkk. \ak sox-pist iutnuoblod` od tak kmst iftak sotk hmy amvk nkkd rknuobt, ms os odlogmtkl ny tak

fo`urk-if-ko`at sampk if tak pistaibks. Od tak siuta-wkst girdkr if sotk tarkk (s>7;.=) m pmtga if nurdklgbmy wms rkgi`doskl. Mt g. 0; h ti tak dirta-kmst, mditakr

pmrt if m aiusk-sotk wms udgivkrkl mt sotk fiur (fo`.OO.=7). Luk ti tak prkskdgk if m hilkrd lrmodm`klotga, idby ambf if tak aiusk wms kxgmvmtkl. Piilfrih idk if tak riif-nkmrod` pists (s>=<.6?) wmslmtkl ti g. =;>5-=<>; gmb NG (@rD>;7<>3 7>=5 ½>; NU: Cid`stk >55>m, 7;). M pissonbk riudl ti ivmbiutnuoblod`, skvkrmb strktgaks if sod`bk-stmjk typkfkdgks mdl m fiur-pist `rmdmry-typk iutnuoblod`wkrk mbsi fiudl. \akrk os di kvolkdgk ti su``kst

tamt taksk strugturks wkrk kvkr pmrt if tak smhkaiusk-sotk.

Id sotk fovk m rkbmtovkby biw fkmturk lkdsotymbbiwkl tak rkgi`dotoid if m gidsolkrmnbk duhnkr

Fo`. OO.=> Hollbk Nridzk M`k(-N) strugturksid Ko`kdnbij sotk 7.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 strugturks, g3 fkdgks, l3itakr fkmturks.

Fo`. OO.=7 Hollbk Nridzk M`k(-N) strug turks id Ko`kdnbij s otk<.




7?


if aiusk-sotk gihpidkdts. \ak hist prihodkdt fkmturk os tak tarkk-mosbkl fmrhaiusk tamt os sotumtkl od tak girdkrif twi nudlbks if liunbk-stmjk typk fkdgks (fo`. OO.=<). \i tak (siuta)wkst, m dodk-pist mdl m fiur pist iutnuoblod`mrk rkgidstrugtkl. \i tak siuta(kmst) if tak fmrhaiusk, twi hirk fiur-pist iutnuoblod`s mdl md orrkùbmr pissonbkiutnuoblod` wkrk fiudl. Hist if tak pist stuhps if tak fmrhaiusk wkrk prkskrvkl, mdl twi lmtkl spkgohkds (s=5.=10mdl s=>.=;=) odlogmtk m gidstrugtoid pamsk mriudl g. =<?;-=<55 gmb NG (@rD->76<03 7=6; ½ =; NU mdl @rD->76<637=;; ½ =; NU: Cid`stk >55>m, 7;). M gamrgimb roga fkmturk (s=5.=<6) hmy rkprkskdt tak bigmtoid if tak firhkr akmrta.M smhpbk if tak gamrgimb wms lmtkl, nut spmddkl tak kdtork Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N od gmbonrmtkl lmtks (@rD-><=5>37=>5 ½ 0;: Cid`stk >55>m, 7;). \wi pists frih iutnuoblod`s (s =<.?0 mdl s;.7=<), m pist frih m pissonbk fkdgk (s=6.16)mdl m strmy pists (s.=<.=;1) wkrk mbb rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N (@rD->71713 7505 ½ >5 NU: @rD->71703 7565 ½ >5 NU: @rD-><71;3 7=5; ½ >5 NU mdl @rD-><=573 7575 ½ >5 NU rkspkgtovkby: Cid`stk >55>m, 7;). Mstak vk`ktmtoid airozid id mdl od waoga tak rkbogts frih tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k iggupmtoid pamsk wkrk fiudl pmssksivkr tak pissonbk nmrriw rod`-lotga, m hiudl nily ‗ of kvkr prkskdt ‗ hust amvk nkkd bkvkbkl proir ti ir lurod` takHollbk Nridzk M`k-N amnotmtoid pamsk (Aokbjkhm, Urmd`shm & Cid`stk >55>, =70). \wi pots gidtmodkl sihkwamthirk fodls (titmb 2 = j`) mdl hmy amvk skrvkl ms rkfusk pots (Aokbjkhm, Urmd`shm & Cid`stk >55>, =7?-=<5). M

pissonbk lrodjod` piib fir gmttbk wms fiudl od tak mrkm wota aiif ohprodts ti tak kmst if tak fkdgks. Od mllotoid, sihkauhmd fiitprodts aml nkkd prkskrvkl od tak hul (Aokbjkhm, Urmd`shm & Cid`stk >55>, =<=)

Id sotk sox, twi pissonbk aiusk-sotks amvk nkkd rkgidstrugtkl (fo`. OO.=;). \ak aiusk pbmds frih sotk sox mrk loffkrkdtfrih taisk id sotks idk, twi, fiur mdl fovk. Nita rkgidstrugtkl aiusks mt sotk sox bmgj tak rkùbmr, (gurvo)bodkmrgidfoùrmtoid if tak twi riws if riif-nkmrod` pists tamt mrk kvolkdt od tak aiusks if tak itakr aiusk-sotks (skk

Fo`. OO.=< Hollbk Nridzk M`k(-N) strug turks id Ko`kdnbij sotk ;.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 strugturks, g3 fkdgks, l3 itakr fkmturks, k3 pissonbk rkfusk pots (boàt fobb) mdl lrodjod` piib (lmrj fobb).



<5


Mrdiblusskd >551, ==6 fo`. <.? dis. 6-0). \aos pmrtogubmrby mppboks ti aiusk 6.=, wakrk twi rkùbmr riws if riif- nkmrod` pists if gihpmrmnbk sozk mdl lkpta gmd amrlby nk rkgidstrugtkl. Pota aiusk 6.>, hmdy pists mppkmr ti nkmnskdt, kvkd wakrk takor mnskdgk gmddit nk kxpbmodkl ny nkod` insgurkl tariuà bmtkr pbiuàod` (gf . fo`. OO.=6). \akfodl lostronutoid pbits li, aiwkvkr, su``kst tak prkskdgk if m aiusk pbmd id tak spit wakrk aiusk 6.= os rkgidstrugtkl.\ak iutnuoblod` lorkgtby ti tak siuta-kmst if, mdl od bodk wota, aiusk 6.= (iutnuoblod` skvkd) ‗ pkramps wota sihk

pist if aiusk 6.= mllkl ‗ wiubl nkttkr gidgirl wota tak `kdkrmb strugturmb pripkrtoks jdiwd fir Nridzk M`k aiusks.Od mdy gmsk, tak lmtkl pists if aiusk 6.> (s66.<6 mdl s06.<1), taisk if iutnuoblod` skvkd (s66.7> mdl s60.76) mdl twilmtkl strmy pists (s07.75 mdl s60.66) odlogmtk tamt vmroius gidstrugtoid mgtovotoks tiij pbmgk mt sotk sox lurod` takHollbk Nridzk M`k-N (@rD-><7113 7==; ½ ;5 NU: @rD-><=5<3 7565 ½ 75 NU: @rD-><7?=3 7=55 ½ ;5 NU: @rD-><7?>375<5 ½ >; NU: @rD-><1703 7=75 ½ >5 NU: @rD-><7?53 7=<; ½ >; NU: Cid`stk >55>m, 7;-76). Gamrgimb frih m pot(s66.1=) ‑wotaod‟ aiusk 6.= wms lmtkl ti g. =6=5-=<>5 ([tG-16<<3 7>>< ½ 75 NU: Cid`stk >55>m, 7;).

Wkvkrmb iutnuoblod`s mrk rkgi`doskl id sotk sox, if waoga idby tarkk gmd nk olkdtofokl ms tak fiur- mdl sox- pist typks if iutnuoblod`s gihhidby kdgiudtkrkl id Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdt sotks. Idk pist frih m squmrk >.; ny >.;h iutnuoblod` (s0<.=7?) wms rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti g. =7=5-?<; gmb NG (@rD-><=563 >?75 ½ ;5 NU: Cid`stk >55>m, 76).\aos rmloigmrnid lmtk, nut mbsi tak strugturmb ivkrbmp nktwkkd tak sox-pist iutnuoblod` mdl aiusk 6.>, odlogmtks tamttakrk wkrk hubtopbk pamsks if usk if tak sotk lurod` (mdl/ir mftkr9) tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N.

Mrlhmrjs griss-gut hmdy if tak fkmturks mdl strugturks od tak kmstkrd pmrt if sotk sox (fo`. OO.=6). Mstaksk mrl-sgrmtgaks pokrgk tariuà tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k iggupmtoid bmykr, taky hust pist-lmtk tak hmod pamsk ifiggupmtoid. Paktakr taos iggurrkl ms lorkgt ms ykmrs, ir ms bid` ms gkdturoks mftkr tak mnmdlidhkdt if tak strugturks,os dit jdiwd.

Fo`. OO.=; Hollbk Nridzk M`k(-N) strugturks id Ko`kdnbij sotk 6.




<=


Od mdy gmsk, iggupmtoid if tak vmroius sotks if Ko`kdnbij lurod` tak (bmtk9) =;ta ti kmrby =7ta gkdtury NG os wkbbliguhkdtkl ny tak duhkrius rmloigmrnid lmtks mvmobmnbk (Cid`stk >55>m, 7;-70: od prkss). \ak mnudlmdt rkgivkrklmrtkfmgts (ivkr >?5 j` if gkrmhogs, <77 wirjkl stidks mdl fbodts, =0 nridzk inckgts) iffkr di gbuks ti rkfodk ir mbtkrtaos `kdkrmb lmtod` (Nbii & Wgaiutkd >55>: Vmd @ocsskb kt mb. >55>: Aokbjkhm >55>). Lurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N, gmttbk lihodmtkl (15 %) tak bovkstigj gihpisotoid, wota sakkp/ìmtmdl po` nita mt g. =5 % (Vmd Locj >55>, 70<: 7?7). Pobl spkgoks mrk idby od vkry bohotkl (2 = %, d 8 <;) duhnkrs

prkskdt, mdl sihk fosaod` (>= frm`hkdts if fosa rkhmods) iggurrkl (Vmd Locj >55>, <=5). \aksk siurgks if hkmt wkrksuppbkhkdtkl ny pbmdt fiils, if waoga tak prkskrvkl rkhmods odlogmtk tamt prklihodmdtby nmrbky ( Airlkuh vub`mrk),sihk khhkr wakmt (\rotoguh logigguh) mdl hobbkt ( Umdoguh hobomgkuh) wkrk gidsuhkl (Nrodjjkhpkr kt mb. >55>,;<>). Idby fir nmrbky giubl ot nk privkd tamt id-sotk gubtovmtoid tiij pbmgk (onol.). M nriml spkgtruh if wobl pbmdt

spkgoks hmy mbsi amvk suppbokl dutrokdts, nut idby rkhmods if amzkbduts (Girybbus mvkbbmdm), sbik ( Urudus spodism)mdl wobl turdop ( Nrmssogm rmpm) wkrk rkgivkrkl. \ak mrtkfmgts rkgivkrkl odlogmtk tak kxgkgutoid if nita m`rogubturmb (`rodlod` stidks, mdtbkr mxk ir amhhkr,

nridzk sogjbk) mdl lihkstog (runnod` stidks, mnrmlkrs, sgrmpkrs, nridzk mdl nidk mwbs) tmsjs. \wi frm`hkdts if mrriwsamft-shiitakrs mdl m nridzk mrriwakml hmy rkprkskdt audtod` tiibs, nut taky giubl kqumbby wkbb ‗ ti`ktakr wota tak

nridzk lm``kr ‗ rkbmtk ti odtkrpkrsidmb gihnmt. \ak lmtm id sunsostkdgk mdl grmf ts suppirts tak odtkrprktmtoid if takrkhmods rkf bkgtod` m shmbb-sgmbk, skbf-suffogokdt, m`rmrogubturmb gihhudoty.

\ak lostronutoid if fkmturks saiws m strogt girrkbmtoid ti tak aoàkr pmrts if tak grkvmssk mdl bkvkk hogri-tipi`rmpay (Cid`stk >55>n, ;?=). \ak aoà duhnkr if rkgi`doskl aiusk(-sotk)s, fiur od m strop if 7<5 ny 65 h (skk fo`.

Fo`. OO.=6 Mrl hmrjs id Ko`kdnbij sotk 6.m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 strugturks, g3 mrl hmrjs.



<>


OO.=0, L) hmjks idk widlkr aiw hmdy hirk rkhmod aollkd od gihpmrmnbk pmrts if tak bmdlsgmpk lorkgtby iutsolk takodvksto`mtkl strop.

Mt tak kdl if tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N, tarkk dkw fbuvomb systkhs (Kst, Nihhkb mdl Hktkrkd) gihk odti nkod` titak kmst if tak Ko`kdnbij hmgri-rkòid. \ak Kst systkh prksuhmnby stmrts mftkr g. =;55-=755 gmb NG ([tG-61<13 7=><½ 71 NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, >55). \ak stmrt if sklohkdtmtoid ny tak Hktkrkd systkh os lkrovkl frihtamt if tak Nihhkb systkh, waisk mgtovk pamsk stmrts nktwkkd g. =>05 mdl =5=5 gmb NG ([tG-60=03 >?76 ½ 70 NU:Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, =?<). Ot os mssuhkl tamt m liwdstrkmh giddkgtoid if idk if taksk systkhs rkiggupokltak Ko`kdnbij hmod rksolumb ùbby, odotomtod` ykt mditakr pamsk if grkvmssk firhmtoid (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<m: pkrs.

Fo`. OO.=0 Wiob-typk hmp mdl skttbkhkdt sotks strugturks od tak Ko`kdnbij hksi-rkòid lurod` tak Bmtk Dkibotaog/Kmrby Nridzk M`k (M,G)mdl Hollbk Nridzk M`k (G,L). \ak siob typks if tak bmdlsgmpk mrk odlogmtkl od tidks (Boàt3 lry, smdly, fkrtobk, aoà, Lmrj3 wkt, gbmyky ti

pkmty, biw). G mdl L mrk lktmobs if M mdl N.

m3 Ko`kdnbij fbuvomb systkh‟s rksolumb ùbby, n3 trkdgaks, g3 strugturks.



<7


gihh., Cmd. >556). M rksolumb `ubby frih taos grkvmssk pamsk wms lmtkl ti =<55-==75 gmb NG ([tG-16<;3 75>0 ½ 7=NU: Nrodjjkhpkr kt mb. >55>, <<7-<<<). Ms gidstrugtoid mgtovotoks stobb tiij pbmgk lurod` tak =7ta gkdtury NG (skvkrmbrmloigmrnid lmtkl pists, skk mnivk), taos grkvmssk firhmtoid prksuhmnby tiij pbmgk takrkmftkr, pissonby lurod` tak>dl ambf if tak =7ta gkdtury.

Fo`. OO.=1 Fbuvomb systkhs, fodl-spits (fobbkl syhnibs odlogmtk gkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids, ipkd syhnibs odlogmtk udgkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids) mdlsotks losgivkrkl lurod` tak mllotoidmb girod` gmhpmo`d (o,c) od tak Ko`kdnbij hksi-rk`oid fir tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k mdl Kmrby Orid M`kpkroils. \ak odskt (N) saiw m lktmob if hmp M.

m3 trkdgaks, n3 fissob systkh, g3 prksuhmnby fissob systkh, l3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, k3 grkvmssk lkpisots, f3 fkmturks, `3 gkrmhogs, a3nitmdogmb rkhmods, o3 pissonbk skttbkhkdt sotk, c3 pissonbk m`rogubturmb fokbl.



<<


Kdspocj Gmhpmo`ds if tkst-trkgaks lu` proir ti tak wolkdod` if tak M> hitirwmy bkl ti tak losgivkry if m Hollbk Nridzk M`kskttbkhkdt sotk dkmr tak vobbm`k if Kdspocj. Od >55<, m g. =5 ti <5 ny ><5 h bid` strop if taos sotk wms kxgmtkl (\kr Pmb>55<m: >55;n). Od taos kxgmvmtkl mrkm tak rkhmods if tarkk Nridzk M`k aiusks mdl m duhnkr if iutnuoblod`s wkrkudgivkrkl (fo`. OO.=?). \ak aiusks mdl iutnuoblod`s wkrk sotumtkl id tak bkvkk lkpisots if tak Kdspocj (ir Aiionbij, gf.fo`. OO.=) fbuvomb systkh. Od mllotoid ti tak aiusks mdl iutnuoblod`s, vmroius strkgatks if fkdgk (if loffkrkdt typks) aml

Fo`. OO.=? Ivkrvokw (M) if tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k strugturks mt Kdspocj -M>/IU- kd mfrot @kblkrhmbskd mdl hirk lktmobkl vokws if tak aiusksmdl iutnuoblod`s (N) mdl fkdgk- bodks dkmr tak rksolumb `ubby (G).

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 strugturks (aiusks, iutnuoblod`s, fkdgks), g3 strugturks (iutnuoblod`s, fkdgks), l3 itakr fkmturks.



<;


Fo`. OO.>5 Kmrby Orid M`k (mdl/ir Bmtk Nridzk M`k) fkmturks mt Ko`kdnbij s otk >.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 strugturks, g3 iblkr fkmturks, l3 mrkms if nurdkl gbmy (lmrj samlod`) mdl pots (boàt samlod`).

nkkd prkskrvkl. fkdgks gidsostod` if pmorkl stmjks (typk-> ir liunbk-stmjk typk fkdgks) mppkmr ti nk hirk gihhidod tak aoàkr, smdly bigmtoids, wakrkms sod`bk-stmjk (typk-=m) fkdgks wkrk lihodmdt od tak hirk biwkr-byod`, gbmyky,mrkms. Uissonby, tak bmttkr bodkl tak biwkr-byod` mrkm if tak sobtkl-up rksolumb ùbby. Nmskl id typibiògmb gbmssofogmtoidfir tak strugturks rkgi`doskl mdl m rmloigmrnid lmtkl smhpbk frih m pistaibk if m `rmdmry-typk iutnuoblod` (frihwaoga mbsi vmroius sakrls if tak tip pmrt if m vksskb wkrk rkgivkrkl: [tG-=76=<3 75=? ½ <= NU: \kr Pmb >55;n, ><:7>) m Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N m`k os su``kstkl fir taos sotk (gf. Mrdiblusskd >551, =51-===).

Bmtk Nridzk M`kOt os mssuhkl tamt lurod` tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k, tak odamnotmnbk pmrt if tak Ko`kdnbij hogri-rkòid nkgmhk kvkr hirkshmbbkr luk ti tak gidtodukl ‑lriwdod`‟ if tak bmdlsgmpk ‗ ms m gidskqukdgk if sunsolkdgk mdl rosk if tak `riudlwmtkr tmnbk ‗ mdl tak lkpisotoid if fbiilnmsod lkpisots (Cid`stk >55>n3 ;?5: 657: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<m). Di dkwkhkròd` fbuvomb systkhs lurod` taos pkroil mrk jdiwd fir tak hmgri-rkòid. Umrts if sotks idk ti fovk hmy amvk nkkd uskl ms pmsturk, waobk id sotk sox tak mbrkmly losgusskl mrlhmrjstkstofy if m usm`k ms m fokbl, nut takor lmtod` os udgbkmr (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>m, 0>). Mt sotk sox, m pist (s0<.=7?) frih mshmbb =>-pist iutnuoblod` wms rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti g. =7=5-?15 gmb NG (@rD-><=563 >?75 ½ ;5 NU: Cid`stk >55>m,76), su``kstod` tamt ot giubl amvk nkkd krkgtkl lurod` tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k (skk fo`. OO.=;). Wihk sakrls frih sotk

fiur wkrk lmtkl ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-Bmtk Nridzk M`k trmdsotoid (Aokbjkhm, Urmd`shm & Cid`stk >55>, =>7).\arkk sakrls frih sotk sox wkrk lmtkl ti tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k (Wgaiutkd & Nbii >55>, >75: C. Aokbjkhm, ?-6-=??1,kxgmvmtoid bi`niij). M sod`bk sakrl frih m pot id sotk twi, m sod`bk sakrl frih sotk sox mdl twi sakrls losgivkrkldirta if tak wkstkrdhist pmrt if sotk sox, hmy lmtk ti tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k ir Kmrby Orid M`k (Cid`stk =??6, =1: ><:Cid`stk >55>m, 71: Nbii & Wgaiutkd >55>, >6;). Mt sotks twi, tarkk mdl fiur, mrkms if nurdkl gbmy wkrk fiudl lorkgtbyid tip if tak vk`ktmtoid airozid, su``kstod` tamt taky pist-lmtk tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N iggupmtoid, nut takor kxmgtm`k os udjdiwd (Aokbjkhm, Urmd`shm & Cid`stk >55>, =51: ==7: =>7). Fir m pot losgivkrkl od m tkst-trkdga mt sotk sox,



<6


m Bmtk Nridzk M`k ti Orid M`k lmtk wms mbsi su``kstkl (Cid`stk =??6, >=). Lkspotk tak bohotkl mhiudt if kvolkdgk firBmtk Nridzk M`k mgtovotoks, tak odlogmtoids mrk didktakbkss rkhmrjmnbk ms kvolkdgk fir taos pkroil os usumbby sgmrgk(gf. Cid`stk & Vmd Socvkrlkd >550).

Kmrby Orid M`kWihkwakrk lurod` tak forst ambf if tak Orid M`k, grkvmssk lkpisots m`mod firhkl od tak Ko`kdnbij hogri-rkòid (fo`.OO.=1). Ir`mdog rkhmods frih m grkvmssk rksolumb ùbby frih taos pamsk mt sotk sox wkrk lmtkl ti g. 005-<=5 gmb NG([tG-16<63 ><61 ½ 75 NU: Cid`stk >55>m, 76). Mt sotk twi (fo`. OO.>5), m pist (s>7?.=) frih m sox-pist iutnuoblodìr pbmtfirh wms lmtkl ti g. 005-<=5 gmb NG (@rD->;7<63 ><05 ½ >; NU: Cid`stk >55>m, 7;). Od tak vogodoty, md mrkmif nurdkl gbmy wms fiudl id m strmto`rmpaogmbby aoàkr bkvkb tamd m sohobmr nurdkl mrkm mbrkmly rkfkrrkl ti mnivk(Aokbjkhm, Urmd`shm & Cid`stk >55>, =51-=5?). M rkbmtovkby fodls-roga pot (titmb g. =.= j`: s>><.><;) od tak gkdtrk ifsotk twi yokblkl sihk Kmrby Orid M`k gkrmhogs (nut mbsi gidtmodkl m wiilkd pist rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti tak HollbkNridzk M`k-N (@rD->;7<63 7=>; ½ 75 NU: Cid`stk >55>m, 7;)). Mbsi mt sotk fovk m wiilkd pist (s7<.71) wms lmtkl tig. ?75-;;5 gmb NG (@rD->717;3 >6<5 ½ 65 NU: Cid`stk >55>m, 7;), nut akrk di itakr odlogmtoids fir usk if taos sotklurod` tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k ir Kmrby Orid M`k wkrk fiudl. Wkvkd sakrls rkgivkrkl frih sotk sox mrk lmtkl ti tak OridM`k od `kdkrmb (Cid`stk >55>m, 71).

Od tak dirta if tak hmgri-rkòid, sihk Kmrby Orid M`k sakrls wkrk losgivkrkl lurod` fokblwmbjod` siuta iftak kxgmvmtkl Hollbk Nridzk M`k sotk jdiwd ms Kdspocj - M> (fo` OO.=1, di <;>0;: \kr Pmb >55;n, 1: Mrgaos <;>0;). Mttak sotk Kdspocj - Jbkhwk`, skvkrmb Kmrby Orid M`k sakrls wkrk losgivkrkl lurod` fokblwmbjod` (fo`. OO.=1, di >>1<7:Mrgaos >>1<7). \ak gihnodkl kvolkdgk fir tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k mdl Kmrby Orid M`k su``ksts tamt tak bmdlsgmpk lurod`taksk pkroils wobb amvk nkkd hirk kxtkdsovk tamd su``kstkl ny tak siob-typk hmp (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<m). Dkvkrtakbkss,tak ivkrmbb duhnkrs if fodl-spits mrk stobb rkbmtovkby hilkst mdl li dit mbbiw fir m prkgosk gamrmgtkrosmtoid if takmgtovotoks kxkgutkl mt tak vmroius bigmtoids. Ot os dit udtob tak Bmtk Orid M`k mdl îhmd pkroil, tamt tak duhnkr iffodl-spits jdiwd frih tak Ko`kdnbij hmgri-rkòid odgrkmsks so`dofogmdtby (gf . Mrgaos >>1>0: >>1;5: >>17?: >;=75:>;=>?: <7=;1: <7071).



<0

OOO Umbmki`ki`rmpay mdl iggupmtoid aostiry if tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid

O OD\ÎL[G\OID

Nktwkkd =??0 mdl =???, skvkrmb kxgmvmtoids wkrk gmrrokl iut mt twi jobihktrks ti tak (siuta)wkst if tak vobbm`k if@kblkrhmbskd. Od taksk mrkms, tak gidstrugtoid if mllotoidmb rmobwmy trmgjs bodjod` up ti tak hmod ‑Nktuwkriutk‟frkoàt rmobwmy trmgj dkgkssotmtkl kxtkdsovk mrgamkibiògmb odvksto`mtoids. \ak nkdls od tak rmobwmy trmgj (lutga3 lkni`kd) wkrk uskl ms tak tipidyh fir tak hmod kxgmvmtoids (Hkocbodj & Jrmdkdlidj >55>) mdl mrk akrk mbsi usklti lkso`dmtk tak hmgri-rkòid. Od taksk kxgmvmtoids, skvkrmb pmrts if skttbkhkdt sotks lmtmnbk frih tak Bmtk Dkibotaogti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k wkrk udgivkrkl. Mbb taksk skttbkhkdt sotks wkrk sotumtkl id tip if m gihpbkx, stmgjklbmdlsgmpk if grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots.

Aostiry if mrgamkibiògmb rkskmrga\ak mrgamkibiògmb pitkdtomb if tak mrkms mriudl tak vobbm`k if @kblkrhmbskd wms mbrkmly jdiwd ny tak stmrt if tak

>5ta gkdtury. Nktwkkd =?5; mdl =?=6, vmroius rkhmrjmnbk îhmd pkroil fodls wkrk rkgivkrkl frih smdl kxtrmgtoids pots od tak irgamrl if tak ‑Nittkstkyd‟ kstmtk od @kblkrhmbskd (Wtumrt =?61, 6=-6>, ksp. ditk =5: Mrgaos 0=6<: fo`.OOO.=, di 7>>?6). Od =?7?, P.G. Nrmmt, takd gurmtir if tak Bkolkd Dmtoidmb Huskuh if Mdtoquotoks, vosotkl tak vobbm`kif @kblkrhmbskd mdl gibbkgtkl sihk sakrls if ‑dmtovk‟ (Orid M`k) pittkry (Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<, 706 di =7>, fo`.OOO.=, di =?>). [dfirtudmtkby, tak ‑Lk Ni`kd‟ hmgri-rkòid os sotumtkl cust iutsolk tak mrkms fir waoga Hillkrhmd

punbosakl aos =?<? mdl =?;; ivkrvokws if tak (aostiry if tak) mrgamkibiògmb kdquoroks. Wiob hmppod` gmhpmo`ds odtak mrkm rksubtkl od tak losgivkry if skvkrmb, prklihodmdtby îhmd pkroil, sotks (Uocbs =?6;, =>;, =75, >>0: BiuwkJiiochmds =?0<, 70;-706, di =>7, =><, =>6).

Fo`. OOO.= ^kskmrga mdl rkbkvmdt fodl-spits od tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid. Fir lktmobs if tak fodl-spits skk tmnbk OOO.= nkbiw.

m3 Lk Ni`kd hksi-rkòid, n3 mrkms if mrgamkibiògmb rkskmrga, g3 tak Nktuwkriutk rmobwmy trmckgtiry, l3 fodl-spits.



<1


Lurod` tak soxtoks mdl skvkdtoks if tak firhkr gkdtury, m fkw strmy fodls wkrk liguhkdtkl (Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<,706-700, dis. =>0: =7<), if waoga m pibosakl stidk mxk (skk fo`. OOO.=, di >;=>0 nkbiw) mdl Bmtk Dkibotaog gkrmhogs (skkfo`. OOO.0, di >;5;>) mrk ditkwirtay. Mllotoidmbby, sihk jdiwd fodl-spits wkrk gakgjkl ny B.U. Biuwk Jiiochmds od

prkpmrmtoid if taos =?0< taksos (Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<, 70;-706, dis. =>;-=>6, fo`. OOO.=, dis. >;=70 & =>6).Od =?16, tak Wtmtk Wkrvogk fir Mrgamkibiògmb Odvksto`mtoids (ÎN, diw ^MGH) odotomtkl vmroius (g. 7;)

fokblwmbjod` gmhpmo`ds od tak hmgri-rkòid waoga, aiwkvkr, lol dit yokbl mdy prk-Orid M`k rkhmods (fir lktmobs skkMrgaos duhnkrs >51<->51;: >=5=: >=56->=50: >==<: >==6->==0: >=>5: >=>7: >=7?: >=<=->=<;: >=;=->=;>: >=;1->=65:>=15: >=17->=1;: >=?<->=?;: >>5=: >>56 mdl >>==). Fokblwmbjod` od tak kmrby dodktoks ny bigmb mrgamkibiòsts mbsirksubtkl od tak losgivkry if skvkrmb (Bmtk) Orid M`k ti îhmd pkroil sotks (k.`. fo`. OOO.= / Mrgaos dis. >>1>0: >>1>?:>>177). \ak forst bmr`k sgmbk mrgamkibiògmb gmhpmo`ds od tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid if rkbkvmdgk ti Nridzk M`kstuloks, stmrtkl wota tak pamsk if prispkgtovk girod` prkgklod` tak Nktuwkriutk rmobwmy gidstrugtoid (Mshusskd=??<: =??6, fo`. OOO.;, dis. =<;-=;5: 75=>>: 7>>?6: 71;60-71;0=: fo`. OO.= mrkm m=). Nktwkkd =??6 mdl =??0, hist iftak sotks losgivkrkl lurod` tak pamsk if prispkgtovk rkskmrga wkrk kvmbumtkl tariuà gmhpmo`ds if tkst-trkdgaod`(Vmd lkr ikst =??0: Nubtkd & Whots =??1n: Cid`stk & Whots =??1: Wpmdckr =??1n: Vkrakbst >557, fo`. OOO.=, dis. =<;-=;5, >>7=>, <7>60, 75055?). \ak rksubts if taos pamsk bkl ti tak skbkgtoid if tarkk mrkms fir hirk kxtkdsovk lkfodotovk

kxgmvmtoid (‑Nii`-G Diirl‟: Wgaidkvkbl & @kamssk >55=, ‑Lk Ni`kd‟: Hkocbodj & Jrmdkdlidj >55>: ‑Bm`k Nbij:Hobicjivog & Whots >55>). M wmtgaod` nrokf kxkgutkl lurod` tak Nktuwkriutk rmobwmy gidstrugtoid, mbsi liguhkdtklsihk ykt udjdiwd fodl-spits (Wgauttk >55>m-n: >557n).

Fo`. OOO.> Ivkrvokw if tkst-pots mdl kxgmvmtoids od tak Lk Ni`kd hksi-rkòid id m tipi`rmpaogmb hmp. Odskt N saiws tak ‒Lk Ni`kd‘kxgmvmtoids od hirk lktmob.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 tkst-trkdgaks, g3 kxgmvmtoid.



<?

MUUKDLOQ OOO3 LK NI@KD

Mftkr tak gihpbktoid if tak hmcir Nktuwkriutk kxgmvmtoids, kxpmdsoid if tak vobbm`k if @kblkrhmbskd ams sodgkdkgkssotmtkl vmroius `kdkrmbby shmbb-sgmbk (girod` mdl/ir tkst-pottod`) gmhpmo`ds (Lk Cm`kr =??6: =??? (fo`. OOO.=,mrkms m>: m7): Lk Cm`kr & Akudjs =??1 (fo`. OOO.=, mrkms m>: m7): Bmdzo` =??? (fo`. OOO.=, mrkm m7): Nkdtk >555 (fo`. OOO.=,mrkms m==: m=0): Ammrauos >555 (fo`. OOO.=, mrkm m=0): Akssod` & Iulaif >55= (fo` OOO.=, mrkm m=<): Wgauttk >557m (fo`.OOO.=, mrkm m;): Akudjs >55> (fo`. OOO.=, mrkms m==: m=0): Fochm >557 (fo` OOO.=, mrkm m=>): Nkr`hmd & Akbhoga >55< (fo`.OOO.=, mrkm m=7): Nirkkb >55< (fo`. OOO.=, mrkm m=6): Nmktskd & Vmd Jkrjaivk >55; (fo`. OOO.=, mrkm m6): Nklmux >55; (fo`.OOO.=, mrkm m=;): Nrijjk >55;m-n (fo`. OOO.=, mrkm m<): Amjviirt >55; (fo`. OOO.=, mrkm m=<): Pubbodj >55; (fo`. OOO.=, mrkmm=5): Vmd Jmhpkd & Vkrakbst >556 (fo`. OOO.=, mrkm m0), Jbiistkr kt mb. >55; (fo`. OOO.= mrkms m1: m?). Mt idk if tak pbitstarkmtkdkl ny vobbm`k kxpmdsoid, ‑@kblkrhmbskd - Aidls`khkt‟, m bmr`k sgmbk (; am) kxgmvmtoid if m Bmtk Orid M`k mdlîhmd pkroil skttbkhkdt wms gidlugtkl od >55; (Nkdtk >555: Ammrauos >555: Akudjs >55>: Vmd ^kdswiulk >556:fo`. OOO.=, mrkm m=0).

di dmhk typk rkfkrkdgk(s) rkhmrjs

==> @kblkrhmbskd - MMU ==> Fokblwirjod` &

girod`

Mshusskd =??<, =?; = Odlkt. sakrl Nridzk M`k ir Orid M`k

=>> @kblkrhmbskd - mmp =>> Fokblwirjod` &

girod`

Mshusskd =??<, =?0 ? Odlkt. Orid M`k sakrls fiudl lurod`

fokblwmbjod`

=>6 @kblkrhmbskd - Hktkrkd:

Hollkdnboj

Fokblwmbjo d Biuwk Jii ochmds =?0<, 70;-

706-=>6

BOM skttbkhkdt mt <5-=55 gh lkpta,

=<; @kblkrhmbskd - Nii`-G zuol Fokblwirjod` &

girod`

Mshusskd =??6, =0: =<;-=<6:

Mrgaos <7=6;: =>06;<

Uissonby twi fodls-bmykrs, hmtkromb od

girod`s frih 75 ti ?5 gh lkpta: Nridzk

M`k & Dkibotaog sakrls

=<6 @kblkrhmbskd - Nii` G

Diirl

Fokblwirjod` &

girod`

Mshusskd =??6, =0: 6=-6>: gf.

Mrgaos <;6 <6

Wbm` (hosforkl gkrmhogs9) mdl gamrgimb

mt <5-15 gh lkpta nkbiw surfmgk

=<0 @kblkrhmbskd Nii`-L zuol Fokblwirjod` &

girod`

Mshusskd =??6, =0: 67-6<: gf.

Mrgaos 75055 6

6 Odlkt. sakrls, > nm sakrls: > bdki

sakrls mdl fodls-bmykr mt ;5-=>5 gh

=>06;0

(8=<1)

@kblkrhmbskd - Wpiirnru`

Viirvbokt

Fokblwirjod` &

girod`

Mshusskd =??6, =0: 6;-66:

Mrgaos <7=61: gf. Mrgaos =>06;0

Idk odlkt. sakrl mdl fodls frih

udjdiwd lkpta od girod`. Uissonby bmtk

Dkibotaog od m`k9=<? @kblkrhmbskd - Jdiippudt N Fokblwirjod` &

girod`

Mshusskd =??6, 6;-60: Mrgaos

=>06;1: 7505=>

Gamrgimb, nidk mdl nurdkl gbmy od

girod`s: mt udjdiwd (dkibotaog9) lkpta

=>06;?

(=;5)

@kblkrhmbskd Nii`-L Diirl Fokblwirjod` &

girod`

Mshusskd =??6, =0: 60-0=:

Mrgaos =>06;? (Wpmdckr =??1n:

Mrgaos <7>60)

BOM-ÎH pkroil sakrls mt surfmgk,

pissonbk fkmturk bmykr frih Dkibotaog ir

Nridzk M`k pkroil

=?> @kblkrhmbskd - Hr Lr

Jibffsgaiib

Wtrmy fodls Biuwk Jiio chmds =?0<, 706-=7> ‑dmtovk pittkry‟ (O rid M`k) gibbkgtkl ny

P.G. Nrmmt lurod` vosot (=?7?)

>;5;> @kblkrhmbskd - Amd`wmmrl O Inskrvmtoid Aubst =?07, >1: =?0;g, 1=: Biuwk

Jiiochmds =?0<, 706-=77m:

Mrgaos >;5;>

VB sakrls mdl sakrls wota girl

ohprkssoids mdl akrrod`-nidk hitovks

W@G & MII BDKI, frih lrmodm`k lotga

prifobk, pissonby wmsakl

?57 Hktkrkd - Niih`mmrl Nbih Wtrmy fodl, lurod`

girod` gmhpmo`d

Vmd So cvkrlkd >55>n, <0 W od`bk Nridzk M k sakrl fiudl mt tak

surfmgk lurod` m girod` gmhpmo`d

?>> @kblkrhmbskd - \usskd

Hktkrkd & @kblkrhmbskd

Wtrmy fodl Aubst & vmd Jbmvkrkd =?0;, 01:

Hillkrhmd & Hidtfirts =??=,

=<;-=<0: =;5

^ksamrpkdkl lomnmsk mxk (BDKIM9,

Cutsk typk J), fbodt mxk-fbmjk mdl nidk

frih wmsakl gidtkxt

??? @kblkrhmbskd Wtrmy fodl BNM : MQ\DH9

>=56 Kst - Nivkdnbij Fokblwmbjod` Mrgaos >=56 Fokblwmbjod` ny IN: =? sakrls KOM

gkrmhogs, skvkrmb ÎH, sihk KHK mdl

hmdy BHK gkrmhogs

\mnbk OOO.= Bost if fodl-spits frih tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid (fo`. OOO.=).



;5


6?0? Krogakh - Bod`kd Wtrmy fodl Mrgaos 6?0? Nridzk M`k sakrls mdl sihk nidk

frih lrmodm`k lotga prifobk

0=15 @kblkrhmbskd - @B0=15 Pmtgaod` nrokf Wgauttk >557n, =7 Fovk pistaibks mdl odlkt. gkrmhogs

0=1= @kblkrhmbskd - @B0=1= Pmtgaod` Nrokf Wgauttk >557n, =7 M vk`. air mt 75-<5 gh, m losgibiurmtoid

mdl m lotga (mbb udlmtkl)

0=10 @kblkrhmbskd - @B0=10 Pmtgaod` nrokf Wgauttk >557n, =7 Uistaibk (udlmtkl)

0=11 @kblkrhmbskd - @B0=11 Pmtgaod` nrokf Wgauttk >557n, =7 Fodls-bmykr mt ;5-65 gh

0>1; @kblkrhmbskd - @B0>1; Pmtgaod` nrokf Wgauttk >557n, =7 Wakrls (pissonby OM) mdl nidk id spiob

akmp

0601 @kblkrhmbskd - @B0601 Pmtgaod` nrokf Wgauttk >557n, =7 Fodls-bmykr wota nidk mdl pissonbk OM

sakrls, udjdiwd lkpta

>>7=> Hktkrkd - @kblkrhmbskd \kst-trkdgaks Vkrakbst >557: Mshusskd &

Kxmbtus =??7, <6: Mrgaos >>7=>

BOM-ÎH pkroil fkmturks mdl gkrmhogs

>>0?= @kblkrhmbskd - Hollkd kn okl Wtrmy f odl

(hktmb-lktkgtod`)

Mrgaos >>0?= Nridzk spkmrakml: NM ,

>>1>0 Lkob - Aiionbij Fokblwmbjod` Mrgaos >>1>0 (B)OM ti IH pkroil sakrls

>>1>? Lkob - Jocfmjjkr Fokblwmbjod` Mrgaos >>1>? (B)OM ti IH pkroil sakrls

>>177 Lkob - Jocfmjjkr Fokblwmbjod` Mrgaos >>177 (B)OM ti IH pkroil sakrls

>>1<> Hktkrkd - Bmm`kodlk Fokblwmbjod` Lk Cm`kr =??6, ==: Mrgaos >>1<>:

=75>0;

Kmrby Orid M`k sotk wota gkrmhogs, nidks

mdl stidks

>;=>0 @kblkrhmbskd - [otkrwmmrl

vmd lk Bod`k

Wtrmy f odl Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<, 700-=7<:

Mrgaos >;=>0

Wtidk mxk (DKI-KNM9) frih smdly

pmtga od Bod`k fbiilnmsod

>;=70 @kblkrhmbskd Wtrmy fodl Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<, 70;-=>;:

Mrgaos >;=70

> NM sakrls, mbsi sihk BOM-ÎH mdl

(pist)HK sakrls lurod` pbiuàod` if

fokbl

75=>> @kblkrhmbskd Bm`k Nbij OO \kst-trkdgaks &

kxgmvmtoid

Vmd lkr îkst =??0: Hobicjivog &

Whots >55>: Mrgaos 75=>>

Wihk pissonbk fkmturks mdl skvkrmb

KNM (<) HNM (<1=) sakrls, HOM sakrls

(KOM mggirlod` ti Mrgaos)7>>? 6 @kblkrhmbskd - Hollkd`knokl K xgmvmtoid Aubst & Vmd J bmvkrkd =??7, =;?:

=??<: Mrgaos 7>>?6: 0=6<: pkrs.

gihh. C. vmd Liksnur`

BDKI-M: MII pamsk fkmturks,

pitnkmjkr sakrls HNM wkbb, KOM, HOM

mdl BOM-ÎH pkroil fkmturks.

îhmd pkroil fodls lksgronkl ny

Wtumrt mrk bostkl ms Mrgaos 0=6<, smhk

giirlodmtks. \wi ‑Nmrnkl Pork‟-stmhp

lkgirmtkl sakrls mggirlod` ti C. vmd

Liksnur`

71;60 Hktkrkd - Viktmjjkr Girod` Mrgaos 71;60 Gamrgimb, stidk, nidk mdl gkrmhogs

frih udjdiwd lkpta (BDKI-NM9)

71;61 Hktkrkd - Viktmjjkr Girod` Mrgaos 71;61 Gamrgimb frih ;5 gh lkpta.

71;6? Hktkrkd - Viktmjjkr Girod` Mrgaos 71;6? Fodls (stidk, nurdkl gbmy, gamrgimb,

nidk) frih udjdiwd lkpta (BDKI-NM9)

71;05 Hktkrkd - Viktmjjkr Girod` Mrgaos 71;05 Gkrmhogs, nidk & gamrgimb frih

udjdiwd lkpta (BDKI-NM9)

71;0= Hktkrkd - Viktmjjkr Girod` Mrgaos 71;0= Wakrls, gamrgimb, stidk mdl nidk frih

udjdiwd lkpta (BDKI-NM9)

<50;> Hktkrkd - Jmbkdnkr` [djdiwd Mrgaos <50;> Wtidk amhhkr-mxk if tak ‑Kpk-typk‟

\mnbk OOO.= (gidtodukl) Bos t if fodl-spits frih tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid (f o`. OOO.=).



;=


<7>60 @kblkrhmbskd - Nii` L-diirl \kst- trkdgaks Wpmdckr =??1n: Mrga os <7>60 ÎH mdl K-BHK f odls od tks t- trkdgaks

<15;< @kblkrhmbskd - Hollkd`knokl

Suol

Pmtga od` Nr okf Wgaut tk >557m: Mrgaos <15;< = pissonbk NM sakrl, 7 BNM-HOM,

HOM fkmturks mdl gkrmhogs, mbsi HK

gkrmhogs fiudl lurod` wmtgaod` nrokf

=75>0; Hktkrkd - Jmbkdnkr` JMB=-< Fokblwmbjo d &

girod`

Lk Cm`kr =??6, ==: Mrgaos 7>?><:

>>1<>: =75>0;

OM, IH & HK pittkry. fokblwmbjod` &

girod` ny rmmp id sotk losgivkrkl ny

Vkrakbst (Mrgaos >>1<>), tkst-trkdga ny

ÎN (Mrgaos 7>?><)

=75>06 Hktkrkd - Jmbkdnkr` JMB=> Girod` gmhpmo`d Lk Cm`kr =??6 UFN sakrl mdl pissonbk DKI fbodt fbmjk

=75>00 Hktkrkd - Jmbkdnkr` JMB5=5 Fokblwmbjo d &

girod`

Lk Cm`kr =??6, =;: Mrgaos

=75>00

Fiur odlkt. sakrls, DKI fbodt mxk-fbmjk

(+ rih + hk gkrmhogs)

=7171> @kblkrhmbskd - Hollkd knokl Fokblwmbj od` &

girod`

Lk Cm`kr & Akudjs =??1: Mrgaos

=7171>

\wi fbodt mxk-fbmjks, fbodt sgrmpkr mdl

mrriw frm`hkdt, idk BNM-KOM sakrl mdl

ÎH mdl HK pkroil gkrmhogs

75055? Ni`kd >1->, >1-7, >1-< Kxgmvmtoid Mrgaos 75055? - 7505==: Hkocbodj

& Jrmdkdlidj >55>

Mrgaos kdtry fir tak Viktmjjkr (>1-= ti

>1-<) sotks

\ak `kibiògmb gidtkxt \ak Aibigkdk kdksos if tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid os rkbmtovkby obb-udlkrstiil. Luk ti tak taogj bmykr(s) if givkrod`fbiilnmsod sklohkdts mdl tak bohotkl lkpta if girod`s od siob-hmppod` survkys (Vodj =?;<: Vmd lkr Wbuys =?;6:Wtonijm =?07) tak fbuvomb gamddkbs mgtovk proir ti tak Orid M`k amvk dit nkkd mggurmtkby hmppkl. ^kgkdt rk-mdmbysosif bmskr-mbtohktry lmtm mdl loòtmb gir od` mrgaovks (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<n: Vmd Socvkrlkd & Bmmd >55;) ams saiwd tamtgirrkgtoids mdl mllotoids mrk mbsi dkgkssmry fir tak `kibiògmb hmp (Vkrnrmkgj =?1<), smdl-lkpta hmp (Nkrkdlskdkt mb. >55=) mdl pmbmki`ki`rmpaogmb hmp (Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=) gihpobkl fir tak mrkm, kvkd taiuà takskwkrk mbb gihpobkl wota lmtmskts gihprosod` girod`s if `rkmtkr (4 > h) girod` lkptas.

\ak prispkgtovk girod` gmhpmo`ds kxkgutkl lurod` skvkrmb pamsks if tak Nktuwkriutk rkskmrga mbrkmly piodtkl iut sihk if tak prinbkhs. Od m fkw odstmdgks, ykt udhmppkl fbuvomb systkhs wkrk kdgiudtkrkl (k.`. takKo`kdnbij systkh (Mshusskd =??6, ;?), uddmhkl systkhs od botai`kdktog prifobks mt Lk Ni`kd (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>n,66 fo`. >.<, skgtoid M-M‟ systkh N= (fo`. OOO.7, u=) mdl skgtoid N-N‟ systkh N> (fo`. OOO.7, u7)) mdl Bm`k Nbij (VmdSocvkrlkd >55>g, 7= fo`. >.; skgtoid N-N‟ systkh n= (fo`. OOO.7, u <)) waobk od itakrs, kxpkgtkl systkhs wkrk mnskdt idtak prklogtkl bigmtoid (k.`. tak Lkob systkh (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<n)).

\ak lmtod` if tak vmroius fbuvomb systkhs idgk mgtovk od tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid os mbsi prinbkhmtog. Firskvkrmb systkhs (k.`. Kstkrwk`, Viktmjjkr, Kdspocj, @kbboguh) lorkgt lmtks mrk mbti`ktakr bmgjod`, wakrkms fir itakrs,idby lorkgt lmtks fir tak stmrt ir kdl if sklohkdtmtoid mrk mvmobmnbk (k.`. Ko`kdnbij, Krogakh, Hktkrkd, Aiionbij:Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>m-g: >55<n). Lkspotk tak mnivkhkdtoidkl girod` lkpta mdl lkdsoty rkbmtkl fbmws od tak mvmobmnbk hmps fir tak Lk Ni`kdhmgri-rkòid, tak pmbmki`ki`rmpaogmb hmp gihpobkl ny Nkrkdlskd mdl Wtiutamhkr (>55=), of suppbkhkdtkl ny takgrkvmssks ms hmppkl id tak hist rkgkdt smdl-lkpta (Nkrkdlskd kt mb. >55=) mdl girrkgtkl ny hirk rkgkdt stuloks

(Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<n: Vmd Socvkrlkd & Bmmd >55;) stobb privolks tak nkst nmsos fir m losgussoid if tak bid`-tkrhrkòidmb kvibutoid if taos pmrt if tak rovkr mrkm.

Mbb if tak Lk Ni`kd Nridzk M`k sotks mrk sotumtkl id tip if (fbiilnmsod lkpisots givkrod`) grkvmssk lkpisots(Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>n: >55<n: \kr Pmb >55=, >6, tak Nridzk M`k mgtovotoks mt Bm`k Nbij tiij pbmgk id tip if gamddkb

nkl, bkvkk mdl grkvmssk lkpisots (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>g, ksp. <=)). Mbtaiuà od tak sunsiob kmrby Aibigkdk gamddkb nkl mdl bkvkk lkpisots mrk sihktohks kdgiudtkrkl, taky li dit skkh ti amvk odf bukdgkl tak bmdlsgmpk hirpaibi`yod Nridzk M`k mdl bmtkr pkroils. \ak grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots amvk nkkd lkpisotkl tariuàiut tak kdtork Aibigkdk

pkroil mdl pmrtogubmrby mt tak bigmtoids wakrk grkvmssk spbmys frih loffkrkdt pamsks ivkrbmp, rkbmtovkby aoàkr mrkmsgiubl firh od tak wkttkr fbiilnmsod. \ak udlkrstmdlod` if tak pamsod` mdl hirpaibi`y if tak odlovolumb grkvmssk

\mnbk OOO.= (gidtodukl) Bost if fodl-spits frih tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid (f o`. OOO.=).



;>


spbmys os rkbmtkl ti tak girod` (lkpta mdl) lkdsoty. Pakrk bmr`k duhnkrs if girod`s mrk mvmobmnbk mdl girod` lkptaos suffogokdt, ot os gbkmr tamt wamt wota bkss mvmobmnbk lmtm os `riupkl ms m sod`bk grkvmssk spbmy ( k.`. grkvmssk pamsk 7(Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>n, skk mbsi nkbiw)), wms od rkmboty firhkl lurod` ms hmdy ms fovk loffkrkdt kvkdts (fo`. OOO.<).

OO WI[^GK GÔ\OGOWH

Girod` gmhpmo`ds (siob hmppod`)\ak vmroius siob-hmppod` gmhpmo`ds kxkgutkl od tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid wkrk dit spkgofogmbby mohkl mt, ir ‗ lukti tak biw hkmd girod` lkdsoty mdl hktailibi`y if lksgroptoid ‗ suotmnbk ti tak losgivkry if prkaostirog sotks (Vodj

=?>6, 6-0: Vmd lkr Wbuys =?;6: Wtonijm =?07, ksp. =>, =<5). Lkspotk taksk bohotmtoids, skvkrmb ‑firhkr amnotmtoid sotks‟wkrk losgivkrkl. \aky wkrk histby rkgi`doskl ny takor paispamtk losgibiurmtoid mdl prklihodmdtby lmtk frih takBmtk Orid M`k ti îhmd Ukroils ir yiud`kr (gf . Uocbs =?6;, =>;, =75, >>0: Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<, 70;-706, dis. =>7,=><, =>6). \ak bohotkl girod` lkpta (`kdkrmbby ti =.> h hmxohuh) lurod` siob-hmppod` gmhpmo`ds mbsi amhpkrkltak udlkrstmdlod` if tak bigmtoid mdl m`k if lkkpkr-byod` fissob fbuvomb systkhs. \ak `rkmtkr girod` lkpta if takgirod`s kxkgutkl fir tak gihpobmtoid if tak `kibiògmb hmp (> ti =5 h lkpta: Vkrnrmkgj =?1<, >7=), wms nkdkfogomb odtaos skdsk, nut akrk ms wkbb, girod` lkdsoty wms `kdkrmbby tii biw ti mggurmtkby losgivkr mdl hmp tak vmroius fbuvombsystkhs od tak sunsiob (up ti =5 girod`s pkr squmrk jobihktrk: Vkrnrmkgj =?1<, >7: >77->7<: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<n).

Fo`. OOO.7 Fbuvomb systkhs od tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid (mftkr Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=: Nkrkdlskd kt mb. >55=: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>n:>55<n: Vmd Socvkrlkd & Bmmd >55;).

m3 tak Lk Ni`kd hksi-rkòid, n3 fbuvomb systkh, g3 udhmppkl fbuvomb systkhs, l3 grkvmssk lkpisots, k3 pissonbk rovkr ludk, f3 kxgmvmtoidtrkdgaks.



;7


Fokblwmbjod` mdl girod` ny ^MMU Odotomb prispkgtovk mrgamkibi`y kxkgutkl ny ^MMU nkfirk tak gidstrugtoid if tak Nktuwkriutk gidsostkl if lksjtipstuloks (Mshusskd =??=) mdl fokblwmbjod` (Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, =7) gihnodkl wota kxtkdsovk (Mshusskd=??<, =?) mdl odtkdsovk prispkgtovk girod` gmhpmo`ds (onol., =?->5). Lurod` tak fokblwmbjod` pamsk, di gbkmr NridzkM`k sotks wkrk losgivkrkl (idby mt ^MMU sotk ==> m sod`bk Nridzk ir Orid M`k sakrl wms fiudl (Mshusskd =??<,=?;)). Hist sotks fiudl lurod` fokblwmbjod` lmtkl ti tak (Bmtk) Orid M`k ti îhmd Ukroil (sotks ;?-65: Mshusskd=??7, <6: sotks ==7-=>7: Mshusskd =??<, =?<-=?1) ir hklokvmb pkroils (sotks 65 (Mshusskd =??7, <6): sotks =5?-===,=>>-=>7 Mshusskd =??<, =?<-=?1, skk fo`. OOO.; nkbiw). \aos odlogmtks tamt fokblwmbjod` mbidk os dit tak nkst strmtk`yti prispkgt fir Orid M`k ir iblkr sotks od taos pmrt if tak rovkr mrkm. \ak sihktohks so`dofogmdt lkpta nkbiw tak

prkskdt-lmy surfmgk if tak Nridzk M`k vk`ktmtoid airozids mt tak ‑Lk Ni`kd‟ sotks (`kdkrmbby <5-?5 gh, gf. Cid`stk& Whots =??1, ?-=5) lkgrkmskl tak gamdgks if hmtkromb nkod` pbiuàkl ti tak surfmgk. Furtakrhirk, tak lihodmdtm`rogubturmb usk if tak mrkm gidsosts if pmsturks mdl irgamrls, nita if waoga li dit rkby id rkùbmr pbiuàod` mdl mrkgamrmgtkrozkl ny m biw mrgamkibiògmb vosonoboty lurod` fokblwmbjod`.

Fo`. OOO.< Wkgtoid mgriss sotks Nii`-G Diirl (7=), Lk Ni`kd 75, >? mdl <; (mftkr Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<n). \ak supkrohpiskl (stmgjkl)grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots firh tak nmsos if tak (gihnodkl9) Bmtk Dkibotaog mdl/ir Nridzk M`k vk`ktmtoid airozid(s). \ak bigmtoid if takskgtoid os odlogmtkl id odskt N.

Fo`. OOO.; Wotks losgivkrkl ny ^mmp mdl tak kxgmvmtkl mrkms.

m3 tkst-trkdgaks mdl kxgmvmtkl mrkm, n3 ^mmp gmtmbiùk s otk duhnkrs (nmskl id Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7: Mshusskd =??<: =??6).



;<


Odotombby, luk ti tak mssuhkl mnskdgk if fissob fbuvomb systkhs, di lktmobkl prispkgtovk girod` wms pbmddkl id takbigmtoid if tak Lk Ni`kd kxgmvmtoids (Mshusskd =??6, ;?). Ot wms dit udtob tak losgivkry if m ykt udhmppkl hkmdlkr

nkbt id m siob-gihpmgtoid hmp od =??7, mdl wota tak punbogmtoid if tak smdl-lkpta hmp od =??< (Nkrkdlskd, Fmksskd& Jkhpkd =??<) tamt os wms rkmboskl tamt udhmppkl systkhs wota pitkdtomb prkaostirog mgtovotoks mssigomtkl ti takhwkrk ti nk kxpkgtkl (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<n, gf. Mshusskd =??<, >0, =??6, ;?). Hirkivkr, pmrts if tak Nktuwkriutkrmobwmy trmckgtiry wkrk gamd`kl ir mllkl ivkr tak ykmrs, mdl tak mrkm if tak Lk Ni`kd sotks 7?-7> mdl <;I wms dit

pmrt if tak rmobwmy trmckgtiry proir ti Divkhnkr =??; (Mshusskd =??6, 0). Fir taksk pbits, di skpmrmtk fokblwmbjod`gmhpmo`ds wkrk odotomtkl, mdl odtkdsovk girod` wms lorkgtby gaiskd ms tak hmod strmtk`y (Mshusskd =??<, =?->5:=??6, ;?-60). \ak girod` gmhpmo`ds yokblkl sihk Dkibotaog sakrls, Dkibotaog ti Nridzk M`k mdl Nridzk M`kgkrmhogs frih sotks =<; mdl =<0, ms wkbb ms vk`ktmtoid airozids msso`dkl ti taksk pkroils id sotks =<; ti =;5 (fo`.OOO.;: Mshusskd =??6, ;?-6>). Mggirlod` ti ^mmp, tak `kihirpai`kdktog odtkrprktmtoid fir tak sotks =<; ti =;5 wmsm ‗ pmrtombby wmsakl ir krilkl ‗ fodls-bmykr id tak fbmdjs if m hkmdlkr nkbt (Mshusskd =??6, ;?-60). Bmtkr rkskmrga(skk nkbiw, gf . fo`. OOO.<) ams gbkmrby saiwd tamt taksk wkrk od fmgt vk`ktmtoid airozids firhkl od tak tip if grkvmsskmdl fbiilnmsod lkpisots. Urksuhmnby, tak usk if `rkmtkr girod` lkptas (pkdktrmtod` tak kdtork Aibigkdk skqukdgk)lurod` taos pamsk giubl amvk mbrkmly su``kstkl tak odtkrprktmtoid ms grkvmssk lkpisots mt taos stm`k. Od mllotoid, krisoid ny bmtkr grkvmssk firhmtoid aml losturnkl tak vk`ktmtoid airozid mdl mdy khnkllkl

fodls od skvkrmb pmrts if tak Lk Ni`kd mrkm (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>n). \aos rksubtkl od lkgmpotmtkl siob-prifobks, fir waogaot os amrl ti lktkgt prkaostirog iggupmtoid od mrgamkibiògmb girod` gmhpmo`ds. Didktakbkss, fkmturk prkskrvmtoidhmy nk mlkqumtk mt suga bigmtoids. Fir kxmhpbk, strugturk >?W\M (skk fo`. OOO.==, L) wms rkgivkrkl frih md mrkmwakrk tak kdtork vk`ktmtoid airozid mdl pissonbk fodls-bmykr aml nkkd wmsakl mwmy (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>n, 10:Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =1=-=17). \aos typk if krisoid (skk Mrdiblusskd >551, Gamptkr >) hmy rksubt odmd udlkrkstohmtoid if tak mssuhkl kxtkdt if tak iggupokl mrkms. Lkspotk tak losgivkry if taos bmr`k duhnkr if prklihodmdtby prkaostirog sotks od tak Lk Ni`kd mrkm tariuàlktmobkl girod`, idk saiubl jkkp od hodl tamt if tak >= girod`s kxkgutkl mt sotk >1 (Lk Ni`kd - Viktmjjkr >1-=, >1->, >1-7, >1-<, skk nkbiw) didk yokblkl m sod`bk lmtmnbk fodl. Didktakbkss, skvkrmb pmrts if taos sotk suppirtkl lkdsk

prkaostirog iggupmtoid (Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, >76->11). Mt tak Bm`k Nbij kxgmvmtoid (^mmp sotks ==?,=>=-=>7: Mshusskd =??<, =70-=<7, =?0-=?1) ivkr <15 Nridzk M`k sakrls wkrk rkgivkrkl ([fjks >55>n, gf . Vmd lkrîkst =??0, =6-=0: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>g, <=) waobk tak prkskdgk if Nridzk M`k iggupmtoid wms dit suspkgtkl nmskl

id tak fokblwmbjod` mdl girod`s kxkgutkl takrk (Mshusskd =??<, 75, =70-=<7, =?0-=?1).

\kst-trkdgaksNmskl id tak rksubts if tak fokblwmbjod` mdl girod` gmhpmo`ds, tkst-trkdgaks wkrk pripiskl ms tak dkxt stkp ifodvksto`mtoid fir ^mmp sotks ==?/=>= (‑Bm`k Nbij‟) mdl =<;-=;5 (‑Lk Ni`kd‟: Mshusskd =??<, 75: =??6, =<). Mt tak

pbits od qukstoid, tkst-trkdgaks wkrk lu` nktwkkd =??6 mdl =??0 (Vmd lkr îkst =??0: Nubtkd & Whots =??1: Cid`stk& Whots =??1: Wpmdckr =??1, skk mbsi Vkrakbst >557). \ak strmtkòks if tkst-trkdgaod` loffkrkl nktwkkd tak vmroiusgmhpmo`ds. Mt sotks wakrk prklihodmdtby (Bmtk) Orid M`k ir îhmd pkroil fkmturks wkrk kxpkgtkl, bmr`k surfmgkswkrk ipkdkl od m bohotkl duhnkr if trkdgaks (Nii`-L Diirl, Bm`k Nbij, skk tmnbk OOO.> nkbiw). Mt sotks wakrk

prkaostirog f odls-bmykrs wkrk suspkgtkl, tkst-pots if bohotkl kxtkdt, nut if `rkmtkr lkpta, wkrk lu` (tmnbk OOO.>). Msbmr`kr mrkms tamd taisk odvksto`mtkl wota tkst-trkdgaks amvk nkkd losturnkl ny tak rmobwmy gidstrugtoid mt Nii`-L

Diirl mdl Bm`k Nbij, idk hmy widlkr wamt typks mdl duhnkrs if iblkr (Nridzk M`k9) rkhmods amvk nkkd dit nkkdfiudl luk ti tak bohotkl lostronutoid (mdl shmbb duhnkrs) if tak trkdgaks.

\ak gmhpmo`d if tkst-trkdgaod` wms mggihpmdokl ny m lktmobkl girod` gmhpmo`d od irlkr ti nkttkr lktkrhodktak kxtkdt if tak skttbkhkdt sotks hmppkl ny ^mmp (Vmd Socvkrlkd od3 Cid`stk =??1: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<n). Ms mgidskqukdgk, tak bigmtoid if tak prklogtkl skttbkhkdt sotk girk mrkms saoftkl fir sihk sotks (gf . Nubtkd & Whots =??1,0: Cid`stk & Whots =??1, =0) mdl sihk dkw sotks wkrk hmppkl (k.`. sotk <;MLN: Vmd Socvkrlkd od3 Cid`stk =??1, ;6).Wotk <;MLN (‑Mgatkr Lk Nihkd‟) wms takrkfirk dit sunckgtkl ti tkst-trkdgaod`, nut wms ti nk kvmbumtkl ti`ktakr wotatak kxgmvmtoid if sotk <;I (skk fir bigmtoid fo`. OOO.>). Hist if tak sotks wkrk odtkrprktkl ms aiusk-sotks tamt rkfbkgtklm gidsolkrmnbk tohk-lkpta (Bmtk Dkibotaog ti Nridzk M`k mgtovotoks) mt m sod`bk kxgmvmtoid bkvkb (sotks >?D, 75, <;P:Cid`stk & Whots =??1, 7?-<=, <7). Fir sotk >1, tak prkskdgk if m aiusk-sotk wota m hirk dmrriw tohk lkpta (HollbkNridzk M`k-M) wms mssuhkl (Nubtkd & Whots =??1, >>).



;;


^mmpgmt di Dmhk

^mmp kxtkdt ifsotk (h>)

Dis. if tkst-trkdgaks

Mrkm if tkst-trkdgaks (h>)

% if (^mmp) sotkodvksto`mtkl ^kfkrkdgks

==?/=>= Bm`k Nbij ==555 > <55 7.6 Mshusskd =??<, 7<: Vmd lkrîkst =??0

=;5Nii`-LDiirl (7>)

=>;55 = 15 5.6 Mshusskd =??6, =1: Wpmdckr=??1

=<;-=<1Lk Ni`kd(>?, 75, 7=,<;)

==;55 7> <<0 7.1 Mshusskd =??6, =1: Cid`stk &Whots =??1

=;?Viktmjjkr(>1)

=>55 6 ;1 <.1 Mshusskd =??6, =1: Nubtkd &Whots =??1

\aos wms, aiwkvkr, nmskl id tak prkskdgk if fovk lmtmnbk (pitnkmjkr, Nmrnkl Pork-stmhp lkgirmtkl mdl Aobvkrsuh-stybk lkgirmtkl) sakrls mhid`st <76 dit-lom`distog (pitkdtombby bmtkr Nridzk M`k) frm`hkdts (Nubtkd & Whots =??1,=?). \wi itakr sotks, sotks >?S mdl 7=, yokblkl di fkmturks nut sihk Bmtk Dkibotaog mdl/ir Kmrby Nridzk M`k gkrmhogsmdl taky wkrk odtkrprktkl ms ‑spkgomb mgtovoty‟ sotks (Cid`stk & Whots =??1, >;->6, 77, <5). \ak dmturk if suga sotks

wms dit losgusskl od hirk lktmob (skk Mrdiblusskd >551, Gamptkr 0) mdl tak odtkrprktmtoid hmy amvk nkkd odfbukdgkltii huga ny tak shmbb sozk (11 h > od fovk trkdgaks mt 7= mdl <? h > od tarkk trkdgaks mt >?S) if tak trkdgaks, takor

pisotoid od tak rkbmtoid ti tak rkgidstrugtkl firhkr bmdlsgmpk mdl tak shmbb duhnkrs if lom`distog sakrls (gf . tmnbksOO.<-OO.;).

Ot saiubl mbsi nk ditkl mt taos piodt tamt md mrkm if sox am nktwkkd tak kmstkrdhist bohot if sotk <; mdl takrmobwmy fby-ivkr ti tak kmst if taos mrkm wms dit mggkssonbk fir prispkgtovk girod` ny ^mmp, wms gidskqukdtby dittkst-trkdgakl mdl ots prksuhmnby aoà mrgamkibiògmb pitkdtomb ams nkkd bkft udkxpbirkl (lurod` tak wmtgaod` nrokf,skvkrmb fkmturks, m vk`ktmtoid airozid mdl sihk fodls wkrk rkgirlkl frih taos mrkm: Wgauttk >557n, =7: fo`. OOO.= dis.0=15-0=15, 0=10, 0=11).

\ak ‑Lk Ni`kd‟ kxgmvmtoidsIf tak vmroius bigmtoids tkst-trkdgakl od tak Lk Ni`kd hksi-rkòid, sotk 7> wms dit skbkgtkl fir mllotoidmb rkskmrga

mdl fir Bm`k Nbij ot wms kxpbogotby lkgolkl dit ti figus id tak Nridzk M`k rkhmods tamt wkrk prkskdt mt tak bkvkb nkbiw tamt if tak Hollbk Orid M`k skttbkhkdt (Hobicjivog & @kamssk >55>, =;). \ak kxgmvmtoids mt tak Lk Ni`kdsotks >?, 75 mdl <; tkst-trkdgakl kmrbokr aml m pamskl mpprimga. Ms m gidsolkrmnbk tohk lkpta wms mssuhkl ti nkrkprkskdtkl mt hmdy if tak sotks, fiur ny fiur hktkr mdl fiur ny sox hktkr trkdgaks wkrk lu` od tak prklogtkl girkmrkms if tak prkaostirog sotks (Hkocbodj >55>m, >?-75). \aky skrvkl tak spkgof og purpisk ti biij fir mrkms wakrk m hirkbohotkl tohk-lkpta wms rkprkskdtkl ny tak rkhmods f rih tak fodls-bmykr (onol .: Hkocbodj >55>n, 06;). [dfirtudmtkby,taos wms rmrkby tak gmsk mdl takrkfirk tak fodls-bmykr ams dit nkkd odtkdsovkby odvksto`mtkl iutsolk taksk forst pamskfiur ny fiur hktkr mdl fiur ny sox hktkr trkdgaks (Hkocbodj >55>m, 7=: 7<: Hkocbodj >55>n, 06<:-06;). \aos ohpbokstamt tak stuly if mbb tak gubturmb rkhmods rkgivkrkl os amhpkrkl ny tak fmgt tamt tak rkhmods rkprkskdt m pmbohpskst ifms hmdy ms =;55 ykmrs if mgguhubmtoid. Furtakrhirk, taksk odotomb trkdgaks od waoga tak fodls-bmykr wms tairiuàbyodvksto`mtkl privolk idby m g. =0.; % mrkm smhpbk, o.k. mt 1>.; % if taksk sotks tak fodls-bmykr wms lu` mwmy wotaiutmllotoidmb rkskmrga ir fodl rkgivkry (;5<> h> if odotomb fiur ny fiur mdl fiur ny sox hktkr trkdgaks vkrsus m titmbsurfmgk mrkm if g. >.11 akgtmrks: Hkocbodj >55>m, >?-7>). Mt sotks 7= mdl >1-=, tak fodls-bmykr wms gihpbktkby kxgmvmtkl

od hktkr squmrks (g. 5.7> am: Wgaidkvkbl & @kamssk >55=, >5: Hkocbodj >55>m, 71) Akrk tii, udfirtudmtkby, tak tohklkpta dkkl dit amvk nkkd ms bohotkl ms wms mssuhkl (skk nkbiw).

\ak bmr`k tohk lkpta rkfbkgtkl od tak fodls-bmykr mt Lk Ni`kd os giupbkl ny m(d od pmrts) vkry aoà fkmturklkdsoty, waoga gihpbogmtks tak odtkrprktmtoid if tak fkmturks inskrvkl. Kspkgombby mt sotks >1-= mdl pmrts if sotks>? mdl 75, tak fkmturk lkdsoty os bigmbby prinbkhmtogmbby aoà (skk tmnbk OOO.7 mdl nkbiw). Mftkr gihpbktoid if tak

prkbohodmry mdmbysks if tak fkmturk pbmds, idby sboàtby ivkr 7.6 % if tak fkmturks giubl nk odtkrprktkl ms nkod` pmrtif m pissonbk prkaostirog strugturk suga ms m aiusks ir iutnuoblod`s. Urksuhmnby, taos foùrk os md udlkr-rkprkskdtmtoidms ot liks dit odgbulk fkdgks mdl pmbosmlks, nut ot os liuntfub waktakr odgbulod` takh wiubl hirk tamd liunbk taosfoùrk.

\mnbk OOO.> Duhnkr mdl kxtkdt if tkst-trkdgaks fir tak ‑Lk Ni`kd‟ sotks.



;6


Wotk Mrkm (h>) FkmturksIvkrmbb hkmd

fkmturk lkdsotyHmx. fkmturklkdsoty(h>)

>1-= >05> 76;= =.7; 6.=6

>1-> =?6 =60 5.1; =.;6

>1-7 1= =55 =.>7 5.1<

>1-< 1<= ?1< =.=0 6.=>

>? 0?7? >0=1 5.7< 7.<<

75 ;?00 7>>7 5.;7 7.?6

7= ;=; ;6 5.= 5.>1

<; <705 >051 5.6 7.7>

hkmd >1>0 =055 5.00

\ak ivkrmbb strmtk`y mt hmdy if tak Lk Ni`kd kxgmvmtoid wms kmrkl tiwmrls tak udgivkrod` if prkaostirog aiusk-sotks

(Hkocbodj >55>n, 06;: gf. Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, >00). \ak pmrts wkrk taky wkrk kxpkgtkl ‗ nmskl idtak fodlsmdl fkmturk lkdsotoks od tak odotomb trkdgaks ‗ amvk skkd hirk kxtkdsovk kxgmvmtoid od gidtoduius trkdgaks.Iutsolk taksk bmr`kr kxgmvmtkl mrkms, m titmb mrkm if 5.;= am ams nkkd udgivkrkl od ms hmdy ms <56 shmbbkr trkdgaks.Mbtaiuà tak bmttkr gmd odlkkl ny uskl ti odvksto`mtk tak lostronutoid mdl lkdsoty if tak mrgamkibiògmb rkhmods ivkrm wolkr mrkm (Hkocbodj >55>m, >?-<5), ot wobb nk gbkmr tamt rkgi`dozod` strugturks od trkdgaks if hilkst sozk os vkryloffogubt. Gidskqukdtby, ot hmy vkry wkbb nk tamt mllotoidmb strugturks amvk odlkkl nkkd kdgiudtkrkl od tak g. =6 %if tak surfmgk odvksto`mtkl wota taksk shmbbkr trkdgaks, nut tamt taksk amvk dit nkkd rkgi`dozkl ms suga mdl amvkgidskqukdtby dit bkl ti hirk kxtkdsovk kxgmvmtoid.

\ak lkgosoid tmjkd ti hirk kxtkdsovkby kxgmvmtk tak mrkms wakrk tak aoàkr gidgkdtrmtoids if fodls mdl/irfkmturks wkrk udgivkrkl, hmy od m skdsk amvk nkkd giudtkrprilugtovk. Mt taksk bigmtoids ‗ `kdkrmbby tak aoàkr

pmrts if tak udlkrbyod` grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots ‗ tak hmdy fodls rkgivkrkl gmddit nk mssigomtkl wota tak udlkrbyod`fkmturks, waobk tak lkdsoty if tak fkmturks od otskbf odaonots tak rkgi`dotoid if odlovolumb strugturks. Fir odstmdgk, tak

fmgt tamt skvkrmb gbmohkl Bmtk Dkibotaog ir Kmrby Nridzk M`k aiusks wkrk rkgidstrugtkl frih mrkms wota rkbmtovkbyaoà fkmturk lkdsotoks, ti m gkrtmod kxtkdt wkmjkds tak vmboloty if takor odtkrprktmtoid (skk nkbiw).

Wotk m n g l k f ` a o

Bm`k Nbij <?5 < < - - <16 5.1 5.1 -

Ni`kd >1 76?6 (7<1>0) 7<? 7;; 6 =>=6 >575 ?.6 = =<.?

Ni`kd >?-S ?>= (>7>5) =5; 755 =?; ==? 657 7>.6 =>.? >=.;

Ni`kd >?-D >15? (?>05) ?< =6< 05 =07 >;?0 ;.1 ;.1 0.<

Ni`kd 75 >0;7 (=5??5) =75 70= ><= =?6 >7>0 =7.; 7.< >5.6

Ni`kd <;P 116 (;75>) =; <? 7< <> 17> ;.; 5.? >;.7

Ni`kd <;I/@ =7?; (?7<;) 1? =5; =6 ?? =>01 0.; =.= =5.0

Ni`kd 7= =>7; (=5?=5) 6?< 6?< (?6) ?7= 15; ;6.> 6.7 7?.0

\mnbk OOO.7 Mpprixohmtoid if tak fkmturk lkdsoty if tak bmr`kr gihpbktkby kxgmvmtkl mrkms if tak vmroius Lk Ni`kd s otks.

\mnbk OOO.< Duhnkrs mdl pkrgkdtm`ks if Bmtk Dkibotaog ti Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M pittkry (nmskl id Vmd lkr îkst =??0, =6-=0: Nubtkd &Whots =??1, =?: Cid`stk & Whots =??1, >6-70: Wpmdckr =??1, =>-=7: [fjks >55=, 7;: >55>n, 05: [fjks & Nbii >55>, 717-716).

m3 titmb duhnkr if sakrls stulokl (titmb duhnkr if frm`hkdts rkgivkrkl), n3 gbmssofokl ms ‑Bmtk Dkibotaog ti Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M‟ wotagkrtmodty (rkodtkrprktmtoid W. Mrdiblusskd, kxgmvmtoids idby), g3 gbmssofokl ms ‑Bmtk Dkibotaog ti Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M‟ wota gkrtmodty(rkodtkrprktmtoid W. Mrdiblusskd, kxgmvmtoids mdl tkst-trkdgaks (n+l), l3 gbmssofokl ms ‑Bmtk Dkibotaog ti Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M‟ (tkst-trkdgaks), k3 gbmssofokl ms ‑Bmtk Dkibotaog ti Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M‟ (kxgmvmtoids), f3 sakrls gbmssofokl ms ‑odlkt.‟ ir (Kmrby-Hollbk )Nridz

M`k (tkst- trkdgaks mdl kxgmvmtoids), `3 pkrgkdtm`k Bmtk Dkibotaog -Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M pittkry ms rkodtkrprktkl ny duhnkr (% g if m=), a3pkrgkdtm`k Bmtk Dkibotaog-Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M pittkry ms rkodtkrprktkl ny duhnkr (% g if m>), o3 pkrgkdtm`k if Bmtk Dkibotaog ti HollbkNridzk M`k-M ms pkrgkdtm`k if titmb od wkoàt (% wkoàt k if titmb wkoàt (kxgmvmtoids idby).



;0


Wotk m n g l k f ` a o c

Bm`k Nbij - - - - - - sihk - - histby HOM

- - - - < - <16 - - histby HOM

Ni`kd >1 710= - - 7 = > <76 - - -

>;>; (75?;6) - 6? <5 >=6 >< >07 =7>= >

Ni`kd >?-S 6;< - 6< =>; 6 - - <;? - -

>60 (=666) - 60 >> =6 - 7 =<= < OM

Ni`kd >?-D ><1= 7 >> 70 0 = - ><== - -

7>1 (601?) - =1 >0 <1 = 7= =;; - -

Ni`kd 75 >7;> = 7; =17 =? 7 - >=50 - ; HDKI9

<5= (1671) - ;= 7; <7 = =0 >57 - >

Ni`kd 7= 7;7 - - 1= =; - - >;0 - -

=>7; (=5?=5) - ?6 <7= =66 = - ;<1

Ni`kd - <;P 1<< - ; >; > > - 1=5 - -

<> (<<;1) - = 6 1 - - >> - -

Ni`kd - <;I ==0= - 7 == = = - ==;; - -

(<;I & <;@) >><(1=0<) - 6; =0 7 < >7 =55 - >

Ni`kd 7> ;0> - - - - - - - - mbb îhmd

\ak kffirts ti osibmtk skpmrmtk pamsks if usk mdl mgtovotoks mrk furtakrhirk amhpkrkl ny tak `kdkrmb mnskdgk if

vkrtogmb strmto`rmpay. Idby dkmr tak siutakrd pmrt if sotk >1-= giubl twi strmto`rmpaogmbby skpmrmtkl (prk-Orid M`k)bkvkbs nk kdgiudtkrkl wotaod tak kxgmvmtoid bohots (skk nkbiw: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>n, 66-6?). Ukramps tak stuly ifosibmtkl pkroils ir mgtovotoks giubl amvk nkdkfotkl so`dofogmdtby frih md mpprimga od waoga tak mrkms wakrk vkrtogmbstrmto`rmpay wms prkskdt mggirlod` ti tak paysogmb-`ki`rmpaogmb girod` gmhpmo`ds aml nkkd spkgofogmbby tmr`ktkl.\akrk, fkmturk lkdsoty hmy nk (vkry) biw, nut suga bigmtoids wiubl mbbiw ti nkttkr stuly tak vmromtoid od hmtkrombgubturk nktwkkd tak vmroius pkroils mdl wiubl mbbiw tak rkgidstrugtoid if strugturks frih iblkr (Bmtk Dkibotaog tiHollbk Nridzk M`k-M) pkroils wota hirk grklonoboty.

M fodmb gihhkdt ti nk hmlk os tamt lurod` tak mdmbysks if tak kxmgtoid rksubts, tak vmroius spkgombosts mdltaisk rkspidsonbk fir tak fkmturk mdmbysks wirjkl sohubtmdkiusby, ykt skpmrmtkby. \aos giubl bkml ti sotumtoids wakrktak fodls rkbkvmdt fir lmtod` rkgi`dozkl strugturks, amvk dit nkkd stulokl ms md msskhnbm`k ‗ ir dit mt mbb (gf. Aokbjkhm,Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, >=1->><: >15->1=). [dfirtudmtkby, di gidstrugtoid wiil if aiusks ir iutnuoblod`s aml nkkd

prkskrvkl tamt giubl nk uskl fir lorkgt lmtod` (nut skk Aìddodkd & Vmd Ammstkr >55>, 0>;).Potaod tak vmroius Lk Ni`kd kxgmvmtoids, skvkrmb bmr`kr pmrts if m grkvmssk bmdlsgmpk tamt suppirtkl Bmtk

Dkibotaog ti Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M mgtovotoks ‗ mdl fir tak bmtkr Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N pkroil ‗ iggupmtoid amvk nkkdudgivkrkl. Od tak mrkms if hilkrmtk ti biw fkmturk lkdsoty skvkrmb rkmsidmnby wkbb prkskrvkl Nridzk M`k aiusk-sotks

‗ mdl m fudkrmry bigmtoid wota m rkhmrjmnbk bid`kvoty ‗ amvk nkkd udgivkrkl, mdl taky privolk huga odfirhmtoid iddmturk mdl lydmhogs if Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdt sotks (skk nkbiw).

\mnbk OOO.; Duhnkrs if Bmtk Dkibotaog ti Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M sakrls. Boàt gkbbs gidgkrd tak tkst-trkdgaks, lmrj gkbbs tak kxgmvmtoids(nmskl id Vmd lkr îkst =??0, =6-=0: Nubtkd & Whots =??1, =?: Cid`stk & Whots =??1, >6-70: Wpmdckr =??1, =>-=7: [fjks >55=, 7;: >55>n,05: [fjks & Nbii >55>, 717-716).

m3 titmb duhnkr if sakrls stulokl (titmb duhnkr if frm`hkdts rkgivkrkl), n3 gbmssofokl ms Bmtk Dkibotaog-M, g3 gbmssofokl ms Nkbb Nkmjkr, l3gbmssofokl ms Uitnkmjkr, k3 gbmssofokl ms ‑Nmrnkl Pork‟-stmhp lkgirmtkl pittkry, f3 gbmssofokl ms Aobvkrsuh-stybk lkgirmtkl gkrmhogs, `3gbmssofokl ms Hollbk Nridzk M`k, a3 gbmssofokl ms ‑Odlkt.‟ ir ‑Kmrby-Hollbk Nridz M`k‟, o3 gbmssofokl ms Bmtk Nridzk M`k, c3 gbmssofokl ms ‑itakr‟(Hollbk Dkibotaog, (Hollbk) Orid M`k mdl îhmd pkroil) gkrmhogs.



;1



Kmrby mdl Hollbk Dkibotaog\ak forst Aibigkdk fbuvomb systkhs mgtovk wotaod tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid mrk rkbmtovkby obb-hmppkl (skk mnivk:Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<n). Od m girod` 755 h ti tak siuta(wkst) if tak hmgri-rkòid, hmgri-rkhmods frih pkmt mt tak

nmsk if tak Aibigkdk skqukdgk ‗ id tip if waoga tak forst fbuvomb sklohkdtmtoid iggurrkl ‗ wkrk lmtkl ti g. <015-<;55 gmb NG ([tG-01=>3 ;011 ½ ;5 NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, =07). Mditakr lmtk fir pkmt id tip if takivkrnmdj lkpisots frih tak smhk bigmtoid (g. <;;5-7?;5 gmb NG: [tG-01603 ;765 ½ =>5 NU, onol.) odlogmtks tamt takskfbuvomb systkhs wkrk mgtovk fir skvkrmb gkdturoks. Urksuhmnby, taksk forst systkhs ti lkpisot takor nklbiml iutsolktak Ubkostigkdk rovkr vmbbkys firhkl m (lkdlrotog) systkh if shmbbkr rovkr gamddkbs tamt gihnodkl liwdstrkmh odtim bmr`kr gamddkb (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<n, gf. Giakd >557, =6>-=67). \wi if suga gamddkbs wkrk kdgiudtkrkl od tak LkNi`kd hmgri-rkòid3 idk os sotumtkl wotaod tak prksuhkl bigmtoid if tak Lkob gamddkb ms gidstrugtkl ny Nkrkdlskdmdl Wtiutamhkr (>55=), tak itakr gidgkrds md kmrby pamsk if (ir prkgursir ti) tak Viktmjjkrsk fbuvomb systkhs (fo`.OOO.6, m).

Di udlosputmnbk fodl-spits if Kmrby Dkibotaog ir iblkr m`k mrk jdiwd frih tak Lk Ni kd hmgri-rkòid (fo`. OOO.0: nutskk Dokjus kt mb . >55>n, <;6 id Hksibotaog pogj-ups mt Lk Ni`kd). \aos os hist bojkby m gidskqukdgk if tak `rkmtkrlkpta (nktwkkd > mdl 6 h) if tak fbuvomb systkhs id tip if waoga suga rkhmods hmy nk kdgiudtkrkl, tak mnskdgk (irbmgj if odfirhmtoid id tak bigmtoid) if sozkmnbk rovkr ludks mdl bmgj if systkhmtog mrgamkibiògmb kdquoroks odti taksk

pkroils wotaod tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid. Wkvkrmb fbuvomb systkhs mrk taiuàt ti amvk nkkd mgtovk lurod` tak Hollbk Dkibotaog (fo`. OOO.0), nut dilorkgt lmtks id takor pkroils if sklohkdtmtoid mrk mvmobmnbk. \ak Kstkrwk` fbuvomb systkh os taiuàt ti amvk nkkdmgtovk nktwkkd g. 7605/7705 ti ><65/>=75 gmb NG nmskl id mssuhkl rkbmtoids ti itakr fbuvomb systkhs (Nkrkdlskd

Fo`. OOO.6 Mgtovk kmrby Aibigkdk fbuvomb systkhs od tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid.

m3 systkh gidforhkl ny girod`s, n3 systkh suspkgtkl ny Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr (>55=), g3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs.



;?


& Wtiutamhkr >55=, >55: >5;: ><6). Fir tak Viktmjjkrsk systkh, m tkrhodus mdtk qukh lmtk os privolkl ny lmtklgrkvmssk rksolumb ùbboks if tak grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots tamt ivkrby taos systkh. \wi smhpbks frih loffkrkdt ùbbokswkrk gihnodkl mdl lmtkl ti g. 7;>5-7=55 gmb NG (MM-70;>73 <655 ½ <; NU: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>n, 0?-1=), odlogmtod`tamt sklohkdtmtoid ny tak Viktmjjkrsk systkh hust amvk kdlkl nkfirk tak > dl ambf if tak fiurta hobbkddouh NG. Firtak uddmhkl systkhs u>, u7 mdl u6, di lorkgt lmtks id takor pkroil(s) if sklohkdtmtoid mrk mvmobmnbk. Bmtkr lurod` tak Hollbk Dkibotaog (fo`. OOO.1) mgtovk fbuvomb systkhs wkrk m`mod sotumtkl mt tak bigmtoid ifuddmhkl systkhs u> mdl u7. Uissonby, tak kxtkdsovk grkvmssk spbmy firhmtoid tamt ivkrby tak Viktmjjkrsk bkvkk mdlgamddkb-nkl lkpisots, iroòdmtkl kotakr frih idk ir nita if taksk systkhs. \ak uddmhkl systkhs u> mdl u7 gmd nklostodùosakl frih takor prklkgkssirs ny tak aoàkr tip if takor bkvkk mdl ivkrnmdj lkpisots od girod` skgtoids, nuttaky tii gmddit nk lmtkl lorkgtby (skk Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<n fir taos skgtoid). \ak systkh hmppkl ms u0, hmy rkprkskdtm pmrt if tak Kstkrwk` fbuvomb systkh, nut giubl kqumbby wkbb nk mditakr, ykt udhmppkl, fbuvomb systkh.

Dkmr tak kdl if tak Hollbk Dkibotaog, tak Krogakh f buvomb systkh gihks odti nkod`, nut ot os udgbkmr waogagamddkb (u> ir u79) firhkl ots liwdstrkmh giddkgtoid. Ots stmrt if sklohkdtmtoid os kstohmtkl mt g. 7=55->?55 gmb

NG ([tG-61<63 <706 ½ 71 NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, =??: ><1) nmskl id m lmtk fir ots upstrkmh giddkgtoid:tak Sikbkd systkh. Fir tak kdl if sklohkdtmtoid, m lorkgt lmtk frih tak rksolumb ùbby os mvmobmnbk ([tG-<6713 ><>5½ =<5 NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, =??). \ak Krogakh fbuvomb systkh taus fudgtoidkl tariuàiut tak kdtorkBmtk Dkibotaog mdl Nridzk M`k pkroils. M rmloigmrnid lmtk fir tak auhog gbmy od m grkvmssk rksolumb ùbby mt sotk >1odlogmtks tamt tak firhmtoid if taos (pmrt if tak) grkvmssk spbmy kdlkl ny g. 7;>5-7=55 gmb NG (MM-70;>73 <655 ½ <;NU: Hkocbodj >55>m, 0?: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<n). Fodls odlosputmnby lmtmnbk ti tak Hollbk Dkibotaog mrk fkw od tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid. Wihk Vbmmrlod`kd

pkroil sakrls (ti`ktakr wota Nkmjkr pkroil sakrls) wkrk olkdtofokl od m lrmodm`k lotga prifobk siutawkst if tak vobbm`kif @kblkrhmbskd (fo`. OOO.1, di >;5;>: Aubst =?07: >1 =?0;g, 1=) mdl fovk pissonby Hollbk Dkibotaog sakrls wkrk

Fo`. OOO.0 Forst pamsk if Hollbk Dkibotaog fbuvomb mgtovot y od tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid.

m3 mgtovk fbuvomb systkhs, n3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs.



65


olkdtofokl mt Lk Ni`kd sotk 75 (Cid`stk & Whots =??1, 75-7=). Od mllotoid, m gamrgimb smhpbk frih m prksuhmnbyHollbk Nridzk M`k-N aiusk pbmd privkl ti nk if Hollbk Dkibotaog m`k (MM-70;=63 <7?5 ½ ;; NU: Hkocbodj >55>m,<0: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =<1). M gihpbktk fbodt mxk wms rkgivkrkl frih m ‑smdly pmtga‟ dkmr tak Bod`krovkr (fo`. OOO.1, di >;=>0: Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<, 700-=7<: Mrgaos >;=>0) nut ots lmtod` os ohprkgosk. \ak smhkmppboks ti tak, sihktohks rkwirjkl, fbmjks frih pibosakl fbodt mxks rkgivkrkl frih @kblkrhmbskd - Hollkd`knokl(fo`. OOO.1, di =7171>: Lk Cm`kr & Akudjs =??1: Mrgaos =7171>), Hktkrkd - Jmbkdnkr` JMB5=5 (fo`. OOO.1 di =75>00:Lk Cm`kr =??6, =;: Mrgaos =75>00) mdl skvkrmb Lk Ni`kd sotks (Cid`stk & Whots =??1, >?: 7;: Dokjus, Vmd @ocd &Bmhhkrs >55=, 0>: Dokjus kt mb. >55>n, <7;: <70: <<=: <<<: <;;-<;6). \aksk fbmjks iroòdmtkl frih mxks tamt gmd nk

nita if Hollbk ir Bmtk Dkibotaog m`k.Od gidgbusoid, tak dmturk if auhmd prkskdgk lurod` tak Kmrby ir Hollbk Dkibotaog gmddit nk kstmnbosakl

nkyidl liunt. Idby od idk gmsk giubl sakrls wota sihk lk`rkk if gkrtmodty nk olkdtofokl ms nkbidòd` ti takVbmmrlod`kd pkroil (Fo` OOO.1, di >;5;>: Aubst =?0;, 1=). \ak vmroius kxgmvmtoids mt Lk Ni`kd amvk yokblkl di

gidgbusovk kvolkdgk if auhmd mgtovotoks lurod` taksk pkroils. Uissonby, tak mnskdgk if rkhmods frih taksk pkroilsos rkbmtkl ti tak pamsk if grkvmssk firhmtoid tamt iggurrkl proir ti 7=55 gmb NG id tip if tak Viktmjjkrsk fbuvombsystkh. \ak mssigomtkl wkttkr gidlotoids giubl amvk nkkd odaonotod` auhmd iggupmtoid ir amvk krilkl tak kvolkdgktakrkif.

Bmtk DkibotaogLurod` tak Bmtk Dkibotaog, fkw gamd`ks od tak fbuvomb lrmodm`k systkh if tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid skkh tiamvk iggurrkl. \ak Krogakh fbuvomb systkh gidtodukl ti fudgtoid ms md mgtovk fbuvomb systkh, nut ots liwdstrkmhgiddkgtoid os dit jdiwd. Urksuhmnby, taos wiubl amvk nkkd systkh u>, ir mditakr gamddkb if tak Aiionbij fbuvomb

Fo`. OOO.1 Wkgidl pamsk if Hollbk Dkibotaog fbuvomb mgtovoty mdl fodl-spits (fobbkl syhnibs mrk gkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids, iutbodkl syhnibsudgkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids) od tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid.

m3 mgtovk fbuvomb systkh, n3 fissob fbuvomb systkhs, g3 grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots, l3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, k3 gkrmhogs, f3 fbodt tiibs.



6=


systkh. Od tak tip if tak grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots, ms wkbb ms od tak tip if tak fbiilnmsod lkpisots od nktwkkd, mvk`ktmtoid airozid giubl firh (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>n, 01: >55<n). Mt skvkrmb if tak Lk Ni`kd sotks, Bmtk Dkibotaogfodls ìt odgirpirmtkl odti taos vk`ktmtoid airozid (tmnbks OOO.<: OOO.;). \ak iblkst if taksk fodls mrk frm`hkdts ifsakrls lospbmyod` airozidtmb girl-ohprkssoids (tarkk sakrls frih sotk >?D mdl idk frih sotk 75: Cid`stk & Whots=??1, >1: 7=). \aky hmy amvk nkkd pmrt if tak Mbb Ivkr Irdmhkdtkl / Mbb Ivkr Girlkl wmrk gkrmhog stybks tamtwkrk gurrkdt nktwkkd g. >655-><55 gmb NG (Bmdtod` & Vmd lkr Ubogat >55>, 0?-17). Wuga sakrls giubl kvkd iroòdmtkfrih sihkwamt iblkr Uritrulod` Fiit Nkmjkr vksskbs, waoga wkrk gurrkdt nktwkkd g. >?55->655 gmb NG (gf. Lrkdta>55;: Lrkdta & Ai`kstocd >556). Wohobmr gkrmhogs mdl sihk fbodt inckgts wkrk rkgivkrkl frih m skgtoid lurod`tak lo`òd` if m rimlsolk lotga (fo`. OOO.?, di >;5;>: Aubst =?07, >1: =?0;g, 1=: Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<, 706 - =77m:Mrgaos >;5;>) mdl od tak kxgmvmtoids kxkgutkl ny tak Wtmtk Wkrvogk fir Mrgamkibiògmb Odvksto`mtoids mt tak pbitsjdiwd ms ‑@kblkrhmbskd-Hollkd`knokl‟ (fo`. OOO.?, di 7>>?6: Aubst =??7: Aubst, Vmd Jbmvkrkd & Lk Ammd =??<,0>-07: Mrgaos 7>>?6). Mt tak bmttkr sotk, sihk botaogs mdl m bodkmr lotga systkh lmtkl ti tak Bmtk Dkibotaog wkrk fiudlms wkbb. \ak sotk os odtkrprktkl ms m skttbkhkdt sotk id grkkj (grkvmssk9) lkpisots, waoga ams bmr`kby nkkd lkstriykl

ny bmtkr grkkj (grkvmssk9) mgtovoty (Aubst, Vmd Jbmvkrkd & Lk Ammd =??<, 0>, skk mbsi Wgauttk >557m). M stidk nmttbkmxk os taiuàt ti amvk iroòdmtkl frih Hktkrkd - Jmbkdnkr` (fo`. OOO.?, di <50;>) mdl os lmtkl ti tak Bmtk Dkibotaog(Mrgaos <50;>: pissonby Mllodj-Wmhpbidous =?61, >77 U>- di ?9). Mditakr stidk nmttbk mxk wms fiudl od wmsakl

gidtkxt nktwkkd tak vobbm`ks if @kblkrhmbskd mdl Hktkrkd (fo`. OOO.?, di ?>>, kxmgt giirlodmtks udgbkmr: Hillkrhmd& Hidfirts =??=: =<;-=<0: =;5: Aubst & Vmd Jbmvkrkd =?0;, 01) M Bmtk Dkibotaog m`k os mbsi bostkl od Mrgaos fir takstidk mxk mbrkmly losgusskl mnivk (fo`. OOO.?, di >;=>0: Mrgaos >;=>0), nut ms di fur takr odfirhmtoid os mvmobmnbk, akrk

Fo`. OOO.? Bmtk Dkibotaog fbuvomb systkhs mdl fodl-spits frih tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid. Fobbkl syhnibs rkprkskdt gkrtmod olkdt ofogmtoids,iutbodkl syhnibs udgkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids. Of hirk tamd idk syhnib os bostkl fir m fodl-spit, tak gkdtrk if tak syhnib lorkgtby bkft if takbmnkb odlogmtks tak girrkgt gkdtrk-giirlodmtk.

m3 fissob fbuvomb systkhs, n3 mgtovk fbuvomb systkh, g3 grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots, l3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs k3 fkmturks, f3 gkrmhogs, `3 fbodttiibs, a3 pissonbk fodls- bmykr.



6>


m `kdkrog ‑Dkibotaog‟ m`k os mssuhkl fir taos fodl. M Dkibotaog fbodt fbmjk mdl m sakrl frih m Uritrulod` Fiit nkmjkrwkrk losgivkrkl lurod` m girod` gmhpmo`d mt Hktkrkd - Jmbkdnkr` JMB=> (fo`. OOO.?, di =75>06: Lk Cm`kr =??6, =7:Mrgaos =75>06). Lurod` vmroius girod` gmhpmo`ds kxkgutkl od tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid, fodls-bmykrs amvk nkkdfiudl tamt mrk tkdtmtovkby ‗ prklihodmdtby nmskl id lkpta ‗ lmtkl ‑frih tak Dkibotaog idwmrl‟ (fo`. OOO.? dis. 71;61-71;0=, =>06;0, =>06;?, =76<;;: Mrgaos 71;61-71;0=, =>06;0, =>06;?, =76<;;: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>n: Mshusskd =??6:Akudjs >55>). Ms suga, taksk fodl-spits gmddit nk uskl ti mdmbysk tak dmturk if auhmd prkskdgk od tak mrkm lurod`tak Bmtk Dkibotaog od hirk lktmob. Frih tak Lk Ni`kd kxgmvmtoids, di frm`hkdts if Uritrulod` Fiit Nkmjkr (Wod`bk @rmvk gubturk pkroil:g. >?55->655 gmb NG) vksskbs amvk nkkd fiudl. \ak nubj if tak rkgi`dosmnbk Bmtk Dkibotaog gkrmhogs mrk vksskbslkgirmtkl od nita kmrby (hmrotohk) ms wkbb ms bmtk (Vkbuwk) Nkbb Nkmjkr stybks ([fjks & Nbii >55>, 77<, gf . Lrkdta& Ai`kstocd >556 id nkmjkr typibi`y). Dkmrby mbb kxgmvmtkl Lk Ni`kd sotks amvk yokblkl ivkr <5 sakrls if gbkmr NkbbNkmjkr gkrmhogs (Mshusskd =??6, =0: ;?-67: =<;-=<6: Cid`stk & Whots =??1, >;-70: [fjks >55=, 7;: [fjks & Nbii>55>, 717-716). Wotks >?S (ivkr =77 Nkbb Nkmjkr sakrls), 7= (ivkr =56 Nkbb Nkmjkr sakrls) mdl <;P (tarkk Nkbb nkmjkrsakrls) mrk ditkwirtay kxgkptoids (onol.: tmnbks OOO.<: OOO.;). Urksuhmnby, skvkrmb if tak fbodt tmd`kl mdl nmrnkl-mdl-tmd`kl mrriwakmls rkgivkrkl frih sotks >1, >?, 7= mdl <; (Dokjus, Vmd @ocd & Bmhhkrs >55=, 0?-1>: Dokjuskt mb. >55>n, <61: <0=: <0?) mbsi lmtk ti tak Bmtk Dkibotaog, nut tak typibiògmb lmtod` if taksk mrriwakmls rkhmods

ohprkgosk (gf. Girdkbosskd =?11: Mrdiblusskd >555 =57, ditk >;>). Mt tak Lk Ni`kd sotk 7=, auhmd mgtovoty lurod` takBmtk Dkibotaog os furtakrhirk odlogmtkl ny tak prkskdgk if twi pbmdi-gidvkx fbodt jdovks, twi smdlstidk mrriw-samftstrmoàtkdkrs mdl m v-pkrfirmtkl ckt nuttid (Dokjus, Vmd @ocd & Bmhhkrs >55=, 01: 15: Dokjus & Auoshmd >55=, ==6:=>>: =><).

Fo`. OOO.=5 ^kgidstrugtkl gbmohkl Bmtk Dkibotaog aiusk pbmds frih Lk Ni`kd sotk <; (mftkr Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, >75, fo`.7.>1).

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 rkgkdt losturnmdgks, g3 fkmturks aiusk <;FA, l3 fkmturks aiusk <;@A, k3 fkmturks aiusk <;OA, f3 itakr fkmturks, `3bigmtoid if pot wota auhmd nidks.



67


Luk ti tak bmgj if strmto`rmpay, osibmtod` fkmturks ir strugturks lmtmnbk ti tak Bmtk Dkibotaog privkl vkry loffogubtwotaod tak Lk Ni`kd kxgmvmtoids (gf. \kr Pmb >55=, >6: 7>: Hkocbodj >55>n, 067-06<). Didktakbkss, mt Lk Ni`kd sotks>?, 75 mdl <;, nuoblod`s frih taksk pkroils wkrk rkgidstrugtkl. Mt sotk <;P, tarkk aiusks mrk rkgidstrugtkl fir taostohk-pkroil (fo`. OOO.=5: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, >>5->><).

Msskssod` tak vmboloty if tak rkgidstrugtkl aiusks os loffogubt. Forst, ot saiubl nk strksskl tamt aiusk pbmdsfrih tak fodmb Bmtk Dkibotaog, ir Nkbb Nkmjkr pkroil, mrk rmrk frih tak Dktakrbmdls (gf. Ai`kstocd & Lrkdta >555:Lrkdta & Ai`kstocd >55=). Gidskqukdtby, pmrmbbkbs fir wamt lihkstog nuoblod`s biijkl bojk lurod` taos pkroil odtak Dktakrbmdls mrk sgmrgk. \aos amhpkrs md kvmbumtoid if tak Lk Ni`kd Bmtk Dkibotaog rkgidstrugtkl aiusks.

Didktakbkss, takrk mrk skvkrmb rkhmrjs tamt gmd nk hmlk. Forst if mbb, didk if tak pripiskl Bmtk Dkibotaog aiusks mtsotk <; ams yokblkl mdy Bmtk Dkibotaog (ir itakr) bmr`kr sakrls ir ir`mdog rkhmods tamt giubl nk lmtkl ti taos pkroil(tody gkrmhog frm`hkdts, sihk nidk mdl nitmdog rkhmods wkrk rkgivkrkl frih m titmb if fovk pistaibks, nut takskfodls mrk dit lmtkl, stulokl ir hkdtoidkl od tak punbogmtoid). Wkgidlby, tak tarkk ivkrbmppod` Bmtk Dkibotaog aiusk

pbmds frih sotk <; mrk fiudl od md mrkm wota m `kdkrmbby aoà fkmturk lkdsoty.Urksuhmnby, tak sboàt kbkvmtoid (di hirk tamd >5 ti <5 gh: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>n, 05 fo`. >.6: 1;: 16 fo`. >.=>)

if tak sunsiob hmlk taos mrkm m hirk mttrmgtovk amnotmtoid mrkm frih tak Bmtk Dkibotaog idwmrl, waoga giubl kxpbmodtak aoà fkmturk lkdsoty. \ak tarkk rkgidstrugtkl aiusks li dit stmdl iut wakd gihpmrod` tak fkmturk lkptas mdl

lomhktkrs. ^mtakr, md kvkd sprkml if nita hirk sambbiw mdl lkkpkr fkmturks os fiudl (idby tak prksuhmnby HollbkNridzk M`k aiusk <;NA (skk nkbiw: fo`. OOO.>;) stmdls iut. \aos aoàkr lkdsoty if pists gihpbogmtks tak msso`dhkdtif pists ti odlovolumb rkgidstrugtkl nuoblod`s. \aorlby, m pist msso`dkl ti aiusk <;@A griss-guts m nmrriw rod`-lotgawaoga os taiuàt ti lmtk ti tak Nridzk M`k (gf. Hkocbodj >551: Niur`kios & Fidtocd od prkss). Fodmbby, tak aiusks wkrkkxgmvmtkl od skvkrmb trkdgaks, sihk if waoga aml up ti =5 bkvkbs. \ak rkgidstrugtoid mppkmrs ti amvk nkkd nmskl idmd ivkrbmy if mbb taksk loffkrkdt bkvkbs. Of idk, fir odstmdgk, stuloks tak mnsibutk akoàt mt waoga fkmturks mttronutklti aiusk <;FA nkgmhk vosonbk mdl losmppkmrkl, m prinbkh iggurs: wotaod m sod`bk trkdga sihk if tak pistaibksmttronutkl tak smhk aiusk wkrk vosonbk mt aoàkr bkvkbs, takrkmftkr losmppkmrkl, wakrkms tak itakr fkmturks lol dit

nkgmhk vosonbk sihk bkvkbs liwd.\ak prinbkhs odlogmtkl mnivk ‗ udgbkmr strmto`rmpaogmb gidtkhpirmdkoty, aoà fkmturk-lkdsoty if udofirh

fkmturks, mnskdgk if lmtmnbk hmtkromb, bmgj if girrinirmtod` pmrmbbkbs kbskwakrk ‗ suffogk ti loshoss tak vmboloty mdllmtod` if tak rkgidstrugtkl Bmtk Dkibotaog `riudl pbmds. \aos os dit ti lkdy tamt lurod` tak Nkbb Nkmjkr pamsk if

tak Bmtk Dkibotaog, (gidstrugtoid) mgtovotoks wobb amvk iggurrkl dkmr tak gbmohkl sotk if tak aiusks mt sotk <;. Ivkr ;6Nkbb Nkmjkr sakrls wkrk rkgivkrkl frih tak fodls-bmykr ms wkbb ms frih sihk pistaibks od taos mrkm ([fjks & Nbii>55>, 7;?: 70=: 71;). M gbkmr-gut `riudl pbmd, aiwkvkr, gmddit nk rkgidstrugtkl. M bmr`k pot (fo`. OOO.=5, `) gidtmodkl=? Nkbb Nkmjkr sakrls, nidks if gmttbk, po` mdl rik lkkr (titmb 0>5 `) mdl pmrts if md odgihpbktk auhmd fiit (înn>55>n, 61<). Nkgmusk if ots mdihmbius gidtkdt, gihprosod` bmr`ks nidks if nita lihkstog mdl audtkl hmhhmbs mswkbb ms auhmd rkhmods, tak gidtkdts if tak pot mrk tkdtmtovkby odtkrprktkl ms m smgrofogomb lkpisot (Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk& Hkocbodj >55>, >=5: Aìddodkd & Vmd Ammstkr >55>, 0>6). Gamrgimb if m wobbiw trkk frih taos pot wms lmtkl ti g. >==5-=115 gmb NG (MM-70<??3 766; ½ 6; NU: Hkocbodj >55>m, <0), waoga girrinirmtks tak mssuhkl Bmtk Dkibotaog (irKmrby Nridzk M`k) usk if taos mrkm.

Fir tak itakr nuoblod`s rkgidstrugtkl fir tak Bmtk Dkibotaog id tak Lk Ni`kd sotks >? mdl 75 (fo`. OOO.==),sihk rkskrvmtoid ms ti takor odtkrprktmtoid os m`mod dkklkl. Aiusk 75FA os md udlmtkl, rmtakr wolk mdl rkùbmr

nuoblod` gihprosod` shmbb mdl sambbiw ms wkbb ms bmr`kr mdl lkkpkr pistaibks (fo`s. OOO.==, N: OOO.=7). \ak mssuhklBmtk Dkibotaog lmtk os prklihodmdtby nmskl id tak lohkdsoids mdl ‗ qukstoidmnbk ‗ mdmbi`y ti Vbmmrlod`kd pkroil

aiusks (gf. Vkramrt =??>), pkramps mbsi id ots irokdtmtoid, waoga lkvomtks frih tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k aiusks id taossotk (mbnkot tamt taos os dit kxpbogotby hkdtoidkl: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =;5). Wtrugturks >?G mdl >?Mmppkmr ti nk mggkptmnbk strugturks od tkrhs if gidsostkdt fkmturk lohkdsoids mdl amvk nkkd rkgidstrugtkl frih mrkmswota m hilkrmtk fkmturk-lkdsoty (fo`. OOO.==, G-L) . Nita mrk, udfirtudmtkby, dit lmtkl lorkgtby si tamt takor lmtod` os

nmskl sibkby id tak pissonoboty tamt taky giubl rkprkskdt twi- ir idk-mosbkl Bmtk Dkibotaog strugturks (onol., =1=-=1<).Nksolks tak fkmturks `riupkl odti strugturks losgusskl mnivk, skvkrmb osibmtkl fkmturks giubl nk rmloigmrnid

lmtkl ti tak Bmtk Dkibotaog. M sod`bk pot, odtkrprktkl ms m akmrta, mt sotk <; wms rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti g. ><65->=<5 gmbNG (MM-70;553 7175 ½ <5 NU: Hkocbodj >55>m, <0). Mt sotk 75 skvkrmb udbodkl wkbbs ‗ idk if waoga wms lu` odti mfirhkr grkvmssk ùbby (Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =6<) ‗ wkrk rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti g. ><05->=<5 mdl >=<5-



6<


=005 gmb NG, odlogmtod` m Bmtk Dkibotaog mdl/ir Kmrby Nridzk M`k m`k (MM-70;=03 71>; ½ ;5 NU, MM-70;=?3 76>5 ½;; NU: MM-70;>53 76=; ½ <5 NU: Hkocbodj >55>m, <0).

Md ivkrvokw if tak duhnkr mdl bigmtoid if tak fkmturks frih tak Lk Ni`kd sotk tamt yokblkl Bmtk Dkibotaog gkrmhogs

wobb dit nk iffkrkl akrk (nut skk [fjks >55=, ;>-;7: [fjks & Nbii >55>, 7;0-70>: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>,ksp. =67: =1;: =10: =?5: >>?: >70: ><0: >05: >07->0<). \aos os nkgmusk ‗ luk ti bmtkr mgtovoty ‗ iblkr gkrmhogs giubl nk

‗ mdl amvk nkkd ‗ udodtkdtoidmbby odgirpirmtkl odti yiud`kr pkroil fkmturks. \ak lostronutoid if fkmturks gidtmodod`Bmtk Dkibotaog gkrmhogs os takrkfirk dit ms odfirhmtovk ms ot giubl amvk nkkd of idby Bmtk Dkibotaog iggupmtoid aml

nkkd prkskdt. Od mdy gmsk, tak rmloigmrnid lmtkl fkmturks suga ms wkbbs, pots wota gamrgimb mdl pots wota (auhmd) nidks, su``kst m lihkstog usk if tak vmroius lk Ni`kd sotks lurod` tak Bmtk Dkibotaog. Ukramps taos usm`k dkkls ditti amvk loffkrkl so`dofogmdtby frih tak bmtkr (Hollbk Nridzk M`k) usk if tak sotks fir amnotmtoid. Ot os quotk pissonbktamt hmdy if tak udlmtkl pistaibks nkbid` ti m Bmtk Dkibotaog pamsk if usk, nut ms taksk gmddit nk lostodùosakl nytakor pripkrtoks ir lmtkl lorkgtby, takor duhnkr mdl strugturmb giakrkdgk ksgmpk us. Ot ams, aiwkvkr, nkkd mrùkl tamt

Fo`. OOO.== Gbmohkl pissonbk Bmtk Dkibotaog strugturks mt Lk Ni`kd sotks >? mdl 75. Odskts N (75FA), G (>?W\G) mdl L (>?W\M) mbb ti taksmhk sgmbk.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 rkgkdt losturnmdgks, g3 fkmturks nkbidòd` ti strugturks, l3 itakr fkmturks.



6;


tak pripiskl rkgidstrugtoids if Bmtk Dkibotaog aiusks mdl iutnuoblod`s udfirtudmtkby bmgj suffogokdt mrùhkdts firtakh ti nk mllkl ti tak stobb bohotkl girpus if `riudl pbmds frih taos pkroil. Gidskqukdtby, tak qukstoid waktakrtak rkhmods rkgivkrkl giubl nk odtkrprktkl ms md odlogmtoid if skmsidmb, skho-pkrhmdkdt (skvkrmb hidtas) ir ykmr-riudl iggupmtoid mbsi gmddit nk mdswkrkl. M`mod, tak pmbohpskst dmturk if tak sotks amhpkrs tak odtkrprktmtoid ifmrgamkiziibiògmb mdl nitmdogmb lmtm tamt hoàt òvk md odlogmtoid if tak pkrhmdkdgy if tak auhmd prkskdgk id taksotks lurod` taksk pkroils.

Idby fir sotk 7=, wota ots biw fkmturk lkdsoty mdl rkfottkl frm`hkdts, wms m sairtkr-tkrh pkroil if auhmdiggupmtoid mssuhkl (mbnkot tamt ot rkhmods gihpbktkby udgbkmr aiw bid` taos sairt pkroil mgtumbby wms: Wgaidkvkbl>55>n, =16-=10). \ak sairt pkroil if usk gbmohkl fir taos sotk od tak punbogmtoid, =?;5-=?55 gmb NG, os aiwkvkrspkgubmtovk mdl dit nmskl id siudl lmtm (gf . Wgaidkvkbl & @kamssk >55=, >=: Wgaidkvkbl >55=, =16: rkfkrkdgk ti[fjks >55=, ;0: rkf. ti C.D. Bmdtod` (pkrs. gihh.) id rmloigmrnid lmtks frih kbskwakrk, mbsi M. [fjks, pkrs. gihh.,Hmy >556). Idk saiubl jkkp od hodl tamt mt taos sotk (7=), md udrkprkskdtmtovk (lkgirmtkl mdl hirpaibiògmbbylostodgt) smhpbk if tak pittkry wms stulokl, waoga hkmds tamt pittkry frih yiud`kr pkroils (o.k. tak Hollbk NridzkM`k) waoga os `kdkrmbby bkss lom`distog hmy nk udlkrrkprkskdtkl. Furtakrhirk, hmdy if tak rmloigmrnid lmtks tamtamvk nkkd loshosskl wotaiut pripkr kxpbmdmtoid, spmd odti tak =0ta mdl =6ta gkdturoks gmb NG (Wgaidkvkbl >55=, =10ditk =1). Bmstby, tak fmgt tamt m ‑liunbk stmjk typk‟ if fkdgk, waoga os taiuàt ti lmtk prklihodmdtby ti tak Hollbk

Nridzk M`k (nut skk Amhnur` & Biuwk Jiiochmds >556, ;7-65) wms fiudl mt tak smhk bkvkb ms tak fkmturks mssuhklti nk Bmtk Dkibotaog mdl Kmrby Nridzk M`k od lmtk, furtakrhirk gihpbogmtks tak odtkrprktmtoid if sotk 7= ms amvod`

nkkd uskl sibkby lurod` tak Bmtk Dkibotaog ir Kmrby Nridzk M`k. Vmroius pmrts if tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid iutsolk taisk if tak Nktuwkriutk kxgmvmtoids, mbsi skkh ti amvk

nkkd uskl lurod` tak Bmtk Dkibotaog. [dfirtudmtkby, sihk if tak fodls ‗ kspkgombby tak stidk (nmttbk) mxks ‗ gmddit nk lmtkl prkgoskby, iroòdmtkl frih udjdiwd gidtkxts ir takor kxmgt fodl-spit os dit kvkd jdiwd. Didktakbkss,tak inskrvmtoids mt @kblkrhmbskd - Hollkd`knokl mdl @kblkrhmbskd - Amd`wmmrl O (fo`. OOO.?, dis. 7>>?6 mdl>;5;>) odlogmtk tamt Bmtk Dkibotaog iggupmtoid os ti nk kxpkgtkl gbisk ny ir od tak sunsiob if tak gurrkdt vobbm`k if@kblkrhmbskd. Hist fodl-spits fir taos pkroil diw skkh ti gidgkdtrmtk od tak wkstkrd pmrt if tak hmgri-rkòid. \akyamvk prklihodmdtby nkkd losgivkrkl lurod` bmr`k odfrmstrugturmb mdl tiwd pbmddod` prickgts if tak bmst lkgmlk. \aosohpboks tamt tak rkbmtovk ‑khptodkss‟ if tak kmstkrd pmrt if tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid lurod` tak Bmtk Dkibotaog hmy

nk rksibvkl quogjby of mrgamkibiògmb rkskmrga ‗ tmobirkl ti fodl sotks frih taos pkroil ‗ os kxkgutkl od tak kmstkrd pmrt

if tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid ms wkbb.

Kmrby Nridzk M`kFrih tak stmrt if tak Kmrby Nridzk M`k idwmrl, tak Krogakh systkh os tak sod`bk fbuvomb systkh jdiwd ti amvk nkkdmgtovk od tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid (fo`. OOO.=>). Idk if tak (prkgursirs ti tak) Aiionbij gamddkb nkbt nrmdgaks wobbamvk privolkl tak liwdstrkmh giddkgtoid fir tak Krogakh systkh. Luk ti tak mnskdgk if lorkgt lmtks (skk mnivk), otos dit jdiwd wakd kxmgtby tak Kstkrwk` fbuvomb nkgmhk odmgtovk, nut tak gkssmtoid if mgtovoty ams nkkd kstohmtkl mtg. ><65->=75 gmb NG (Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, >55).

Mbtaiuà iggmsoidmbby fbiilnmsod sklohkdts wobb amvk nkkd lkpisotkl ms taod bmykrs id tak (biwkr pmrts) iftak stmgjkl grkvmssk bmdlsgmpk, lry gidlotoids prkvmobkl od hist mrkms, ms os saiwd ny tak prkskdgk if m ‑sod`bk‟ Bmtk

Dkibotaog ti Hollbk Nridzk M`k vk`ktmtoid airozid. Od mbhist mbb kxgmvmtkl pmrts if tak Lk Ni`kd grkvmssk spbmys,Kmrby Nridzk M`k rkhmods wkrk fiudl. Fir sihk if tak fbodt mrtkfmgts, suga ms mrriwakmls wota m gidgmvk nmsk mdlfubby rktiugakl pbmdi-gidvkx jdovks, md Kmrby Nridzk M`k lmtk hmy nk su``kstkl (Dokjus, Vmd @ocd & Bmhhkrs

>55=, ksp. 15-1>: ??: Dokjus & Auoshmd >55=, ksp. =7=: Dokjus kt mb. >55>, ksp. <??: Vmd @ocd, Jmrs & Bmhhkrs-Jkocskrs >55>, ksp. ;76) nut takor typibiògmb lmtod` hmy nk ohprkgosk mdl os od dkkl if suppirtod` mnsibutk lmtks. Uitnkmjkr mdl pitnkmjkr-bojk gkrmhogs, waoga gmd lmtk ti tak fodmb Bmtk Dkibotaog ms wkbb ms ti tak KmrbyNridzk M`k, wkrk mbsi fiudl id dkmrby mbb if tak Lk Ni`kd kxgmvmtkl sotks (skk tmnbks OOO.< mdl OOO.;: [fjks >55=, 7;:[fjks >55>n, 05: [fjks & Nbii >55>, 71;-716). Od taos stuly, tak prkskdgk if nmrnkl work-stmhp lkgirmtkl pittkryams nkkd tak hmod grotkroid fir msso`dod` md Kmrby Nridzk M`k lmtk. Wuga sakrls amvk nkkd fiudl od rkmsidmnbkqumdtotoks mt sotks >1 (>1-= mdl >1->), >?D, 75 mdl 7= (fo`. OOO.=>: [fjks & Nbii >55>, 71;-716: [fjks >55>n, 05).

Mt skvkrmb if taksk sotks, tkdtmtovk `riudl pbmds if aiusks mttronutkl ti tak Kmrby Nridzk M`k amvk nkkdrkgidstrugtkl (fo`. OOO.=7: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =;=-=;>: =0;-=0?: >;6->;1: >1=->1<). \ak gbmohkl



66


aiusks firh m lovkrsk `riup, wota bottbk odtkrdmb girrkspidlkdgk od lohkdsoids mdl strugturmb pripkrtoks nksolks m prklihodmdtby twi-mosbkl riif-nkmr od` strugturk. Od mllotoid, hist amvk nkkd rkgidstrugtkl od mrkms tamt lospbmy mhilkrmtk ti aoà fkmturk lkdsoty. Od foùrk OOO.=< ot gmd nk inskrvkl tamt fkmturk lomhktkr mdl lkpta vmroks so`dof ogmdtby

nktwkkd tak pists if m sod`bk strugturk. Furtakrhirk, tak lkpta if tak gkdtrk-pists ‗ waoga mrk taiuàt ti nk taktmbbkst pists if tak strugturk mdl ti amvk gmrrokl hist if tak wkoàt if tak riif ‗ mrk iftkd kvolkdtby dit lu` liwdlkkpkr tamd tak itakr pists odvibvkl od tak rkgidstrugtoids.

[dfirtudmtkby, di wiilkd pist stuhps aml nkkd prkskrvkl mdl di rmloigmrnid lmtks mrk mvmobmnbk, waoga hkmdstamt tak lmtod` if tak fkmturks if tak gbmohkl aiusks rkboks sibkby id tak odgirpirmtkl fodls (mdl typibiògmb pmrmbbkbs(nut skk Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =;7 mdl Mrdiblusskd >551, skgtoid ;.>.=). Frih fkmturks if tarkk if

tak gbmohkl aiusks, od titmb idk pitnkmjkr sakrl mdl tarkk nmrnkl work-stmhp lkgirmtkl sakrls wkrk rkgivkrkl(Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =;>: =0?: >1>). \aos odlogmtks tamt mt bkmst sihk if tak fkmturks `riupkl odtitaksk strugturks, lmtk ti ‗ ir mftkr ‗ tak Kmrby Nridzk M`k.

Od gidgbusoid, aiwkvkr, tak `rkmt vmromtoid od sozk, sampk mdl strugturk if tak pripiskl Kmrby Nridzk M`kaiusks, gihnodkl wota tak `kdkrmbby aoà fkmturk lkdsoty od tak mrkms frih waoga taky amvk nkkd rkgidstrugtkl,tak vmromtoid od fkmturk lkpta mdl lomhktkr mdl tak mnskdgk if suffogokdt lmtmnbk fodls, skroiusby prinbkhozk takorodtkrprktmtoid. Mt nkst, tak rkùbmr pbmgkhkdt mdl gidsostkdt lkpta if pists if (pmr ts if) strugturks 75AA mdl pissonby>1-=LA/KA hoàt nk odtkrprktkl ms lospbmyod` m firhkr strugturmb rkbmtoid, nut tak lmtod` mdl kxmgt dmturk if sugamssuhkl strugturks rkhmods udjdiwd.

Fo`. OOO.=> Kmrby Nridzk M`k fbuvomb systkhs mdl fodl-spits frih tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid. Fobbkl syhnibs rkprkskdt gkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids,iutbodkl syhnibs udgkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids. Of hirk tamd idk syhnib os bostkl fir m fodl-spit, tak gkdtrk if tak syhnib lorkgtby bkft if takbmnkb odlogmtks tak girrkgt gkdtrk-giirlodmtk.

m3 fissob fbuvomb systkhs, n3 mgtovk fbuvomb systkh, g3 grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots, l3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, k3 fkmturks, f3 gkrmhogs, `3nitmdogmb kvolkdgk, a3 pissonbk sotks losgivkrkl lurod` girod` gmhpmo`ds.



61


Lkspotk taos inskrvmtoid, tak prkskdgk if pkipbk lurod` tak Kmrby Nridzk M`k os wkbb-mttkstkl mt skvkrmb if tak LkNi`kd kxgmvmtoids. \aos os mbsi nirdk iut ny tak rmloigmrnid lmtks if gkrkmbs frih twi pots mt sotk 7= (g. >=;5-=005 gmb

NG: @rM-=<1053 7675 ½ ;5 NU mdl @rM-=<10=3 7;15 ½ <; NU: Wgaidkvkbl >55=, =10), m lmtk if gamrgimb odgirpirmtklodti m pistaibk if tak pissonby yiud`kr aiusk 75KA (MM-70;==3 7;=5 ½ <5 NU: Hkocbodj >55>m, <0: fir aiusk 75KAskk fo`. OOO. 7=,L) mdl tarkk lmtks if ir`mdog rksoluk id sakrls typibiògmbby lmtkl ti tak Kmrby Nridzk M`k ([tG-16<03 7;0< ½ 7; NU: [tG-10013 7<?5 ½ ;5 NU mdl [tG-100?3 7<15 ½ ;5 NU: Hkocbodj >55>m, <0: [fjks & Nbii >55>,7<<). Gkrkmbs frih m pistaibk if m rkgtmdùbmr iutnuoblod` (<;NW), gamrgimb frih aiusk 75MA mdl gamrgimb frih mdivmb lotga mt sotk 75 wkrk lmtkl ti 7<75 ½ <; NU, 7<<; ½ ;5 NU mdl 7<65 ½ <5 NU rkspkgtovkby (MM-70<?1, MM-70;=;,MM-70;=<3 Hkocbodj >55>m, <0: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =<;: =;? >5=) odlogmtod` tamt gamrrod` if taksksmhpbks iggurrkl kotakr lurod` tak Kmrby Nridzk M`k, ir lurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M.

Nksolk taksk rmloigmrnid lmtkl fkmturks, skvkrmb itakrs amvk nkkd lmtkl ti tak Kmrby Nridzk M`k ny takgkrmhogs taky gidtmodkl. Fir rkmsids mbrkmly iutbodkl mnivk, m fubb ivkrvokw if fkmturks wota Kmrby Nridzk M`kgkrmhogs wobb dit nk privolkl akrk (nut skk \kr Pmb >55=, 75: 7;: [fjks >55=, ;>-;7: [fjks & Nbii >55>, 7;0-70>:Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, ksp. =67: =01-=0?: >7?: >57: >6<- >60: >1>: >10: Hkocbodj >55>n, 005). @kdkrmbby,taky gidgkrd pistaibks mdl pots, nut mbsi twi wkbbs mt sotk >? (fkmturk 6=?.=0: MM-70;>5 mdl 6>=.7>: MM-70;=?,

skk mnivk) mdl m pissonbk rkfusk pot (fkmturk =6.6>, yokblod` mbhist < j` if fodls: mhid`st itakrs m gihpbktk mdlmdmtihogmbby odtmgt biwkr bohn if m giw: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, >67 tmnbk 7.>1: >6<) hmy lmtk ti takKmrby Nridzk M`k. Od mllotoid, m pmbosmlk if taogj (`kdkrmbby 75 gh lomhktkr) mdl gbiskby spmgkl (=5->5 gh mpmrt)

pists mt sotk 75 yokblkl idk nmrnkl work-stmhp lkgirmtkl mdl fiur pissonbk Nkbb nkmjkr sakrls frih tarkk loffkrkdt pistaibks (Kmrby Nridzk M`k sakrl frih fkmturk 65=.;5: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =;0: N. Hkocbodj, pkrs.gihh., Mprob >556: gidtrm Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =67). Uissonby, tak pmbosmlk lmtks ti tak Kmrby NridzkM`k, mbtaiuà ots fudgtoid mdl hkmdod` mrk stobb obb-udlkrstiil. Ot os rkhmrjmnbk tamt kvkd fir tak ‑Lk Ni`kd‟ sotks wakrk rkbmtovkby mnudlmdt Kmrby Nridzk M`k gkrmhogswkrk fiudl (o.k. sotks >?(D), 7=, 75 mdl >1->: tmnbks OOO.< mdl OOO.;) fkw fkmturks giubl nk lmtkl ti taos pkroil mdl

Fo`. OOO.=< Uistaibk woltas mdl lkptas fir tak gbmohkl Kmrby Nridzk M`k aiusks mt tak ‑Lk Ni`kd‟ kxgmvmtoids, mbb ti smhk sgmbk (mftkrAokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, fo`. 7.<a: 7.=5k: f: o: 7.71l-k: 7.<1g-l).

m3 aiusk >1-<KA, n3 aiusk >1-<LA, g3 aiusk >1 -=LA, l3 aiusk >1-=KA, k3 aiusk >?KA, f3 aiusk 75AA, `3 aiusk >?AA, a3 aiusk >?LA.

l

a

n

f

g

`

m

k

=5 h5



6?


tamt strugturks ms wkbb ms mgtovoty mrkms wkrk amrl ti lkfodk (Hkocbodj >55>n, 005). \ak kvolkdgk fir Kmrby NridzkM`k mgtovotoks rkboks hmodby id tak gkrmhog mdl botaog rkhmods tamt iroòdmtk prklihodmdtby frih tak kxgmvmtkl pmrtsif tak fodls-bmykrs. \aos odlogmtks tamt tak mgtovotoks udlkrtmjkd od taksk gkdturoks li dit bkmvk nkaodl ms gbkmrbyrkgi`dosmnbk pmttkrds (k.`. aiusks, `rmdmroks) ms taisk frih bmtkr gkdturoks. Nut m`mod, taos liks dit kxgbulk tak

pissonoboty if (pkrhmdkdt) amnotmtoid if pmrts if tak ‑Lk Ni`kd‟ sotks lurod` tak Kmrby Nridzk M`k mt mbb. Aiwkvkr,luk ti krisoid (k.`. sakkt fbiw mdl bmtkr grkvmssk firhmtoid) mdl tak pmbohpskst dmturk if tak sotk ‗ waoga ams rksubtklod md od pmrts hilkrmtk ti vkry aoà fkmturk lkdsoty ‗ tak lktmobs if tak lihkstog nuobt-up strugturks mdl mgtovoty mrkmsbmr`kby ksgmpk frih vokw.

Iutsolk tak ‑Lk Ni`kd‟ kxgmvmtoids, fkw itakr Kmrby Nridzk M`k fodl-spits mrk jdiwd frih wotaod takhmgri-rkòid. \wi ‑Nmrnkl Pork‟-stmhp lkgirmtkl sakrls, m stidk mxk mdl m bmr`k fbodt dilubk wkrk rkpirtklby fiudl

ny mhmtkur mrgamkibiòsts mt @kblkrhmbskd - Hollkd`knokl (fo`. OOO.=, di >>0?=: C. Vmd Liksnur`, pkrs. gihh., Mu`.>556), nut taksk amvk dit nkkd punbosakl. Ms ams nkkd mrùkl mnivk fir tak Bmtk Dkibotaog pkroil, taos sgmrgoty iffodls os prksuhmnby sibkby m gidskqukdgk if tak bohotkl systkhmtog mdl hktailogmbby suotmnbk rkskmrga gmrrokl iut odtak ‑Lk Ni`kd‟ hmgri-rkòid.

Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M

\ak gidlotoids if tak dmturmb kdvoridhkdt wkrk ksskdtombby tak smhk lurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M ms taky wkrk odtak Kmrby Nridzk M`k (skk mnivk). Urksuhmnby, tak Krogakh fbuvomb systkh mdl ots udjdiwd liwdstrkmh giddkgtoidwkrk stobb tak idby mgtovk fbuvomb systkhs. Nksolks odgolkdtmb fbiilod`, di so`dofogmdt fbuvomb sklohkdtmtoid lol tmjk

pbmgk wotaod tak mrkms if tak kxgmvmtkl ‑Lk Ni`kd‟ sotks (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<n). Aiwkvkr, dkmr tak kdl if taos pkroil, tak biwkst pmrts if tak bmdlsgmpk mriudl tak ‑Lk Ni`kd‟ kxgmvmtoids smw gidtodukl lkpisotoid if fbiilnmsodlkpisots, wkrk stobb sunckgt ti sunsolkdgk mdl wotdksskl tak kxpmdsoid if tak mbrkmly prkskdt mblkr swmhps. \aksktarkk prigkssks giubl amvk lkgrkmskl tak kffkgtovk mrkm mvmobmnbk fir m`rogubturmb dkkls mdl amnotmtoid. M smhpbk ifauhog gbmy id tip if tak hmod (Bmtk Dkibotaog ti Nridzk M`k) vk`ktmtoid airozid od m girod` g. 65 hktkr ti tak siutaif sotk >1-= wms lmtkl ti g. =6>5-=7=5 gmb NG (girod` >51: [tG-10153 7=?5 ½ 65 NU: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>n, 0?: Hkocbodj>55>n, 0;1). Ms nita taos bmykr if auhog gbmy, ms wkbb ms tak taod bmykr if gbmy tamt givkrs ot, gmddit nk fibbiwkl frihtaos girod` ti m piodt wakrk kotakr idk givkrs tak solks ir aoàkst pmrt if sotk >1-=, taos lmtk saiubl dit nk uskl ms mtkrhodus mdtk qukh fir tak iggupmtoid if sotk >1-= (P. vmd Socvkrlkd, pkrs. gihh., Mprob >556: gidtrm Vmd Socvkrlkd

>55>n, ksp. 1?: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, ksp. >66->60: Hkocbodj >55>n, ksp. 0;1: 00<). \aos loffkrkdgk ifodtkrprktmtoid os rkprkskdtkl sgakhmtogmbby od fo`. OOO.=;(gf . Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>n, 6? fo`. >.;). Didktakbkss, ot os gbkmr tamt so`dofogmdt‑lriwdod`‟ (bkmlod` ti m sarodjm`k if tak uskmnbksurfmgk mrkm) if sotk >1-= (mdl itakr kqumbby biw byod`mrkms, gf. fo`. OOO.77) hust amvk iggurrkl. M auhmdtaoà nidk wms fiudl id tak siutakrd fbmdj if sotk >1-= grkvmssk lkpisots mt g. ; h frih tak siutakrdhistkxgmvmtoid bohot, id tak trmdsotoid nktwkkd tak grkvmssk

Fo`. OOO.=; Odtkrprktmtoid if tak rkbkvmdgk if tak pkmty gbmy lmtk

siuta if Lk Ni`kd sotk >1-=. M 8 Odtkrprktmtoid ms firwmrlklny Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>n: Hkocbodj >55>n3 Ukmty gbmy givkrklsotk >1-= kdtorkby, sotk wms mnmdlidkl mriudl =;55 gmb NG. N 8Odtkrprktmtoid ms firwmrlkl ny P. vmd Socvkrlkd (pkrs. gihh.,

Mprob >556): Mrdiblusskd, taos vibuhk)3 \ak liguhkdtkl pkmt`riwta os bohotkl ti tak biwkst pmrts if tak fbiilnmsod, mbbiwod`fir gidtoduius iggupmtoid if sotk >1-= nktwkkd tak Bmtk Dkibotaogmdl tak (kdl if9) tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N.

m3 stmgjkl grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots, n3 vk`ktmtoid airozid mdlfodls-bmykr, g3 rkgidstrugtkl kxtkdt if pkmty gbmy, l3 auhmd taoànidk, k3 bigmtoid if rmloigmrnid lmtkl smhpbk.

sotk

>1-=

girod`

>51

D W

M

N

m n g l k

5.< h

5.1 h

= h

5.< h

5.1 h

= h

5 g. =5 h g. 65 h



05


smdl mdl tak givkrod` pkmty gbmy (fo`. OOO.=;, l: înn >55>n, 60?: 610). Ots ìil stmtk if prkskrvmtoid hmy odlogmtktamt ot wms givkrkl ny tak pkmty gbmy wotaod m sairt tohk pkroil (wotaod ;5 ykmrs9: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>n, 1;). Ms taos

nidk wms dit lmtkl, tak lmtod` if taos pissonby rmpol kxpmdsoid if tak mblkr swmhps os dit jdiwd kxmgtby. Ot hmy wkbb nk tamt nita tak auhmd nidk mdl ots givkrod` bmykr if auhog gbmy ‗ waoga wkrk sotumtkl <5 gh mnivk tak bkvkb iftak lmtkl smhpbk od tak girod` ‗ lmtk frih huga bmtkr lurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N (fir Hollbk Nridzk M`k-Niggupmtoid skk nkbiw).

Akrk, ot wobb nk mssuhkl tamt lurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M, hist ‗ of dit mbb ‗ if tak ‑Lk Ni`kd‟ sotkswkrk stobb mggkssonbk ti auhmds mdl wkrk odlkkl uskl. \aos os nkst kvolkdgkl fir ny tak typogmb ‑Aobvkrsuh-stybk‟lkgirmtkl gkrmhogs tamt amvk nkkd rkgivkrkl ‗ mbnkot od shmbb duhnkrs ‗ frih hist if tak ‑Lk Ni`kd‟ kxgmvmtoids(tmnbks OOO.<: OOO.;). [dfirtudmtkby, tak bmnkb ‑Aobvkrsuh‟ (AVW) ams nkkd mppbokl ti m wolk vmrokty if sakrls frihtaos kxgmvmtoid, si tamt ot os iftkd udgbkmr waktakr m sakrl olkdtofokl ms ‑AVW‟, mgtumbby saiubl nk gbmssofokl ms‑Aobvkrsuh-stybk‟ lkgirmtkl pittkry skdsu strogti (od fmgt, <1% if tak pittkry gbmssofokl ms ‑AVW‟ mt tak vmroius LkNi`kd sotks os dit kvkd lkgirmtkl mt mbb). \aos ams pkramps od sihk gmsks bkl ti md udwmdtkl ivkrkstohmtoid if taklk`rkk if Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M usm`k if m òvkd sotk.

@kdkrmbby, di hirk tamd ; gbkmr Aobvkrsuh-stybk lkgirmtkl sakrls wkrk fiudl id m sod`bk ‑Lk Ni`kd‟ kxgmvmtoid,waoga hkmds tamt tak >< sakrls frih sotk >1-= stogj iut (tmnbks OOO.<: OOO.;: Nubtkd & Whots =??1, =?: Cid`stk & Whots=??1, >6: 75-7=, 76-70: [fjks >55=, 7;: [fjks & Nbii >55>, 717-716). Idk saiubl jkkp od hodl, aiwkvkr, tamt taossotk wms kxgmvmtkl wota m sboàtby loffkrkdt hktailibi`y (tak kdtork fodls-bmykr wms triwkbbkl tariuà ny amdl firfodls od idk hktkr squmrks: Hkocbodj >55>m, 71-7?) mdl tamt taksk sakrls lid‟t hmjk up fir hirk tamd = % if takgbkmrby lmtkmnbk lkgirmtkl gkrmhogs. Mhid`st tak itakr kxgmvmtkl rkhmods takrk, di inckgts wkrk fiudl tamt wiublmbbiw fir m lmtod` gidfodkl ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M id m typibiògmb `riudls.

Fo`. OOO.=6 Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M fbuvomb systkhs mdl fodl-spits frih tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid. Fobbkl syhnibs rkprkskdt gkrtmodolkdtofogmtoids, iutbodkl syhnibs udgkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids. Of hirk tamd idk syhnib os bostkl fir m fodl-spit, tak gkdtrk if tak syhniblorkgtby bkft if tak bmnkb odlogmtks tak girrkgt gkdtrk-giirlodmtk.

m3 fissob fbuvomb systkhs, n3 mgtovk fbuvomb systkhs, g3 grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots, l3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, k3 fkmturks, f3 gkrmhogs, `3nitmdogmb kvolkdgk, a3 ziibiògmb kvolkdgk.



0=


Fo`. OOO.=0 Aiusks gbmohkl ti lmtk ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M mt tak vmroius Lk Ni`kd kxgmvmtoids (M3 ivkrvokw, N3 Aiusk >1-=MA, G3Aiusk >1-=NA, L3 Aiusk >1-=GA, K3 Aiusks <;LA (bmr`k) mdl <;KA (shmbb), F3 Aiusk >?OA, @3 Aiusk 75@A, A3 Aiusk 75MA).

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 rkgkdt losturnmdgks, g3 fkmturks mssigomtkl wota strugturks, l3 itakr fkmturks.



0>


Fo`. OOO.=0 (gidtodukl) Aiusks gbmohkl ti lmtk ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k -M mt tak vmroius Lk Ni`kd kxgmvmtoids (M3 ivkrvokw, N3 Aiusk >1-=MA, G3 Aiusk >1-=NA, L3 Aiusk >1-=GA, K3 Aiusks <;LA (bmr`k) mdl <;KA (shmbb), F3 Aiusk >?OA, @3 Aiusk 75@A, A3 Aiusk 75MA).




07


Mt skvkrmb if tak Lk Ni`kd sotks, aiusks mrk tkdtmtovkby lmtkl ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M (fo`. OOO.=0, N-A). \aklmtod` if aiusk 75MA wms nmskl id tak gmbonrmtkl lmtk rmd`k if lmtkl gamrgimb frih m gkdtrmb pistaibk (g. =1?5-=675gmb NG: MM-70;=;3 7<<; ½ ;5 NU: Hkocbodj >55>m, <0) mdl m ‑Aobvkrsuh sakrl‟ od tak pistaibk if riif-nkmrod` pist(Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =<;). \ak bmttkr wms udlkgirmtkl, smvk fir md pbmod pbmstog girlid dkmr tak pitsaiublkr. Nkgmusk if tak hirk sambbiw lkpta mdl tak rkhmrjmnbk pisotoid if tak pist frih waoga tak rmloigmrnidsmhpbk wms intmodkl (‑gbisod`‟ pists mrk md odfrkqukdt pakdihkdid), tak rkbmtoid nktwkkd tak lmtkl smhpbk mdl takkrkgtoid if taos aiusk os prinbkhmtog. Nmskl id tak sohobmrotoks od riudl pbmd, aiusk 75@A wms mbsi tkdtmtovkby lmtklti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M. Mt sotk >?, m rmtakr orrkùbmr strugturk (>?OA) wms typibiògmbby lmtkl ti tak HollbkNridzk M`k, pissonby tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M (Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =15: Hkocbodj >55>n, 00<). \akmrùhkdts fir taos lmtod` mrk tak fmgt tamt tak aiusk os sotumtkl id tak grkvmssk fbmdj, bojk taisk if sotk >1 (skk nkbiw)mdl tak fmgt tamt ot os sotumtkl od tak vogodoty if tak gbmohkl Kmrby Nridzk M`k aiusks >?LA mdl >?AA (Hkocbodj>55>n, big. got., nut skk mnivk). \ak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M lmtk fir aiusk >1-=MA os nmskl id m pissonbk Aobvkrsuh-stybk lkgirmtkl sakrl (pbmod girlid mdl pmorkl fod`krtop ohprkssoids) frih m pistaibk mdl tak olkms id tak rmtk iflriwdod` if sotk >1-= (skk mnivk mdl Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, >;>). Fir strugturks <;LA mdl <;KA, mbsim Hollbk Nridzk M`k lmtk (pissonby Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M) os su``kstkl, nut kvolkdgk os mnskdt (Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk& Hkocbodj >55>, =??->55: Hkocbodj >55>n, 00<).

Pko aod` tak mvmobmnbk kvolkdgk, ot saiubl nk gidgbulkl tamt m Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M lmtk fir taksk strugturksgmddit nk privkd, nut dkotakr gmd ot nk fubby kxgbulkl. \ak vmboloty if sihk if tak strugturks saiubl furtakrhirk nkqukstoidkl. Aiusks >1-=NA, >1-=GA mdl >?OA bmgj tak rkùbmroty od pistaibk lomhktkr, lkpta mdl pbmgkhkdt tamtgamrmgtkrozks aiusk >1-=MA (Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, >;<->;;: gf . ip. got., >;5). Furtakrhirk, tak firhkramvk nkkd rkgidstrugtkl frih vkry lkdsk pistaibk gbuttkrs. Aiusk <;KA lospbmy m sihkwamt hirk rkùbmr pbmgkhkdtif pists, nut akrk skvkrmb riif-nkmrod` pists mrk mnskdt. Fir fiur pists, takor bigmtoid dkmr ti md kxgmvmtoid trkdga

pkrohktkr hmy mggiudt fir takor mnskdgk (Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =??), nut fir md kqumb duhnkr if pistsot liks dit. \ak sairt lohkdsoid if aiusk <;KA hoàt odlogmtk tamt taos os md iutnuoblod` rmtakr tamd m Nridzk M`kaiusk. Mditakr pissonbk odtkrprktmtoid giubl nk tamt tak siutakrd riw if pists rkprkskdts tak rol`k pibks if m twi-mosbkl strugturk. Aiusk 75@A mbsi lospbmys m sihkwamt orrkùbmr pmttkrd if pistaibk pbmgkhkdt mdl lkpta (Aokbjkhm,Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =;=) nut tak rkbmtovkby biw fkmturk lkdsoty id tamt spit mdl tak strugturmb sohobmrotoks tiaiusk 75MA mll kdiuà grklonoboty ti mggkpt ot ms m pissonbk aiusk pbmd. Od gidgbusoid, strugturks >1-=MA mdl

75MA mppkmr ti nk mggkptmnbk aiusk pbmds, mdl strugturks 75@A mdl <;LA rkprkskdt pissonbk aiusk pbmds. \aklmtod` if taksk fiur aiusks os udfirtudmtkby prinbkhmtog. Mbtaiuà m Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M lmtk gmddit nk losgmrlklmbti`ktakr, takor strugturmb lohkdsoid mdl bojkdkss ti itakr `riudl pbmds rkgi`doskl fir tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-Nfrih taos sotk (skk nkbiw) liks su``kst m lmtod` od tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N.

Gamrrkl gkrkmbs frih m pistaibk if iutnuoblod` <;LW (fo`. OOO.=1, N) wkrk rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti g. =115-=6>5gmb NG (MM-70<?13 7<75 ½ <; NU: Hkocbodj >55>m, <0: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, >5=). Frih mditakr (fiur-ir sox pist: fo`. OOO.=1, G) iutnuoblod` m gihnodkl smhpbk if gkrkmbs mdl gamrgimb frih m pistaibk wms lmtkl ti g.=0<5-=<?5 (MM-70<?63 77=; ½ <; NU: Hkocbodj >55>m, <0: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, >5=) . \aksk smhpbks

privolk tkrhodus pist qukh lmtks fir tak krkgtoid if taksk iutnuoblod`s. \aky hmy, od itakr wirls, lmtk nita ti takHollbk Nridzk M`k-M ms wkbb ms ti m bmtkr (Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N) pkroil. \ak smhk aibls truk fir md ivmb (7.; ny1 h) lotga ‗ pissonby surriudlkl ny m fkdgk ‗ if udjdiwd fudgtoid mt sotk 75 (fo`. OOO.=1, L). Ot gidtmodkl fkw fodlsmdl m gamrgimb smhpbk wms lmtkl ti g. =1?5-=615 (MM-70;=<3 7<65 ½ <5 NU: Hkocbodj >55>m, <0: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk& Hkocbodj >55>, =;5-=65).

Nksolks tak strugturks losgusskl mnivk, vmroius itakr fkmturks wkrk lmtkl ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M.\aky, m`mod, wobb dit nk losgusskl od lktmob akrk (skk mnivk, nut skk Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =07: =01:=1;: =?1-=??: >5=: >57: >5;: >5?: >=>: >=;: >>>: >>;: >7=: >76->70: ><;: >;>: >;<: >6<->6;: >60->6?: Hkocbodj >55>n,00<-00?). Wihk fkmturks lkskrvk furtakr hkdtoidod`, nkgmusk taky suppirt tak odtkrprktmtoid if Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M iggupmtoid if sihk if tak Lk Ni`kd sotks.

M gmsk od piodt os m wkbb (fkmturk s>=?.=7) od tak pkropakry if sotk <;P. Gamrgimb frih tak nittihhist bmykrwms rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti g. =6?5-=<?5 gmb NG (MM-70<?53 77=; ½ <5 NU: Hkocbodj >55>m, <0: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk &Hkocbodj >55>, >5<->5;). M wkbb mt sotk >? (s;07.=0>) gidtmodkl gamrgimb lmtkl ti g. =6?5-=<?5 gmb NG (MM-70;5?377=5 ½ <5 NU: Hkocbodj >55>m, <0), nut ms taos wkbb wms sotumtkl od m gbustkr wota twi wkbbs tamt yokblkl rkhmods lmtkl



0<


ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N (skk nkbiw: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =10) ot giubl nk tamt iblkr gamrgimbams udodtkdtoidmbby nkkd odgirpirmtkl odti tak (mgtumbby yiud`kr) fkmturk. Frih tarkk pots mt sotk 7=, rmloigmrnid

lmtks id nidk mdl gkrkmbs tamt spmd tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M mrk jdiwd (@rM-=<1753 7<55 ½ <5 NU, @rM-=>>?637;;; ½ ==5 NU, @rM-=<17=3 7<65 ½ <5 NU (mbb s;=.==), @rM-=<10=3 7;15 ½ <; NU mdl @rM-=<1773 77<5 ½ <5 NU (mbbs;.6) mdl @rM-=>75;3 7775 ½ 05 NU (s;.;): Wgaidkvkbl >55=, =10). M pot wota hmdy frm`hkdts if gkrmhogs, stidksmdl nurdkl gbmy id sotk 75 (s;71.=5: titmb g. 7.> j`: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =;1) gidtmodkl m pissonbkAobvkrsuh-stybk lkgirmtkl sakrl, su``kstod` m (skgidlmry9) usk ms m rkfusk pot lurod` (ir mftkr) tak Hollbk NridzkM`k-M. M lkgkdtrkl rod` lotga if tak nmrriw mt sotk <; yokblkl m gbkmr Aobvkrsuh-stybk lkgirmtkl sakrl, waoga giublskrvk ms m tkrhodus pist qukh fir taos nmrriw pamsk od ir mftkr tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M. [dfirtudmtkby, di gkdtrmb`rmvk nkbid`od` ti taos hiudl pkroil wms fiudl, nut taos giubl kmsoby amvk nkkd losturnkl ny tak yiud`kst (pissonbyBmtk Nridzk M`k) rod`-lotga waoga ivkrbmps tak lkgkdtrkl rod`-lotga‟s gkdtrk (skk fo`. OOO.7<). Bmstby m duhnkr if

Fo`. OOO.=1 Iutnuoblod`s gbmohkl ti lmtk ti tak HNM-M mt tak vmroius Lk Ni`kd kxgmvmtoids (M3 ivkrvokw, N3 <;NW, G3 <;LW, L3 ivmb lotgamt sotk 75, N-L ti smhk sgmbk).




0;


fkmturks mt sotks >1-< (s0;.>5, m pissonbk akmrta mdl s0;.=>, m pistaibk) mdl sotk >1-= (pots s0.;, s>;.=7, s>0.;, s=0.70mdl s=5?.; mdl pistaibks s=;.=<, s=;.=1, s=6.? (strugturk >1-=NA), s=0.71, s=0.0?, s><.==, s>;.=7 mdl s>;.6>) gidtmodkl

pissonbk Aobvkrsuh-stybk lkgirmtkl gkrmhogs. Di lost odgt gbustkrod` ir strugturk gmd nk mrùkl fir taksk fkmturks.\ak strugturks <;NA mdl <;AA mdl tak iutkr rod`-lotga if tak nmrriw mt sotk <; mbsi amvk yokblkl rmloigmrnid lmtkstamt lmtk ti, ir spmd odti, tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M, nut ms taky mrk lmtkl ti tak kdl if tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N(Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =?0-=?1: >5=: >=>: >>>->>7), taky wobb nk losgusskl nkbiw.

Od gidgbusoid, ot wobb nk gbkmr tamt vmroius if tak Lk Ni`kd sotks saiw so`ds if auhmd mgtovotoks lurod` takHollbk Nridzk M`k-M. M bohotkl duhnkr if gbkmr-gut Aobvkrsuh ( skdsu strogti) sakrls frih vmroius sotks mdl skvkrmbrmloigmrnid lmtks id gamrgimb mdl nurdkl gkrkmbs mrk od suppirt if taos. \ak wkmj girrkbmtoid if tak lmtkl smhpbks irgkrmhogs ti tak krkgtoid if tak strugturks od waisk pistaibks taky wkrk rkgivkrkl, gihpbogmtks tak olkdtofogmtoid ifHollbk Nridzk M`k-M strugturks. Ot skkhs tamt tak prksuppiskl Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M lmtk fir sotk >1-=, ms wms putfirwmrl mftkr tak gmhpmo`d if tkst-trkdgaod` (Nubtkd & Whots =??1, >>), hmy amvk ivkrby stkkrkl bmtkr odtkrprktmtoids.Idby =7 truk Aobvkrsuh-stybk lkgirmtkl sakrls wkrk rkgivkrkl frih sotk >1-= (Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>,>76->70) mdl md mbtkrdmtovk odtkrprktmtoid fir tak lmtkl fbiilnmsod pkmt ams nkkd su``kstkl mnivk (fo`. OOO.=;). \akmggkptmnbk aiusk pbmds gurrkdtby msso`dkl ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M mrk od dkkl if mllotoidmb mrùhkdts tisunstmdtomtk takor lmtod` mdl hmy ‗ id typibiògmb `riudls ‗ mbsi lmtk ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N (skk Mrdiblusskd

>551, skgtoid ;.>). _kt kvkd wota taksk gidsolkrmtoids, ot os vkry bojkby tamt sotk >1-= wms uskl, pissonby pkrhmdkdtbyodamnotkl, lurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M. Ot mrk tak lktmobs if tak nuobt-up kdvoridhkdt, aiwkvkr, tamt luk ti tak

pmbohpskst dmturk if tak sotk bmr`kby ksgmpk us. Ot os furtakrhirk rkhmrjmnbk tamt mt sotk <; vmroius rmloigmrnid lmtksspmddod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M mrk mvmobmnbk, waobk idby m bohotkl mhiudt if gkrmhogs lmtmnbk ti taos pkroilwms rkgivkrkl. Urksuhmnby, taos sotk wms mbsi uskl (mdl iggupokl9) lurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M, nut akrk tii ‗lkspotk m so`dofogmdtby biwkr fkmturk lkdsoty ‗ di aiusks lmtmnbk ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M nkyidl liunt giubl nkrkgi`doskl. Uissonby, mt tak kdl if tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M, tak bigmtoid if tak nmrriw mt sotk <; smw ots forst firhmb

nmrriw pamsk, if waoga idby m pmrtombby prkskrvkl rod`-lotga rkhmodkl. Hist strojod`, taos prinmnbk fudkrmry mgt tiij pbmgk id tak spit tamt smw tak nuromb if m auhmd fiit od m pot lurod` tak Bmtk Dkibotaog pkroil (skk mnivk), mdl waogawiubl firh tak figmb piodt fir vmroius mllotoidmb nurombs od sunskqukdt gkdturoks (skk nkbiw: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk &Hkocbodj >55>, >=5->==). \ak mnskdgk if fodl-spits lmtmnbk ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M iutsolk tak kxgmvmtkl mrkms

pripkr, os prksuhmnby m`mod kxpbmodmnbk ny tak biw rkskmrga odtkdsoty.

Hollbk Nridzk M`k-NGidsolkrod` tak paysogmb bmdlsgmpk, tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N odotombby prkskdtkl m gidtodumtoid if tak prigkssks if`rmlumb ‑lriwdod`‟ mdl lkgrkmsk if odamnotmnbk spmgk tamt stmrtkl od tak prkgklod` pkroils (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>n:>55<n, skk mbsi mnivk). \ak Krogakh fbuvomb systkh os stobb mgtovk. M rkbmtovk odgrkmsk od tak rmtk if fbiilnmsodlkpisotoid hmy nk rkbmtkl ti tak khkr`kdgk if tak Nihhkb mdl Kst fbuvomb systkhs, waoga prksuhmnby rkmgtovmtkl tak

pmrt if tak Hktkrkd fbuvomb systkh nktwkkd tak Krogakh mdl tak Nihhkb giddkgtoids. Fir tak stmrt if sklohkdtmtoid ny tak Kst fbuvomb systkh, m rmloigmrnid lmtk nktwkkd g. =;55 mdl =755 gmb NG os mvmobmnbk ([tG-61<13 7=>< ½71 NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, =0=). \ak Nihhkb systkh hmy amvk stmrtkl bmtkr, ms os piodtkl iut ny mrmloigmrnid lmtk nktwkkd g. =>05-=5=5 gmb NG ([tG-60=63 >?76 ½ 70 NU: onol.). \ak mrkm bist ti `rmlumb ‑lriwdod`‟if tak bmdlsgmpk gmddit nk qumdtofokl, nut nmskl id tak `kdkrmb ivkrbmp od fkmturkmdl fodls-lostronutoids, ot skkhsbojkby tamt huga if tak odamnotmnbk mrkms if tak prkgklod` pkroils wkrk stobb uskmnbk fir amnotmtoid lurod` tak HollbkNridzk M`k-N. Od mllotoid, fir tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N od tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid takrk os m`mod sihk kvolkdgk

fir auhmd prkskdgk nkyidl tak kxgmvmtoid kxtkdts if tak vmroius ‑Lk Ni`kd‟ sotks (fo`. OOO.=?). Iftkd, aiwkvkr, takodfirhmtoid mvmobmnbk fir taksk fodl-spits liks dit mbbiw lktmobkl losgussoid if tak dmturk if tak Nridzk M`k auhmd

prkskdgk.Mt Krogakh-Bod`kd (fo`. OOO.=?, di 6?0?), sihk Nridzk M`k (roh)sakrls wkrk fiudl od =?0? ti`ktakr wota

sihk nidk od tak prifobk if m lrmodm`k lotga (Mrgaos 6?0?). M nridzk spkmrakml tamt giubl lmtk ti kotakr tak Hollbk-ir tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k (gf . Fidtocd >557, 10: ==0) wms fiudl ny m hktmb-lktkgtirost mt @kblkrhmbskd - Hollkd`knokl(fo`. OOO.=?, di >>0?=). [dfirtudmtkby, ot iroòdmtks frih m bmykr if rkwirjkl siob (Mrgaos >>0?=). Od tak gkdtrk if taktiwd if @kblkrhmbskd, twi Nridzk M`k sakrls wkrk rkgivkrkl frih m tkst-pot (fo`. OOO.=?, di >;=70: Biuwk Jiiochmds=?0<, 70; di =>;). M pissonbk Nridzk M`k (ir Orid M`k) sakrl wms fiudl lurod` tak fokblwmbjod` gmhpmo`ds proir



06


ti tak Nktuwkriutk kxgmvmtoids (fo`. OOO.=?, di ==>: Mshusskd =??<, =?;) mdl mditakr Nridzk M`k sakrl wms fiudlmt Hktkrkd - Niih`mmrl Nbih lurod` tak paysogmb-`ki`rmpaogmb girod` gmhpmo`d mggihpmdyod` tak Nktuwkriutkkxgmvmtoid (fo`. OOO.=?, di ?57: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>n, 0<: pkrs. gihh. Hmy >556). \ak wmtgaod` nrokf gmrrokl iutlurod` tak mgtumb gidstrugtoid wirjs fir tak Nktuwkriutk rmobwmy yokblkl skvkrmb sakrls (pissonby Orid M`k), fkmturksmdl m fodls-bmykr, fir waoga m Nridzk M`k lmtk hmy nk kxpkgtkl nmskl id takor `kibiògmb pisotoid mdl (sohobmrotoksmdl) prixohoty ti tak itakr Lk Ni`kd kxgmvmtkl mrkms (skk nkbiw), nut gmddit nk privkd (fo`. OOO.=?, di 0=15: Wgauttk>557n, =7 dis. 0=15-0=1=: 0=10-0=11). M wmtgaod` nrokf kxkgutkl lurod` tak gidstrugtoids wirjs fir dkw aiusod` mt@kblkrhmbskd - Hollkd`knokl yokblkl m sod`bk sakrl tamt giubl nk lmtkl di hirk prkgosk tamd ‑Nridzk M`k-Orid M`k‟(fo`. OOO.=?, di <15;<: Wgauttk >557m, =1).

Wkvkrmb if Nktuwkriutk kxgmvmtoids od tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid amvk yokblkl mhpbk kvolkdgk fir auhmdmgtovotoks mdl iggupmtoid lurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k(-N). [dlkrdkmta tak Hollbk Orid M`k sotk if Bm`k Nbij (skkfir bigmtoid fo`. OOO.>: Hobicjivog & Whots >55>) pmrt if m Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdt sotk os ti nk kxpkgtkl. Aiwkvkr, msmbrkmly vmroius Hollbk Nridzk M`k sotks wkrk kxgmvmtkl dkmrny (skk nkbiw), mdl ms fkw Nridzk M`k fkmturks wkrkkxpkgtkl nkgmusk tak Nridzk M`k bkvkb wms pissonby losturnkl ny tak yiud`kr grkvmssk firhmtoid, ot wms kxpbogotbylkgolkl dit ti systkhmtogmbby odvksto`mtk tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k bkvkbs if taos sotk (Hobicjivog & @kamssk >55>,=>-=7: =;). Didktakbkss, sihk pissonbk Nridzk M`k fkmturks wkrk losgivkrkl (Hobicjivog & @kamssk >55>, =>: VmdSocvkrlkd >55>g, <5-<=: Hobicjivog & Jrost >55>, <0). Od mllotoid, m gidsolkrmnbk qumdtoty (<1= frm`hkdts: >.0 j`) ifHollbk Nridzk M`k gkrmhogs (prklihodmdtby frih tak Orid M`k kxgmvmtoid bkvkbs mdl frih m grkvmssk rksolumb ubby)

Fo`. OOO.=? Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N fbuvomb systkhs mdl fodl-spits od tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid. Fobbkl syhnibs rkprkskdt gkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids,iutbodkl syhnibs udgkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids. Of hirk tamd idk syhnib os bostkl fir m fodl-spit, tak gkdtrk if tak syhnib lorkgtby bkft if takbmnkb odlogmtks tak girrkgt gkdtrk-giirlodmtk.

m3 fissob fbuvomb systkhs, n3 mgtovk fbuv omb systkh, g3 grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots, l3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, k3 fkmturks, f3 gkrmhogs, `3 tiibs& wkmpids, a3 gkdtrk if prksuhmnbk skttbkhkdt sotk losgivkrkl lurod` girod` gmhpmo`ds, o3 pkropakry if prksuhmnbk skttbkhkdt sotklosgivkrkl lurod` girod` gmhpmo`ds, c3 pissonbk skttbkhkdt sotks losgivkrkl lurod` girod` gmhpmo`ds.



00


wms fiudl ([fjks >55>n, 05). Urksuhmnby, taksk sakrls rkprkskdt hmtkromb frih m (Hollbk9) Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdtsotk tamt ams nkkd rkwirjkl odti tak grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots id waoga tak yiud`kr Hollbk Orid M`k iggupmtoid tiij

pbmgk (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>g, ksp. 7;). \ak kxmgt lmtod`, dmturk mdl kxtkdt if taos Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdt sotk, rkhmodsudjdiwd luk ti tak bmgj if pripkr odvksto`mtoid.

Ot ams mbrkmly nkkd mrùkl mnivk tamt tak rmlumb lriwdod` if tak vmroius Lk Ni`kd Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdtssotks hmy dit amvk gihpbktkby odaonotkl auhmd usk if Lk Ni`kd sotk >1 lurod` tak bmtkr Hollbk Nridzk M`k. \akrkùbmr strugturk if sihk if tak aiusks rkgidstrugtkl mt sotk >1 os typibiògmbby gihpmrmnbk ti taisk if Hollbk NridzkM`k-N aiusks (fo`. OOO.>5). \aos, ti`ktakr wota tak lihodmdgk if pittkry waoga gmddit nk lmtkl hirk prkgoskby ‗ ykttamt fots wkbb wota tak hmtkromb jdiwd frih itakr Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N skttbkhkdt sotks ‗ su``ksts tamt taos sotkhmy amvk nkkd uskl lurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N. [dfirtudmtkby, di rmloigmrnid lmtks mrk mvmobmnbk tamt giublsuppirt taos mssuhptoid. \akrkfirk, tak pissonoboty tamt tak strugturks mt sotk >1 odlogmtkl nkbiw giubl lmtk ti takHollbk Nridzk M`k-N os sibkby nmskl id tak ‗ odakrkdtby wkmj ‗ typigaridibi`y if tak nuoblod`s rkgidstrugtkl.

Dit mbb aiusks rkgidstrugtkl mt sotk >1 mrk if gihpmrmnbk rkbomnoboty. Aiusks >1-<FA mdl >1-<@A mrk si odgihpbktk

mdl orrkùbmr tamt takor vmboloty skkhs hodohmb (Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, >1<->1;). Aiusks >1-<NAmdl >1-<GA mrk sboàtby hirk grklonbk (fo`. OOO.>=, G), nut kspkgombby tak firhkr lospbmys md udskttbod` vmromtoid if

pistaibk lomhktkr mdl lkpta (ip. got., >15->1=). Furtakrhirk, tarkk pists uskl od tak rkgidstrugtoid if aiusk >1-<NAmrk mbsi uskl od tak rkgidstrugtoid if aiusk >1-<GA. Frih tak bmttkr aiusk pbmd vmroius fodls (mhid` waoga ; sakrls(<1.1 `rmh) mdl m stidk if ivkr >55 ` od wkoàt) wkrk rkgivkrkl, nut taksk amvk dit nkkd punbosakl ir stulokl odlktmob. Ot rkhmods pissonbk tamt mt tak bigmtoid if tak ivkrbmppod` aiusks >1-<NA mdl >1-<GA m Nridzk M`k aiuskidgk stiil, nut tamt luk ti tak aoà fkmturk lkdsoty di pists gmd nk msso`dkl wota mdy gkrtmodty ti m pmrtogubmr pbmd.Ksskdtombby, idby aiusk >1-=MA, waoga wms rkgi`dozkl mbrkmly lurod` tak fokblwirj, prkskdts m gbkmr-gut NridzkM`k aiusk pbmd mt sotk >1 (fo`. OOO.>>).

Fo`. OOO.>5 Ivkrvokw if tak pissonbk Hollbk Nridzk M`k(-N) strugturks mt sotks >1-7, >1-< mdl >1-= (skk odskt M fir bigmtoid).

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 fkmturks nkbidòd` ti strugturks, g3 itakr fkmturks, l3 sod`bk-stmjk typk if fkdgk, k3 liunbk-s tmjk typk if fkdgk, f3 wkbb,`3 gmttbk aiif ohprodts, a3 pissonbk mrl hmrjs.



01


\ak riif-nkmrod` strugturk if aiusk >1-=MA gidsosts if twi riws if pists mt m rkhmrjmnby wolk (7.; h) lostmdgk(o.k. spmd, gf . Mrdiblusskd >551, >=? fo`. ;.>0, N). @ovkd tak aoà fkmturk lkdsoty od taos pmrt, ot os udgbkmr waktakrtak vmrokty if pists diw msso`dkl ti tak wmbb if taos aiusk, wkrk kvkr pmrt if tak iroòdmb gidstrugtoid. Od mdy gmsktaky bmgj gidsostkdt pbmgkhkdt od rkbmtoid ti tak riif-nkmrod` pists mdl vmry so`dofogmdtby od lkpta mdl bidòtulodmblostmdgks nktwkkd tak pists. \ak wkstkrdhist tarkk pmors if riif-nkmrod` pists lospbmy m shmbbkr spmgod` (hkmd > h),waobk tak pmors if riif-nkmrod` pists od tak gkdtrmb pmrt if tak aiusk mrk spmgkl mt >.0; h odtkrvmbs. \aos hmy odlogmtktamt tak tarkk wkstkrdhist pmors aml nkkd mllkl bmtkr-id lurod` tak usk-bofk if aiusk >1-=MA (Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk &Hkocbodj >55>, >;=). \ak twi bmr`k pistaibks od tak gkdtrk if tak aiusk mt tak spit wakrk tak pissonbk wkstkrd mllotoidbodjs up ti tak gkdtrmb pmrt, hmy rkprkskdt pistaibks if (tkhpirmry9) rol`kpibks tamt mbbiwkl mbtkrmtoid if tak riif-

Fo`. OOO.>= Uissonbk Hollbk Nridzk M`k(-N9) strugturks mt Lk Ni`kd sotk >1 (M3 Ivkrv okw, N3 Wotk >1-= wota aiusk >1-=MA mdl iutnuoblod`s,G3 Wotk >1-< wota aiusks >1-AN mdl >1-<GA (lmrj fobb), L3 Wotk >1-7 wota iutnuoblod`, K3 Wotk >1-> wota iutnuoblod`, odskts N ti K mbb ti taksmhk sgmbk).

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 rkgkdt losturnmdgks, g3 fkmturks nkbidòd` ti strugturks, l3 itakr fkmturks.



0?


nkmrod` strugturk. \ak kxtrm pists od tak gkdtrk mosbk dkmr tak sairt solks giubl aodt mt m riudlkl sampk if tak sairtsolks, nut m`mod luk ti tak aoà fkmturk lkdsoty taos os dit vkry gidvodgod`. \ak smhk mppboks ti tak gbmohkl kdtrmdgksod tak dirtakrd bid` mdl kmstkrd sairt solks. \ak kmstkrdhist bmst twi pmors if riif-nkmrod` pists mrk ‗ bojk takwkstkrdhist tarkk ‗ sboàtby tmpkrod` (o.k. takor spmd lkgrkmsks). \aos giubl su``kst tamt tak aiusk wms kxtkdlkl idgkti tak kmst ms wkbb ms ti tak wkst. \wi lkkp pists dkmr wakrk tak aiusk os griss-gut ny m rkgkdt lotga hmy od tamt gmskrkprkskdt tak iroòdmb kmstkrd kdl ir kdtrmdgk. Od idk if taksk pists 70 frm`hkdts (?.0 `) if m nurdkl dkidmtk po`bktwkrk fiudl (fo`. OOO.>>, k), waoga mrk tkdtmtovkby odtkrprktkl ms m fiudlmtoid iffkrod` (ip. got., >;>: Vmd Locj, Ksskr &Skobkr >55>, ;1<). Idk if tak riif-nkmrod` pists (fo`. OOO.>>, f) yokblkl m frm`hkdt (=6.1 ) if m pit wota m pbmod girlidmdl pmorkl dmob ohprkssoids. \aos giubl nk m Aobvkrsuh-stybk lkgirmtkl pit, odlogmtod` m tkrhodus pist qukh lmtk iftaos aiusk od ir mftkr tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M (Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, >;>). Lorkgtby dirta if aiusk>1-=MA m gbustkr if =7 pissonbk iutnuoblod`s wms fiudl. Ms lorkgt lmtks mrk bmgjod`, ot rkhmods udgbkmr waktakr taky

(mbb) fudgtoidkl gidtkhpirmdkiusby ti tak bmr`k fmrhaiusk. Od mdy gmsk, takor frkqukdt rknuoblod` id tak smhk spitodlogmtks m lkbonkrmtk lkgosoid ti hmodtmod m prksk(d)t irlkrod` if tak aiusk-sotk ivkr skvkrmb pamsks.

Wotk <; wms mbsi iggupokl lurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N, nut mt taos sotk takrk mrk sihk rmloigmrnidlmtks mvmobmnbk ti nmgj up tak typibiògmb mrùhkdts. Mt bkmst tarkk aiusk-sotks gmd nk rkgi`dozkl, idk if waogaivkrbmps od bigmtoid wota m nmrriw. \ak iggupmtoid tiij pbmgk dkxt ti tak ‗ ny takd fubby sobtkl-up ‗ rksolumb gamddkbif tak grkvmssk lkpisots tamt firhkl tak sunstrmtk (gf. Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>n, 6<). Nksolks tak fmrhaiusks, m bohotklduhnkr if iutnuoblod`s mdl fkdgks giubl nk rkgi`dozkl (fo`. OOO.>7). \ak liunbk-stmjk typks if fkdgks nita iggur odgurvobodkmr trmckgtiroks ‗ od tak gkdtrk if sotk <; ‗ ms wkbb ms od vmst (ivkr =55 h) strmoàt strktgaks ti tak kmst if taksotk (fo`. OOO. >7) tamt mrk irokdtmtkl mbhist dirta-siuta.

Fo`. OOO.>> Aiusk (>1-=MA) mdl iutnuoblod`s pissonby lmtmnbk ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N mt Lk Ni`kd sotk >1. Fir bigmtoid skk odskt M.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 rkgkdt losturnmdgks, g3 fkmturks nkbidòd` ti strugturks, l3 itakr fkmturks, k3 nurdkl rkhmods if m po`bkt, f3 pissonbkAobvkrsuh-stybk lkgirmtkl sakrl, `3 pot wota biih-wkoàts.



15


Luk ti tak prkskdgk if m rkgkdt lrmodm`k lotga, aiusk <;GA (fo`. OOO.><, N) giubl dit nk gihpbktkby kxgmvmtkl. \akspmgod` if tak riif-nkmrod` pists vmroks (frih =.1 ti 7.< h) mdl siutakrd riw if riif-nkmrod` pists saiws m gurvobodkmrti nkdt sampk. \ak spmd lkgrkmsks tiwmrls tak sairt solks, su``kstod` tamt tak iroòdmb riif-nkmrod` strugturk hmyamvk aml m go`mr- ir iviol sampk. \ak fkw frm`hkdts if nidk mdl nurdkl gbmy rkgivkrkl frih tak pistaibks li ditmbbiw ti gidforh ir pod-piodt hirk kxmgtby tak mssuhkl Hollbk Nridzk M`k lmtk if taos aiusk. Aiusk <;MA wms mbrkmly pmrtombby rkgi`dozkl lurod` tak fokblwirj mdl giubl nk udgivkrkl mbhistgihpbktkby (fo`. OOO.><, L), mbtaiuà rkgkdt lrmodm`k lotgaks aml lkstriykl tak bigmtoid if skvkrmb if tak riif-nkmrod`

pists. M gihnodkl smhpbk if gkrkmbs mdl gamrgimb frih m bmr`k pist od tak wkstkrd sairt solk wms lmtkl ti g. =;75-=715gmb NG (MM-70;5<3 7=1; ½ <5 NU: Hkocbodj >55>m, <0), privolod` m tkrhodus pist qukh lmtk fir tak odgirpirmtoid iftak smhpbk odti tak fkmturk. \ak mssigomtoid if taos pistaibk ti tak aiusk os loffogubt, ms ‑gbisod` pists‟ od tak sairtsolk mrk dit m gihhid pripkrty if Hollbk Nridzk M`k aiusks od tak rovkr mrkm (skk Mrdiblusskd >551, skgtoid

;.>.7). Didktakbkss, tak biw fkmturk lkdsoty mdl tak fmgt tamt aiusk 75MA (pissonby mbsi 75NA, 75@A mdl >1-=MA,gf. Nkrjvkds, Nrmdlkdnurà & Jiit >55<, ;?: 67: \ib & Wgamnnodj >55<, >>) ams mbsi yokblkl m pist hirk ir bkss odtak gkdtrk if tak sairt solk mlls sihk vmboloty ti taos mssigomtoid. Koàt fkmturks if taos aiusk yokblkl sihk gkrmhogs,waoga giubl aiwkvkr dit nk lmtkl typibiògmbby. Idk fkmturk gidtmodkl nrijkd frm`hkdts if m biih-wkoàt (>7

pokgks, =7> `rmh), waisk prkskdgk od tak pist-popk su``ksts tamt taky wkrk lkbonkrmtkby lkpisotkl takrk mftkr takloshmdtbod` if tak aiusk (fo`. OOO.><, k: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =?0).

Od tak siutakrd pmrt if sotk <;, twi hirk strugturks lmtmnbk ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N wkrk fiudl. \akrk, mHollbk Nridzk M`k aiusk pbmd ivkrbmps wota tak bigmtoid if m nmrriw (fo`. OOO.>;). Luk ti bmgj if vkrtogmb strmto`rmpaymdl tak gihpmrmnbk fobb if tak fkmturks, tak pamsod` if tak vmroius kbkhkdts os gihpbogmtkl. Ot ams nkkd su``kstkl mnivk

Fo`. OOO.>7 Ivkrvokw if tak pissonbk Hollbk Nridzk M`k(-N) strugturks mt sotk <; (skk odskt M fir bigmtoid).

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 fkmturks nkbidòd` ti strugturks, g3 itakr fkmturks, l3 sod`bk-stmjk typk if fkdgk, k3 liunbk-stmjk typk if fkdgk, f3rksolumb grkvmssk ubby.



1=


tamt tak shmbb, lkgkdtrmbozkl rod`-lotga hoàt lmtk frih m prkgklod` (Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M) pamsk. Furtakrhirk,

vkrtogmb strmto`rmpay os mbsi bohotkl. Hogri-hirpaibiògmb mdmbysos if m hiudl skgtoid giubl idby odlogmtk m 6 ghtaogj bmykr if mllkl siob (Kxmbtus >55>n, ?1-=55: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, >><->>;).

Dkmr tak gkdtrk if tak mrkm niudl ny tak bmr`kst rod`-lotga, pissonby twi odauhmtoids wkrk odtkrrkl lurod`tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N (fo`. OOO.>;, odskt G). @rmvk = gidsostkl if m pissonby hmbk mlubt, wai wms nurokl od mdkxtrkhkby fbkxkl pisotoid id aos roàt solk (înn >55>, 615-61>). Fir taos odauhmtoid, rmloigmrnid lmtks if tiitakdmhkb (@rM-=65653 7755 ½ 65 NU: Hkocbodj >55>m, <0) mdl nidk (mpmtotk: @rM-=;<;73 7>55 ½ 65 NU, gibbm`kd: @rM-=>60;3 7=75 ½ 15 NU: Hkocbodj >55>m, <0) mrk mvmobmnbk. \aky yokbl m wolk m`k rmd`k od gmbonrmtkl ykmrs (g. =0<5-==?5gmb NG), nut gihnodkl su``kst odtkrhkdt mriudl tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M/N trmdsotoid (o.k. tak =6ta gkdtury). Mt <5gh ti tak siuta if taos `rmvk, tak rkhmods if m nmny if udlkr m ykmr if m`k wkrk fiudl (fo`. OOO.>;, odskt G: înn >55>,

Fo`. OOO.>< Uissonbk Hollbk Nridzk M`k (N9) strugturks mt Lk Ni`kd sotk <; (M3 Ivkr vokw, N3 Aiusk GA, G3 Aiusks <;NA mdl <;AA (lmrjfobb) mdl iutnuoblod`s, L3 Aiusk <;MA mdl iutnuoblod`s, odskts N ti L mbb ti tak smhk sgmbk).

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 rkgkdt losturnmdgks, g3 fkmturks nkbidòd` ti strugturks, l3 itakr fkmturks, k3 frm`hkdts if m biih-wkoàt.



1>


61>-617). M rmloigmrnid smhpbk if nidk mpmtotk frih taos odlovolumb lmtks ti g. =;75-=7=5 gmb NG (@rM-=6;=53 7=65½ ;5 NU: Hkocbodj >55>m, <0) waoga su``ksts ‗ gihnodkl wota tak bigmtoid if tak `rmvk tamt su``ksts m lkbonkrmtkmviolmdgk if tak bigmtoid if `rmvk = ‗ tamt ot hmy amvk nkkd m skgidlmry odtkrhkdt frih riuàby tak smhk pkroil ms`rmvk =. \aksk twi `rmvks mppkmr ti nk gkdtrmbby bigmtkl wotaod strugturk <;AA (fo`. OOO.>;, N: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk &Hkocbodj >55>, >>>->>7). \aos strugturk gidsosts if twi riws if sox rkbmtovkby lkkp pists, waisk lohkdsoids (spmgod`mdl spmd) mrk vkry gihpmrmnbk ti tamt if Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N fmrhaiusks. Wtrugturk <;AA liks dit kxtkdl nkyidltak bmr`kst rod`-lotga. \aos hkmds tamt kotakr ot giubl idby amvk nkkd m sod`bk pist bid`kr id kmga solk ‗ nut tamttaksk amvk nkkd insgurkl ny tak bmr`kst rod`-lotga ‗ ir, mbtkrdmtovkby, tamt strugturk <;AA wms odtkdlkl ti fot taklohkdsoids if taos rod`-lotga (ir tak itakr wmy riudl). Ot gmddit nk kxgbulkl, aiwkvkr, tamt nita strugturk <;AA mdltak bmr`kst rod`-lotga wkrk gidtkhpirmdkius ti tak yiud`kr nuromb 7 (skk fo`. OOO.7<). Od kotakr gmsk, tak mssigomtoidif m lihkstog trmlotoid if mrgaotkgturk mdl m fudkrmry bigmtoid (mdl rotk) id tak smhk spit os su``kstkl (Aokbjkhm,Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, >>7: gf . ^mshusskd =??7: Wvmdnkr` >55;: Niur`kios & Fidtocd od prkss). \arkk fkmturks ifstrugturk <;AA amvk yokblkl gkrkmb smhpbks tamt wkrk sunhottkl fir rmloigmrnid lmtod` (fo`. OOO.>;, k). \aky òvk m

tkrhodus pist qukh lmtk rmd`k fir strugturk <;AA if g. =;55-=>65 gmb NG (MM-70;5=3 7765 ½ <; NU, MM-70<?=3 7=7;½ <; NU mdl MM-70;573 7=75 ½ ;5 NU: Hkocbodj >55>m, <0), gidforhod` tak suspkgtkl (kmrby) Hollbk Nridzk M`k-Nm`k mdl mbbiwod` fir tak gidtkhpirmdkoty if taos strugturk ti `rmvk = mdl/ir >. \ak bmr`kst rod` lotga hmy mbsi amvk nkbid`kl ti taos pamsk mdl ams insgurkl pmrts if aiusk <;NA. \aoslotga hmy, nut gmddit nk privkd ti, amvk prkgklkl tak krkgtoid if taos aiusk. \ak fkmturks msso`dkl ti aiusk <;NAtamt mrk wotaod tak bmr`kst rod`-lotga, skkh ti nrkmj tak rkùbmr pbmgkhkdt if tak riif-nkmrod` pists if aiusk <;NAmdl mrk od idk gmsk mbsi odvibvkl od tak rkgidstrugtoid if strugturk <;AA, su``kstod` tamt pissonby itakr pists hmyamvk firhkl tak kmstkrdhist pists if aiusk <;NA. \arkk pistaibks if aiusk <;NA amvk yokblkl smhpbks if gkrkmbstamt wkrk rmloigmrnid lmtkl (fo`. OOO.>;, k). \aksk smhpbks odlogmtk tamt tak krkgtoid if taos nuoblod` iggurrkl lurod`,

Fo`. OOO.>; Uissonbk Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N strugturks mdl nurombs od tak siuta if sotk <; (Fir bigmtoid skk odskt M, odskt G saiws takodauhmtoid `rmvks = (tip) mdl >, aiusk <;NA os odlogmtkl ny fkmturks wota m `rky fobb, aiusk <;AA wota fkmturks wota m lmrj `rky fobb).

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 rkgkdt losturnmdgks, g3 fkmturks nkbidòd` ti strugturks, l3 itakr fkmturks, k3 fkmturks wota rmloigmrnid lmtkl gkrkmbsmhpbks.



17


ir mftkr, g. =<<5-=>=5 gmb NG (MM-70<?03 7>05 ½ 65 NU, MM-70<?;3 7515 ½ 0; NU, MM-70<?<3 750; ½ <; NU: Hkocbodj>55>m, <0). \i tak kmst if tak hmod pmrt if sotk <;, mditakr pissonbk aiusk pbmd wms rkgidstrugtkl (fo`. OOO.>0, L). \aosaiusk, aiwkvkr, os rmtakr frm`hkdtmroby prkskrvkl mdl if sihkwamt orrkùbmr bmyiut mdl pistaibk lkpta, waoga hkmdstamt ots vmboloty os qukstoidmnbk (Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =??->55).

Mt g. =<5 h ti tak dirtawkst if taos gbmohkl aiusk, twi ivkrbmppod` aiusk pbmds wkrk rkgi`dozkl dkmr tak siutakmstkrd pmrt if sotk >? (fo`. OOO.>6). \aksk twi aiusks (>?N>A mdl >?N7A, skk fo`. OOO.>0, N) mrk irokdtmtkl mbid` tak `rmlokdtsif tak aoàkst pmr ts if tak grkvmssk spbmy hirpaibi`y (Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =0>-=0<: gf . Vmd Socvkrlkd>55>n, 16). Nita pbmds mrk losturnkl ny m sun-rkgkdt lrmodm`k lotga, mdl tak pists msso`dkl ti tak aiusks od tak

punbogmtoid ti tak wkst if taos lotga, mppkmr ti nk sotumtkl rmtakr iff-hmrj, su``kstod` tamt taky pkramps dkvkr wkrk

pmrt if tak aiusk pbmds od qukstoid (Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =0>-=0<). If tak iblkst aiusk (pamsk), =7 sktsif riif-nkmrod` pists mdl m hirk dmrriwby spmgkl kdtrmdgk pirtmb gmd rkbomnbk nk rkgidstrugtkl. \ak yiud`kr aiusk(pamsk) mbsi lospbmys suga md kdtrmdgk pirtmb, nut akrk idby dodk skts if riif-nkmrod` pists giubl nk olkdtofokl wotagkrtmodty. Idk fkmturk if taos yiud`kst aiusk gidtmodkl m lkgirmtkl roh sakrl, waobk mditakr gidtmodkl m sakrl wotam pbmod girlid (Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =07). Gamrgimb frih tak bmttkr fkmturk wms lmtkl ti g. =;55-=7=5gmb NG (MM-70;563 7=7; ½ <; NU: Hkocbodj >55>m, <0), privolod` m tkrhodus pist qukh lmtk fir tak gidstrugtoid iftaos aiusk lurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N. \i tak siuta if tak aiusks, m duhnkr if fiur- mdl sox-pist iutnuoblod`s

‗ girrkspidlod` riuàby od irokdtmtoid ti tak aiusks ‗ wkrk fiudl, waoga lol dit ivkrbmp kmga itakr mdl fir waogadi lmtks mrk mvmobmnbk.

Fo`. OOO.>6 Ivkrvokw if tak pissonbk Hollbk Nridzk M`k(-N) strugturks mt sotk >? (skk odskt M fir bigmtoid).

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 fkmturks nkbidòd` ti strugturks, g3 itakr fkmturks, l3 sod`bk-stmjk typk if fkdgk, k3 liunbk-stmjk typk if fkdgk, f3pmbosmlks, `3 wkbbs, a3 gmttbk aiif-ohprodts, o3 pissonbk mrl-hmrjs.



1<


Mt g. 75 h ti tak wkst if taksk aiusks, m gbustkr if tarkk udbodkl wkbbs wms fiudl frih waoga tarkk smhpbks if gamrrkl

hmtkromb mdl gamrgimb wkrk lmtkl (fo`. OOO.>6, `: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =10). \ak rmloigmrnid lmtks iftak twi yiud`kst (skk mnivk) rmd`k nktwkkd g. =<;5-=>65 gmb NG (MM-70;513 75?; ½ <5 NU: MM-70;503 75?5 ½ <5 NU:Hkocbodj >55>m, <0). Lorkgtby dirta if tak bigmtoid if taksk twi aiusks, twi gurvkl pmrmbbkb pmbosmlks if sunstmdtomb

pists (pistaibks >5-75 gh lomhktkr) pbmgkl mt >.= tit >.7 h odtkrvmb wkrk fiudl, waisk fudgtoid rkhmods kdo`hmtog.\ak lostmdgk nktwkkd tak pists od taksk gurvkl pmbosmlks os sohobmr ti tak spmgod` iftkd mppbokl od tak pbmgkhkdtif riif-nkmrod` pists if Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N aiusks. \aos nkgihks md ohpirtmdt lktmob wakd idk biijs mt aiusk>? MA (fo`. OOO.>0, G) od hirk lktmob. Mt forst soàt tak pbmgkhkdt if tak pists skkhs ti su``kst tak prkskdgk if msihkwamt bkss rkùbmr Hollbk Nridzk M`k aiusk pbmd (Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =0=-=0>). Mftkr gbiskrodspkgtoid, tak sun-rkgkdt lrmodm`k lotga tamt griss-guts tak pbmd gmddit mggiudt fir tak inskrvkl mnskdgk if m bmr`k

Fo`. OOO.>0 Uissonbk Hollbk Nridzk M`k(-N9) strugturks mt Lk Ni`kd sotk >? mdl <;I (M3 Ivkr vokw, N3 Aiusks >?N>A mdl >?N7A (lmrj fobb)mdl iutnuoblod`s, G3 pissonbk aiusk >?MA, L3 pissonbk aiusk <;LA, odskts N ti L mbb ti tak smhk sgmbk).

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 rkgkdt losturnmdgks, g3 fkmturks nkbidòd` ti strugturks, l3 itakr fkmturks, k3 pissonbk mrl-hmrjs.



1;


duhnkr if pists frih tak siutakrd riw if riif-nkmrod` pists if tak mssuhkl aiusk pbmd. Furtakrhirk, m skroks if pists ti tak wkst if tak dirtakrd riw if riif-nkmrod` pists ams m sohobmr spmgod` mdl irokdtmtoid, nut taky amvk nkkdodtkrprktkl ny tak kxgmvmtirs ms rkprkskdtod` mditakr aiusk (>?@A: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =01). Akrk,

nmskl id tak sohobmroty od spmgod` if tak gurvkl pmbosmlks ti tak spmgod` if pists od ‑aiusks‟ >?MA mdl >?@A, takiptoids os su``kstkl tamt tak bmttkr pists rkprkskdt m hirk m bkss bodkmr pist-mbo`dhkdt, ir pmbosmlk, odstkml if m aiusk

pbmd (gf . fo`. OOO.>6).Ot os dit gbkmr way id taos sotk suga m bmr`k duhnkr mdl vmrokty if pmbosmlks amvk nkkd kdgiudtkrkl. \ak

hmod gurvobodkmr pmbosmlk, waoga lkbohotkl m bmr`k skgtoid if tak trmdsotoidmb zidk tiwmrls tak biwkst pmrt if takgrkvmssk surfmgk ti tak dirta if sotk >?, ams od pmrts skkd tarkk pamsks if lkvkbiphkdt (fo`. OOO.>1). \ak gbisk spmgodìf tak pists hoàt su``kst m prmgtogmb fudgtoid (suga ms m bovkstigj kdgbisurk), ykt tak fmgt tamt ot liks dit mgtumbbygihpbktkby kdgbisk m òvkd mrkm, rkdlkrs taos md udbojkby iptoid. [dfirtudmtkby, di lmtmnbk fodls wkrk rkgivkrkl frihmdy if tak pmbosmlk‟s pistaibks, waoga hkmds tamt ots kxmgt lmtod` rkhmods udjdiwd.

Of tak dirtakrd pmrts if ‑aiusks‟ >?MA mdl >?@A odlkkl wkrk pmrt if m pmbosmlk od prkaostiry, taky gidfirh ti mskgidl mxos if irokdtmtoid if strugturks mt taos sotk (fo`. OOO.>?, N). Aiusks >?N>A mdl >?N7A mrk irokdtmtkl KWK-PDP, wakrkms tak losgusskl pmbosmlk, tak systkh if bodkmr lotgaks dkmr tak siutakrd pmrt if sotk >? mdl m bmr`kduhnkr if iutnuoblod`s id taos sotk mrk irokdtmtkl PWP-KDK (fir tak lotgaks, md Orid M`k lmtk os mssuhkl, nut taosos dit nmskl id m lorkgt lmtk: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =10). \aos lotga, aiwkvkr, griss-guts twi pistaibksif aiusk >?N>A (Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =07 fo`. 7.=5n), odlogmtod` tamt ot prksuhmnby liks pist-lmtktak Hollbk Nridzk M`k(-N) iggupmtoid pamsk. \aksk systkhs if irokdtmtoid odlogmtk mt bkmst twi lostodgt pamsks ifskttbkhkdt sotk strugturod` (fo`. OOO.>?).

Fo`. OOO.>1 Lktmob if tak pmbosmlks ti tak dir ta if sotk >? (M3 Ivkr vokw, N3 Umbosmlks).

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 pmbosmlk pamsk, g3 pmbosmlk pamsk, l3 pmbosmlk pamsk, k3 itakr fkmturks.



16


Ot os dit gihpbktkby gbkmr aiw huga tohk os rkprkskdtkl ny taksk twi pamsks, ir aiw huga tohk bmpskl od nktwkkd.Frih m pistaibk if tak pissonbk pmbosmlk (ir, mbtkrdmtovkby, md kdtrmdgk pist if aiusk >?MA) m gamrgimb smhpbk wmslmtkl ti g. =6=5-=<=5 gmb NG (MM-70;5;3 7=>5 ½ <5 NU: Hkocbodj >55>m, <0: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>,

=05-=0>). M smhpbk if gamrrkl gkrkmbs frih md koàt-pist iutnuoblod` (ir, mbtkrdmtovkby, aiusk >?GA) tamt os griss-gut ny tak bodkmr lotgaks, wms rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti g. =7?5 -==>5 gmb NG (MM-70;=53 75=5 ½ <5 NU: Hkocbodj >55>m, <0:Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =0<-=0;). Kspkgombby tak bmttkr lmtk su``ksts tamt taos pamsk saiubl nk pbmgkl dkmrir mt tak kdl if tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N. Ot ams mbrkmly nkkd mrùkl mnivk, tamt twi if tak aiusks tkdtmtovkby lmtkl ti tak HNM-M mt sotk 75, hmy vkrywkbb lmtk ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N (aiusks 75MA mdl 75@A, skk fo`. OOO.=0, @-A). \i`ktakr wota tak aiusk-sotkhirk ir bkss od tak gkdtrk if sotk 75, m titmb if tarkk pissonby Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N aiusk-sotks os jdiwd (fo`. OOO.75).\ak gkdtrmb aiusk sotk os rkhmrjmnbk fir tak prkskdgk if fiur, ivkrbmppod`, aiusk pbmds (fo`. OOO.7=, L: fo`. OOO.7>). Aiusk 75NA os rkprkskdtkl ny skvkd skts if riif-nkmrod` pists mdl pissonby m hirk gbiskby spmgkl kdtrmdgk

pirtmb od tak siuta-kmst (Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =<;-=<6). Gamrgimb smhpbks frih twi pistaibks wkrklmtkl. \aksk lmtks privolk m tkrhodus pist qukh m`k if g. =;>5-=7=5 gmb NG (MM-70;=>3 7=65 ½ <5 NU: Hkocbodj>55>m, <0) mdl ‗ huga yiud`kr ‗ g. =>05-=555 gmb NG (MM-70;=73 >?=; ½ <5 NU: big. got.). Mditakr pistaibk if taosaiusk yokblkl m sakrl wota m jdin lkgirmtkl ny `riivkl bodks, waoga os loffogubt ti lmtk typibiògmbby. If aiusk

75GA, dodk pmors if riif-nkmrod` pists giubl nk olkdtofokl, nut taos aiusk giubl iroòdmbby amvk nkkd bid`kr. Idk pistaibk yokblkl m lkgirmtkl sakrl, waoga hist bojkby prkskdts md udodtkdtoidmb odgirpirmtoid if m Bmtk Dkibotaogir Kmrby Nridzk M`k sakrl (Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =<0). Aiusk 75LA gidsosts if skvkd pmors if riif-

nkmrod` pists, if waoga tak kmstkrd ambf saiw m hirk giakrkdt fkmturk lomhktkr mdl lkpta. M sod`bk rmloigmrnid lmtkif gamrgimb frih m pistaibk privkl ti nk if Hollbk Dkibotaog M`k (skk mnivk: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>,=<1). Aiusk 75KA ams nkkd rkgidstrugtkl ms m >7 h bid` aiusk gidsostod` if => skts if riif-nkmrod` pists (ip. got.,=<1-=<?), nut m rkhmrjmnby sairtkr spmgod` (=.;-=.1 h odstkml if tak hkmd g. >.5; h) nktwkkd twi skts if riif-nkmrod`

pists dkmr tak hollbk if tak aiusk, hmy odlogmtk tamt taos aiusk gidsosts if twi aiusk pamsks. M sod`bk odtkrskgtoid nym fkmturk if aiusk 75NA su``ksts tamt (tak kmst pmrt if) aiusk 75KA prklmtks aiusk 75NA. Gamrgimb frih m pistaibk

Fo`. OOO.>? \wi tkdtmtovk pamsks if skttbkhkdt sotk strugturod` mt Lk Ni`kd sotk >?.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 strugturks, g3 lotgaks, l3 pmbosmlks, k3 rmloigmrnid lmtkl fkmturks.



10


‗ mbsi uskl od tak rkgidstrugtoid if aiusk 75NA ‗ wms lmtkl ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M (MM-70;==3 7;=5 ½ <5 NU,skk mnivk mdl Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =<?) mdl privolks, ti`ktakr wota m Nkbb Nkmjkr mdl m pitnkmjkrsakrl frih ti itakr pistaibks, idby m tkrhodus pist qukh lmtk. Nmskl id takor strugturmb pripkrtoks, m Hollbk NridzkM`k-N m`k os firwmrlkl fir mbb fiur aiusks mt taos aiusk-sotk (Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk mdl Hkocbodj >55>, =;<).

Mt forst `bmdgk, taksk aiusks hoàt skkh ti rkprkskdt quotk loffkrkdt strugturks od tkrhs if sozk mdl bigmtoid,waoga amvk nkkd gidstrugtkl frih m lkdsk pistaibk gbuttkr (fo`. OOO.7>, tip). M rmtakr loffkrkdt pogturk khkr`ks,aiwkvkr, of tak `riudl pbmds mrk trmdsbmtkl mdl sboàtby ritmtkl ti firh m gihpisotk ivkrbmy (fo`. OOO.7>, nittih).Ot nkgihks gbkmr tamt tak riif-nkmrod` strugturk if taksk fiur aiusks os dkmrby olkdtogmb. \aos prksuppisks tamt tak

nuoblkrs if tak yiud`kr aiusk(pamsk)s aml odtohmtk jdiwbkl`k id tak ir okdtmtoid mdl ‗ lohkdsoidod` if tak ‗ riif- nkmrod` strugturk if tak aiusk‟s suggkssir(s). Ot os quotk bojkby tamt tak smhk aiuskaibl, ir mt bkmst tak smhk bigmbgihhudoty, wms rkspidsonbk fir tak rknuoblod` if tak ‗ wamt wms pkrgkovkl if ms tak smhk ‗ aiusk id tak smhk aiusk-sotk m`mod mdl m`mod (Hkocbodj >55>n, 156).

Gamrgimb frih idk if tak wkbbs od tak dirtakmst pmrt if sotk 75 wms rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti g. =;55-=7=5 gmbNG (MM-70;=13 7=7; ½ <5 NU: Hkocbodj >55>m, <0). Ot os rkhmrjmnbk tamt taos wkbb wms lu` odti tak `riudl idby fiurhktkrs frih tak bigmtoid if twi wkbbs tamt hmy nk if Bmtk Dkibotaog M`k (skk mnivk: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj>55>, =65-=6=). If tak vmroius pots odvksto`mtkl mt sotk 75, idby m amdlfub gidtmodkl so`dof ogmdt mhiudts if lknros tamtwiubl mbbiw fir md odtkrprktmtoid ms rkfusk pots, mdl mbhist didk if takh gmd nk lmtkl wota gkrtmodty ti tak HollbkNridzk M`k ir Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N (Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =;0-=;?).

Ot ams mbrkmly nkkd mrùkl mnivk tamt os dit mbti`ktakr gbkmr waktakr sotk 7= (Nii` - G Diirl) wms gihpbktkbyudodamnotmnbk lurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N. \ak typk if fkdgk-strugturk rkgi`doskl mdl pissonby sihk if takgurrkdtby loshosskl rmloigmrnid lmtks (skk mnivk mdl Wgaidkvkbl >55=, =10-=11) su``kst tamt tak sotk dkkl dit amvk

Fo`. OOO.75 Ivkrvokw if tak pissonbk Hollbk Nridzk M`k(-N) strugturks mt sotk 75 (skk odskt M fir bigmtoid).

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 fkmturks nkbidòd` ti strugturks, g3 itakr fkmturks, l3 sod`bk -stmjk typk if fkdgks, k3 liunbk -stmjk typk if fkdgks, f3pmbosmlks, `3 wkbbs, a3 gmttbk aiif ohprodts, o3 pissonbk mrl hmrjs.



11


nkkd gihpbktkby viol if auhmd mgtovoty lurod` tak pkroil od qukstoid. \ak usk if tak pbit ms m aiusk-sotk gmddit ‗ lukti biw lkdsoty if fkmturks mdl bmgj if rkgi`dozmnbk strugturks ‗ nk mrùkl fir.

Lkspotk tak mnskdgk if aiusk-sotks lmtkl ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k(-N) id sotk 7=, mbb itakr sotks amvk yokblklrmtakr ìil kvolkdgk fir Nridzk M`k iggupmtoid. \akrk, ?-== aiusk-sotks wota m titmb if =7-=6 aiusks gmd wota mdygkrtmodty nk rkgidstrugtkl (tmnbk OOO.6), nut prksuhmnby sihkwamt aoàkr foùrks hmy fot nkttkr wota prkaostirogrkmboty.

[dfirtudmtkby, tak pmbohpskst dmturk if tak sotks, tak biw duhnkrs if mvmobmnbk rmloigmrnid lmtks mdl takmnskdgk if lorkgt lmtks fir strugturks hmjks ot dkmrby ohpissonbk ti msskss ti wamt kxtkdt tak udlmtkl fkmturks nkbid`ti taos, ir mdy itakr, pamsk if usk if tak sotks. \akrkfirk, m losgussoid if tak dmturk mdl gidtkdt if tak hmciroty ifudlmtkl fkmturks suga ms pistaibks mdl pots ‗ waoga od fmgt hmy vkry wkbb pmrtombby lmtk ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N,wobb dit nk udlkrtmjkd akrk (nut skk Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55> fir m gihpbktk ivkrvokw).

Fo`. OOO.7= Uissonbk Hollbk Nridzk M`k(-N9) strugturks mt Lk Ni`kd sotk 75 (M3 Ivkrvokw, N3 Aiusk 75MA, G3 Aiusk 75@A, L3 Aiusks75NA, 75GA, 75LA mdl 75KA, odskts N ti L mbb ti tak smhk sgmbk.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 rkgkdt losturnmdgks, g3 fkmturks nkbidòd` ti strugturks.



1?


WotkDis. aiusk-sotks

Dis.Aiusk(pamsk)s

>1-< = =-> 9

>1-= = 4 = 9

<; 7(-<9) 7(-<9)

>? =(->9) >(-79)

75 7 6

7= - -

Bm`k Nbij - -

titmb ?(-==9) =7(-=69)

m n g l

=<60;5 =<6005

< 7 5 ; > 5

=5h5

=5h5

Fo`. OOO.7> Ivkrbmy if tak fiur loffkrkdt aiusk pamsks if tak aiusk-sotk if aiusk 75NA mt Lk Ni`kd sotk 753 Aiusk 75LA (bo`at `rkyfobb), aiusk 75NA (`rky fobb), aiusk 75GA (lmrj `rky fobb) mdl aiusk 75KA (nbmgj fobb). \ak nittih pmrt saiws tak mnivk aiusks ritmtklmdl supkrohpiskl ti saiw strugturmb sohobmrotoks (75LA3 bmr`k lmsaks, 75NA3 shmbb lmsaks, 75GA3 bmr`k lmsaks mdl lits mdl 75KA3gidtoduius iutbodk).

\mnbk OOO.6 ^kbomnby rkgidstrugtmnbk Hollbk Nridzk M`k aiusk-s otks mdl duhnkrs if aiusk(pamsk)s fir tak vmroius Lk Ni`kd sotks.



?5


Didktakbkss, kvkd frih tak lostronutoid if tak gkrtmod mdl pissonbk Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N aiusks, tak Lk Ni`kdhogri-rkòid mppkmrs ti amvk nkkd lkdskby skttbkl (fo`. OOO.77). Potaod tak >.0 am udgivkrkl od tak hmod kxgmvmtoids,up ti kbkvkd Nridzk M`k aiusk-sotks mdl up ti =6 aiusks giubl nk rkgi`dozkl. Md kvkd aoàkr duhnkr hmy amvk nkkd

prkskdt, nut prksuhmnby giubl dit nk rkgi`dozkl luk ti tak bigmbby aoà fkmturk lkdsotoks (tmnbk OOO.7). Furtakrhirk, otgmd nk mssuhkl tamt gihpmrmnbk pmrts if tak grkvmssk mdl bkvkk bmdlsgmpks iutsolk tak mrkms tarkmtkdkl ny rmobrimlgidstrugtoid ‗ mdl waoga wkrk gidskqukdtby dit odvksto`mtkl ‗ wkrk ms odtkdsovkby iggupokl (gf . fo`s. OOO.=?: OOO.77).Kspkgombby tak mrkms ti tak kmst if tak hmod gbustkr if tak Lk Ni`kd kxgmvmtoids, wakrk tak aoàkst pmrts if takgrkvmssk spbmy lkpisots mrk fiudl (fo`. OOO.77), hmy amvk nkkd m vkry mttrmgtovk skttbkhkdt bigmtoid od prkaostiry.\ak kvolkdgk fir tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N iggupmtoid if mbb sotks saiws m rkmsidmnby wkbb gihpmrmnbk pogturk ifm rkùbmr tarkk-mosbklfmrhaiusk, sihktohks fbmdjkl ny iutnuoblod`s dkmrny mdl wota wkbbs od tak lorkgt vogodoty(Hkocbodj >55>n, 015-017). \ak mvmobmnbk lmtod` kvolkdgk liks dit mbbiw m losgussoid if waktakr mdy, ir aiw hmdy, iftaksk aiusk-sotks wkrk gidtkhpirmdkius. Frih tak girrkspidlod` irokdtmtoid if m duhnkr if tak fmrhaiusks ot hmy

nk mssuhkl tamt ‗ of taky wkrk dit gidtkhpirmdkius ‗ tak hmod mxks if tak nuobt-up bmdlsgmpk lol dit so`dofogmdtbymbtkr (nut skk fo`. OOO.>? fir sotk >?). Od sihk pmrts if tak Lk Ni`kd hogri-rkòid, tak irokdtmtoid if tak fmrhaiusksmppkmrs ti nk ùolkl ny tak `kdkrmb hirpaibi`y if tak udlkrbyod` grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots, nut tak irokdtmtoid if takaiusks od tak wkst if sotk 75 mdl pissonby mt sotk >1-< mrk mt md`bks ti tak grkvmssk hirpaibi`y, waoga odlogmtks tamt

bmdlsgmpk `rmlokdt gidfirhod` iroktmtoid dkkl dit amvk nkkd if gaokf ohpirtmdgk (gf. Mrdiblusskd >551, skgtoid6.<.=).

Fo`. OOO.77 Lostronutoid if tak gkrtmod mdl pissonbk Hollbk Nridzk M`k(-N) aiusk-sotks od tak Lk Ni`kd hogri rkòid pbittkl id takudlkrbyod` grkvmssk spbmy smdl-lkpta (mftkr Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<n).

m3 grkvmssk spbmy akoàt (rmdòd` frih 5.7 h (lmrj fobb) mnivk ti >.0 h mnivk (waotk fobb) L.I.L., n3 kxgmvmtoid trkdgaks, g3 s trugturks.



?=


Urksuhmnby dkmr tak vkry kdl if tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N, ir kvkd od tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k, mditakr odauhmtoidtiij pbmgk id tak nmrriw bigmtoid if sotk <;. Lorkgtby id tip if tak iblkr `rmvk =, tak rkhmods if m >;-7; ykmr iblmlubt (pissonby hmbk) byod` id ots nmgj wkrk fiudl (înn >55>, 60=: 617-61<: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>,>=5). [dfirtudmtkby, tak odauhmtoid aml nkkd gidsolkrmnby lmhm`kl ny (sun-)rkgkdt pbiuàod`. M nridzk rmpokr wmsfiudl dkxt ti tak bkft mrh mdl frih tak sokvkl siob frih tak dkmrny skgtoid frm`hkdts if twi nridzk mrriwakmls mdlfrm`hkdts if nridzk irdmhkdts wkrk rkgivkrkl (Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, >=5: Nutbkr & Aokbjkhm >55>,;7?-;<=). \wi lorkgt (tiita kdmhkb mdl noi-mpmtotk) rmloigmrnid lmtks su``kst m lmtod` if taos odauhmtoid nktwkkdg. ==>5-1=5 gmb NG (@rM-=65;13 >0?5 ½ 65 NU: @rM-=;<673 >0?5 ½ 65 NU: Hkocbodj >55>m, <0). Od tak iroòdmb

punbogmtoid, m =<ta gkdtury NG m`k os firwmrlkl fir tak rmpokr mdl m lmtod` ti =;55-=>55 gmb NG fir tak mrriwakmls(Nutbkr & Aokbjkhm >55>, ;<5-;<=), nut taos `rmvk skt hoàt amvk nkkd gurrkdt wkbb odti tak bmst gkdturoks if takHollbk Nridzk M`k-N (gf. Lksottkrk =?61(n), <7: Niur`kios & Fidtocd od prkss). \ak shmbb rod`-lotga hmy amvk nkkd

pmrt if taos `rmvk, nut lkfodotk kvolkdgk os bmgjod` (Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, >=>->=7: Hkocbodj od prkss:Niur`kios & Fidtocd od prkss).

Ot rkhmods rkhmrjmnbk tamt of taos odtkrhkdt odlkkl tiij pbmgk lurod` tak fodmb gkdturoks if tak Hollbk NridzkM`k-N, fkw itakr fodls ir strugturks udmhnoùiusby tkstofy if amnotmtoid if tak vmroius Lk Ni`kd sotks lurod` taos

pkroil (nut skk lmtks frih aiusk 75NA mdl strugturk >?GA (skk mnivk): Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk mdl Hkocbodj >55>, =<6:=0;). Hist bojkby, tak tkgadibiògmb, hirpaibiògmb mdl ogidi`rmpaog mspkgts if gkrmhog ‗ mdl itakr ‗ tkgadibiòksgamd`kl si hodohmbby lurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k(-N9) ms ti amvk ìdk mrgakibiògmbby udlktkgtkl akrk.

Fo`. OOO.7< Bigmtoid if `rmvk 7 id Lk Ni`kd sotk <;. Odskt M saiws tak bigmtoid mdl odskt N saiws m lktmob if tak bigmtoid if ` rmvk 7 id tipif tak iblkr `rmvk =.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 rkgkdt losturnmdgks, g3 `rmvk 7, l3 `rmvk =, k3 pissonby gidtkhpirmdkius rod`-lotga, f3 itakr fkmturks, `3 nridzkrmpokr.



?>


\ak pmbohpskst gamrmgtkr if tak Lk Ni`kd sotks furtakrhirk gihpbogmtks tak mssksshkdt if tak mvmobmnbk odfirhmtoidid sunsostkdgk strmtkòks mdl grmft mgtovotoks fir tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N, ms ot os histby udgbkmr ti waoga pkroil(s)tak kvolkdgk od qukstoid lmtks. Didktakbkss, sihk stmtkhkdts id tak prkaostirog mgtovotoks kxkgutkl id taksk sotks gmdstobb nk hmlk. Idk saiubl aiwkvkr jkkp od hodl tamt taksk lmtm hmy rkprkskdt m rmtakr ohnmbmdgkl lmtmskt spmddod`tak Bmtk Dkibotaog ti Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N pkroils. \ak lkgosoid ti losguss taos lmtm akrk (ms pmrt if tak HollbkNridzk M`k-N skgtoid) os fir smjk if prmgtogmboty mdl udofirhoty, mdl gmddit nk tmjkd ti ohpby tamt tak lmtm nkbiwsibkby, ir prklihodmdtby, rkbmtks ti taos pkroil if usk if tak sotks.

Bovkstigj rkmrod` prksuhmnby wms m so`dofogmdt sunsostkdgk strmtk`y. Mbtaiuà tak pmbohpskst dmturk iftak sotks bohots tak uskfubdkss if tak rksubtmdt bovkstigj spkgtrm, gmttbk os usumbby nkst rkprkskdtkl (hkmd 67%: VmdLocj, Ksskr & Skobkr >55>, ;;?-;6=: ;60: ;0<: ;0?: ;1;: Nuotkdauos >55=, =<<-=<;, =<0: Mrdiblusskd & Fidtocd >556,Mppkdlox >). Uo`s mdl sakkp (mdl pissonby ìmt) tmjk skgidl pbmgk (hkmd nita =0%), nut mt sihk sotks po`s tmjkskgidl pbmgk (=0->0 % mt sotks >1-=, >1-7, >?-S, >?D, 7=) wakrkms ivogmprols rmdj skgidl mt itakrs (6->; % mt sotks75: 71-<: >1->: <;I: <;P). \aos su``kstkl twifibl lostronutoid gmd dit hkmdod`fubby nk rkbmtkl ti tak loffkrkdgks odiggurrkdgk if tak lmtmnbk pittkry (fo`. OOO.7;) ti su``kst bovkstigj gihpisotoid gamd`ks ivkr tohk (gf . Vmd Locj, Ksskr& Skobkr >55>, 6=?: Hkocbodj >55>n, 010), dir ti loffkrkdgks od `kibiògmb skttod` (fo`. OOO.77).

Audtod` lol tmjk pbmgk, ms os kvolkdgkl fir ny tak frm`hkdts if (dit sakl) rkl lkkr mdtbkr frih skvkrmb sotks (VmdLocj, Ksskr & Skobkr >55>, 65>), wobl po` nidks mdl frm`hkdts if fur-nkmrod` spkgoks suga ms ittkr mdl nkmvkr id mfkw sotks (onol., p. ;0?: Nuotkdauos >55=, =<<-=<;, =<0). M rkbmtovkby shmbb duhnkr if fosa nidks (d 8 g. =10: Vmd Locj,Ksskr & Skobkr >55>: Nuotkdauos >55=) wms rkgivkrkl, nut taos os prksuhmnby rkbmtkl ti tak hktailibi`y mppbokl(Vmd Locj, Ksskr & Skobkr >55>, 65>: Nuotkdauos >55=, =65). \ak olkdtofomnbk spkgoks if fosaks gidgkrd prklihodmdtbyGyprodolmk, kkbs, pojk mdl rimga waoga odlogmtks tak prkskdgk if hilkrmtkby lkkp (2 > h) mdl `kdtby strkmhod` mswkbb ms hirk sambbiw mdl stobb niloks if frksawmtkr (Vmd Locj, Ksskr & Skobkr >55>, 65;). Fiwbod` skkhs ti amvk

Fo`. OOO.7; Lom`rmh saiwod` tak lostronutoid od pkrgkdtm`ks if tak duhnkrs if rkgi`dozkl frm`hkdts if Nis tmurus, Ivos mroks/Gmprm aorgus,Wus lihkstogus mdl itakr (Kquus gmnmbbus mdl Gmdos fmhobomros) spkgoks mdl Nkbb Nkmjkr (‑JN‟), Uitnkmjkr (‑UN‟), Nmrnkl Pork-stmhp

lkgirmtkl (‑PJL‟) mdl Aobvkrsuh-s tybk lkgirmtkl (‑AVW‟) sakrls fir skvkrmb gbustkrs mt Lk Ni`kd.



?7


nkkd if hmròdmb ohpirtmdgk (gf. Vmd Locj, Ksskr & Skobkr >55>, 6=5: Nuotkdauos >55=, =65). \aksk fmudmb rksiurgkswkrk suppbkhkdtkl ny m vmrokty if gubtovmtkl grips mdl sihk `mtakrkl pbmdts. Wtuly if tak nitmdogmb hmgri-rkhmodsams saiwd tamt prklihodmdtby nmrbky mdl (khhkr)wakmt wkrk `riwd (Aìddodkd & Vmd Ammstkr >55>, 0=5: 07<-0<5).Wbik, rmspnkrry mdl itakr nkrroks (Vmggodouh spkg.) giubl mbsi nk olkdtofokl (Aìddodkd & Vmd Ammstkr >55>, 0=<).Urksuhmnby, taksk fruots giubl nk `mtakrkl frih tak aoàkr pmrts if tak grkvmssk bmdlsgmpk, wakrk md ipkd vk`ktmtoidif prklihodmdtby imj, amzkb, norga, kbh mdl sbik kxostkl (Aìddodkd & Vmd Ammstkr >55>, 0>1-0>?). \iwmrls takwkttkr pmrts if tak fbiilnmsod, mblkr mdl wobbiw trkks giubl nk kdgiudtkrkl, mdl vmroius itakr pbmdts odlogmtk tak

prkskdgk if dutrokdt-roga, wkt `rmssbmdls mdl hmrsay mrkms mdl ipkd wmtkr (Aìddodkd & Vmd Ammstkr >55>, 0=;:0>1). Umrtogubmrby mblkr giubl amvk nkkd quotk gihhid mdl wms uskl fir gidstrugtoid wiil ms wkbb ms fir forkwiil(Aìddodkd & Vmd Ammstkr >55>, 0>;). Nksolks fiil-prilugtoid pripkr, vmroius itakr tmsjs mdl grmfts wkrk udlkrtmjkd. M titmb if 61 frm`hkdts ifforkl gbmy wkoàts amvk nkkd prkskrvkl ([fjks & Nbii >55>, 707-70;). Wkvkrmb if takh mrk pokrgkl, wakrkms itakrsaiw `riivks mdl mnrmsoid trmgks frih amvod` nkkd suspkdlkl frih ripks. Urksuhmnby, taky mbb rkprkskdt biih-wkoàts mdl ti`ktakr wota tak koàt nurdkl gbmy spodlbk waorbs (ipus got., p. 70;) odlogmtk bigmb tkxtobk prilugtoid. M

pot wotaod aiusk >1-=MA yokblkl frm`hkdts if ivkr tkd biih wkoàts (fo`. OOO.>>, `: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj>55>, >6<).Fovk nurdkl gbmy nkmls ir nuttids (ipus got., p. 706), twi nidk ti``bk nuttids, fiurtkkd nidk mwbs mdl m

nidk dkklbk (Vmd Locj, Ksskr & Skobkr >55>, ;11-;?6) fur takrhirk prkskdt odlorkgt kvolkdgk fir prkaostirog gbita(od`mdl ots) prilugtoid.

Mhid` tak fbodt mrtkfmgts rkgivkrkl, duhkrius sgrmpkrs (d 8 g. =<6: Dokjus kt mb. >55>n, <<6: <<1: <;=:<;;: <;0), skvkrmb jdofks (d 8 g. >=: Dokjus kt mb. >55>n, <<6: <<1: <;=: <;6: <;0), mrriwakmls (d 8 g. >5: Dokjus ktmb. >55>, <<6: <<1: <;=: <;;: <;0), lrobbs (d 8 g. =?: Dokjus kt mb. >55>n, <<5: <<6: <<1: <;=: <;;: <;0 ms wkbb ms sihk

pbmdks (d 8 g. <: Dokjus kt mb. >55>n, <<7-<<<: <<6-<<0: <<?) aodt mt aolk-prigkssod`, audtod` mdl wiil-wirjod`(gf. ipus got., <6=: <<6: <05: <0;: <1>-<16: <??). Mhid` tak itakr stidk tiibs rkgivkrkl, amhhkr- mdl runnod` stidkslihodmtk (d 8 g. ?7: Vmd @ocd, Jmrs & Bmhhkrs-Jkocskrs >55>, ;5;: ;><: ;>6: ;>1: ;75-;7=), fibbiwkl ny pibosaod`stidks (d 8 g. 00: Vmd @ocd, Jmrs & Bmhhkrs-Jkocskrs >55>, ;5;: ;>6: ;>1: ;>1: ;7=), r odlod` stidks (d 8 g. >0: Vmd@ocd, Jmrs & Bmhhkrs-Jkocskrs >55>, ;5;: ;>6: ;>1: ;7=), waktstidks (d 8 g. 6: Vmd @ocd, Jmrs & Bmhhkrs-Jkocskrs>55>, ;5;), mdvobs (d 8 g. <: Vmd @ocd, Jmrs & Bmhhkrs-Jkocskrs >55>, ;>>: ;>1: ;75-;7=) mdl frm`hkdts if twi stidkmxks (Vmd @ocd, Jmrs & Bmhhkrs-Jkocskrs >55>, ;5;: ;7=). [sk-wkmr mdmbysos id gimrsk `rmodkl stidks os loffogubt,

si fir tak amhhkr- , `rodlod`- mdl pibosaod` stidk frm`hkdts wk prklihodmdtby mssuhk m fudgtoid od grmft mgtovotoks(fbmttkdod` pbmdt hmtkrombs, grusaod` stidk tkhpkr fir pittkry: pibosaod` mdl tak sampod` if stidk mdl nidk mrtofmgts)mdl/ir fiil prilugtoid (`rodlod` if gkrkmbs mdl itakr fiilstuffs: Vmd @ocd, Jmrs & Bmhhkrs-Jkocskrs >55>, ;76).\ak rkpirtkl mdvobs wkrk prksuhmnby uskl fir fbodt jdmppod` (Vmd @ocd, Jmrs & Bmhhkrs-Jkocskrs >55>, ;7>: Vmd@ocd & Dokjus >55=) \ak kvolkdgk fir sunsostkdgk strmtkòks mdl grmfts losgusskl mnivk os vkry huga wamt os ti nk kxpkgtkl firtak mrgakibiògmb rksoluk if m (Bmtk Dkibotaog ti) Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdt sotk. \ak mvmobmnbk lmtm su``ksts m rmtakrodlkpkdlkdt, skbf-suffogokdt mdl fubby m`rmromd bigmb gihhudoty, tamt uskl prklihodmdtby bigmbby mvmobmnbk rksiurgksfir takor fiil mdl tiibs. Lkspotk taos, tak prkskdgk if Lmdosa Akbìbmdl fbodt mdl pissonby mbsi tak prkskdgk if mhnkrodlogmtks tak odgirpirmtoid if taksk gihhudotoks odti fmr wolkr spakrks if gidtmgt (Dokjus kt mb. >55>n, <70: Vmd@ocd, Jmrs & Bmhhkrs-Jkoczkrs >55>, ;5;: Hkocbodj >55>n, 0?5-0?=).

Bmtk Nridzk M`k

\ak Krogakh mdl Kst/Nihhkb fbuvomb systkhs rkhmodkl mgtovk lurod` tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k, nut nkgmhk odmgtovklurod` tak Kmrby Orid M`k (skk nkbiw). Fir tak Hktkrkd fbuvomb systkh, m gkmsk if sklohkdtmtoid dkmr tak kdl if takBmtk Nridzk M`k os su``kstkl ny m rksolumb ùbby lmtk if g. ?>5-065 gmb NG (@rM-=6>=;3 >665 ½ ;5 NU: Vmd Socvkrlkd>55>g, <5: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<n). Uissonby, tak gkssmtoid if sklohkdtmtoid ny md mgtovk systkh odvibvkl m pkroil ifrkbmtovk fbuvomb odstmnoboty waoga odvibvkl odgrkmskl ivkrnmdj lkpisotoid mdl hirk odtkdsovk grkvmssk firhmtoid(gf. Vmd Lodtkr & Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>, 1: Hmjmsjk =??1, 7<: Wtiutamhkr >55=, >=->>: >0-75). \ak mggihpmdyod`grkvmssk mgtovoty gmuskl krisoid if hmdy pmrts if tak prkvoius iggupmtoid bmykr mdl vk`ktmtoid airozid (Hkocbodj>55>m, 7<-7;: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>n, 10-11). Id skvkrmb if tak Lk Ni`kd sotks, grkvmssk spbmys firhkl (skk fo`. OOO.76,l: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>n, 1=: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<n). Od tak tip if nita f biilnmsod ms wkbb ms tak dkw grkvmssk lkpisots



?<


m`mod m vk`ktmtoid airozid firhkl (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>n, 01). Od tak biwkst pmrts if tak fbiilnmsod pkmt lkvkbipkl.M lmtk if g. =5=5-1>5 gmb NG fir tak tip if tak pkmt lkpisots mt g. 65 h ti tak siuta if sotk >1-= odlogmtks tamt pkmt`riwta od tak biwkst pmrts if tak fbiilnmsod gidtodukl tiwmrls tak Kmrby Orid M`k ([tG-101=3 >06< ½ <= NU: VmdSocvkrlkd >55>n, 0?).

Fkw rkbomnbk fodl-spits mrk jdiwd fir tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k pkroil frih tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid. Idk sigjktkl mxkwms mbbk`klby fiudl dkmr tak vobbm`k if @kblkrhmbskd (fo`. OOO.76, di ???) nut liunts id ots gidtkxts mrk suffogokdt msdit ti mlakrk huga vmbuk ti taos f odl (Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<, 76< di ==;n: HI gmt. di K=?70.0.=: L. Fidtocd, pkrs.

gihh., Hmy >550). If tak gkrmhogs rkgivkrkl lurod` tak wmtgaod` nrokf kxkgutkl mt @kblkrhmbskd-Hollkd`knokl,tarkk sakrls wkrk lmtkl ms ‑Bmtk Nridzk M`k ti Hollbk Orid M`k‟ (fo`. OOO.76, di <15;<: Wgauttk >557n, =1: Mrgaos<15;<). Luk ti taos bmr`k garidibiògmb udgkrtmodty, m`mod fkw gidgbusoids gmd nk lrmwd nmskl id taksk fodls. \aksmhk mppboks ti tak sod`bk ‑Bmtk Nridzk M`k ti Kmrby Orid M`k‟ sakrl rkgivkrkl lurod` fokblwmbjod` id m pbit gmbbkl@kblkrhmbskd-Hollkd (fo`. OOO.76, di =717>1: Lk Cm`kr & Akudjs =??1, fo`. 0: Mrgaos =717>1).

Potaod tak Lk Ni`kd kxgmvmtoids, m >7 gh taogj bmykr if fbiilnmsod lkpisots udlkrboks m skgidl vk`ktmtoidairozid mt sotk >1-=, tamt yokblkl idby trmgks if gmttbk aiif ohprodts lurod` kxgmvmtoid (g. 7<5 h>: Hkocbodj >55>m,70: <5: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>n, 6?: 1=). Urksuhmnby, taos bmykr if fbiilnmsod lkpisots lmtks ti taos (Bmtk Nridzk M`kti Kmrby Orid M`k) pkroil if fbuvomb odstmnoboty. Ot os udgbkmr, wakrk tak amnotmtoid if tak pkipbk waisk gmttbk gmuskl

Fo`. OOO.76 Bmtk Nridzk M`k fbuvomb systkhs mdl fodl-spits f rih tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid. Fobbkl syhnibs rkprkskdt gkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids,iutbodkl syhnibs udgkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids.

m3 fissob fbuvomb systkhs, n3 mgtovk fbuvomb systkh, g3 iblkr grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots, l3 dkw grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots, k3 yiud`kr fbuvombsystkhs, f3 pittkry, `3 tiibs.



?;


tak aiif-ohprodts od tak aoàkr vk`ktmtoid airozid tiij pbmgk. Od mllotoid, tak kxmgt m`k if tak aiif-ohprodts mdl takmssigomtkl iggupmtoid rkhmods udgbkmr. Nmskl id tak fmgt tamt mt m sotk dkmrny ‗ waoga wms losgivkrkl lurod` takgmhpmo`ds if prispkgtovk girod` (fo`. OOO.=, di 71;60) ‗ pittkry udmhnoùiusby iroòdmtod` frih tak uppkr fodls-bmykr wms gbmssofokl ms ‑Nridzk M`k‟, m lmtod` if taos pamsk ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N/Bmtk Nridzk M`k trmdsotoidir stmrt if tak Bmtk Nridzk skkhs hist mppripromtk (P. vmd Socvkrlkd, pkrs. gihh., Hmrga >556). Uissonby, taos wmstak skttbkhkdt sotk frih waoga tak gmttbk giubl amvk iroòdmtkl tamt grkmtkl tak aiif-ohprodts od tak tak uppkr bmykrrkfkrrkl ti mnivk. Kvkd hirk spkgubmtovk, tak iggupmdts if taos sotk giubl od takiry amvk gidstrugtkl tak odauhmtoid`rmvk wota tak rmpokr mt tak kdl if tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N (ir Bmtk Nridzk M`k) losgusskl mnivk.

Od mdy gmsk, tak kvolkdgk fir Bmtk Nridzk M`k mgtovotoks wotaod tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid os huga hirksgmrgk gihpmrkl ti tak prkgklod` pkroils. \aos prksuhmnby os rkbmtkl ti tak odgrkmskl lydmhogs if tak fbuvombsystkhs dkmrny (skk mnivk), nut wobb mbsi od di shmbb pmrt amvk nkkd tak rksubt if tak piir lom`distog gamrmgtkr ifhuga if tak mrgakibiògmbby vosonbk rkhmods frih taos pkroil. \akrkfirk, ot rkhmods pissonbk tamt skvkrmb pmrts wotaodtak Lk Ni`kd hmgri- mdl hksi-rkòid wkrk od fmgt iggupokl lurod` taos pkroil.

Kmrby Orid M`kLurod` tak Kmrby Orid M`k, tak Nihhkb (mdl prksuhmnby mbsi tak Kst) fbuvomb systkhs wkrk di bid`kr mgtovk. M

rksolumb ùbby lmtk fir tak Nihhkb systkh odlogmtks m gkssmtoid if sklohkdtmtoid mriudl g. 015-<=5 gmb NG ([tG-60<;3 ><15 ½ 65 NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, =?<). \aos girrkspidls rkmsidmnby wkbb ti m lmtk intmodkl frihm grkvmssk rksolumb ùbby mt tak sotk Bm`k Nbij, tamt su``ksts m gkmsk if grkvmssk mgtovoty mriudl g. 005-715 gmb NG(MM-70;>=3 ><=5 ½ 05 NU: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55>g, <5). \ak Krogakh f buvomb systkh hmy amvk gidtodukl odti tak Hollbk

Fo`. OOO.70 Kmrby Orid M`k fbuvomb systkhs mdl fodl-spits frih tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid. Fobbkl syhnibs rkprkskdt gkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids,iutbodkl syhnibs udgkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids.

m3 fissob fbuvomb systkhs, n3 mgtovk fbuvomb systkh, g3 iblkr grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots, l3 dkw grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots, k3 yiud`kr fbuvombsystkhs, f3 pittkry, 3 fkmturks.



?6


Orid M`k, nut tak gmbonrmtkl rmd`k fir tak mvmobmnbk rksolumb ùbby lmtk os rmtakr wolk (g. 1;5-=;5 gmb NG: [tG-<6713><>5 ½ =<5 NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, =??). \ak lmtkl smhpbk os bigmtkl od tak kxtrkhk dirtakmstkrdhist

pmrt if tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid mdl ot gmddit nk kxgbulkl tamt mditakr (nrmdga if tak smhk hmod) fbuvomb systkhbodjkl up ti tak Aiionbij/Kdspocj/@kbboguh systkh sotumtkl liwdstrkmh if tak Krogakhsk systkh, ms tak bmttkr ostaiuàt ti amvk nkkd mgtovk frih g. 155-<=5 gmb NG idwmrls (nmskl id m stmrtod` lmtk fir tak liwdstrkmh giddkgtoidtak Wpocj systkh: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, =??: >5=: >51: >7;: [tG-=1?=3 >;=5 ½ ;5 NU: nut skk mbsi mnivk mdlMppkdlox OO). Fir tak uddmhkl pissonbk fbuvomb systkh odlogmtkl ms ‑u;‟, ot os dit gbkmr waktakr taos rkprkskdts m wkbblkvkbipkl grkvmssk ùbby ir m skpmrmtk fbuvomb systkh, mdl ots mssigomtoid ti taos pamsk os nmskl sibkby id tak rkbmtovkakoàt if ots smdl-nily (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<n: P. vmd Socvkrlkd, pkrs. gihh., Cmd >556).

Vmroius fodl-spits if Kmrby Orid M`k gkrmhogs mrk jdiwd frih tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid. Mt Hktkrkd- Bmm`kodlk (fo`. OOO.70, di >>1<>) ivkr >75 Kmrby Orid M`k sakrls wkrk fiudl (Mrgaos >>1<>). Frih tak smhk sotk(ykt takd bmnkbbkl Hktkrkd - Jmbkdnkr`, fo`. OOO.70, di =75>0;) fokblwmbjod` mdl girod` ny ^MMU rkvkmbkl sihkhirk sakrls mdl tak bigmtoid if m pissonbk skttbkhkdt sotk (Lk Cm`kr =??6, ==-=7: Mrgaos 7>?><: =75>0;). Lurod` takkxgmvmtoid if tak îhmd gkhktkry if @kblkrhmbskd - Hollkd`knokl (fo`. OOO.70, di 7>>?6) m duhnkr if pots mdllotgaks lmtmnbk ti tak Kmrby- ti Hollbk Orid M`k trmdsotoid wkrk udgivkrkl (Aubst =??<, 0>: Mrgaos 7>>?6). M pissonbyKmrby Orid M`k sakrl frih @kblkrhmbskd - Hollkd (fo`. OOO.70, di =717>1) ams mbrkmly nkkd losgusskl mnivk. Lurod`

m fokblwmbjod` gmhpmo`d udlkrtmjkd ny tak Wtmtk Wkrvogk fir Mrgamkibi`mb Odvksto`mtoids (ÎN, diw ^MGH) mtKst - Nivkdnbij od =?16, Kmrby Orid M`k pittkry wms fiudl (fo`. OOO.70, dis. >=56: Mrgaos >=56). Frih tak kxgmvmtoidBm`k Nbij, prklihodmdtby Hollbk Orid M`k gkrmhogs wkrk rkgivkrkl, nut md Kmrby Orid M`k lmtk os su``kstkl fir msod`bk sakrl (fo`. OOO.70, di 75=>>: [fjks >55>n, 15-1=: Hobicjivog & Whots >55>. \ak Mrgaos bostod` fir fodl-spitduhnkr 75=>> gidgkrds tak tkst-trkdgaks if tak sotk ‑Bm`k Nbij‟ (Vmd lkr ikst =??0) tamt os krridkiusby lmtkl ti takKmrby Orid M`k od Mrgaos. Mlloidmbby, skvkrmb fodl-spits dkmr ti tak sotk @kblkrhmbskd-ôcs kd Iiykd mrk bostkl odMrgaos ms ‑Kmrby Orid M`k ir Bmtk Orid M`k‟ fodl-spits, nut taky mrk hirk bojkby ti rkprkskdt Bmtk Orid M`k fodl-spits(Mrgaos <5=?=1, <5=?>5, <5=?7=, <5=?70, <5=?7? mdl <5=?<=: gf. Vkrakbst >557: K. Vkrakbst, pkrs. gihh., Cudk >556).Wkvkrmb itakr sotks od tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid amvk yokblkl gkrmhogs tamt mrk gbmssofokl ms `kdkrog ‑Orid M`k‟, sitaky gmddit nk uskl ti privk Kmrby Orid M`k mgtovotoks (k.`. Biuwk Jiiochmds =?0<, 706 di =7>: Mshusskd =??<, =?;:=?0-=?1: Wgauttk >557n, dis. 0>1;: 0601: Bmdzo` =???: [fjks & Nbii >55>, 7;7).

Od gidgbusoid, kvolkdgk fir gbkmr Kmrby Orid M`k iggupmtoid if tak Lk Ni`kd hmgri-rkòid os ms ykt bmgjod`.

Uissonby, odgrkmskl rmtk mdl lkgrkmskl prklogtmnoboty if fbuvomb sklohkdtmtoid gmuskl ny tak gkmsk mdl stmrt if takvmroius fbuvomb systkhs grkmtkl udfmviurmnbk gidlotoids fir auhmd amnotmtoid lurod` huga if tak (Bmtk Nridzk M`kmdl) Kmrby Orid M`k pkroil(s) od tak Lk Ni`kd rkòids. Ot os dit udtob tak Hollbk Orid M`k tamt pmrts if tak Lk Ni`kdhmgri-rkòid (odgbulod` tak hogri-rkòid: gf. Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, =65: =1;: =10: >>;: Hkocbodj>55>n, 1=5: Hobicjivog & Whots >55>) mrk idgk m`mod uskl fir iggupmtoid mdl odtkrhkdt (Pibtkrod` kt mb. =??1: Aubst=???: Aokbjkhm, Nrijjk & Hkocbodj >55>, >=5->==: @kamssk & Bkocdsk >55>).



?0

OV Umbmki`ki`rmpay mdl iggupmtoid aostiry if tak Pocj noc Luurstklk hmgri-rkòid

O OD\ÎL[G\OID

\ak Pocj noc Luurstklk hmgri-rkòid os figuskl id tak kpidyhius vobbm`k mdl m surriudlod` pmrt if tak gkdtrmbrovkr mrkm. \ak vobbm`k if Pocj noc Luurstklk os mrgamkibiògmbby nkst jdiwd fir kxgmvmtoids if ots kmrby Hklomkvmb

prklkgkssir ‑Lirkstml‟ (Vmd Ks =?6?: Vmd Ks & Vkrwkrs =?01: =?15: =?17: Vmd Ks & Akssod` =??<: Locjstrm &Vmd ^kdswiulk >55;). Od tak =?65‟s, ot wms lkgolkl tamt tamt tak shmbb vobbm`k if Pocj noc Luurstklk saiubl skkkxtkdsovk kxpmdsoid od irlkr ti stohubmtk kgidihog lkvkbiphkdt (Vmd Ks =?6?, =1<). Ms m pmrt if taksk kxtkdsovktiwd pbmddod` prickgts, skvkrmb bmr`k mrkms mriudl tak vobbm`k gkdtrk wkrk sunckgtkl ti mrgamkibiògmb odvksto`mtoid.Od idk if taksk dkw aiusod` kstmtks gmbbkl ‑ Lk Airlkd‟, ms hmdy ms tkd Nridzk M`k aiusk-sotks wkrk udgivkrklod md kxtkdsovk (=< am) kxgmvmtoid gmhpmo`d iroòdmbby tmr`ktkl mt îhmd pkroil iggupmtoid (Akssod` =??=). \wimllotoidmb Nridzk M`k aiusk-sotks wkrk udgivkrkl od kxgmvmtoids mt tak aiusod`-kstmtk jdiwd ms Lk @kkr. Wugabmr`k duhnkrs if aiusk-sotks iffkr m vmbumnbk odsoàt odti tak dmturk if Nridzk M`k iggupmtoid dkmr tak dirtakrd

nirlkr if tak Lutga gkdtrmb rovkr mrkm.

Aostiry if mrgamkibiògmb rkskmrga\ak stmrt if mrgamkibiògmb wirj mriudl Pocj noc Luurstklk os iftkd rkbmtkl ti tak odtkdsovk lo`òd` fir nidks ‗ ti

nk `riudl odti fkrtobozkr ‗ ny tak pkipbk if Pocj noc Luurstklk od tak pkroil =171-=1<> ML (Vmd Ks =?6?, =16-=11:Vmd Ks & Vkrwkrs =?07, <01, gf. Vmd Ligjuh =??<, >50->=5). Lurod` taksk rmtakr ampamzmrl mdl odtrusovk `riudlwirjs, mrgamkibiògmb mrtkfmgts wkrk mbsi rkgivkrkl (onol.). Gidskqukdtby, tak gurmtir if tak Dmtoidmb Huskuh ifMdtoquotoks od Bkolkd, B.C.F. Cmdsskd wms gidtrmgtkl ti odvksto`mtk tak dmturk if tak sotk(s) udlkr tarkmt (Vmd Ks &Vkrwkrs =?07, <1;-<10). Mt tamt tohk, tak odtkrprktmtoid tamt tak (fodls frih) Pocj noc Luurstklk saiubl nk olkdtofoklwota tak aostirogmbby jdiwd Kmrby Hklokvmb vobbm`k Lirkstml, aml mbrkmly nkkd su``kstkl (ip. got., <1<-<1;, rkf. tiVmd lkr Diirlmm =171). Mftkr tak gkmsk if tak nidk rusa mdl tak punbogmtoid if Cmdsskd‟s gidgbusoids (Cmdsskd =1<>m-g: =1<7: =1;?) ot wms dit udtob tak dodktkkd-twkdtoks tamt prifkssoidmb mrgamkibiòsts idgk hirk tiij md odtkrkst od tak

Pocj noc Luurstklk mrkm. \aos tohk, ot wms C.A. Aibwkrlm ‗ gurmtir mt tak Bkolkd Dmtoidmb Huskuh if Mdtoquotoks ‗ wai udlkrtiijtak odvksto`mtoids. Ak, bojk Cmdsskd, lu` quotk dmrriw (m fkw hktkrs wolk: Vmd Ks =?6?, =11) trkdgaks od irlkr tilktkrhodk tak kxtkdt mdl bmy-iut if tak Gmribodòmd amrniur vobbm`k nktwkkd =?>7 mdl =?>1 (Aibwkrlm =?><: =?>;:=?75m: =?75n, ksp. >1). Nktwkkd =?;5 mdl =?60 tak Wtmtk Wkrvogk fir Mrgamkibiògmb Odvksto`mtoids (ÎN, diw^MGH) gidlugtkl m fkw, shmbb sgmbk, gmhpmo`ds if tkst-trkdgaod` od mdl mriudl tak vobbm`k if Pocj noc Luurstklk(Vmd Ks =?6?, =11). Ot wms dit udtob =?60 tamt ot wms lkgolkl ‗ firgkl ny rmpol tiwd lkvkbiphkdt ‗ ti gidlugt hirkkxtkdsovk fokblwirj od irlkr ti vkrofy Aibwkrlm‟s mssuhptoids id tak kxtkdt mdl mppkmrmdgk if firhkr Lirkstml mdlti odvksto`mtk tak mrkms ti nk losturnkl ny aiusod` (onol.). Uaispamtk hmps gihpobkl frih siob hmppod` gmhpmo`dkxkgutkl ny tak Pm`kdod`kd odstotutk fir siob-hmppod` privkl uskfub od iutbodod` prksuhmnbk firhkr skttbkhkdtsotks (Vmd Ks =?6?, =?5: gf. Vmd lkr Viirt, Uikbhmd & Vmd Ks =?0?). \ak mrkms if tak amrniur mdl tak skttbkhkdt ifLirkstml (fo` OV.=, m-n) wkrk prklihodmdtby kxgmvmtkl nktwkkd =?60 mdl =?00 (Vkrwkrs =??<, >7<). Nktwkkd =?0=mdl =?00, mbsi skvkrmb trkdgaks wkrk lu` dkmr tak goty gkdtrk if tak vobbm`k if Pocj noc Luurstklk ms wkbb (onol.).

Mditakr kxtkdsovk mrkm mt tak sotk if tak aiusod` kstmtk ‑Lk @kkr‟ wms kxgmvmtkl nktwkkd =?1? mdl =??< (Vmd Ks=??<, >7=). Akrk, sihk rkbogts if Nridzk M`k aiusk-sotks, nut prklihodmdtby Hollbk Orid M`k, îhmd Ukroil mdlKmrby ti Aoà Hklomkvmb skttbkhkdt sotk trmgks wkrk udgivkrkl (onol.: Vmd Liksnur` =??<). Nktwkkd =?00 mdl =?10, tak kxgmvmtoids wkrk figuskl id tak lkvkbiphkdt if tak aiusod` kstmtk gmbbkl ‑LkAirlkd‟ (Vmd Ammf =?0>: Vmd Ks kt mb. =?01-=?15: =?1>-=?16m-n: =?10-=?11: Akssod` =?1;: =?1?: =??=: =??<: Vmd\kdt =?0?: =?11: =??>: Akssod` & Wtkkdnkkj =??5: Wtkkdnkkj =?16: =??5: =??<: Bmd`k =??6). Od taksk kxgmvmtoids,rkhmods frih tak Hollbk Dkibotaog (Bkttkrbï =?1;) up ti tak taorl gkdtury ML wkrk udgivkrkl, mhid` waoga takNridzk M`k aiusk-sotks rkbkvmdt ti taos stuly (skk nkbiw, fir m nrokf ivkrvokw if mbb pkroils skk Akssod` =??<).[dfirtudmtkby, taky amvk skkd idby prkbohodmry punbogmtoid (Bkttkrbï =?1;: Akssod` =??=: Bmmrhmd =??6), wakrkms



?1


tak îhmd pkroil rkhmods amvk nkkd tak sunckgt if hirk ‗ mdl hirk lktmobkl ‗ stuloks (gf. Vkrwkrs =?01: Vmd lkrPkrff =?1?: Vmd lkr îkst =??5: skvkrmb gidtronutoids od Vmd Ks & Akssod` =??<: Vis >55>).

\ak `kibiògmb gidtkxt \ak Pocj noc Luurstklk hmgri-rkòid nirlkrs tamt if Soclkrvkbl ti tak dirta-kmst. Ot os sotumtkl id tak dirtakrd

niudlmry if tak âodk-Hkusk lkbtm, mt tak piodt wakrk tak lkbtm wolkds mftkr amvod` pmsskl tak ogk-pusakl aobbstamt gidfodkl tak rovkrs ti tak dirta od tak kmst. Luk ti taos bigmtoid, tak gamddkbs if tak firhkrby prkskdt rovkrs guttariuà mrkms wota kmsoby krilonbk smdly lkpisots od tak sunsiob. Gidskqukdtby, rovkrs od taos pmrt if tak lkbtm ‗ hirksi tamd tak rovkrs gidfodkl ny pkmty mdl hodkrigbmstog fbiilnmsod lkpisots hirk wkstkrby od tak gkdtrmb pmrt ‗ giubllkvkbip m hkmdlkrod` mdl sihktohks kvkd nrmolkl fbuvomb stybk (skk Mrdiblussskd >551, Gamptkr >). \ak prkskdgkif hkmdlkrod` rovkrs os rkfbkgtkl ny tak wolk (055 ‗ =155 h) gamddkb nkbts if tak vmroius rovkrs od tak Pocj noc

Luurstklk hmgri-rkòid. \ak hmod fbuvomb systkhs idgk mgtovk od tak Pocj noc Luurstklk hmgri-rkòid mrk lkpogtklod foùrk OV.>). \ak rkhmods if tak Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdt sotks if Lk Airlkd mdl Lk @kkr mrk sotumtkl id m bmykr iffbiinmsod lkpisots givkrod` tak udlkrbyod` bkvkk lkpisots (piodt nmrs) if tak Pkrjaivkd fbuvomb systkh (Akssod`& Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =7-=;). \aksk piodt nmrs prkskdt bigmbby aoàkr (up ti =.; h: Jiiostrm & Wtkkdnkkj =??<, =1)mdl hirk smdly rol`ks, waoga wkrk suotmnbk skttbkhkdt sotk bigmtoids mftkr tak gkmsk if tak fbuvomb systkh‟s mgtovoty.Fir tak odtkrprktmtoid if tak fbuvomb `kdksos if tak Pocj noc Luurstklk hmgri-rkòid, skvkrmb `kibiògmb stuloksmrk mvmobmnbk (Nkrkdlskd =?1>: Wtkkdnkkj =??5: Akssod` & Wtkkdnkkj =??5: Wtiutamhkr >55=: Giakd >557: VmdSocvkrlkd >55<m).

Fo`. OV.= Bigmtoid if tak hmod Pocj noc Luurstklk kxgmvmtoids (`kdkrmbozkl iutbodks).

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 tipi`rmpay, g3 kxgmvmtoids, l3 bigmtoids if (Hollbk) Nridzk M`k aiusk-sotks.



??

MUUKDLOQ OV3 POCJ NOC L[[^W\KLK

OO WI[^GK GÔ\OGOWH

Girod` gmhpmo`ds (siob hmppod`)\ak mrkm bmtkr jdiwd ms Lk Airlkd wms hmppkl ny stulkdts if tak Odstotutk fir Wiob Hmppod` (Wtonijm, Pm`kdod`kd)ms kmrby ms =?;< (Vmd Pmbbkdnur` & Uikbhmd =?;<). Lurod` taksk girod` gmhpmo`ds, siob losgibiurmtoids gmuskl ny

paispamtk ixolks wkrk liguhkdtkl. \ak gir od` lkdsoty wms idk girod` pkr < ti 1 akgtmrk mdl m hmxohuh lkpta if=.> h wms uskl (Wtonijm =?07, =>, =<5). Ms tak lkpta fir tak tip if tak Pkrjaivkd lkpisots ‗ mdl taus tak mpprixohmtkNridzk M`k surfmgk bkvkb ‗ vmroks nktwkkd =.> mdl > hktkr nkbiw surfmgk bkvkb (gf . Akssod` & Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =7 fo`.7) ot os di surpr osk tamt di Nridzk M`k rkhmods wkrk losgivkrkl. \ak paispamtk losgibirmtoids rkfkrrkl ti mnivk, wkrkfurtakrhirk prklihodmdtby sotumtkl od tak siuta-wkst pmrt if Lk Airlkd. Gidskqukdtby, takor lostronutoid liks idby

hmròdmbby ivkrbmp wota tamt if tak hmod Nridzk M`k iggupmtoid trmgks (fo`. OV.7). \ak lostronutoid liks, aiwkvkr,girrkspidl wkbb ti tak lostronutoid if îhmd pkroil fkmturks (gf . Akssod` & Wtkkdnkkj =??5, >5 fo`. ?: Akssod` =?1;,0: =??<, >>0 fo`. =1;). Gbkmrby, tak paispamtk hmppod` liks dit mppkmr ti amvk nkkd akbpfub od hmppod` ir prklogtod`tak Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdt trmgks akrk.

\kst-pottod`, girod` mdl fokblwmbjod` ny tak ÎNOd =?60 tak sotk wms vosotkl ny tak Wtmtk Wkrvogk fir Mrgamkibiògmb Odvksto`mtoids (ÎN, diw ^MGH) ti`ktakrwota hr. C. Uikbhmd. Lurod` tamt vosot m shmbb tkst-pot wms lu` od tak gkdtrk if tak paispamtk mrkm, frih waoga sihkîhmd Ukroil sakrls wkrk fiudl (Vmd lkr Viirt, Uikbhmd & Vmd Ks =?0?, <7;). Nmskl id tak odotomb paispamtk

Fo`. OV.> Fbuvomb systkhs od tak Pocj noc Luurstklk hmgri-rkòid (mftkr Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=: Nkrkdlskd kt mb . >55= mdlWtiutamhkr >55=).

m3 fbuvomb systkhs, n3 grkvmssk lkpisots, g3 rovkr ludks, l3 kxgmvmtkl mrkms.



=55


lostronutoids hmps privolkl ny Uikbhmd, mditakr siobhmppod` gmhpmo`d wms udlkrtmjkd ny Vmd lkr Ammf od=?0> od irlkr ti nkttkr lkfodk tak kxtkdt if tak paispamtklostronutoid (fo`. OV.7, n: Vmd lkr Ammf =?0>). Nmsklid tak mnivk inskrvmtoids, tak mrkm if Lk Airlkd wmsrk`mrlkl ms m îhmd Ukroil skttbkhkdt sotk. Od =?00 mfokblwmbjod` gmhpmo`d wms udlkrtmjkd, waoga yokblklidby (sun)rkgkdt pittkry (Vmd Ks kt mb. =?01, 7;, gf. VmdKs kt mb. =?1<n: =?16n).

\ak ‑Lk Airlkd‟ mdl ‑Lk @kkr‟ kxgmvmtoidsOd irlkr ti odvksto`mtk tak prkskdgk, lmtod`, prkskrvmtoidmdl kxtkdt if pissonbk skttbkhkdt trmgks mt Lk Airlkd,m bmr`k (15 ny =5 h) kmst-wkst tkst trkdga wms lu` od=?00. Dkmr tak wkst kdl if tamt trkdga, Bmtk Orid M`kmdl îhmd pkroil fkmturks mdl fodls wkrk kdgiudtkrkl.

Frih tamt piodt idwmrl, trkdgaks if <5 ny >5 h wolkwkrk lu` ti systkhmtogmbby odvksto`mtk taksk rkhmods(Vmd Ks kt mb . =?01, 7;). Mftkr tak inskrvkl fkmturks wkrklrmwd, taky wkrk skmrgakl fir fodls up ti m lkpta if =5->5 gh (Akssod` =?1;, =?). Mftkr taos stm`k, tak trkdgakswkrk lu` liwd m`mod hkgamdogmbby =5->5 gh mdl tak prigkss wms rkpkmtkl. [p udtob =?15, trkdgaks wkrk lu` liwdm hmxohuh if fiur bkvkbs (P. Akssod`, pkrs. gihh., Cudk >556, skk fo`. OV.<) waoga `rkmtby rklugkl tak gamdgk iflosgivkrod` Nridzk M`k rkhmods tamt mrk `kdkrmbby sotumtkl ;5 gh nkbiw taisk if tak Bmtkr Orid M`k mdl îhmd

pkroil (gf. Akssod` =?1;, =1 fo`. =5: =?1?, 715 fo`. ?).\amt pmrt if m Nridzk M`k aiusk-sotk aml didktakbkss nkkd udgivkrkl ny tamt tohk (Bkttkrbï =?1;, 775),

gmd nk kxpbmodkl ny tak fmgt tamt tamt od tak siutawkst, tak wkstkrdhist top if m sboàtby aoàkr pmrt if tak bmdlsgmpkwms tiugakl upid id tak biwkst kxgmvmtoid bkvkb (skk fo`.

OV.<, aiusk ==).\ak prkbohodmry rksubts fir tak prkaostirog rkhmodsudgivkrkl wotaod tak Lk Airlkd kxgmvmtoids ny =?15wkrk punbosakl ny Bkttkrbï (=?1;). Pota aodlsoàt, aos‑fudkrmry kdgbisurk‟ os nkttkr odtkrprktkl ms pmrt if takaiusk-sotk lotgaks mriudl m Nridzk M`k fmrhaiusk. \aktwi grkhmtoids tamt spmrjkl tak fudkrmry odtkrprktmtoid(Bkttkrbï =?1;, 775, dis. ;=;->-=: ;=;->->), wkrk bmtkrrmloigmrnid lmtkl ti tak Hollbk- ir Bmtk Orid M`k (P.Akssod`, pkrs. gihh., Cudk >556: gf. Vmd Ks kt mb . =?0?,<=). Od mllotoid, sihk gihhkdts saiubl nk hmlk id taklostronutoid lom`rmh punbosakl ny Bkttkrbï (=?1;, 77> fo`.7). Od taos foùrk, tak (sihktohks mbsi qumrts-tkhpkrkl:

gf. Akssod` =?1?, 77<-7<7) Kmrby Orid M`k pittkry hmyamvk nkkd odgbulkl mdl gidskqukdtby amvk lostirtkl taklostronutoid pbit (onol., gf. Bkttkrbï =?1;, 77> fo`. 7 vkrsusAkssod` =??=, <7 fo`. <7). _kt, diw tamt tak prkskdgk ifNridzk M`k rkhmods wms ti nk kxpkgtkl, tak trkdgakswkrk lu` liwd lkkpkr (`kdkrmbby fovk ti sox bkvkbs:Akssod` =?1;, =?). Od taos fmsaoid, tak rkhmodod` pmrt ifLk Airlkd wms kxgmvmtkl.

Fo`. OV.7 Hmxohuh kxtkdt if paispamtk losgibirmtoids mdl hmod

Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdt trmgks (mftkr Vmd lkr Viirt, Uikbhmd & VmdKs =?0?, <;; f o`. 1 mdl Akssod` =??=, <7 fo`. >).

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 paispamtk losgibirmtoids, g3 Nridzk M`kaiusk-sotks.

Fo`. OV.< Kxgmvmtoids mt Lk Airlkd id smdl lkpta hmp (mftkr VmdSocvkrlkd >55<m). \ak mrkm kxgmvmtkl ny =?15 os odlogmtkl.

m3 di odfirhmtoid id smdl-lkpta, n3 smdl lkpta (boàt3 7-< h mnivkLIL, hklouh3 7-> h, lmrjkr3 nkbiw = h), g3 Nridzk M`k aiusk-sotks, l3 mrkm kxgmvmtkl up ti =?15 ML.



=5=


Od tak wodtkr if =?17, m bmr`k duhnkr if shmbb (g. 7;5, hmxohuh idk ny idk hktkr) tkst-pots wkrk lu` hkgamdogmbby nkyidl tak takd kxostod` kxgmvmtoid kxtkdts ti furtakr odvksto`mtk tak lostronutoid if skttbkhkdt trmgks fir mbb pkroils(Akssod` & Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =5). khmrjmnby, idby twi tkst-pots yokblkl Nridzk M`k fodls. Idk wms bmtkr-id kxgmvmtklmdl os diw jdiwd ms aiusk(-sotk) tkd (P. Akssod`, pkrs. gihh., Cudk >556). \aos rmtakr suggkssfub losgivkry saiubl,aiwkvkr, mbsi nk skkd od boàt if tak dodk itakr aiusk-sotks amvod` idk udditogkl (gf. Akssod` =??<, >75). Od mllotoid,ykt mditakr girod` gmhpmo`d wms udlkrtmjkd nktwkkd =?17 mdl =?1;. M titmb if 7>5 girod`s, sihk up ti 0 h lkkp,wkrk mllkl ny Wtkkdnkkj ti tak lmtmskt mbrkmly `mtakrkl ny hr. Uikbhmd od =?01 (Akssod` & Wtkkdnkkj =??5, ?-=5: Vmd lkr Viirt, Uikbhmd & Vmd Ks =?0?). \aksk girod`s skrvkl ti nkttkr udlkrstmdl tak skttbkhkdt sotks od takorbmdlsgmpk skttod` mdl wkrk pmrt if Wtkkdnkkj‟s losskrtmtoid id tak lkvkbiphkdt if vk`ktmtoid airozids od tak Lutgarovkr mrkm (onol. mdl Wtkkdnkkj =??5, ksp. <0-=7<: >5=->=<). \ak bmst kxgmvmtoid gmhpmo`ds mt Lk Airlkd kdlkl odHmy =?10 (Vmd Ks kt mb. =?11, <=).

Frih =?1? ti =??<, kxgmvmtoids wkrk udlkrtmjkd mt tak pbmddkl aiusod` kstmtk jdiwd ms ‑Lk @kkr‟ (VmdKs, Buttkr & Vmd Ligjuh =??5, <1). \akrk, trkdgaks hkmsurkl 75 ny =; h mdl wkrk mbsi lu` liwd m bohotkl duhnkrif bkvkbs (C. vmd Liksnur`, pkrs. gihh., Mu`. >556). Od tak dirta-wkst pmrt, rkbogts if twi Nridzk M`k aiusk-sotkswkrk losgivkrkl. \aky wkrk sotumtkl id ‗ histby krilkl ‗ bkvkk lkpisots mt m strmto`rmpaog bkvkb nkbiw tamt if takunoquotius Bmtk Orid M`k mdl yiud`kr pkroil fkmturks (Vmd Ks kt mb. =??>, <7-<<: Vmd Ks kt mb. =??7, <7). Idby od tak

biwkrhist pmrts if tak firhkr Nridzk M`k bmdlsgmpk aml m vk`ktmtoid airozid nkkd prkskrvkl. Od tak kmstkrd pmrtsif tak Lk @kkr kxgmvmtoids, odgolkdtmb ‑prkaostirog‟ trmgks giubl nk rkgi`dozkl od tak skgtoids nut ‗ ms mt taos sotkstak yiud`kr pkroils if usk firhkl tak hmod tipog if odtkrkst ‗ di systkhmtog odvksto`mtoids odti tak (Nridzk M`k)iggupmtoid wkrk udlkrtmjkd takrk (Vmd Ks kt mb. =??>, <<). Od skgtoids mt tak bigmtoid if Nridzk M`k trmgks, kvkdiblkr (Dkibotaog9) trmgks giubl nk inskrvkl mt strmto`rmpaogmbby lkkpkr bkvkbs (C. vmd Liksnur`, pkrs. gihh., Mu`.>556). Di loòtozkl kxgmvmtoid pbmds wkrk mvmobmnbk fir Lk Airlkd ir Lk @kkr. Ms ot wms dit dkgkssmry fir taosstuly ti loòtozk tak gihpbktk pbmds, pmrts if tak pmpkr (hubto-bkvkb, = ti ;55 h sgmbk) pbmds wkrk loòtozkl mdlgakgjkl wota tak iroòdmb fokbl lrmwod`s. \ak iutbodks if tak kxgmvmtkl mrkms wkrk mvmobmnbk ms loòtmb hmps odtak Lutga giirlodmtk systkhs. Akdgk, hmps wota tak iutbodk (mdl tak twi aiusk-sotks frih Lk @kkr) mrk skt od tak

Dktakrbmdls giirlodmtk systkh. Ms fir odlovolumb aiusk-sotks if Lk Airlkd di suffogokdt mggurmgy giubl nk mgaokvkl,taky mrk dit lospbmykl akrk od rkbmtoid ti tak Lutga giirlodmtk systkh.


Kmrby mdl Hollbk Dkibotaog\ak f buvomb systkhs jdiwd ms ‑A^-=‟ mdl ‑A^->‟ mrk tak forst jdiwd Aibigkdk fbuvomb systkhs mgtovk wotaod tak Pocj

noc Luurstklk mrkm. \akor pamsk if mgtovoty os kstohmtkl nktwkkd g. == ti 1.; jyr NU fir A^-= mdl nktwkkd g. 1.; mdl0 jyr NU fir A^-> (Giakd >557, =;1). \ak gamddkb-nkl mdl bkvkk lkpisots if A^-> udlkrbok taisk if tak yiud`krHmuroj fbuvomb systkh (skk nkbiw). Urksuhmnby, skvkrmb itakr Kmrby Aibigkdk fbuvomb systkhs wkrk prkskdt. FoùrkOV.; lkpogts idk if tak skgtoids lrmwd fir tak Pocj noc Luurstklk mrkm ms pmrt if m rkgkdt pmbmki`ki`rmpaogmb stuly(Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<m). Ot saiws tak kxostkdgk if mt bkmst twi ykt udhmppkl mdl uddmhkl fbuvomb systkhs (fo`. OV.;:‑u=‟, ‑u>/u7‟). \ak lkpta if taksk systkhs hmy odlogmtk tamt taky prk-lmtk tak Hmuroj fbuvomb systkh (tak smdl-lkpta

if tak Hmuroj systkh os =.?->.6 h mnivk L.I.L: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >556 (>55=), <=). Fir tak Hmuroj fbuvomb systkh, skvkrmb rmloigmrnid lmtks ‗ if pkmt lorkgtby udlkrdkmta tak fbiilnmsod lkpisotsmttronutkl ti tak Hmuroj systkh ‗ odlogmtk m stmrt if sklohkdtmtoid nktwkkd g. ;705 ti <155 gmb NG (Giakd >557,=6>-=67: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >556 (>55=), <=). Urksuhmnby, sihk mvubsoids frih taos systkh lol tmjk pbmgk. Idksuga pissonbk mvubsoid wms losgivkrkl ny Wtkkdnkkj mdl bmnkbbkl tak ‑Hollkbwk`‟ fbuvomb systkh. \aos systkh amsdit nkkd lmtkl lorkgtby ir hmppkl od hirk lktmob, nut mppkmrs ti prkgklk tak Pkrjaivkd fbuvomb systkh (Wtkkdnkkj=??5, ;0-6=, gf. Nkrkdlskd =?1>, =6>, tak vmrokl smdl-lkpta if tak Pkrjaivkd systkh od fo`. OV.; hmy mbsi odlogmtkrkcuvkdmtoid). \ak Hmuroj gamddkb-nkl lkpisots wkrk rkiggupokl ny tak Sikbhidl fbuvomb systkh, waoga hmy amvkfirhkl tak upstrkmh giddkgtoid if tak Soclkrvkbl fbuvomb systkh (skk Mppkdlox O). Ukmt ivkrbyod` tak Hmuroj bkvkk



=5>


lkpisots wms rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti g. <>>5-<5;5 gmb NG mdl os uskl nita fir tak gkssmtoid if sklohkdtmtoid ny tak

Hmuroj systkh mdl tak stmrt lmtk fir Sikbhidl sklohkdtmtoid (@rD-=><6=3 ;7;5 ½ <5 NU: Wtiutamhkr >55=, =05).\ak Sikbhidl rkcuvkdmtoid prksuhmnby bmstkl udtob g. 7015-7715 gmb NG, nmskl id m lmtk if pkmt id tip if grkvmssklkpisots mttronutkl ti tak Sikbhidl systkh ([tG-=50<03 <1;5 ½ 65 NU: Giakd, @iuw & Aibtkd >557, Vmd Socvkrlkd>55<m) mdl tak rksolumb ùbby lmtks fir ots liwdstrkmh giddkgtoid: tak Soclkrvkbl fbuvomb systkh (skk Mppkdlox O). \ak Pkrjaivkd fbuvomb systkh pissonby mbsi rkprkskdts md mvubsoid frih tak Hmuroj fbuvomb systkh.^mloigmrnid lmtks fir pkmt mdl nitmdogmb hmgri-fissobs odlogmtk tamt sklohkdtmtoid ny tak Pkrjaivkd systkh stmrtklmriudl g. >115->;55 gmb NG (k.`. @rD-105;3 <==5 ½ <5 NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, ><> ir @rD-=>=6<3 <=75½ <5 NU: Wtkkdnkkj =??5, 67). Md mvmobmnbk iblkr lmtk if g. <6?5-<7;5 gmb NG (Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, ><>)os m tkrhodus pist qukh lmtk tamt hmy rkbmtk ti tak odotomb pamsk if Pkrjaikvkd sklohkdtmtoid (ir ots prkgursir, takHollkbwk` systkh). \ak vmrokl smdllkpta if tak Pkrjaivkd gamddkb-nkl lkpisots (fo`. OV.;) su``kst hubtopbk pamsksif mgtovoty ny tak Pkrjaivkd fbuvomb systkh. \ak Lwmrslocj fbuvomb systkh od tak wkst if tak Pocj noc Luurstklkhmgri-rkòid os odtkrprktkl ms md mvubsoid frih tak Pkrjaivkd tamt giddkgtkl liwdstrkmh ti tak Wgaiidrkwikrlfbuvomb systkh (skk Mppkdlox O: Wtiutamhkr >55=, 7>). Ms lorkgt lmtks mrk bmgjod` fir tak Lwmrslocj systkh, tak stmrt

lmtks fir tak Wgaiidrkwikrl fbuvomb systkh mrk mbsi mppbokl ti taos systkh (g. 7;55 ti 75=5 gmb NG: Mppkdlox O:Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, =?1).

Fodls if Kmrby- mdl Hollbk Dkibotaog m`k mrk rmrk od tak Pocj noc Luurstklk hmgri-rkòid, mbtaiuà mt twiti fiur jh nkyidl tak hmgri-rkòid pripkr, fodl-spits if wirjkl mdtbkr mdl fbodt tiibs if prksuhkl Hollbk DkibotaogM`k mrk jdiwd (Mrgaos >60?>: >>1<?). Mt g. 055 h dirta if Pocj noc Luurstklk vobbm`k‟s gkdtrk, m stidk mxk if

pissonbk Hollbk Dkibotaog m`k wms fiudl (fo`. OV.6, di =>5<0: Mrgaos =>5<0). Mbtaiuà tak m`k if m duhnkr if f bodtfrm`hkdt rkgivkrkl frih m smdl-lrklòd` sotk mt Nkusogakh-Ausskd gmddit nk mssksskl prkgoskby, taky mrk mbsi bostklmt taos piodt (fo`. OV.6, di ?61: Mrdiblusskd >555, 76).

Fo`. OV.; Wkgtoid if girod`s od tak Pocj noc Luurstklk hksi-rkòid (M3 ivkrvokw hmod fbuvomb systkhs, skgtoid mdl kxgmvmtoids (mftkrWtiutamhkr >55=, =7; fo`. ;.7m), N3 smdllkpta hmp, skgtoids mdl odlovolumb girod`s (mftkr Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<m, fo`. <), G3 prifobk (mftkr VmdSocvkrlkd >55<m, fo`. <: boàt samlks3 gamddkb nkl lkpisots, hol-tidks3 bkvkkmdl grkvmssk lkpisots, lmrj samlk3 fbiilnmsod lkpisots).



=57


Frih idk if tak =?17 tkst pots ti tak kmst if tak Lk Airlkd kxgmvmtoid, m samftkl mdtbkr tiib, m wobl nimr saiublkr nbmlk mdl m fbodt nbmlk wkrk rkgivkrkl (Vmd Ks kt mb. =?10, ;>: Vmd Ks kt mb. =?11, <5: Akssod` & Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =;:fo`. 6: Bmmrhmd =??6, 701). Mbb hmy lmtk ti tak Hollbk Dkibotaog, mbtaiuà md kvkd kmrbokr lmtk gmddit nk kxgbulklgihpbktkby (Akssod` =?1;, =7: Akssod` & Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =6). \ak fodls mrk odtkrprktkl ms amvod` nkkd odgirpirmtklodti tak Pkrjaivkd gamddkb lkpisots mftkr amvod` nkkd krilkl frih sotk dkmrny (pissonby sotumtkl id tip if tak iblkrHollkbwk` lkpisots: Akssod` & Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =6: Wtkkdnkkj, îkbkvkbl & Niadgjk =??5, =56).Potaod tak hirk kxtkdsovkby kxgmvmtkl mrkm, skvkrmb fbodt mrtkfmgts ‗ mhid` waoga nbmlk frm`hkdts mdl sgrmpkrs

‗ giubl lmtk ti tak Hollbk- ir Bmtk Dkibotaog nmskl id takor pisotoid id tip if tak (Hollkbwk` ir) Pkrjaivkd bkvkklkpisots (Bkttkrbï =?1;, 77;-77?). \ak smhk mppboks ti m frm`hkdt if m pibosakl qumrtzotk mxk tamt wms mbsi fiudl(onol.). Od skvkrmb skgtoids if tak kxgmvmtoid trkdgaks mt Lk @kkr, fkmturks mrk vosonbk mt m bkvkb wkbb (4 75 gh) nkbiwtamt if tak Nridzk M`k (k.`. od tak siuta mdl dirta skgtoids if trkdga 0??: iroòdmb liguhkdtmtoid). Urksuhmnby, takygidgkrd hollbk- ir bmtk Dkibotaog mgtovotoks, nut takor kxmgt m`k rkhmods udjdiwd. Mditakr vkry wkmj odlogmtoid firauhmd mgtovotoks mt Lk @kkr lurod` tak (bmtk9) Dkibotaog os tak inskrvmtoid tamt sihk wiilkd stmjks rkgivkrkl frih

tak bodod` if m lkprkssoid wkrk pissonby wirjkl wota stidk mxks (Vmd Ks kt mb. =??>, <1). Wkvkrmb fmgtirs kxpbmod tak sgmrgoty if Kmrby- mdl Hollbk Dkibotaog fodl-spits wotaod tak Pocj noc Luurstklkhmgri-rkòid. Forst, bohotkl mrgamkibiògmb rkskmrga spkgofogmbby mohkl mt tak mrgamkibi`y if taksk pkroils ams nkkdudlkrtmjkd. Wkgidl, tak rkhmods frih taksk pkroils mrk `kdkrmbby khnkllkl odti lkpisots nkyidl tak rkmga ifgurrkdt pbiuà m`rogubturk, waoga hkdms tamt fkw rkhmods `kt trmdspirtkl ti tak surfmgk wakrk takygiubl nk hirkkmsoby lktkgtkl. \aorl, huga if tak Pocj noc Luurstklk hmgri-rkòid‟s surfmgk os givkrkl ny wolk gamddkb nkbts ifhkmdlkrod` rovkrs. Wuga fbuvomb systkhs gmd kmsoby amvk krilkl mdl rkwirjkl udlkrbyod` (Dkibotaog) prklkgkssirsmdl tak pissonbk mrgamkibiògmb sotks takrkid.

Fo`. OV.6 Kmrby- mdl Hollbk Dkibotaog fbuvomb systkhs mdl fodl-spits od tak Pocj noc Luurstklk hmgri-rkòid (fobbkl syhnibs odlogmtk gkrtmodolkdtofogmtoids, iutbodkl syhnibs odlogmtk udgbkmr olkdtofogmtoids).

m3 Pocj noc Luurstklk kxgmvmtoids, n3 mgtovk fbuvomb sys tkhs, g3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, l3 fbodt tiibs, k3 mdtbkr tiibs.



=5<


Bmtk DkibotaogWklohkdtmtoid ny tak Lwmrslocj fbuvomb systkh ‗ nmskl id tak giddkgtoid liwdstrkmh ti tak Wgaiidrkwikrl fbuvombsystkh ‗ kdlkl mriudl g. ><65 ti >=<5 gmb NG (Mppkdlox O: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, =?1). Mt taos tohk,forst sklohkdtmtoid ny tak Aiutkd fbuvomb systkh mbsi tiij pbmgk. \aos systkh rk-iggupokl mdl krilkl huga if takPkrjaivkd lkpisots (fo`. OV.0). M smhpbk if pkmty gbmy udlkrdkmta tak Aiutkd systkh‟s ivkrnmdj lkpisots wms lmtklti g. ><65->5<5 gmb NG (@rD-?=;>3 70?; ½ ;; NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, >5?). \aos lmtk os taus uskl nyWtiutamhkr (>55=, =7<) ms tak kdl lmtk if tak Pkrjaivkd fbuvomb systkh. Wihk pmrts if tak rksolumb ùbby hmy amvkrkhmodkl wmtkrbi``kl fir quotk m waobk, ms os odlogmtkl ny m rmloigmrnid lmtkl smhpbk if pkmt frih tak rksolumb ùbby(g. =115-=675 gmb NG: @rD-105;3 7<75 ½ <5 NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, ><>).

Kvolkdgk fir auhmd mgtovotoks od tak Pocj noc Luurstklk hmgri-rkòid lurod` tak Bmtk Dkibotaog os bohotkl. Wihk pissonby Bmtk Dkibotaog pittkry wms rkgivkrkl frih tak Lk Airlkd kxgmvmtoid (Akssod` & Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =6,

gidtrm Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =7=) nut ms taksk sakrls amvk dit nkkd lkpogtkl ot rkhmods udgbkmr ti wamt pamsk if tak Bmtk Dkibotaog taky nkbid`. Bmtk Dkibotaog fkmturks mrk mbsi hkdtoidkl od prkbohodmry rkpirts, nut di lktmobs id takor dmturkir lmtod` os mvmobmnbk (Akssod` =??<, >>6). \wi if tak fbodt mrriwakmls rkgivkrkl hmy lmtk ti tak Bmtk Dkibotaog irtak Kmrby Nridzk M`k (Bkttkrbï =?1;, 77; fo`. <, dis. ; mdl 0). Mllotoidmbby, twi fbodt nmrnkl-mdl-tmd`kl mrriwakmlswkrk rkgivkrkl frih tak kxgmvmtoids mt Lk @kkr (C. vmd Liksnur`, pkrs. gihh., Mu`. >556) nut ms takyamvk dit nkkd

punbosakl, taky gmd idby tkdtmtovkby nk lmtkl tak tak Bmtk Dkibotaog akrk.\ak gihnodkl hogri-hirpaibiògmb, `kibiògmb mdl pmbmkinitmdogmb mdmbysks ny Wtkkdnkkj odlogmtkl tamt

lurod` tak Bmtk Dkibotaog-N (g. >;55->555 gmb NG) pmrts if tak Pkrjaivkd fbuvomb systkh‟s lkpisots risk mniutidk hktkr mnivk tak fbiilnmsod mdl giubl suppirt amnotmtoid (Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =7=, fo`. >;=). Od tak fbiilnmsod ti

Fo`. OV.0 Bmtk Dkibotaog fbuvomb systkhs mdl fodl-spits od tak Pocj noc Luurstklk hmgri-rkòid (fobbkl syhnibs odlogmtk gkr tmod olkdtofogmtoids,iutbodkl syhnibs odlogmtk udgbkmr olkdtof ogmtoids).

m3 Pocj noc Luurstklk kxgmvmtoids, n3 mgtovk fbuvomb systkhs, g3 fissob fbuvomb systkhs, l3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, k3 pittkry, f3 fbodt tiibs, `3fkmturks.



=5;


tak siuta if tak Pkrjaivkd gamddkb-nkl lkpisots, mt bkmst twi vk`ktmtoid airozids giubl firh (onol.: Akssod` &Wtkkdnkkj =??5, >; fo`. =>). \ak tip mdl nittih if tak biwkrhist if taksk vk`ktmtoid airoizds wms rmloigmrnid lmtklti nktwkkd >?;5/>755 ti >;15/>=?5 gmb NG (@rD-=>=6<3 <=75 ½ ==5 NU mdl @rD-=>=6>3 7?=5 ½ 05: Wtkkdnkkj =??5,60). Di Bmtk Dkibotaog fodls mrk jdiwd ykt frih tak wolkr hmgri-rkòid nkyidl tak Pocj noc Luurstklk kxgmvmtoids.Uissonby, tak dkmrby gidskgutovk mgtovk pamsks if tak Lwmrslocj, Pkrjaivkd mdl Aiutkd fbuvomb systkhs, lol ditgrkmtk fmviurmnbk gidlotoids fir amnotmtoid od bmr`kr pmrt if tak Pocj noc Luurstklk hmgri-rkòid.

Kmrby Nridzk M`k mdl Hollbk Nridzk M`k-MLurod` tak Kmrby Nridzk M`k mdl Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M pkroils, tak Aiutkd fbuvomb systkh wms tak sod`bk bmr`krfbuvomb systkh mgtovk wotaod tak Pocj noc Luurstklk hmgri-rkòid (fo` OV.1). Od tak siutakrd fbiilnmsod gbmy wmsm`mod lkpisotkl, nut ny tak kdl if taksk pkroils, ykt mditakr vk`ktmtoid airozid giubl firh (Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =7=:fo`. >.;.=: Akssod` & Wtkkdnkkj =??5, >; fo`. =>). \ak nittih mdl tip if taos vk`ktmtoid airozid wkrk lmtkl ti g.>>?5-=?>5 mdl >5>5-=6?5 gmb NG rkspkgtovkby (@rD-=>=;?3 7055 ½ 65 NU mdl @rD-=>0763 7;>5 ½ 65 NU: Akssod` &Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =6).

\ak kxgmvmtoids mt Lk Airlkd amvk yokblkl sihk botaog mdl gkrmhog frm`hkdts frih tak wkstkrd pmr t if tak kxgmvmtoidstamt hmy nk mssigomtkl wota taos pamsk if rklugkl f buvomb mgtovoty mriudl >555 ti =055 gmb NG (Bkttkrbï =?1;: Akssod`& Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =0). \ak gkrmhogs rkgivkrkl tamt mrk lmtmnbk ti taksk pkroils (Bkttkrbï =?1;, 7<=-7<>) gidgkrdsakrls lkgirmtkl od pitnkmjkr trmlotoid (k.`. v-sampkl pmorkl fod`krtop ohprkssoids, d 8 =), Nmrnkl-Pork stmhplkgirmtkl sakrls (d 8 >) mdl Aobvkrsuh-stybk lkgirmtkl sakrls (o.k. vkrtogmb ir mdùbmr hitovks nktwkkd saiublkr mdlroh, usod` (ohotmtoids if) girl-ohprkssoids, d 8 >). Mhid` tak botaog rkhmods rkgivkrkl, m fbodt mrriwakml waisk

nmrns kxtkdl nkbiw ‗ mdl mrk gamhfkrkl tiwmrls ‗ tak tmd` wms fidl. \aos typk os lmtmnbk ti tak Kmrby Nridzk M`k(B.-U. Biuwk Jiiochmds, pkrs. gihh., Hmy >55<).

Fo`. OV.1 Kmrby Nridzk M`k mdl Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M fbuvomb systkhs mdl fodl -spits od tak Pocj noc Luurstklk hmgri-rkòid (fobbkl syhnibsodlogmtk gkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids, iutbodkl syhnibs odlogmtk udgbkmr olkdtofogmtoids).

m3 Pocj noc Luurstklk kxgmvmtoids, n3 mgtovk fbuvomb systkhs, g3 fissob fbuvomb systkhs, l3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, k3 pittkry, f3 fbodt tiibs.



=56


Mggirlod` ti Akssod` (pkrs. gihh., Cudk>556) hist fbodt otkhs mdl pistaibksmttronutkl ti taksk twi pkroils gbustkrklmriudl m lkprkssoid (rksolumb grkvmsskgamddkb ir swmbk ùbby9) od tak dirta-wkstif tak Lk Airlkd kxgmvmtoids (fo`. OV.?: gf. tak littkl mrkm id Bkttkrbï =?1;, 77> fo`. 7:Akssod` & Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =0). Uissonby,mbsi sihk mgtovotoks wkrk gmrrokl iut odtak kmstkrd pmrt if Lk Airlkd. M îhmd

pkroil `rmvk gidtmodkl m fbodt sgrmpkrmdl gamrgimb tamt wms lmtkl ti g. =?55-=;>5 gmb NG (@rD-=;??03 7<>5 ½ 05 NU:v6;5.;.55<: Vmd ^k`tkrkd Mbtkdm =?10).\wi ‑Nmrnkl Pork‟-stmhp lkgirmtklsakrls wkrk fiudl ny sgaiibgaoblrkd

mt Lk @kkr, nut takor gidtkxt rkhmodsudjdiwd (C. vmd Liksnur`, pkrs.gihh., Mu`. >556). Iutsolk tak Pocj nocLuurstklk kxgmvmtoids, di Kmrby NridzkM`k ir Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M fodl-spitsmrk jdiwd frih wotaod tak Pocj nocLuurstklk hmgri-rkòid. Urksuhmnby, takkxpbmdmtoids iffkrkl mnivk fir tak mnskdgkif fodls frih iblkr pkroils mbsi mppby akrk.

Ny tak kdl if taksk pkroils, fbiilnmsod sklohkdtmtoid ny tak Aiutkd systkh m`mod odgrkmskl mdl mbb nuttak aoàkst mrkms if tak Pocj noc Luurstklk hksi-rkòid wkrk idgk hirk givkrkl ny grkvmssk lkpisots mdl gbmy(Wtkkdnkkj =??5, 60: =7=: fo`. >.;.=: Akssod` & Wtkkdnkkj =??5, >; f o`. =>). \ak fbiilnmsod lkpisots diw kxtkdlkl ti

id tip if tak firhkr Pkrjaivkd gamddkb-nkl mdl bkvkk lkpisots.

Hollbk Nridzk M`k-NOd tak tip if tak givkr if fbiilnmsod lkpisots rkfkrrkl ti mnivk, m dkw vk`ktmtoid airozid m`mod firhkl (Wtkkdnkkj=??5, 60: =7=: fo`. >.;.=: Akssod` & Wtkkdnkkj =??5, >; fo`. =>). \wi nubj smhpbks if auhog gbmy frih taos vk`ktmtoidairozid wkrk lmtkl ti =<75-=5;5 mdl =>65-?>5 gmb NG rkspkgtovkby (@rD-=>07;3 75>5 ½ 05 NU mdl @rD-=>=;<3>1?5 ½ ;5 NU: Wtkkdnkkj =??5, 60: 05). \aos su``ksts tamt tariuàiut tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N, fbiilod` lol ditso`dofogmdtby mffkgt vk`ktmtoid lkvkbiphkdt mdl tamt gidlotoids wkrk fmviurmnbk ti auhmd iggupmdts. \ariuàiut takHollbk Nridzk M`k-N, tak Aiutkd fbuvomb systkh wms stobb tak idby hmod mgtovk rovkr giursk od tak Pocj noc Luurstklkhmgri-rkòid (fo`. OV.=5).

Fir taos pkroil, m`mod sihk pissonbk fodl-spits mrk jdiwd frih iutsolk tak kxgmvmtkl mrkms. Lurod` mfokblwmbjod` gmhpmo`d udlkrtmjkd ny tak Wtmtk Wkrvogk fir Mrgamkibiògmb Odvksto`mtoids (ÎN, diw ^MGH)od =?15, m sod`bk Nridzk M`k sakrl ‗ od mllotoid ti yiud`kr pkroil gkrmhogs ‗ wms fiudl (fo`. OV.=5, di =5;75:

Mrgaos =5;75). Od =?11, Nridzk M`k sakrls, m fbodt fbmjk, sihk stidk mdl nidk frm`hkdts wkrk losgivkrkl mt 5.0;ti 5.?; h lkpta od m skgtoid if m gidstrugtoid sotk dkmr Nkusogakh-Uoktkrstkk` (fo`. OV.=5, di =60;5: Mrgaos =60;5).[dfirtudmtkby, tak sakrls gmddit nk lmtkl hirk prkgoskby tamd ‑Nridzk M`k‟ mdl tak dmturk if tak lkpisots od waogataky wkrk khnkllkl rkhmods udgbkmr. Mbtaiuà m Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N stmrt if sklohkdtmtoid os gidsolkrkl m

pissonoboty fir tak ^mvkdswmmoc systkh id waoga sotk di =60;5 mppkmrs ti nk sotumtkl, taos wiubl su``kst tamt taos sotkrkprkskdts mgtovotoks id md mgtovk fbuvomb systkh (Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, >75: tak ^mvkdswmmoc os taiuàt tigriss-gut tak Akddoslocj systkh: skk Mppkdlox O). Ot os, aiwkvkr, kqumbby wkbb pissonbk tamt tak fodls mrk khnkllkl od(tak grkvmssks ir bkvkk lkpisots if) m ykt udjdiwd ^mvkdswmmoc prkgursir. \ak `kibiògmb gidtkxt if tak sakrls frihNkusogakh os mbsi udgbkmr. \aksk sakrls giubl iroòdmtk frih (krilkl) grkvmssk ir bkvkk lkpisots if tak Pkrjaivkd

Fo`. OV.? Wmdl-lkpta hmp wota (pmrtomb) lostronutoid if fbodt mdl lkprkssoid odlogmtkl.

m3 smdl-lkpta (boàt3 7-< h mnivk LIL, hklouh3 7-> h, lmrjkr3 nkbiw = h), n3 fbodtfrm`hkdts (bmr`kst gorgbks rkprkskdts ivkr 75 frm`hkdts, shmbbkst gorgbk rkprkskdtidk ti fiur frm`hkdts), k3 lkprkssoid (mftkr Bkttkrbï =?1;, 77> fo`. 7), l3 kxtkdt firwaoga fbodt lostronutoid wms mdmbyskl ny Bkttkrbï (=?1;).



=50


fbuvomb systkh, nut hmy kqumbby wkbb nk sotumtkl id tip if (grkvmssk lkpisots iroòdmtod` frih) tak Aiutkd fbuvombsystkh. Mggirlod` ti tak mrgamkibiògmb odvkdtiry systkh Mrgaos hmodtmodkl ny tak Wtmtk Wkrvogk fir MrgamkibiògmbOdvksto`mtoids (ÎN, diw ^MGH) sihk (9) Nridzk M`k rkhmods wkrk mbsi udgivkrkl lurod` tak kxgmvmtoids if takKmrby Hklomkvmb vobbm`k if Lirkstmt mt tak bigmtoid jdiwd ms ‑Pocj noc Luurstklk - Lk Akub‟ (fo`. OV.=5, di >?0==:Mrgaos >?0==). [dfirtudmtkby, suga fodls mrk dit hkdtoidkl od tak punbogmtoids quitkl fir taos Mrgaos duhnkr, waogahkmds tamt ot rkhmods udgbkmr wamt taos fodl-spit mgtumbby rkprkskdts.

Fir tak kxgmvmtoids jdiwd ms ‑Lk @kkr‟ mdl ‑Lk Airlkd‟, m huga gbkmrkr pogturk if tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N mgtovotoks khkr`ks. Lurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N m hodohuh if tkd aiusk-sotks (koàt ti tkd mt Lk Airlkd mdltwi mt Lk @kkr) wobb amvk nkkd gidstrugtkl od tak Pocj noc Luurstklk hksi-rkòid lurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N.\ak rksubts frih tak kxgmvmtoids mt Lk Airlkd mdl Lk @kkr wobb nk losgusskl nkbiw.

Kxgmvmtoids mt ‑Lk Airlkd‟ Od tak pmrts if Lk Airlkd kxgmvmtkl proir ti =?15 (skk fo`. OV.==), sihk mllotoidmb Nridzk M`k aiusk-sotks hmy ‗ lukti tak hktailibi`y mppbokl (skk mnivk) ‗ amvk ìdk udlktkgtkl. \ak aoàkr lkdsoty if aiusk-sotks od tak dirta-kmst

pmrt if tak Lk Airlkd kxgmvmtoids hmy mbsi nk rkbmtkl ti tak fmgt tamt taisk mrkms wkrk tak aoàkst pmrts if tak hogri-tipi`rmpaog bmdlsgmpk (fo`. OV.==: Akssod` & Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =<-=; fo`s. <-;).

Aiusk-sotk idk gihprosks m fmrhaiusk if ivkr >= h od bkd`ta mdl tarkk iutnuoblod`s wotaod dodk hktkrlostmdgk (fo`. OV.==). \ak pbmgkhkdt if tak skts if riif-nkmrod` pists if tak aiusk mppkmrs ti nk sjkwkl ( o.k. tak bodk

nktwkkd twi ippisotk riif-nkmrod` pists os dit kxmgtby pkrpkdlogubmr ti tak bidòtulodmb mxos if tak aiusk). Mt nitasairt solks, m skt if pists wota m dmrriwkr spmd (md ‑kdtrmdgk pirtmb‟) hmy amvk nkkd prkskdt. \ak idk od tak KWK

Fo`. OV.=5 Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N fbuvomb systkhs mdl fodl-spits od tak Pocj noc Luurstklk hmgri-rkòid (fobbkl syhnibs odlogmtk gkrtmodolkdtofogmtoids, iutbodkl syhnibs odlogmtk udgbkmr olkdtofogmtoids).

m3 Pocj noc Luurstklk kxgmvmtoids, n3 mgtovk fbuvomb systkhs, g3 fissob fbuvomb systkhs, l3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, k3 pittkry, f3 fbodt tiibs, `3fkmturks, a3 nridzk tiibs.



=51


sairt solk os sotumtkl iff-gkdtrk ti tak fmrhs‟ gkdtrmb mosbk mdl ots odtkrprktmtoid ms md kdtrmdgk hmy nk qukstoidkl. Ditrmgks if tak wmbb-gidstrugtoid rkhmodkl. M smhpbk if gamrgimb frih m pistaibk if aiusk idk (fo`. OV.==, l) wms lmtklti g. =<>5-==75 gmb NG, odlogmtod` tamt tak gidstrugtoid if taos aiusk lmtks ti ‗ ir mftkr ‗ tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N(@rD-=;?103 757; ½ <; NU: Akssod` =??=, ;=). Mt g. <5 h ti tak dirtakmst if aiusk-sotk idk, m skgidl aiusk-sotk gmd nk rkgi`dozkl (fo`. OV.=>). Ot gidsostsif m bid` (g. 7> h) aiusk pbmd wota m pamskl gidstrugtoid mdl skvkrmb iutnuoblod`s. Od tak kmstkrd sairt solk if aiusktwi, md kbmnirmtk (liunbk pirtmb) kdtrmdgk wms rkgi`dozkl. Od tak wkstkrd sairt solk, di kvolkdt kdtrmdgk pirtmb giubl

nk olkdtofokl. M pissonbk kdtrmdgk pirtmb hmy nk prkskdt mt >0.7 h frih tak kmstkrd sairt solk, nut taos ‗ of girrkgt ‗ ohpboks tamt tak fmrh wms idgk kxtkdlkl tiwmrls tak wkst. M taorl pissonbk kdtrmdgk mniut holwmy od tak dirtakrdbid` solk os su``kstkl ny twi pists (g. 05 gh mpmrt) mt idk hktkr lostmdgk frih tak riif-nkmrod` pists.

Urksuhmnby, aiusk twi gidsosts if mt bkmst twi nuoblod` pamsks. Nmskl id md mssuhkl ‗ hirk ir bkss ‗ rkùbmr pbmgkhkdt if tak riif-nkmr od` pists, twi hmod pamsks (>m mdl >n: fo`. OV.=7, dis. 7 mdl <) gmd nk olkdtof okl. \aksktwi aiusk pamsks mrk vkry gihpmrmnbk od lohkdsoidod` if tak aiusk `riudl pbmd, bigmtoid mdl irokdtmtoid. \aos hmysu``kst tamt tak pkipbk nuoblod` tak skgidl pamsk (waoga hoàt nk kotakr pamsk >m ir >n), aml odtohmtk jdiwbkl`kid tak strugturmb pripkrtoks if tak prkvoius aiusk. _kt, pamsks >m mdl >n mrk dit olkdtogmb gipoks. Of idk ivkrbmys taktwi pamsks, di ìil fot if nita tak kmst mdl wkst pmrt os mgaokvmnbk (gf . fo`. OV.=7, dis. ; mdl 6). \aos giubl ohpby tamtidby pmrts if tak aiusk wkrk rkpbmgkl idk mt m tohk, ir tamt tak lkso`d wms sboàtby hilofokl, ir taos giubl rksubt frihkrrirs gmuskl ny tak fmgt tamt tak aiusk wms liguhkdtkl od twi loffkrkdt trkdgaks. Od mdy gmsk, m Nridzk M`k kffirtti hmodtmod m gkrtmod firh if iggupmtoid id tak kxmgt smhk spit skkhs ti nk rkfbkgtkl.

Fo`. OV.== Aiusk-sotk idk mt Pocj noc Luurstklk - Lk Airlkd.m3 pist-Nridzk M`k mdl îhmd pkroil lotgaks, n3 Nridzk M`k strugturks, g3 itakr fkmturks (dit dkgkssmroby Nridzk M`k), l3 rmloigmrnidlmtk.



=5?


Mt skvkd hktkr ti tak dirta if aiusk twi, m bmr`k (> h lomhktkr) pot wms fiudl dkmr m fiur-pist iutnuoblod`. Gamrgimbfrih taos pot ‗ waoga mbsi gidtmodkl sihk gamrrkl nmrbky mdl pittkry ‗ wms rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti g. =;;5-=555 gmb NG(@rD-=<6003 7565 ½ =55 NU: Akssod` =??=, <>: <7: ;= ksp. fo`. >: gidtrm Akssod` =??=, ;= ditk 7). Aiusk-sotk tarkk os sotumtkl g. 75 h ti tak dirta if aiusk-sotk twi (fo`. OV.=<). M pmbosmlk if 75-<5 gh taogj

pist(aibk)s pbmgkl mt 75 gh odtkrvmb wms fiudl id tak smhk bigmtoid, nut wms nkst vosonbk mt bkvkbs nkbiw tamt if aiusktarkk. Gidskqukdtby, ot wobb amvk nkkd iblkr tamd aiusk tarkk. \ak strktgaks if fkdgk lkpogtkl ny Akssod` (=??=, <;fo`. <) tamt mppkmr ti ivkrbmp wota tak aiusk mrk strmto`rmpaogmbby yiud`kr (iroòdmb fokblwirj liguhkdtmtoid).\ak

fmrhaiusk wms mt bkmst >; h bid` mdl aml md kbmnirmtk kdtrmdgk od ots kmstkrd sairt solk. Od tak wkst pmrt if aiusktarkk, skvkrmb mllotoidmb pists insgurk tak gidstrugtoidmb lktmobs if tak wkstkrd sairt solk. \i tak siuta m sox-pistiutnuoblod` mdl ti tak dirta m fiur-pist iutnuoblod` mdl m gbustkr if pots wkrk fiudl. \ak pot od-fobbs wkrk boàt odgibiur mdl fkw fodls wkrk rkgivkrkl frih takh (Akssod` =??=, <<). Aiusk-sotk fiur os sotumtkl hirk ir bkss gkdtrmbby wotaod tak Lk Airlkd kxgmvmtoids mdl ‗ luk ti tak prixohotyif aiusk fiur ti aiusk fovk ‗ wobb nk losgusskl akrk gihnodkl wota aiusk-sotk fovk (fo`. OV.=;). Nkgmusk if ots nkttkr

prkskrvmtoid, aiusk fovk wobb nk losgusskl forst. \aos ivkr >6 h bid` fmrhaiusk saiwkl kdtrmdgks od nita sairtsolks ms wkbb ms md kdtrmdgk od tak dirtakrd bid` solk. Lorkgtby ti tak dirta(wkst), m fiur-pist iutnuoblod` wms fiudl.M smhpbk if gamrgimb frih m pistaibk if taos aiusk wms mbbk`klby rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N

Fo`. OV.=> Aiusk-sotk twi mt Pocj noc Luurstklk - Lk Airlkd.

m3 pist-Nridzk M`k mdl ihmd pkroil lotgaks, n3 Nridzk M`k strugturks (fkmturks if aiusk pamsk >m amvk m boàt fobb, fkmturks if pamsk >namvk m lmrj fobb), g3 itakr fkmturks (dit dkgkssmroby Nridzk M`k), l3 pissonbk Nridzk M`k pots k. rmloigmrnid lmtkl smhpbk.



==5


Fo`. OV.=7 Aiusk twi: pissonbk gidstrugtoid pamsks (=3 aiusk twi mdl itakr fkmturks, >3 aiusk twi (pamsk m mdl n osibmtkl), 73 aiusk pamsk>m osibmtkl, <3 aiusk pamsk >n osibmtkl, ;3 aiusk pamsk >n (lmrj bodks): ivkrbmy wota >m ti fot kmst pmrt, 63 aiusk pamsk >n (lmrj bodks):ivkrbmy wota >m ti fot wkst pmr t).

Fo`. OV.=< Aiusk-sotk tarkk mt Pocj noc Luurstklk - Lk Airlkd.

m3 pist-Nridzk M`k mdl ^ihmd pkroil lotgaks, n3 Nridzk M`k strugturks, g3 pots l3 itakr fkmturks (dit dkgkssmroby Nridzk M`k).

=

>

7

<

;

6

5 =5 h



===


(Akssod` =??=, <>: ;=: @rD-=<6003 7565 ½ =55 NU). \ak smhpbk bmnkb mdl tak iroòdmb rmloigmrnid smhpbk firh,aiwkvkr, odlogmtk tamt taos smhpbk iroòdmtkl frih tak pot wota Nridzk M`k gkrmhogs od tak vogodoty if aiusk twi (gf .Bmdtod` & Vmd lkr Ubogat >557, =11, fir aiusk-sotk twi skk mnivk). Od tak vogodoty (2 >> h) if aiusk fovk, tarkk ti fovk

pissonbk iutnuoblod`s giubl nk rkgi`dozkl. Aiusk fiur os sotumtkl lorkgtby ti tak siutawkst if aiusk f ovk. \ak sairtlostmdgk od nktwkkd ‗ gihnodkl wota tak mssuhkl biw kxtkdlod` riifs ‗ rkdlkrs ot udbojkby tamt aiusks fiur mdl fovkgiubl amvk gi-kxostkl. ^mtakr, taky skkh ti rkprkskdt twi aiusk-pamsks id tak smhk bigmtoid, prksuhmnby tak smhkaiusk-sotk. \ak fmgt tamt wotaod tak riif-nkmrod` strugturks if nita aiusks fovk mdl fiur m pissonbk iutnuoblod` giubl

nk rkgi`dozkl, gidforhs tak hubto-pamskl dmturk if taos aiusk-sotk. Aiusk fiur os bkss wkbb prkskrvkl tamd aiusk fovk, ms idby tak twi bodks if riif-nkmrod` pists rkhmodkl.\ak spmgod` mdl spmd if tak riif-nkmrod` strugturk if aiusk fiur os gihpmrmnbk ti tamt if aiusk fovk, ykt loffkrs tisuga md kxtkdt tamt ot gmddit nk odfkrrkl tamt tak aiusks mrk lorkgt suggkssirs if kmga itakr. Mt taos aiusk-sotk, ot os

pissonbk tamt mftkr md udjdiwd pkroil if tohk, tak aiusk-sotk wms rk-iggupokl mdl m gihpmrmnbk fmrhaiusk wms nuobt. [dfirtudmtkby, tak lurmtoid if tak odtkrvmb od nktwkkd ms wkbb ms tak rkbmtovk skqukdgod` if aiusks fiur mdl fovkrkhmods udjdiwd.

M vkry gihpmrmnbk sotumtoid os fiudl g. 05 h ti tak kmst, wakrk aiusk(-sotk)s sox mdl skvkd wkrk kdgiudtkrkl. Akrkm`mod twi aiusks wkrk sotumtkl mt suga m gbisk lostmdgk tamt tamt gidtkhpirmdkoty skkhs ohpissonbk. Nita aiusks mrkg. >= h bid` mdl amvk md kvolkdt kdtrmdgk od takor kmstkrd sairt solk. Pakrkms tak kdtrmdgk if aiusk sox gidsostkl

Fo`. OV.=; Aiusk-sotks fiur/fovk mt Pocj noc Luurstklk - Lk Airlkd.

m3 pist-Nridzk M`k mdl îhmd pkroil lotgaks, n3 Nridzk M`k strugturks, g3 itakr fkmturks (dit dkgkssmroby Nridzk M`k).



==>


if m liunbkl kdtrmdgk pirtmb, idby m sod`bk kdtrmdgk pirtmb giubl nk inskrvkl fir aiusk skvkd. Nita aiusks saiw mgihpmrmnbk irokdtmtoid mdl gidfoùrmtoid if tak riif-nkmrod` strugturk. Kvkd hirk tamd wota aiusk pamsks >m mdl >n(skk mnivk mdl fo`. OV.=0), tak aiusks‟ strugturmb pripkrtoks su``kst tamt tak smhk `riup tamt nuobt tak skgidl aiusk,aml jdiwbkl`k id tak strugturk if tak forst (skk fo`. OV.=0). Idby m sod`bk sox-pist iutnuoblod` gmd nk rkgi`dozkl mdlos sotumtkl wotaod tak `riudl pbmd if aiusk sox. \aos su``ksts tamt ‗ of mt mbb gidtkhpirmdkius ‗ ot os hist bojkby tiamvk nkkd pmrt if tak aiusk-sotk if aiusk skvkd. Frih m pistaibk if aiusk sox ir skvkd, m nurdkl gbmy inckgt (g. >5 gh aoà mdl sampkl bojk m trudgmtkl

pyrmhol wota m sboàt lkprkssoid od tak trudgmtkl surfmgk) wms rkgivkrkl (C. vmd Liksnur`, pkrs. gihh., Mu`. >556).\ak iroòdmb fudgtoid os udgbkmr, nut ot giubl amvk skrvkl ms m pit- ir spot suppirt dkmr tak forkpbmgk (Vmd Ks kt mb. =?16g, <;, gf. Vmd lkd Nrikjk >55;, 65?: Hiis >556: Lrkdta, Akochmds & Jkocskrs >550, =>5: >=7 fo`. <=).

Od tak dirtakmst girdkr if tak Lk Airlkd kxgmvmtoids, aiusk-sotk koàt wms udgivkrkl. \aos os tak idby

aiusk-sotk od tak Lk Airlkd kxgmvmtoids wakrk tak aiusk os dkmrby gihpbktkby òrlkl ny m systkh if lotgaks (fo`.OV.=1). Ipkdod`s od tak lotga systkh, ms wkbb ms tak hirk dmrriwby spmgkl pists, su``kst tak prkskdgk if md kdtrmdgkod tak siutakrd bid` solk mdl tak kmstkrd sairt solk. Di iutnuoblod`s wkrk fiudl od tak vogodoty if aiusk koàt, nut mstaos aiusk os sotumtkl dkxt ti tak kxgmvmtoid kxtkdts, takor mnskdgk gmddit nk gbmohkl wota gkrtmodty. Urksuhmnby, m smhpbk if gamrgimb frih tak lotga mriudl aiusk koàt wms rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti g. =<<5-==>5 gmbNG (@rD-=;?113 75;5 ½ 65 NU: Akssod` =??=, ;=). Mbtaiuà tak smhpbk wms punbosakl ms iroòdmtod` frih m pistaibkif aiusk dodk (skk nkbiw), tak smhpbk odfirhmtoid (trkdga duhnkr mdl gidtkxt: lotga) id tak iroòdmb smhpbk firhodlogmtks tamt taos smhpbk gmd rkprkskdt nita md tkrhodus mdtk qukh ir tkrhodus pist qukh lmtk fir tak gidstrugtoidif tak lotgaks mriudl aiusk koàt (Akssod` =??=, <>: Bmdtod` & Vmd lkr Ubogat >557, =11: gidtrm Akssod` =??=,

Fo`. OV.=6 Aiusk-sotks s ox (siuta)/skvkd (dirta)mt Pocj noc Luurstklk - Lk Airlkd.

m3 pist-Nridzk M`k mdl îhmd pkroil lotgaks, n3 Nridzk M`k strugturks, g3 itakr fkmturks (dit dkgkssmroby Nridzk M`k).



==7


;=). Wkvkrmb siob-smhpbks frih taklotga wkrk sokvkl fir nitmdogmbrkhmods, nut idby twi yokblklsihk nmrbky `rmods (Vmd Ks kt mb. =?11, <=). Aiusk-sotk dodk os sotumtkl odtak siutakrd-gkdtrmb pmrt if LkAirlkd dkmr m pissonbk NridzkM`k fudkrmry hiduhkdt (fo`.OV.=?). \ak aiusk wms ivkr >> h odbkd`ta mdl aml kbmnirmtkl (liunbkl

pirtmb) kdtrmdgks od nita sairtsolks. M fiur-pist iutnuoblod` wmssotumtkl wotaod =5 h ti tak dirta-wkst if aiusk dodk, wakrkms m tkd-

pist iutnuoblod` wms sotumtkl mt g.

75 h ti tak wkst(siutawkst). Dkmr(ir od pistaibks if) taos tkd-pistgidstrugtoid skvkrmb Nridzk M`ksakrls mdl sihk nurdkl frm`hkdtif nidk wkrk fiudl (Akssod`=?1;, fo`. =<). Fo`. OV.=0 Mgtumb sotumtoid (tip) mdl ivkrbmy (nittih) if aiusks 6 (tip3 boàt fobb, nittih3 boàt

iutbodk) mdl skvkd ti saiw strugturmb sohobmrotoks.

=5 h5

Fo`. OV.=1 Aiusk-sotk koàt mt Pocj noc Luurstklk - Lk Airlkd.

m3 Bmtk Orid M`k fkmturks, n3 Nridzk M`k strug turks, g3 Nridzk M`k lotgaks, l3 itakr fkmturks (dit dkgkssmroby Nridzk M`k).



==<


\ak pissonbk fudkrmry hiduhkdt os rkprkskdtkl ny m >6 h lomhktkr rod`-lotga if =;-<; gh prkskrvkl wolta, fir waogadi odtkrhkdts mrk jdiwd. \akrkfirk, tak odtkrprktmtoid ms m nmrriw hust rkhmod tkdtmtovk. \ak pissonbk fudkrmryhiduhkdt wms sotumtkl mt tak ao`akst pmrt if tak hogri-tipi`rmpaog bmdlsgmpk mdl ‗ nmskl id tak taogjkr vk`ktmtoidairozid wotaod tak rod`-lotga pkrohktkr ‗ md mdtaripi`kdog hiudl nily hmy nk odfkrrkl (Akssod` =?1?, 751-75?:fo`. ?). Ksskdtombby, tak lmtod` if taos hiduhkdt rkboks id m gihnodmtoid if ots strmto`rmpaogmb pisotoid (mt tak bkvkb iftak Nridzk M`k vk`ktmtoid airozid), ots sozk ‗ waoga os gidsolkrkl ti nk tii bmr`k fir md urdfokbl pkroil `rmvk ‗ mdltak fmgt tamt m Nridzk M`k sakrl wms rkgivkrkl frih idk if tak biwkrhist bkvkbs if tak vk`ktmtoid airozid wotaod takrod`-lotga pkrohktkr (Akssod` =?1;, 75: fo`. =<: Akssod` =?1?, 751, ditk =?). Mt g. >55 h ti tak kmst if aiusk-sotk dodk, aiusk-sotk tkd wms losgivkrkl (fo`. OV.>5). Ms taos aiusk-sotk wms

sotumtkl dkxt ti tak kxgmvmtoid bohots, ot os udgbkmr waktakr ‗ nksolks tak sod`bk fiur-pist iutnuoblod` ‗ mdy itakraiusk-sotk kbkhkdts wkrk idgk prkskdt ti tak dirta ir kmst if tak fmrhaiusk. \ak >6 h bid` fmrhaiusk prksuhmnbyaml md kbmnirmtk kdtrmdgk mt ots kmstkrd sairt solk, pissonby gihnodkl wota m sod`bk kdtrmdgk pirtmb od tak wkst sairtsolk.

Aiusk-sotk kbkvkd os huga bkss wkbb prkskrvkl (fo`. OV.>=, N). Nksolks m pissonbk aiusk(-sotk) lotga mdl tarkk pistaibks, fkw itakr trmgks rkhmodkl mt tak bigmtoid if m prksuhmnby ivkr >5 h bid` Nridzk M`k fmrhaiusk. Firaiusk-sotk twkbvk (fo`. OV.>=, G), idby m frm`hkdt if m pissonbk aiusk(-sotk)lotga ‗ waisk irokdtmtoid hmtgaks taisk iftak itakr aiusks ‗ gmd nk uskl ti pistubmtk tak prkskdgk if m Nridzk M`k aiusk-sotk. \aos aiusk-sotk os prklihodmdtbysotumtkl nkyidl tak dirtakrdhist kxgmvmtoid bohot.

Fo`. OV.=? Aiusk-sotk dodk mt Pocj noc Luurstklk - Lk Airlkd.

m3 pist-Nridzk M`k mdl ihmd pkroil lotgaks, n3 Nridzk M`k strugturks, g3 pissonbk Nridzk M`k nmrriw, l3 itakr fkmturks (dit dkgkssmrobyNridzk M`k).



==;


\i suh ot up, tkd rkmsidmnby prkskrvkl Nridzk M`k aiusk-sotks amvk nkkd udgivkrkl mt tak Lk Airlkd kxgmvmtoids. Odtak pmrts if tak kxgmvmtoid wakrk systkhmtog kdquory odti tak Nridzk M`k bkvkbs tiij pbmgk, sox aiusk-sotks mrk fiudlwotaod 65 h frih kmga itakr. \ak fiur itakr aiusk-sotks mrk sotumtkl mt =>5->55 h frih tak dkmrkst itakr aiusk-sotk.Fir aiusk-sotks idk, ko`at mdl pissonby twi, rmloigmrnid lmtks odlogmtk m pamsk if usk lurod` tak Hollbk NridzkM`k-N. \aos wms mbsi su``kstkl ny tak (nubj) lmtks fir tak mssigomtkl vk`ktmtoid airozid (skk mnivk: Akssod` &

Fo`. OV.>5 Aiusk-sotk tkd mt Pocj noc Luurstklk - Lk Airlkd.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 Nridzk M`k strugturks, g3 itakr fkmturks (dit dkgkssmroby Nridzk M`k).

Fo`. OV.>= Mssuhkl aiusk-sotks kbkvkd (N) mdl twkbvk (G) mt Pocj noc Luurstklk - Lk Airlkd.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 pist Nridzk M`k (^ihmd pkroil mdl rkgkdt) lotgaks, g3 Nridzk M`k strugturks, l3 itakr fkmturks (dit dkgkssmrobyNridzk M`k), k3 mssuhkl bigmtoid if Nridzk M`k fmrhaiusks.



==6


Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =0: ditk =6). Mditakr smhpbk if gamrgimb frih m pist wotaod ‗ nut dit lkfodotkby mssigomtkl ti ‗ aiusktwi wms rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti g. =<<5-=>?5 gmb NG (@rD-=<6013 75?5 ½ 75 NU: Akssod` =?1?, 7>;). Gidskqukdtby, otgmddit nk privkd tamt tak vmroius aiusk-sotks rkfbkgt m ‑wmdlkrod` fmrhstkml‟ systkh ms su``kstkl ny tak kxgmvmtir(Akssod` =??=, <>-<7). Wmvk fir tak mllotoidmb aiusk-pamsks mt aiusk-sotks twi, fiur/fovk mdl sox/skvkd, mbb giublamvk fudgtoidkl gidtkhpirmdkiusby. \ak rkgivkrkl nrijkd qumrtz mdl qumrtz-pknnbk tkhpkrkl, taogj-wmbbkl mdl

nmrrkb-sampkl pittkry wms idby spmrskby (2 ;%) lkgirmtkl wota fod`krtop- (id rohs ir girlids) ir rkkl/nidk (id rohs)ohprkssoids mdl f ots tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N lmtk wkbb, nut liks dit mbbiw ti rkfodk ot (Akssod` =?1;, >6: 75 fo`. =7:Akssod` =??=, <>).

Fir tak kxgmvmtoid mt Lk Airlkd, tak hilkrmtk fkmturk prkskrvmtoid gmuskl idby tak lkkpkst fkmturks (if prklihodmdtby riif-nkmrod` pists if aiusks mdl rmdmroks) ti amvk nkkd prkskrvkl. \aky iftkd lospbmykl, didktakbkss,m rkhmodod` lkpta if >5 ti <5 gh (iroòdmb fokblwirj liguhkdtmtoid). \ak lkdsoty if iggupmtoid trmgks saiubl nkgidsolkrkl bohotkl, kvkd of mggiudtod` fir tak hilkrmtk fkmturk prkskrvmtoid. \ak strugturk if hist aiusks mdlsurriudlod` iutnuoblod`s os histby rkmsidmnbylosgkrdonbk mdl gbustkrs wota aoàkr fkmturk lkdsotoks(up ti tak piodt if insgurod` tak bmyiut if aiusks iraiusk-sotks) mrk mnskdt.

Iutnuoblod`s mrk `kdkrmbby sotumtkl wotaod=; h lostmdgk frih tak fmrhaiusks mdl gidfirh(pmrmbbkb ir pkrpkdlogubmr ti) od irokdtmtoid ti takh.M rkhmrjmnbk inskrvmtoid os tamt wota aiusks tarkk,fovk mdl sox (pissonby mbsi fiur), fiur- ir sox-pistiutnuoblod`s giubl nk olkdtofokl wotaod tak `riudl

pbmds if tak aiusks pripkr. \akor lovkrsoty od strugturkmdl pbmgkhkdt rkdlkrs ot udbojkby tamt taky saiubl nkrk`mrlkl ms strugturmb pmrts if tak fmrhaiusk pripkr.^mtakr, takor ivkrbmppod` bigmtoid su``ksts tamt tak

prkvoius prkskdgk if m aiusk wms m prkfkrrkl fmgtir firtak bmtkr gidstrugtoid if iutnuoblod`s (ir vogk vkrsm).

\arkk aiusk-sotks aml mt bkmst twi aiusk-pamsks. Mtaiusk-sotk twi, tak aiusk wms prksuhmnby (od pmrts9)rkpbmgkl id tak kxmgt smhk spit. Id aiusk-sotks fiur/fovk mdl sox/skvkd, m aoàby gihpmrmnbk ‗ pmrtogubmrbyod tak bmttkr gmsk ‗ fmrhaiusk wms nuobt sihk fiurti skvkd hktkrs frih tak prkvoius bigmtoid. Wugarknuoblod` hmy nk md kxprkssoid if m lksork ti pribid`m aiusk-sotk‟s bofk-spmd waobk prkskrvod` tak prkvoiusaiusk-sotk strugturod`.

^khmrjmnbk os tak prkskdgk if m bmr`k (4 =05h bid`) =.> ti <.6 h wolk lotga od tak kxtrkhk siuta-wkst if tak Lk Airlkd kxgmvmtoids. Od sihk pmrts,strktgaks if fkdgk bodkl tak lotga (fo`. OV.>>). Pakrkms

tak udgivkrkl lotga sk`hkdts su``kst m gurvkl sampk, pkramps odsporkl ny ir hohogjod` tak sampk if takrksolumb ùbby ir swmbk ti tak siuta if tak gkdtrmb mdlkmstkrd pmrt if tak Lk Airlkd kxgmvmtoid, tak lotga

nkdls lostodgtby ti tak siuta od tak wkst. Mbtaiuà dilmtmnbk fodls wkrk rkgivkrkl frih ot, tak strmto`rmpaog

pisotoid odlogmtks tamt tak lotga nkbid`s ti m prk-OridM`k pamsk if iggupmtoid (Vmd Ks kt mb . =?15, ;=:Akssod` =?1;, >=: Akssod` & Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =; fo`.

Fo`. OV.>> Bigmtoid mdl lktmob if tak pissonbk Hollbk Nridzk M`k lotgaid tip if tak smdl-lkpta hmp (mftkr Akssod` & Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =; fo`.;: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<m).

m3 smdl-lkpta hmp (skk fo`. OV.< fir bk`kdl), n3 prksuhmnbk HollbkNridzk M`k-N strugturks, g3 lotga mdl fkdgk bodks, l3 pissonbk lotgatrmckgtiry.



==0


;). Waiubl taos lotga nkbid` ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N pamsk if mgtovotoks, ot hmy nk tak sod`bk kxmhpbk frih takLutga rovkr mrkm if m fkmturk tamt gmd nk odtkrprktkl ms m Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdt sotk niudlmry (skk Mrdiblusskd >551,skgtoid ;.6).

\ak sunsostkdgk nmsk if tak iggupmdts if tak vmroius Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N aiusk-sotks rkhmods rkbmtovkbyudjdiwd. M nidk msskhnbm`k if ‑Hollbk Nridzk M`k‟ (o.k. nita Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M mdl Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N9)m`k waisk gidtkxt(s) amvk dit nkkd losgbiskl ams nkkd punbosakl ny Bmmrhmd (=??6). \aos bovkstigj spkgtruh saiwm g. 15% lihodmdgk (od duhnkrs) if gmttbk nidks, fibbiwkl ny sakkp ir ìmt (g. 1%), po`s (g. 6%), wota sihk airsk(g. <.;%) mdl twi li` nidks (Bmmrhmd =??6, 70?: tmnbk 6=). Uissonby, odgolkdtmb audtod` stobb tiij pbmgk ms >= nidksmdl fovk mdtbkr frm`hkdts if rkl-lkkr mdl twi nriwd nkmr hktmgmrpmbs wkrk mbsi msso`dkl ti tak Hollbk NridzkM`k pkroil (ip. got., 70;: 701: gf. Bkttkrbï =?1;, 77?). \ak nurdkl frm`hkdts if nmrbky mbrkmly rkfkrrkl ti mnivkmdl m pissonbk Nridzk M`k `rmod if wakmt mrk tak idby liguhkdtkl kvolkdgk fir gkrkmb gidsuhptoid mdl pissonby

prilugtoid (Vmd Ks kt mb . =?16m, 7<: Vmd Ks kt mb. =?11, <=: Akssod` =??=, <<: Bkttkrbï =?1;, 777).Grmft mgtovotoks mrk mbsi piirby liguhkdtkl. Ot os udgbkmr ti waoga pkroil tak fbodt tiibs (mdl prilugtoid

wmstk) lksgronkl ny Bkttkrbï (=?1;, ksp. 77<) lmtk, nut sihk giubl nk Hollbk Nridzk M`k od lmtk. \ak sgrmpkrsgiubl aodt if aolk-prigkssod` (onol.) \ak fudgtoid mdl lmtod` if m pokgk if wirjkl mdtbkr tamt hoàt amvk nkkd pmrtif m gihpisotk tiib (amft9) mbsi rkhmods udjdiwd (ip. got., 77?). Mggirlod` ti Akssod` (pkrs. gihh., Cudk >556), m

Nridzk M`k fbmt nridzk sakkt mrriwakml wms fiudl mt Lk Airlkd. Mllotoidmbby, m pissonbk Hollbk ir Bmtk NridzkM`k spkmrakml wms fiudl mt Lk Airlkd (Lrkdta =??6, 77: ditk 7: Fidtocd >557, 7;<). Ukramps tak rkgkivkrl gippkr-mbbiy sbm` lripbkt odlogmtks id-sotk Nridzk M`k nridzk wirjod`, nut ‗ m`mod ‗ tak privkdmdgk mdl kxmgt m`k if takstulokl frm`hkdts os udgbkmr (Bkttkrbï =?1;, 77>: 7<7).

Ms di wkbbs ir gbkmr-gut wmtkrod` aibks mrk fiudl fir tak Nridzk M`k iggupmtoid pamsk(s), ot os mssuhkl tamtfrksa wmtkr wms intmodkl frih tak biwkr-byod` pmrts od tak fbiilnmsod ti tak siuta if tak sotk (Akssod` =?1?, 756).\aos mrkm hmy amvk nkkd fbiilkl od wodtkr, nut piibs if stm`dmdt wmtkr rkhmodkl ykmr-riudl (Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =>=:=7=). Uissonby, tak Pkrjaivkd gamddkb‟s rksolumb ùbby bigmtkl nktwkkd 05 mdl =<5 h ti tak siuta if tak kxgmvmtoidkxtkdts mbsi stobb gidtmodkl wmtkr (Akssod` =?1?, 756). Mbtkrdmtovkby ir mllotoidmbby, tak mgtovk rovkr gamddkb if takAiutkd fbuvomb systkh sotumtkl nktwkkd >;5 mdl =>;5 h ti tak dirta-kmst if tak diw jdiwd aiusk-sotks giubl amvk

privolkl m siurgk if frksa wmtkr (ms wkbb ms privolod` m fosaod` spit mdl gihhudogmtoid riutk). Od tak f biilnmsod,tak sambbiw piibs mrk odlogmtkl ny hmgri rkhmods if stidkwirts (Gamrm sp.), lugjwkkl ( Bkhdm sp.), wmtkr pbmdtmod

( Mboshm sp.) mdl wmtkr hodt (Hkdtam mqumtogm) fruots (Wtkkdnkkj, îkbkvkbl & Niadgjk =??5, =51). Id tak aoàkr pmrts if tak bmdlsgmpk, tak mrkms iggupokl ny skl`ks, `rmssks (`kdoo Gypkrmgkm mdl @rmhodkmk) mdl wobbiw (Wmbox)trkks mrk taiuàt ti amvk kxpmdlkl (ipus. got., =5?). Od taksk mrkms, sihk norga ( Nktubm), Msa ( Frmxodus), Kbh ([bhus)mdl imj (]ukrgus) trkks wobb amvk nkkd prkskdt (Wtkkdnkkj =??5, fo`. >.>.< zidk UP-==/=>).

Uissonby, tak bmdlsgmpk mt Lk Airlkd nkgmhk odgrkmsod`by wkt mbrkmly lurod` tak kdl if tak Hollbk NridzkM`k-N. \wi odlorkgt odlogmtoids hmy su``kst taos. \ak forst os tak mnskdgk if kdsuod` Bmtk Nridzk M`k iggupmtoid(skk nkbiw), waoga hmy odlogmtk udfmvirmnbk amnotmtoid gidlotoids. \ak skgidl odlorkgt odlogmtoid os tak fmgt tamttak aiusk(sotk)s tamt aml kmvks-lrop ir lrmodm`k ùbboks mrk mbb sotumtkl od tak aoàkst pmrts if tak Lk Airlkd hogri-tipi`rmpay. \aos giubl odlogmtk tamt, kvkd of mbrkmly sotumtkl id tak aoàkst pmrts if tak bmdlsgmpk, giudtkr hkmsurksm`modst tak rosod` `riudlwmtkr tmnbk wkrk tmjkd ny tak Nridzk M`k iggupmdts.

Kxgmvmtoids mt ‑Lk @kkr‟ Mt Lk @kkr, twi Hollbk Nridzk M`k aiusk-sotks wkrk rkgi`doskl (fo`. OV.>7: Vmd Ks kt mb . =??>, <<-<;). Nmskl

id tak strmto`rmpay mdl (smdl)lkpta if tak lkpisots id tip if waoga taky wkrk fiudl, ot os quotk pissonbk tamt takskaiusk-sotks wkrk gidstrugtkl id tip if (m taod sklohkdt givkr ivkrbyod`) tak Pkrjaivkd lkpisots bojk takor LkAirlkd giudtkrpmrts (P. vmd Socvkrlkd, pkrs. gihh., Cudk >556, fir Lk Airlkd skk mnivk). [dbojk mt tak Lk Airlkdkxgmvmtoids, tak fkmturk lkdsoty wms huga aoàkr akrk. Ot os idby ny takor surriudlod` lotgaks tamt aiusk-sotks giubl

nk rkgi`dozkl wota mdy gkrtmodty. \aos ohpboks tamt mllotoidmb aiusk-sotks hmy amvk nkkd prkskdt mdl tamt rkgi`dozodìutnuoblod`s mhid` tak pistaibk gbuttkrs os prinbkhmtog. Gidskqukdtby, tak vmboloty if tak pripiskl iutnuoblod`s osrmtakr bohotkl. \ak twi aiusk-sotks wkrk g. 65 h mpmrt mdl nita saiw m systkh if lotgaks mriudl tak mssuhkl bigmtoid iftak fmrhaiusk. Mppbyod` tak gurrkdt vokws id tak bkd`ta if riif-nkmrod` pists mdl tak md`bk if tak riif if prkaostirog



==1


aiusks (gf. Auocts =??>, >7: 70-;7), ot skkhs udbojkby tamttaksk lotgaks (wota md odsolk wolta if == h mt aiusk-sotk idk) skrvkl ms kmvks lrop-ùbboks (gf . Mrdiblusskd>551, skgtoid ;.6, ksp. fo`. ;.<?). ^mtakr, tak lotgaks wobbamvk prklihodmdtby skrvkl akrk ti lrmod tak fmrhaiuskbigmtoid.

\ak systkh if lotgaks id aiusk-sotk idk saiwsmd odtkrruptoid od tak bid` solk (nut dkmr tak sairt solk)tamt hmy odlogmtk tak bigmtoid if m fmrhaiusk kdtrmdgk.Wkvkrmb pistaibks if idk riw if riif-nkmrod` pists giubl nkliguhkdtkl, nut di odlogmtoids if tak wmbb gidstrugtoid,itakr pists ir odtkrdmb ir`mdosmtoid amvk nkkd prkskrvkl.\ak aiusk-sotk lotga ams m shmbb pritrusoid kxtkdlod`ti tak wkst, mdl ti tak siuta if waoga m gidgkdtrmtoid if

pistaibks wms fiudl.Urksuhmnby, akrk skvkrmb `rmdmry-typk

iutnuoblod`s wkrk idgk gidstrugtkl, waisk fkmturks diwivkrbmp ti suga md kxtkdt ms ti wkmjkd tak vmboloty if takodtkrprktmtoid prkskdtkl nkbiw (fo`. OV.>7, N). \ak hirkosibmtkl sod`bk fiur-pist iutnuoblod` ti tak dirta if taos

pritrulod` lotga sk`hkdt mt bkmst suppirts tak mssuhkl prkskdgk if suga iutnuoblod`s. Mbtaiuà tak gidstrugtoidif tak lotga systkh hmy amvk nkkd prklihodmdtbyfudgtoidmb, o.k. ti lrmod tak aiusk-sotk, ot mbsi vovolbyobbustrmtks tamt shmbbkr iutnuoblod`s ‑nkbid`kl‟ ti aiusk(-sotk)s. \akor odtk`rmb pritkgtoid mdl lkbodkmtoid tariuàtak lotga-systkh rkfbkgts tamt idby ti`ktakr taky firhkl mfmrh.

Aiusk-sotk twi wms kvkd bkss wkbb prkskrvkl (fo`.OV.><). Akrk, idby m fkw pistaibks mdl tak gurvobodkmrsampk if tak lotga odlogmtkl tak prkskdgk if m aiusk-sotk.\ak wkstkrd sairt solk pissonby aml md kdtrmdgk pirtmb,waoga os m gihhid fkmturk if Nridzk M`k fmrhs od takrovkr mrkm.

Di lorkgt ir odlorkgt rmloigmrnid lmtks mrkmvmobmnbk fir taksk aiusk-sotks. Nmskl id tak gkrmhogsrkgivkrkl m Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N (mdl/ir kvkd BmtkNridzk M`k) m`k os su``kstkl (Vmd Ks kt mb. =??>, <<).\ak lotgaks mriudl tak fmrhaiusks mrk gihpmrmnbk titaisk mt Pocj noc Luurstklk - Lk Airlkd aiusk-sotk koàt(skk nkbiw). Od takor vogodoty, sihk pistaibks mdl pots

giubl nk inskrvkl. Od tak biwkr byod` pmrts, m Nridzk M`kvk`ktmtoid airozid wms pmrtombby prkskrvkl (Vmd Ks kt mb. =??>, <7). Od sihk bigmtoids, m bodod` if wobbiw stmjks dkxtti m firhkr ùbby wms liguhkdtkl (Vmd Ks kt mb. =??>, <1, gf . fo`. OV.>>, N). \ak fmrhaiusks if Pocj noc Luurstklk - Lk @kkr mrk gihpmrmnbk ti taisk if Lk Airlkd mdl itakr NridzkM`k skttbkhkdt sotks od tak Lutga rovkr mrkm. ^khmrjmnbk os tak inskrvmtoid tamt tak duhnkrs if riif-nkmrod` pists

prkskrvkl fir tak twi aiusks os vkry biw. Kspkgombby fir aiusk-sotk idk, tak fkmturk lkdsoty os aiwkvkr rkmsidmnbyaoà. Md kxpbmdmtoid gmddit ykt nk iffkrkl, nut tak iptoid tamt tak aiusks wkrk krkgtkl id shmbb hiudls wotaod (mdlgihprosod` hodohmbby tak luìut-siob if) tak lotgaks saiubl nk gidsolkrkl. Di lmtmnbk fodls wkrk rkgivkrkl frih tak

pistaibks if tak twi aiusks mdl di rmloigmrnid lmtks mrk mvmobmnbk. Gidskqukdtby, tak aiusk-sotk frih Lk @kkr gmd

Fo`. OV.>7 Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N aiusk-sotk idk mt Pocj noc Luurstklk- Lk @kkr. Fir bigmtoid skk odskt M .

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 rkgkdt losturnmdgks, g3 fkmturks if strugturks,l3 itakr fkmturks.



==?


idby nk lmtkl typibiògmbby ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N. \ak gkrmhogs rkgivkrkl wkrk vkry odfrkqukdtby lkgirmtklmdl li dit mbbiw ti rkfodk taos lmtod` (idk ir twi lkgirmtkl sakrls: C. vmd Liksnur`, pkrs. gihh., Mu`. >556).

Frih tak rkgkdt pbiuàbmykr mriudl tak aiusk-sotks ‗ odti waoga tak prkaostirog surfmgk ams nkkd odgirpirmtkl ‗ mduhnkr if nridzk inckgts wkrk rkgivkrkl. \aky gihprosk m frm`hkdt if m jdinnkl sogjbk, m nridzk spkmrakml mdl m

nridzk gaoskb, mbb lmtmnbk ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N ir tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k (Lrkdta =??6, 77, ditk 7: Fidtocd >557,77<: 7;<). Mggirlod` ti tak kxgmvmtir, sihk nridzk gmstod` lripbkts hmy mbsi nk Nridzk M`k od lmtk mdl fir sihk iftak sohpbk nridzk pods mhid` tak hmdy îhmd Ukroil fonubmk m pissonbk truk Nridzk M`k lmtk hust nk jkpt ipkd (C.vmd Liksnur`, pkrs. gihh., Mu`. >556).

Od gidgbusoid, ot skkhs tamt tak Pkrjaivkd bkvkk mdl gamddkb nkl lkpisots wkrk odtkdsovkby uskl fir NridzkM`k iggupmtoid. M aiusk-sotk mt kvkry 05 hktkr skkhs di ivkr-kstohmtoid if tak iggupmtoid lkdsoty. [dfirtudmtkby,takrk mrk odsuffogokdt lmtks mvmobmnbk ti privk ir losprivk tak gidtkhpirmdkoty if tak vmroius aiusk-sotks. Wihk iftak aiusk-sotks smw idby idk pamsk if usk, nut mt tarkk aiusk-sotks tak fmrhaiusk wms rknuobt. M bmr`k lotga wotafkdgks giubl amvk lkfodkl tak amnotmtoid mrkm ti tak siuta. \ak Aiutkd fbuvomb systkh wms sotumtkl nktwkkd >;5 ti=>;5 h ti tak dirta-kmst mdl giubl nk kmsoby mggksskl frih tak Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdt sotk. Frih tak mnskdgk if Bmtk

Nridzk M`k gkrmhogs (nut skk nkbiw: Vmd Ks kt mb. =??>, <<) mdl aiusks, mdl tak prkskdgk if lrmodm`k lotgaks mt sihkaiusk-sotks mt Lk Airlkd mdl Lk @kkr, wkttkr gidlotoids hmy nk odfkrrkl fir tak kdl if tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N.Ukramps taksk wkttkr gidlotoids hmlk m`rogubturk ohpissonbk mt tak kxgmvmtkl bigmtoids mdl taus kdlkl taos amnotmtoid

pamsk.Ot os vkry wkbb pissonbk tamt hirk odtkdsovk grkvmssk firhmtoid mdl fbiilod` lurod` tak mvubsoid if tak

Jrihhk ôcd f buvomb systkh frih tak Aiutkd fbuvomb systkh wms ‗ gihnodkl wota `rmlumb f biilnmsod wmtkr tmnbkrosk ‗ tak gmusk if suga wkttkr gidlotoids. Fir tak Jrihhk ocd gamddkb nkbt, skvkrmb tkrhodus pist qukh rmloigmrnidlmtks fir ots stmrt if sklohkdtmtoid mrk jdiwd (Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, >=>). \aky piodt tiwmrls m stmrt ifsklohkdtmtoid ny tak Jrihhk ocd fbuvomb systkh mriudl ir mftkr g. =715-?75 gmb NG (@rD-<70=3 >?75 ½ 65 NU, @rD-

Fo`. OV.>< Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N aiusk-sotk twi mt Pocj noc Luurstklk - Lk @kkr. Fir bigmtoid skk odskt M.

m3 rkgkdt losturnmdgks, n3 fkmturks if strugturks, g3 itakr fkmturks.



=>5


10563 7555 ½ 7; NU, @rD-?=;<3 >1?5 ½ 7; NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, >=>). Ms tak Aiutkd f buvomb systkh amlm sihkwamt ‑nrmolkl‟ gamrmgtkr (o.k. wota skvkrmb mgtovk tarkmls wotaod m sod`bk gamddkb: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr>55=, >5?: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<m) sihk if tak gamddkbs giubl amvk rkhmodkl wmtkrbi``kl udtob tak Bmtk Orid M`k(@rM->7?>53 >>75 ½ <5 NU (m auhmd sjkbktid od tak rksolumb ubby): Vmd Socvkrlkd >55<m) ir kvkd tak ihmd Ukroil(Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, >5?). Dkmr tak vobbm`k if Vkgatkd, m smhpbk if auhog gbmy frih m rksolumb ùbby iftak Aiutkd systkh wms lmtkl ti g. 1=5-;<5 gmb NG (@rD-=1=5<3 >;65 ½ <5 NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, >5?).

Bmtk Nridzk M`kMbtaiuà ot ams nkkd iutbodkl mnivk tamt skvkrmb if tak prkvoiusby mgtovk Aiutkd fbuvomb systkh‟s gamddkbs hmy amvkrkhmodkl wmtkrbi``kl lurod` tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k, tak Jrihhk ôcd os tak sod`bk mgtovk hmod fbuvomb systkh odtak Pocj noc Luurstklk hmgri-rkòid lurod` tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k (fo`. OV.>;). Wtkkdnkkj kstohmtks tamt nktwkkd g. ==;5 mdl ?;5 gmb NG kxtkdsovk grkvmssk firhmtoid (tak si-gmbbkl ‑Lk Airlkd‟ lkpisots: gf. Wtkkdnkkj =??5, 60-05:=>>) givkrs mdl ‗ tariuà up ti idk hktkr if sklohkdtmtoid ‗ bkvkbs tak kdtork kxgmvmtkl Lk Airlkd mrkm (Wtkkdnkkj=??5, ?>: =11: fo`. >.;.= zidk P=>-=7: Akssod` & Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =0-=1: >;). \aos skkhs ti amvk prkvkdtkl auhmdiggupmtoid wotaod tak Pocj noc Luurstklk hksi-rkòid (Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =>=-=>>).

Di kvolkdt Bmtk Nridzk M`k fodl-spits mrk jdiwd frih tak Pocj noc Luurstklk hmgri-rkòid. M Bmtk Nridzk

M`k sigjktkl nridzk mxk if tak Akbhkrita typk mbbk`klby iroòdmtkl frih tak Bkj rovkr dkmr Pocj noc Luurstklk, nut taos ir oòd os qukstoidkl ny Fidtocd (fo`. OV.>;, di ?55: Fidtocd >557, 7><, fir typk Akbhkrita skk Jonnkrt =?1<,=7?-=<=). Od idk if tak prkbohodmry punbogmtoids if tak kxgmvmtoids mt Lk @kkr, m Hollbk Nridzk M`k ti Bmtk Nridzk

Fo`. OV.>; Bmtk Nridzk M`k fbuvomb systkhs mdl fodl-spits od tak Pocj noc Luurstklk hmgri-rkòid (fobbkl syhnibs odlogmtk gkrtmodolkdtofogmtoids, iutbodkl syhnibs odlogmtk udgbkmr olkdtofogmtoids).

m3 Pocj noc Luurstklk kxgmvmtoids, n3 mgtovk fbuvomb systkhs, g3 fissob fbuvomb systkhs, l3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, k3 pittkry, f3 nridzk tiibs,`3 fkmturks.



=>=


M`k lmtk fir tak kdgiudtkrkl fkmturks mdl fodls os jkpt ipkd (Vmd Ks kt mb. =??>, <<, fo`. OV.>;, di 6>6<6). Aiwkvkr, nmskl id takor strmto`rmpaog pisotoid mdl gihpmrmnoboty ti tak rkhmods mt Lk Airlkd lmtkl ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N, od taos stuly taksk mrk gidsolkrkl ti lmtk tak (bmtk) Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N, ir mt bkmst proir ti tak firhmtoid if taksi-gmbbkl ‑Lk Airlkd‟ grkvmssk lkpisots iutbodkl mnivk.

Kmrby Orid M`kUrksuhmnby nkfirk ir lurod` tak stmrt if tak Kmrby Orid M`k, tak pamsk if kxtkdsovk grkvmssk firhmtoid mdl rkùbmrfbiilod` kdlkl. Mt Lk Airlkd, m dkw vk`ktmtoid airozid giubl firh od tak tip if tak ‑Lk Airlkd‟ lkpisots (Wtkkdnkkj=??5, 05: ==1, fo`. >.;.= zidk P=7-=<). \ak dkmrny prkskdgk if mblkr gmrrs os su``kstkl fir taos pkroil (Wtkkdnkkj,îkbkvkbl & Niadgjk =??5, =5?). Bmtkr id lurod` tak Kmrby Orid M`k, kvkd tak fbiilnmsod wms rkbmtovkby lry mdl takwmtkr tmnbk giubl amvk nkkd ms biw ms 0; gh nkbiw tak tip if tak Lk Airlkd lkpisots (Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =7> (zidkP=;-=6)). Kvolkdtby, tak stobb mgtovk Jrihhk ôcd fbuvomb systkh gmuskl bottbk fbiilnmsod sklohkdtmtoid od tak LkAirlkd mrkm lurod` taos pkroil (fo`. OV.>6).

\ak prkskdgk if hodkrmb roga mdl wkbb-lrmodod` grkvmssk lkpisots mdl mnskdgk if kxgkssovk sklohkdtmtoid privolkl mdsuotmnbk skttbkhkdt bigmtoid fir Kmrby Orid M`k fmrhkrs. Mt Lk Airlkd, fiur aiusks, sihk iutnuoblod`s mdl m systkhif bodkmr lotgaks mrk mttronutkl ti tak Kmrby Orid M`k (fo`. OV.>0: Akssod` =?1?: Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =7>: Akssod` &Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =1-=?: Akssod` =??=, <6-;=). Id tip if tak bigmtoid if tak pissonbk Nridzk M`k fudkrmry hiduhkdt,

Fo`. OV.>6 Kmrby Orid M`k fbuvomb systkhs mdl fodl-spits od tak Pocj noc Luurstklk hmgri-rkòid (fobbkl syhnibs odlogmtk gkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids,iutbodkl syhnibs odlogmtk udgbkmr olkdtofogmtoids).

m3 Pocj noc Luurstklk kxgmvmtoids, n3 mgtovk fbuvomb systkhs, g3 fiss ob fbuvomb systkhs, l3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, k3 pittkry, f3 fkmturks, `3urdfokbl.



=>>


md urdfokbl lkvkbipkl. \ak kmrbokst `rmvks amvk nkkd lmtkl ti tak Kmrby Orid M`k (k.`. @rD-=<60?3 >;55 ½ ;5 NU:@rD-=;?1?3 ><?; ½ 7; NU (nita gamrgimb mssigomtkl wota tak grkhmtoid): Akssod` =?1?, 7>;: =??5, ;=). Urksuhmnby,odtkrhkdt iggurrkl takrk udtob tak fofta gkdtury NG (Akssod` =?1?, 775).

\ak riif-nkmrod` strugturk if tak Kmrby Orid M`k aiusks if Pocj noc Luurstklk Lk Airlkd os gihpmrmnbk tiaiusks if tak ‑trmdsotoidmb Aocjkd‟ typk lksgronkl ny Auocts fir tak dirta-kmstkrd Dktakrbmdls (Bmdtod` & Vmd lkrUbogat >557, =66-=60: Amrskhm >55;, ;<6, gf. Auocts =??>, ;6-0=: Vkrbodlk =??=, 70). Pota aiusks if taos typk, idbytwi riws if riif-nkmrod` pists mrk fiudl odsolk tak wmbb. \aos os loffkrkdt frih tak Kmrby Orid M`k aiusk mt Soclkrvkbl(Mppkdlox O, fo`. O.>=: Aubst =?0;n: \akudosskd & Aubst =???n, =67 fo`. <.7;) tamt lospbmykl m riif-nkmrod` strugturk

Fo`. OV.>0 Ivkrvokw (M) if tak Kmrby Orid M`k amnotmtoid mdl urdfokbl mt Pocj noc Luurstklk - Lk Airlkd od rk bmtoid ti proir Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N iggupmtoid trmgks mdl twi lktm obs (N-G).

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 lostronutoid if Kmrby Orid M`k strugturks, g3 lostronutoid if Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N strugturks, l3 kxtkdt if Kmrby-HollbkOrid M`k urdfokbl, k3 Kmrby Orid M`k lotga systkh, f3 Kmrby Orid M`k strugturks.



=>7


waoga os nkttkr gihpmrmnbk ti Kmrby Orid M`k aiusks frih tak siutakrd (mdl kmstkrd) Dktakrbmdls (typk ‑[sskd ->N‟: Wgaodjkb =??1, =?5-=?=, gf. Fijjkds & ^iyhmds =??=, ?7-=05: Jbihp >55>, 0-=5: Lk Jidod` & Vmmrs >557, >7). Urksuhmnby, m`mod m dkw pamsk if hirk odtkdsovk fbiilod` ‗ pissonby rkbmtkl ti tak khkr`kdgk if tak^mvkdswmmoc mdl/ir Nurkd fbuvomb systkhs (gf. Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =7>: Akssod` & Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =?->5: Vmd Socvkrlkd>55<m) ‗ mffkgtkl tak mrkm ti tak siuta if tak Lk Airlkd kxgmvmtoid mdl pissonby kdlkl tak Kmrby (ti Hollbk) OridM`k iggupmtoid mt Lk Airlkd (Akssod` =??<, >>1). Uissonby, tak iggupmtoid saoftkl ti tak bigmtoid if tak Lk @kkrkxgmvmtoids, wakrk skttbkhkdt sotk trmgks lmtmnbk ti tak Hollbk mdl Bmtk Orid M`k wkrk liguhkdtkl (Vmd Ks kt mb.=??=, ;=: =??<, <7: Vmd Ks =??<, >7=->7>). \ak prkskdgk if m fkw Hollbk mdl Bmtk Orid M`k nurombs mt Lk Airlkdsaiws tamt tak mrkm wms stobb mggkssonbk ti hmd, nut tamt ot di bid`kr wms skbkgtkl fir amnotmtoid (Akssod` & Wtkkdnkkj=??5, >=).



=><




=>;

V Umbmki`ki`rmpay mdl iggupmtoid aostiry if tak Bokdlkd hmgri-rkòid

O OD\ÎL[G\OID

\ak Bokdlkd hksi-rkòid nirlkrs tamt if Lilkwmmrl (Mppkdlox VO) od tak kmst. [dtob tak gidstrugtoid if takNktuwkriutk frkoàt rmobwmy, fkw bmr`k-sgmbk kxgmvmtoids if prkaostirog skttbkhkdt sotks aml tmjkd pbmgk akrk.Nktwkkd =??1 mdl >555, m titmb if =.0 am wms kxgmvmtkl proir ti rmobriml gidstrugtoid. Nita m Hollbk Orid M`k tiîhmd Ukroil skttbkhkdt sotk (Wokr & Jiit >55=) mdl m Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdt sotk wkrk udgivkrkl (Wgaidkvkbl &Jrmdkdlidj >55>). \ak îhmd sotk, bmnkbbkl ‑Jkstkrkd - Lk Pikrl‟, aml mbrkmly nkkd odtkrhottkdtby odvksto`mtkl firivkr =;5 ykmrs. \ak Nridzk M`k amnotmtoid aml dit nkkd m gkdtrmb rkskmrga takhk wotaod tak hksi-rkòid udtob takNktuwkriutk kxgmvmtoids.

Aostiry if mrgamkibiògmb rkskmrgaLurod` tak forst qumrtkr if tak =?ta gkdtury, tak Bokdlkd mrkm rkgkovkl ots forst systkhmtog mrgamkibiògmb mttkdtoid.

Jkstkrkd wms pmrt if tak mrkm ‑prispkgtkl‟ ny tak Lutga prokst I.@. Akblrod`, lurod` aos stribbs tariuà takNktuwk lostrogt (Akblrod` =171: =17?m , ksp. =6;-=66: =01-=1>: =1<5). Wohobmr stribbs wkrk udlkrtmjkd ny tak tkmgakrL. Nullodà nktwkkd =1;< mdl =16< (Nullodà =16=: =16;). \ak kffirts ny Akblrod` mdl Nullodà rksubtkl odjdiwbkl`k if m skroks if (kmrby) Hklokvmb, nut prklihodmdtby îhmd pkroil fodl-spits. Od =11= tak gurmtir if tak

Dmtoidmb Huskuh if Mdtoquotoks, P. Ubkytk, vosotkl m sotk dkmr tak vobbm`k if Jkstkrkd jdiwd ms tak ‑(Aii`k) Pikrl‟,wakrk ihmd pkroil gkrmhogs, grkhmtoid rmvks mdl m pissonbk ihmd riml wkrk losgivkrkl (Lmtkhm =?0<). Lurod`sunskqukdt lkgmlks, hirk mdl hirk îhmd pkroil fodls wkrk rkgivkrkl frih taos bigmtoid (gf. Akblrod` =171, 6:=1<5: Akuff =?5;: Nrkdjhmd =?=>: Jmbkk =?6<). \ak prkskdgk if m prkaostirog bmykr ‗ udlkrdkmta yiud`kr bmykrs ‗ odm lrmodm`k lotga lu` od =?;< mt Jkstkrkd - Lk Pikrl, wms inskrvkl ny prifkssir Hillkrhmd, wai lmtkl tak fodlsfrih tamt bmykr ti tak Nridzk M`k (Hillkrhmd =?;;m , 7>). Od mllotoid, hmdy hirk sotks wkrk losgivkrkl lurod` takgihnodkl siob hmppod` mdl mrgamkibiògmb girod` gmhpmo`ds kxkgutkl od tak firtoks if tak >5ta gkdtury (fo`. V.=, f:Klkbhmd =?<0: Hillkrhmd =?<?m).

\ak duhnkr if gmtmbiùkl fodl-spits fur takrhirk odgrkmskl wota tak kstmnbosahkdt if twi bigmb mrgamkibiògmb`riups: tak ‑Aostirosgak Jrod` Jkstkrkd kd Ihstrkjkd‟ od Igtinkr =?60 mdl tak ‑Mrgakibiòsgak Pkrj`khkkdsgamp Dklkrbmdl, mflkbod` Pkst-Nktuwk‟ od Hmy =?61 (Lk Jbkuvkr & Lmtkhm =?61m-n: Aubst =?61m: =?6?: =?0=m: =?0>). Odvmroius shmbb-sgmbk gmhpmo`ds, tak Wtmtk Wkrvogk fir Mrgamkibiògmb Odvksto`mtoids (ÎN, diw ^MGH), udgivkrklîhmd pkroil rkhmods frih vmroius pbits dkmr tak gkdtrk if tak tiwd if Jkstkrkd (Aubst =?61m: =??=n-g: =??;: Aubst& Buttkr =?6?: Aubst & Diirlmh =?01: Bmuwkrokr & Akssod` =??>). Fokblwmbjod` mdl girod` gmhpmo`ds mriudl tak pbmddkl Nktuwkriutk trmckgtiry wkrk kxkgutkl ny ^MMU

nktwkkd =??> mdl =??6 (Mshusskd =??=: Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7 , =>-=7: Mshusskd =??<: =??6). Dodk sotks wkrklosgivkrkl tariuà fokblwmbjod` (^MMU sotks 7>-<5: Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7 , 7<-71), twi frih stulyod` tak WtmtkWkrvogk fir Mrgamkibiògmb Odvksto`mtoid‟s mrgaovks (^MMU sotks 0<-0;: Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7 , <?) mdl twi nymdmbyzod` mkromb paiti`rmpas (^MMU sotks ?7/??: Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7 , ;>-;<). Mbb nut ^MMU sotk 7? (8 <5)fmbb wotaod tak mrkm sunckgtkl ti mllotoidmb girod` ti nkttkr mssks tak kxtkdt, qumboty mdl dmturk if tak sotk (fo`. V.7:Mshusskd =??< , 7>: ;0-05). Mt ^MMU sotks 70-7? mdl 0;/?7, fodls-bmykrs wota fbodt, paispamtk losgibirmtoids mdl

pittkry frm`hkdts wkrk lmtkl ti tak Dkibotaog/Nridzk M`k pkroil nkgmusk if takor strmto`rmpaog pisotoid (Kxmbtus=??< , 6?). Idby mt sotk 0; giubl sakrls nk lmtkl kxpbogotby ti tak Nridzk M`k (Mshusskd =??< , ?7). Nktwkkd =??6 mdl =??1, tkst-trkdgaks wkrk kxkgutkl ivkr m bkd`ta if ??5 h mbid` tak pbmddkl Nktuwkriutktrmckgtiry. \ak tkst-trkdgakl pbits mrk jdiwd ms sotks =< (wkst & kmst: Wokhids & Wokr =???n), =; (Wokr & Lrkdta=???) mdl =6 (Wokhids & Wokr =???m). Mbb sotks yokblkl fodls mdl fodls-bmykrs lmtmnbk ti tak Nridzk M`k. Wotks =<Kmdl =; furtakrhirk kvolkdgkl tak prkskdgk if m lkkpkr (Bmtk Dkibotaog ir Kmrby Nridzk M`k) vk`ktmtoid airozid wotamrgamkibiògmb hmtkromb (Wokhids & Wokr =???n , =>-=7: Wokr & Lrkdta =??? , =5). \aksk rkhmods wkrk odtkrprktkl msrkprkskdtod` m pissonbk aiusk-sotk hkmsurod` g. >5 ny >; h (Wokr & Lrkdta =??? , >=: >;). Pakrkms sotks =< mdl =;yokblkl Nridzk M`k fkmturks, mt sotk =6 tak prkskdgk if unoquotius îhmd pkroil fkmturks priaonotkl tak lkkpkdod`



=>6


if tak trkdga up ti tak prkaostirog bkvkb, kxpbmodod` tak mnskdgk if Nridzk M`k fkmturks mt taos stm`k (Wokhids & Wokr=???m , =7). Ms mbb sotks (Nridzk M`k mt sotks =< mdl =;, ihmd Ukroil mt sotk =6) wkrk lkkhkl if aoà qumboty (Wokhids& Wokr =???n , 7=: Wokr & Lrkdta =??? , >6: Wokhids & Wokr =???n , =?) mdl ms od sotu prkskrvmtoid wms di iptoid,hirk kxtkdsovk rkskmrga wms udlkrtmjkd. Wotks =< mdl =; wkrk hirk kxtkdsovkby odvksto`mtkl od =??1 (Wgaidkvkbl &Jrmdkdlidj >55>), sotk =6 wms kxgmvmtkl nktwkkd =??1 mdl >555 (Wokr & Jiit >55=).

\ak `kibiògmb gidtkxt \ak forst systkhmtog kdquor oks odti tak `kibiògmb pripkrtoks if tak rkòid wkrk tak siob hmppod` gmhpmo`ds punbosakl

ny K`nkrts (=?;5) mdl Amvod`m & Ip ‑t Aif (=?17). \akrkmftkr, tak mrkm wms hmppkl nktwkkd =?0= mdl =?00 fir

tak `kibiògmb hmp punbosakl ny Vkrnrmkgj (=?1<, 0). Wodgk takd, hmdy girod` gmhpmo`ds wkrk kxkgutkl ms pmrt iftak fokblwirj udlkrtmjkd ny tak Lkpmrthkdt if Uaysogmb @ki`rmpay if tak [dovkrsoty if [trkgat (gf. Nkrkdlskd &Wtiutamhkr >55=). Mggihpmdyod` tak Nktuwkriutk kxgmvmtoids, hirk lktmobkl girod` gmhpmo`ds mriudl tak sotkswkrk kxkgutkl (Vmd Lodtkr >55=: >55>). \ak Nridzk M`k sotks frih taos rkòid mrk `kdkrmbby sotumtkl id tip iftak stmgjkl bkvkk mdl grkvmssk lkpisots if twi hmod fbuvomb systkhs: Jkstkrkd mdl Pkstkrvkbl (skk fo` V.> fir takbigmtoid if tak hmod fbuvomb systkhs). Kspkgombby tak bmttkr, waoga os tak yiud`kr if tak twi, ams ‗ tariuà ots grkvmsskmdl ivkrnmdj lkpisots ‗ prklihodmdtby lktkrhodkl tak mppkmrmdgk if tak hogri-tipi`rmpay if tak rkòid. Mftkrtak Nridzk M`k iggupmtoid, grkvmssk firhmtoid rkbmtkl ti m rkmgtovmtoid if tak Pkstkrvkbl fbuvomb systkh, pmrtombbykrilkl tak Nridzk M`k iggupmtoid bkvkbs.

Fo`. V.= Mrgamkibiògmb rkskmrga od tak Bokdlkd hmgri-rkòid.

m3 Bokdlkd hksi-rkòid, n3 mrkm odotombby sunckgtkl ti girod` gmhpmo`d ny ^MMU, g3 mrkm sunckgtkl ti bmtkr pmbmki`ki`rmpaogmb girod`gmhpmo`ds, l3 mrkms sunckgtkl ti tkst-trkdgaod` mdl kxgmvmtoid, k3 bigmtoid if fodl-spits, f3 ‑mdgokdt skttbkhkdt siobs‟ mggirlod` ti Amvod`m(=?6?: Amvod` & Ip ‑t Aif =?0;: =?17).



=>0

MUUKDLOQ V3 BOKDLKD

OO WI[^GK GÔ\OGOWH

Girod` gmhpmo`ds ny K`nkrts mdl Amvod`m & Ip ‑t AifWkroks if siob-hmppod` gmhpmo`ds mbbiwkl tak gihpobmtoid if paysoi`rmpaogmb hmps ny K`nkrts (=?;5) mdl Amvod`m &Ip ‑t Aif (=?17). \ak dirhmb `rol lkdsoty gidsostkl if ? ti =5 girod`s pkr akgtmrk ti m lkpta if =.> h, suppbkhkdtkl

ny mt bkmst idk girod` pkr akgtmrk up ti >.> h, od irlkr ti odgrkmsk udlkrstmdlod` if tak `kdkrmb `kibiògmb strugturk ifrkòid (gf. Klkbhmd =?<1 , 16-10: Klkbhmd kt mb. =?;5 0: K`nkrts =?;5 , =: Amvod`m =?6? , 6: Amvod`m & Ip ‑t Aif =?0; ,>6=: =?17 , =). Kvolkdgk fir tak prkskdgk if ‑mdgokdt skttbkhkdts siobs‟ wms systkhmtogmbby siuàt fir mdl liguhkdtkl

(Amvod`m & Ip ‑t Aif =?17 , ;;-;6).\aos systkhmtog mttkdtoid ti mrgamkibi`y, gihnodkl wota tak sgmbk if tak fokblwirj ‗ hmppod` kdtork rkòids

‗ wkrk udliuntklby nkdkfogomb ti mrgamkibiòsts. Aiwkvkr, wota tak lkdsoty mdl lkpta if tak hmciroty if tak girod`s,idk hmy kxpkgt hmdy sotks ti amvk rkhmodkl udlktkgtkl. Bmstby, tak lmtod` if tak ‑mdgokdt skttbkhkdt siobs‟ wmstypogmbby lidk kxgbusovkby ny takor strmto`rmpaogmb pisotoid.

Fokblwmbjod` mdl girod` gmhpmo`ds ny ^MMU \ak fokblwmbjod` gmhpmo`ds ny ^MMU od tak Bokdlkd hksi-rkòid yokblkl di Nridzk M`k, ykt mnudlmdt îhmd mdlhklokvmb pkroil rkhmods. Wmvk fir tarkk pissonbk Bmtk Orid M`k (ir îhmd Ukroil) sakrls frih sotk <=, di prkaostirog

Fo`. V.> Hmod fbuvomb systkhs od tak Bokdlkd hmgri-rkòid.

m3 Bokdlkd hksi- rkòid, n3 mrkms sunckgtkl ti tkst-trkdgaod` mdl kxgmvmtoid, g3 fbuvomb systkhs (mftkr Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=), l3grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots mggirlod` ti Nkrkdlskd, Fmksskd & Jkhpkd =??<: Nkrkdlskd kt mb . >55=.



=>1


pittkry wms rktrokvkl lurod` fokblwmbjod` dkmr tak tiwds if Jkstkrkd mdl Bokdlkd (Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7 , 7<-71: Mshusskd =??6 , >7). Nkgmusk if tak `kdkrmbby `rkmtkr lkpta (;5->55 gh: gf. Wokhids & Wokr =???n, ?) if pissonbk

prkaostirog rkhmods nkbiw tak surfmgk, fokblwmbjod` lol dit privk ti nk md mggkptmnbk tkgadoquk ti prispkgt fir prkaostirog sotks od taos mrkm (gf. Mshusskd =??< , 7;). \i losgivkr hirk sotks, m girod` gmhpmo`d wms kxkgutkl. \ak strmtk`y loffkrkl id tak nmsos if waktakr irdit m gamddkb-nkbt wms kxpkgtkl. Of si, twi riws ‗ ;5 h mpmrt ‗ wota girod`s kvkry >; h ti m hmxohuh lkpta if >.;h wkrk kxkgutkl (Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7 , =51). Pakrk di gamddkb nkbt wms kxpkgtkl, idby m sod`bk riw if girod`s

‗ wota ;5 h nktwkkd odlovolumb girod`s ‗ wms uskl (onol ., fir tak gamddkb-nkbts uskl skk Mshusskd =??6 , Hmp O).Od irlkr ti kvmbumtk tak qumboty if tak sotks mbrkmly odvkdtirokl ny ^MMU, hirk lktmobkl girod` wms kxkgutkl id takjdiwd sotks. \aos kdtmobkl twi ‗ >5 h iffskt, odlovolumb girod`s <5 h mpmrt ‗ riws if girod`s wota m hmxohuh lkptaif =.>; h (Mshusskd =??< , =?: Wokhids & Wokr =???n , 1). Pakd mrgamkibiògmb hmtkrombs wkrk losgivkrkl od takgirod`s, tak `rol wms sgmbkl liwd ti m >5 h tromdùbmr `r ol (onol : Mshusskd =??6). Od taos wmy, vk`ktmtoid airozidswota mrgamkibiògmb rkhmods tamt wkrk taiuàt ti lmtk (id strmto`rmpaogmb `riudls) ti tak Dkibotaog ir Nridzk M`k

pkroil wkrk losgivkrkl mt vmroius sotks (fo`. V.7: 7;-7? 0;, ?7: Mshusskd =??< , 6=-05: ?>-?;).

Fo`. V.7 Wotks odlogmtkl ny ^mmp, odotomb girod` mrkm mdl bigmtoid if bmtkr kxgmvmtoids.

m3 mrkm odotombby sunckgtkl ti girod` gmhpmo`d ny ^MMU, n3 mrkms sunckgtkl ti tkst-trkdgaod` g3 mrkms sunckgtkl ti kxgmvmtoid, l3 bigmtoidif ^mmp sotks.



=>?

MUUKDLOQ V3 BOKDLKD

^mmp gmt di Fokblwmbjod Mllotoidmbgirod`

^kfkrkdgks

7> _ _ Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, 7<: Mshusskd =??<, ;0-65

77 _ _ Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, 7<: Mshusskd =??<, ;0-65

7< _ _ Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, 7<: Mshusskd =??<, ;0-65

7; _ _ Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, 7;: Mshusskd =??<, 6=-66: Mrgaos =>0;0676 _ _ Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, 7;: Mshusskd =??<, 6=-66

70 _ _ Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, 76: Mshusskd =??<, 66-05

71 _ _ Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, 76: Mshusskd =??<, 66-05: Mrgaos =>0;0?

7? _ _ Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, 76: Mshusskd =??<, 66-05

<5 (87?) _ D Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, 70

0< D _ Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, <?

0; D _ Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, <?: Mshusskd =??<, ?>-?;

?7 D _ Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, <?: Mshusskd =??<, ?>-?;: Mrgaos 7<?=>: =>06=6: Wokr& Wgaittkd =??1

?? D _ Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, ;<

\kst-trkdgaksNktwkkd =??6 mdl =??1, tkst-trkdgaks wkrk lu` ti nkttkr mssks tak qumboty, kxtkdt mdl lmtod` if tak sotks losgivkrkl

ny tak prkgklod` lktmobkl girod` gmhpmo`ds mdl tamt wkrk ti nk losturnkl ny tak lkfodotovk Nktuwkriutk rmobwmytrmckgtiry (fo`. V.<, m-n). Ot saiubl nk ditkl tamt tak mrkm prispkgtkl ny ^MMU wms wolkr tamd waoga wms od kffkgt`iod` ti nk losturnkl ny gidstrugtoid mgtovotoks. \akrkfirk, tak bigmtoid if tak tkst-trkdgaks wms gidfodkl ti m shmbbkr

\mnbk V.O Wotks losgivkrkl ny ^MMU od tak Bokdlkd hksi-mrkm.

Fo`. V.< Lkdsoty if mrgamkibi`ogmb rkhmods mggirlod` ti ^MMU girod` gmhpmo`ds mdl tak bigmtoids if tak rmobriml trmckgtiry mdl tak tks t-

trkdgaks. Odlogmtkl od nbmgj mrk tak pmrts if tak trkdgaks tamt wkrk lu` liwd ti tak prkaostirog bkvkb mt sotk =<.

m3 tkst-trkdgaks, n3 pmrts if tkst-trkdgaks lu` liwd ti tak prkaostirog bkvkbs, g3 skttbkhkdt sotk ‑diosk‟ mrkm (niudlmry zidk: odgolkdtmbodlogmtirs), l3 skttbkhkdt sotk pkropakry mrkm, k3 skttbkhkdt sotk girk mrkm, f3 Nktuwkriutk rmobwmy trmckgtiry.



=75


trmckgtiry, iftkd bkmvod` udstulokl tak lkdskst gidgkdtrmtoids if mrgamkibiògmb rkhmods losgivkrkl lurod` girod`gmhpmo`ds. Furtakrhirk, tak prkaostirog bkvkb giubl dit nk odvksto`mtkl od mbb trkdgaks.

Aoà `riudlwmtkr tmnbks, akmvy rmodfmbb ir tak prkskdgk if ivkrbyod` îhmd pkroil rkhmods iftkd priaonotklbiwkrod` if tak trkdga bkvkbs (Wokr & Lrkdta =??? , =5: Wokhids & Wokr =???m , =5: =???n , ?-==). Idby mt sotk =; wkrkmbb trkdgaks lu` liwd ti tak prkaostirog bkvkb ir bkvkbs (Wokr & Lrkdta =??? , ?-=5). Kffkgtovkby, idby >>< h> ‗ lovolklivkr =7 trkdgaks ‗ if tak prkaostirog bkvkbs wkrk odvksto`mtkl.

Duhnkr Wotk Mrkm (h>) \rkdgaks \ypk if rkskmrga ^kfkrkdgks

=< Jkstkrkd Piidwm`kdjmhp (titmb) 606 => \kst-trkdgaks Wokhids & Wokr =???n

=< Jkstkrkd Piidwm`kdjmhp (prkaostirog bkvkb) ?0 6 \kst-trkdgaks Wokhids & Wokr =???n

=; Jkstkrkd Bokdlkd (prkaostirog bkvkb) 6> 6 \kst-trkdgaks Wokr & Lrkdta =???

=6 Jkstkrkd Lk Pikrl (titmb) <<5 6 \kst-trkdgaks Wokhids & Wokr =???m

=6 Jkstkrkd Lk Pikrl (prkaostirog bkvkb) 6; = \kst-trkdgaks Wokhids & Wokr =???m

=< & =; Bokdlkd (Jkstkrkd) 66>? =5 Kxgmvmtoid Wgaidkvkbl & Jrmdkdlidj >55>

=6 Lk Pikrl (Jkstkrkd) =7;=6 7 Kxgmvmtoid Wokr & Jiit >55=

\ak rkprilugtoids if tak trkdga skgtoids mdl takor f odls-lostronutoids iftkd saiw m pkgubomr fkmturk: tak prkaostirogmrtkfmgt lostronutoids mppkmr ti nk gidfodkl ti tak auhog sobty gbmy udlkrdkmta tak firhkr vk`ktmtoid airozids,wakrkms od rkmboty tak vk`ktmtoid airozid aml firhkl od tak tip if tak lkpisots if auhog sobty gbmy wota mrtkfmgtsgbustkrod` dkmr tak tip if taksk lkpisots (gf. Wokhids & Wokr =???m , == (fo`. 7): =???n , =7-=6 (fo` ;-1) vkrsus 70-<=). \akrkprilugkl skgtoids rkprkskdt m gidfusod` hox-up if mrgamkibiògmb, botaibiògmb mdl botai`kdktogmb odtkrprktmtoids.\ak botaibiògmb skgtoid tamt wms lrmwd id tak nmsos if mllotoidmb girod` gmrrokl iut lurod` tak tkst-trkdgaod` gmhpmo`dmt sotk =6 (Wokhids & Wokr =??m , >0 fo`. =6) obbustrmtks tamt tak vk`ktmtoid airozid waoga os taiuàt ti lmtk ti takHollbk Nridzk M`k ams nkkd prkskrvkl kvkrywakrk id tak sotk. [dfirtudmtkby, idby tak kmstkrd pmrt if trkdga idk mdltak wkstkrdhist tarkk hktkr if trkdga twi wkrk lu` liwd ti taos bkvkb. \ak fmgt tamt di mrgamkibiògmb rkhmods wkrk

liguhkdtkl od taos bmykr lurod` tak girod` gmhpmo`ds, liks dit dkgkssmroby hkmd tamt di mrgamkibiògmb trmgks irfodls mrk prkskrvkl takrkod. \ak pissonoboty tamt Nridzk M`k rkhmods (kspkgombby taisk itakr tamd lihkstog sotks) hmygidtoduk kmstwmrl frih sotk =; odti sotk =6 giubl amvk nkkd nkttkr odvksto`mtkl ny lkkpkdod` hirk tkst-trkdgaks.

Kxgmvmtoids\ak sotks =< (wkst & kmst), =; mdl =6 wkrk skbkgtkl fir kxgmvmtoid, waoga wms gmrrokl iut ny tak M^G (sotks =< & =;,wodtkr if =???) mdl MLG (sotk =6, Muùst =??1- Mprob >555) kxgmvmtoid gihpm`doks. Wihk îhmd pkroil fkmturkswkrk kxpkgtkl ti nk fiudl od tak kmstkrd pmrt if sotk =; (nirlkrod` sotk =6), nut taky wkrk dit lkmbt wota od hugalktmob. \ak îhmd pkroil fkmturks wkrk lrmwd od pbmd mdl wkrk idby iggmsoidmbby skgtoidkl od irlkr ti rkgivkrlmtmnbk fodls (Jrmdkdlidj & Lk Vii`l >55> , =<). \ak rkvkrsk amppkdkl mt sotk =6, wakrk od fiur t rkdgaks (=1, >=, <>& <?, Wokr & Hublkr >55= , >>) tak Nridzk M`k fkmturk bkvkb wms udgivkrkl, nut tak rksubts amvk dit nkkd punbosakl(fo`. V.;). \ak îhmd pkroil fkmturks mt sotk =6 od trkdgaks =5 mdl == wkrk dit skgtoidkl, od irlkr ti dit losturn takNridzk M`k bmykr udlkrdkmta.

Od irlkr ti nkttkr udlkrstmdl tak kdvoridhkdtmb skttod` if tak prkaostirog sotks, m`mod mllotoidmb girod`gmhpmo`ds wkrk kxkgutkl (fo`. V.=, g). M titmb if 766 girod`s, wota lkptas nktwkkd =.> mdl ;.; hktrks wkrk mdmbyzkl(Vmd Lodtkr >55= , ;<-;;: >55> , 77-7;). \aksk girod`s wkrk uskl ti bigmtk mdl nkttkr lkfodk tak kxtkdts if tak

prkaostirog sotks (fo`. V.6). \ak prkskdgk if tak (rmrk) fodls-bmykrs tamt prklmtkl tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k mgtovotoks wms idk if tak grotkrom

ti gbmoh tamt sotks =< mdl =; wkrk wirtay if prkskrvmtoid, dkgkssotmtod` kxgmvmtoid (Wokhids & Wokr =???n, 7=-7>: Wokr & Lrkdta =???, ><->;). Aiwkvkr, ot wms taiuàt ‗ lkspotk ippisod` gbmohs ny tak paysogmb `ki`rmpakrs(Jrmdkdlidj & Lk Vii`l >55>, =1) ‗ tamt tak pmrts if tak sotks lmtod` ti taksk pkroils wotaod tak rmobriml trmckgtirywkrk suffogokdtby lkkp ms dit ti nk losturnkl ny tak mgtumb rmobwmy gidstrugtoid otskbf. \aus, tak lkkpkr (prksuhmnby

\mnbk V.> Wotk duhnkrs, sotk dmhks, kxgmvmtkl mrkm (h>), duhnkrs if trkdgaks mdl rkfkrkdgks.



=7=

MUUKDLOQ V3 BOKDLKD

Fo`. V.; Nridzk M`k rkhmods udgivkrkl mt sotk =6 (Jkstkrkd - Lk Pikrl: Wokr & Jiit >55=).

m3 tkst-trkdgaks, n3 kxgmvmtoid trkdgaks, g3 Nridzk M`k fkmturk bkvkb udgivkrkl, l3 Nridzk M`k fkmturk bkvkb prkskrvkl.

Fo`. V.6 Kxgmvmtkl mrkms, girk mrkms (n) mdl pkropakroks (g) if sotks ms kstmnbosakl ny girod` fir tak Kmrby Nridzk M`k (tip) mdl HollbkNridzk M`k (nittih) mt Bokdlkd sotks =< ti =6.

m3 kxgmvmtoid trkdgaks, n3 skttbkhkdt sotk pkropakry mrkms, g3 skttbkhkdt sotk girk mrkms.



=7>


Bmtk Dkibotaog ti Kmrby Nridzk M`k) bkvkb mt sotks =< mdl =; ams idby sgmrgkby nkkd odvksto`mtkl. [dfirtudmtkby, dihmp ams nkkd punbosakl tamt odlogmtks waoga trkdgaks wkrk lu` liwd ti tak kmrby (Nridzk M`k) bkvkbs. \ak Hollbk Nridzk M`k iggupmtoid bkvkbs wkrk stulokl od lktmob. \ak Hollbk Nridzk M`k vk`ktmtoid airozidwaoga gidtmodkl hist fodls wms kxgmvmtkl od squmrks hkmsurod` >.; h ny ; gh od lkpta, mbbiwod` fir hilkrmtkbylktmobkl fodls-lostronutoid mdmbysks. Didktakbkss, tak kxgmvmtkl mrkms wkrk gidfodkl ti taisk mrkms tamt wkrk taiuàtti yokbl tak aoàkst gidgkdtrmtoid if fodls mdl fkmturks. \aos ams bkft mrkms wota biwkr duhnkrs if fkmturks (mdlfodls) udkxgmvmtkl (k.`. tak siutawkst girdkr if sotk =<P, kdtork surfmgk mt sotk =<K mdl tak mrkm nktwkkd tak twi tkst-trkdgaks mt sotk =; wakrk taky hkkt up wota tak bmr`kr kxgmvmtoid if sotk =;), waoga mrk mrkms tamt hmy amvk iffkrklm ìil odsoàt odti tak bmyiut mdl strugturk if tak nuoblod`s firhkrby prkskdt. Furtakrhirk, hmdy if tak strugturksrkgidstrugtkl fir tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k iggupmtoid pamsks amvk fkw pmrmbbkbs kbskwakrk. \ak vmboloty if sihk iftak strugturks pripiskl hust nk skroiusby liuntkl (skk nkbiw). \ak Nridzk M`k bkvkbs saiwkl fkw bmtkr auhmd losturnmdgks mt sotk =< mdl =;. Idby tak lkkpkst pmrts ifsihk îhmd pkroil ùbboks mt sotk =; pkdktrmtkl liwd odti tak Nridzk M`k bkvkb (Nuotkdauos kt mb . >55> , >7>->77).Aiwkvkr, grkvmssk firhmtoid ny yiud`kr systkhs ams krilkl m gidsolkrmnbk pmrt if tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k surfmgkbkvkb. Lurod` tak Kmrby ir Hollbk Orid M`k, m liwdstrkmh bkvkk-nrkmga if tak Kgatkbl fbuvomb systkh odti tak (fissob)rksolumb ùbby if tak dkoàniurod` Pkstkrvkbl systkh, odlugkl grkvmssk firhmtoid frih tak fissob Pkstkrvkbl bkvkks

odti tak dirtakrd fbiilnmsod. \aos os tak grkvmssk firhmtoid id waoga tak îhmd pkroil iggupmtoid tiij pbmgk (fo`.V.0).

Lurod` tak ihmd pkroil, prksuhmnby lurod` tak =st ir >dl gkdtury ML, hmdy lkkp grkvmssk ùbboks firhkl mt sotk =;mdl =6 (fo`. V.1), waoga krilkl up ti >5% if sotk =;, iftkd guttod` liwd ti tak Nridzk M`k bkvkb (Vmd Lodtkr >55> ,<1).

Fo`. V.0 \ak fiurta pamsk if grkvmssk firhmtoid mt B okdlkd sotks =< ti =6 (mftkr Vmd Lodtkr >55=: >55>: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55;).

m3 bkvkk lkpisots if tak Kgatkbl fbuvomb systkh, n3 hmod ùbby if tak Kgatkbl fbuvomb systkh, g3 Pkstkrvkbl fbuvomb systkh, l3 kxgmvmtoidtrkdgaks, k3 grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots (pamsk <).



=77

MUUKDLOQ V3 BOKDLKD


Kmrby mdl Hollbk Dkibotaog\ak forst Aibigkdk fbuvomb lkpisots od tak rkòid, ivkrbyod` `rmvkby lkpisots if Bmtk Ubkostigkdk nrmolkl rovkrs, mrktak 75-15 gh taogj bimhy mdl smdly fbiilnmsod lkpisots if tak forst hkmdlkrod` rovkrs (Vmd Lodtkr >55>, 71-7?).Urksuhmnby, prklkgkssirs if tak âodk mdl Pmmb (k.`. tak Akrvkbl mdl Lostkbjmhp-Mffkrlkd fbuvomb systkhs) pmsskltariuà tak dirta mdl siuta if tak hksi-rkòid, nut taksk fbuvomb systkhs amvk nkkd bmr`kby krilkl ny takor suggkssirs

(fo`. V.?). Idby m shmbb mrkm if tak Akrvkbl gamddkb-nkbt os bkft udlosturnkl od tak dirta (fo` V.>, skk Mppkdlox VO(Lilkwmmrl) fir lmtod` if tak Akrvkbl systkh). Lurod` hist if tak Aibigkdk, idby fbiilnmsod sklohkdts wkrklkpisotkl od tak gkdtrmb pmrt if tak Bokdlkd hksi-rkòid. \aos kxpbmods tak rkbmtovk sgmrgoty if fodls lmtmnbk ti takKmrby mdl Hollbk Dkibotaog frih taos mrkm. If tak sod`bk fodl tamt os lmtmnbk ti taos pkroil, m stidk mxk lksgronkl msiroòdmtod` ‒frih Jkstkrkd‘, ot os udgbkmr wakrk kxmgtby ot wms fiudl (di <=571, Mrgaos <=571 mdl Aibwkrlm kt mb .=?51). Mniut m jobihktrk ti tak wkst if tak stuly mrkm, prksuhmnby rkbmtkl ti tak prkskdgk if tak Ihhkrkd gamddkblkpisots, Hollbk Dkibotaog fodls mrk hirk gihhid (gf. Aubst =??5: Mrgaos =01??: <5<?0: 06??: <5<?1). Ms lorkgt lmtks mrk mnskdt, ot os mssuhkl tamt sihkwakrk od tak fodmb fiurta ir kmrby taorl hobbkddouh NGtak Jkstkrkd gamddkb khkr`kl (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55;: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55= , >==). \ak gamddkb lkpisots mrkrkhmrjmnby shmbb (½ 05 h) fir m systkh od taos pmrt if tak rovkr mrkm mdl taos su``ksts tamt tak Jkstkrkd systkh hmyamvk stmrtkl ms m grkvmssk ùbby frih tak Akrvkbl fbuvomb systkh ti tak dirta if ot.

Od tak siutakrd pmrt if tak hogri-rkòid, grkvmssks mbsi firhkl. M`mod, takrk os di lorkgt lmtod` kvolkdgkmdl ot os udjdiwd frih waoga fbuvomb systkh taky iroòdmtkl (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55;: Vmd Lodtkr >55> , <1). Uissonby,

taky iroòdmtkl frih m diw krilkl liwdstrkmh giddkgtoid if tak Lostkbjmhp-Mffkrlkd gamddkb nkbt (skk MppkdloxVO (Lilkwmmrl) fir lmtod` if tak Lostkbjmhp-Mffkrlkd fbuvomb systkh).

Bmtk DkibotaogMt tak kdl if tak taorl hobbkddouh NG, m dkw fbuvomb systkh (gmbbkl Pkstkrvkbl) grissks tak Bokdlkd hksi-rkòid. Idgkhirk, di lorkgt lmtks mrk mvmobmnbk fir taos systkh. \ak Pkstkrvkbl gamddkb lkpisots li mppkmr ti nk strmto`rmpaogmbbyyiud`kr tamd taisk if tak Jkstkrkd fbuvomb systkh, mdl amvk bmr`kby krilkl tak kmrbokr Dkibotaog grkvmssk spbmys odtak siutakrd pmrt if tak hogri-rkòid Bokdlkd (Vmd Socvkrlkd >55;: Vmd Lodtkr >55> , <5). \ak nkst kstohmtk fir takstmrt if sklohkdtmtoid ny tak Pkstkrvkbl systkh firhs tak lmtod` if tak fodls frih tak vk`ktmtoid airozid id tak

Fo`. V.1 îhmd pkroil grkvmssk ùbboks (pamsk ;) mt Bokdlkd sotk =;.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 kxgmvmtkl mrkm mt Bokdlkd sotk =; wota Nridzk M`k pkroil fkmturks, g3 bmtkr (pamsk ;: îhmd pkroil) grkvmsskùbboks.



=7<


biwkrhist mssigomtkl grkvmssks udgivkrkl od tak tkst-trkdgaks. Wox typibiògmbby bmtk (g. >755->555 gmb NG) NkbbNkmjkr sakrls wkrk rkgivkrkl frih tak biwkr (mdl uppkr) vk`ktmtoid airozid if trkdga fiur mdl od tak vk`ktmtoidairozid if trkdga sox id sotk =<K (Wokhids & Wokr =???n , >7->7: 0?), su``kstod` m stmrt lmtk fir tak Pkstkrvkbl systkh

nkfirk ir lurod` tak bmst fkw gkdturoks if tak Bmtk Dkibotaog-N.M sod`bk pistaibk wms fiudl udlkrdkmta tak Bmtk Dkibotaog (mdl/ir Kmrby Nridzk M`k) vk`ktmtoid airozid od

trkdga =<K-< (Wokhids & Wokr =???n, =?) nut ot wms viol if lmtmnbk hmtkrombs. Frih tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k vk`ktmtoidairozid od trkdga 0 mt sotk =<P, m fbodt mrriwakml wota gidgmvk nmsk wms rkgivkrkl tamt gmddit nk lmtkl prkgoskby,

nut hmy lmtk ti tak Bmtk Dkibotaog (Wokhids & Wokr =???n , >1, 0?: nut skk Wgaidkvkbl >55>n , >6; wakrk m HollbkNridzk M`k lmtk os gbmohkl). If mditakr fbodt nmrnkl-mdl-tmd`kl mrriwakml, waoga hmy nk Bmtk Dkibotaog od lmtk,ot gmddit nk rkgidstrugtkl wakrk id sotk =< ot wms fiudl (Wokhids & Wokr =???n , >1 fo`. >;). \arkk sakrls tamt wkrkrkgivkrkl lurod` tak kxgmvmtoid if sotk =< mrk taiuàt ti nkbid` ti tak Nkbb Nkmjkr pkroil, nut di odfirhmtoid id

wakrk taky wkrk fiudl ams nkkd punbosakl ([fjks >55>m , ??: Wgaidkvkbl >55>m , >>1). Iutsolk tak hogri-rkòid,m fbodt mrriwakml wota m gidgmvk nmsk wms fiudl ti`ktakr wota sihk wirjkl mdl udwirjkl fbodt mdl stidks od mgidstrugtoid sotk od tak gkdtrk if tak tiwd if Jkstkrkd (fo`. V.=5, di <50;7: Aubst =?6?: Mrgaos <50;7). M`mod, taklmtod` if taos mrriwakml os odskgurk.

Kmrby Nridzk M`k mdl Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M Di dkw fbuvomb systkhs gmhk odti nkod` od tak hksi-rkòid lurod` tak Kmrby Nridzk M`k mdl Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M pkroils, mdl m vk`ktmtoid airozid giubl firh od tak tip if tak grkvmssk lkpisots ny tak Pkstkrvkbl systkh rkfkrrkl timnivk. Od taos vk`ktmtoid airozid, waoga mbsi yokblkl sihk Bmtk Dkibotaog gkrmhogs (skk mnivk), sihk ‑Nmrnkl Pork‟-

Fo`. V.? Kmrby- ti Hollbk Dkibotaog fbuvomb systkhs mdl fodl-spits od tak Bokdlkd hmgri-rkòid (fobbkl syhnibs odlogmtk gkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids,iutbodkl syhnibs odlogmtk udgbkmr olkdtof ogmtoids).

m3 kxgmvmtoid trkdgaks, n3 mgtovk fbuvomb systkhs, g3 fissob grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots, l3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, k3 tiibs.



=7;

MUUKDLOQ V3 BOKDLKD

stmhp lkgirmtkl nkmjkr (NPN) mdl pitnkmjkr gkrmhogs wkrk fiudl (fo`. V.==). \wi nmrnkl work-stmhp lkgirmtklsakrls wkrk fiudl od trkdga sox if sotk =<K (Wokhids & Wokr =???n , 15) mdl mt bkmst fovk frih tak biwkst vk`ktmtoidairozid od trkdga sox if sotk =; (Wokr & Lrkdta =??? , =<: =0). Od nita gmsks taksk NPN sakrls wkrk mssigomtkl wota

pitnkmjkr sakrls (Wokhids & Wokr =???n , >7-><, 0?: Wokr & Lrkdta =??? , =0). Nita vk`ktmtoid airozids od trkdgafiur if sotk =<K mbsi yokblkl pitnkmjkr mdl pissonbk NPN sakrls (biwkr bkvkb koàt pitnkmjkr, => pissonbk NPN,uppkr bkvkb idk pitnkmjkr, biwkr bkvkb 1 pitnkmjkr sakrls (Wokr & Lrkdta =???n , >>: 0?)). Lurod` tak kxgmvmtoid ifsotk =<, twi pitnkmjkr frm`hkdts mdl m sod`bk NPN sakrl wkrk rkgivkrkl, ykt di odfirhmtoid id takor gidtkxt wms

punbosakl ([fjks >55> , ??: Wgaidkvkbl >55>m , >>1). Lurod` tak wmtgaod` nrokf mggihpmdyod` tak mgtumb Nktuwkriutkgidstrugtoid, m pot wota pitnkmjkr gkrmhogs, gamrgimb mdl nidk wms liguhkdtkl (di 0>07: Wgauttk >557n , =;-=6).[dfirtudmtkby, pitnkmjkr lkgirmtovk tkgadoquks iggur nita od tak Bmtk Dkibotaog ms wkbb ms od tak Kmrby NridzkM`k, hmjod` ot ohpissonbk ti msso`d mdy if tak pitnkmjkr sakrls wota gkrtmodty ti tak Kmrby Nridzk M`k. Iutsolk

tak hogri-rkòid, Kmrby Nridzk M`k fkmturks amvk nkkd losgivkrkl od tak (îhmd pkroil) kxgmvmtoids ny tak WtmtkWkrvogk fir Mrgamkibiògmb Odvksto`mtoids (ÎN, diw ^MGH) mt Jkstkrkd-Dklkrkodlskstrmmt, nut taky amvk dit ykt

nkkd punbosakl od fubb (Aubst =??=g , <6: Aubst =??;: Mrgaos 7=?17 & 7=?10). Gbkmr kvolkdgk fir pittkry lospbmyod` Aobvkrsuh-stybk lkgirmtoid, tamt giubl odlogmtk mgtovotoks lurod` takHollbk Nridzk M`k-M, os mnskdt. Idby fiur sakrls ‗ idk frih tak biwkr bkvkb if trkdga sox id sotk =;, twi frih takkxgmvmtoid mt sotk =< ‗ lospbmy lkgirmtovk tkgadoquks ir pit-hirpaibi`y rkhodosgkdt if Aobvkrsuh-stybk pittkry, nuttak olkdtofogmtoid os vkry odskgurk (Wokr & Lrkdta =???, =0: [fjks >55>m, ?;-?6). Wihkwakrk mt tak kdl if taos pkroil, tak Pkstkrvkbl systkh (idgk m`mod) aml m pamsk if kxtkdsovk grkvmsskfirhmtoid (fo`. V.=>: Vmd Lodtkr >55> , ;5: Vmd Socvkrlkd >55;). Idk hmy spkgubmtk tamt tak mnskdgk if fodls lmtmnbk

Fo`. V.=5 Bmtk Dkibotaog fbuvomb systkhs mdl fodl-spits od tak B okdlkd hmgri-rkòid (fobbkl syhnibs odlogmtk gkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids, iutbodklsyhnibs odlogmtk udgbkmr olkdtofogmtoids).

m3 kxgmvmtoid trkdgaks, n3 fissob grkvmssk spbmy mdl bkvkk lkpisots, g3 mgtovk fbuvomb systkhs, l3 yiud`kr fbuv omb systkhs, k3 grkvmssk spbmylkpisots, f3 pittkry, `3 wkmpids, a3 fkmturks.



=76


Fo`. V.== Kmrby Nridzk M`k ti Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M fbuvomb systkhs mdl fodl-spits od tak Bokdlkd hmgri-rkòid (fobbkl syhnibs odlogmtkgkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids, iutbodkl syhnibs odlogmtk udgbkmr olkdtofogmtoids).

m3 kxgmvmtoid trkdgaks, n3 fissob grkvmssk spbmy mdl bkvkk lkpisots, g3 mgtovk fbuvomb sys tkhs, l3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, k3 grkvmssk spbmylkpisots, f3 pittkry.

Fo`. V.=> Hollbk Nridzk M`k(-M9) grkvmssk firhmtoid od tak Bokdlkd hmgri-rkòid.

m3 kxgmvmtoid trkdgaks, n3 mgtovk fbuvomb systkhs, g3 grkvmssk rks olumb ùbby, l3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, k3 grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots.



=70

MUUKDLOQ V3 BOKDLKD

ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M giubl ohpby tamt taos grkvmssk firhmtoid tiij pbmgk lurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M, nut gidgbusovk mrùhkdts mrk bmgjod`. Ot os, aiwkvkr, gbkmr tamt tak fkmturks mdl fodls tamt gmd nk mttronutkl ti takHollbk Nridzk M`k-N (skk nkbiw), mrk fiudl mssigomtkl wota tak vk`ktmtoid airozid tamt aml firhkl od tak tip iftaksk grkvmssk lkpisots.

Hollbk Nridzk M`k-NLurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N grkvmssk firhmtoid aml gkmskl. Idk if tak rksolumb grkvmssk ùbboks sobtkl-uplurod` tak Nridzk M`k iggupmtoid (ms fodls mdl m rmloigmrnid lmtk (@rM-=6=173 7><5 ½ 05 NU: Vmd Lodtkr >55> ,<6) frih tak rksolumb ùbby odlogmtk), nut hmy amvk iggmsoidmbby nkkd fbiilkl. \ak prksuhkl kdl if sklohkdtmtoid

ny tak Pkstkrvkbl fbuvomb systkh mriudl g. =0<5-=<=5 gmb NG os nmskl id m rksolumb ùbby lmtk if tak upstrkmhgiddkgtoid, tak Aihikt-Jmhp fbuvomb systkh ([tG->6503 7>?5 ½ 05 NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55= , ><7: VmdSocvkrlkd >55;: nut skk Vmd Lodtkr >55> , ;5 wai mssuhks m `rmlumb lkgrkmsk od f buvomb mgtovoty udtob m fubb stip odtak Kmrby Orid M`k). \ak wmtkr bkvkb od tak rksolumb grkvmssk ùbby wobb dit amvk kxgkklkl twi hktkr od lkpta mdl

ny tak kdl if tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N iggupmtoid, tak ùbby wms idby 0; gh lkkp mdl m vk`ktmtoid airozid stmrtklti firh od tak firhkr grkvmssk ùbby pripkr (Vmd Lodtkr >55> , <;-<6). Urksuhmnby, tak lkgrkmsk od mgtovoty if takPkstkrvkbl systkh fmviurkl iggupmtoid od vmroius itakr pmrts if tak hksi-rkòid ms wkbb (fo`. V.=7). M Nridzk M`k

vk`ktmtoid airozid gidtmodod` gkrmhogs, fbodt, stidks mdl nidks wms losgivkrkl od m skwkrm`k trkdga dkmr Jkstkrkd- Fruotstrmmt (di <=567, Aubst =?0=m: Mrgaos <=567). M Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N lm``kr wms rkgivkrkl frih tak Pmmbdkmr OCzkdliird (di ?=5, Fidtocd >557 , 77?). Amvod`m & Ip ‑t Aiff (=?0;: =?17) losgivkrkl skvkd ‑mdgokdt skttbkhkdt‟mrkms od tak dirta-wkst if tak hksi-rkòid, nut nkgmusk di mllotoidmb rkskmrga ams nkkd gmrrokl iut, takor kxmgt m`kmdl dmturk rkhmods odskgurk.

Fo`. V.=7 Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N fbuvomb systkhs mdl f odl-spits od tak Bokdlkd hmgri-rkòid.

m3 kxgmvmtoid trkdgaks, n3 mgtovk fbuvomb systkhs, g3 grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots, l3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, k3 ‑mdgokdt skttbkhkdt siobs‟mggirlod` ti Amvod`m (=?6?: Amvod` & Ip ‑t Aif =?0;: =?17), f3 Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N fodl-spits.



=71


Ot os idby fir tak pmrt kxgmvmtkl od tak Nktuwkriutk rmobriml trmckgtiry, tamt hirk lktmobkl odsoàt odti tak dmturk if takNridzk M`k iggupmtoid if tak Bokdlkd mrkm gmd nk `modkl. Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdt trmgks gbustkrkl od twi bigmtoids,sotk =<P mdl tak kmstkrd pmrt if sotk =;, wakrk taky wkrk udgivkrkl od hirk kxtkdsovk kxgmvmtoid (fo`. V.=<, N-G).

\ak `riudl pbmds if tak aiusks mdl nmrds rkgidstrugtkl frih tak kxgmvmtoid pbmds firh m vkry aktkri`kdkius `riup,wota bmr`k vmromtoid od tak pbmgkhkdt if pists nita wotaod, ms wkbb ms nktwkkd tak loffkrkdt rkgidstrugtkl nuoblod`s.Iftkd, pists wkrk dit rkgivkrkl wakrk taky ‗ of prklogtmnbk ny tak rkùbmroty if tak `riudl pbmd ‗ wkrk kxpkgtkl.\aos mnskdgk os rmrkby mggiudtkl fir od tak punbogmtoid (gf . fo`. V.=;: V.=0), waobk vmbol kxpbmdmtoids (k.`. rkgkdtlosturnmdgks, krilkl ny bmtkr grkvmssk mgtovoty) hmy amvk strkd`takdkl tak odtkrprktmtoids (Lk Vii`l & Wgaidkvkbl>55>). Furtakrhirk, ot os udjdiwd waoga fkmturks wkrk `riupkl odti strugturks lurod` fokblwirj, mdl waoga idksmftkrwmrls. Gidskqukdtby, tak vmboloty if m duhnkr if rkgidstrugtkl nuoblod`s hust nk qukstoidkl.

Potaod tak Nridzk M`k fkmturk gbustkr mt sotk =<P, tak kxgmvmtirs rkgi`doskl idk aiusk pbmd (L: fo`. V.=;,

di =) mdl m pissonbk skgidl idk (N: fo`. V.=;, di 7). \ak strugturks odlogmtkl ms M, G, L‟ mdl K wkrk odtkrprktkl ms nmrds (fo`s. V.=;: V.=6: Lk Vii`l & Wgaidkvkbl >55>, ;1-;?). Mbb nut strugturk L bmgj tak rkùbmroty od `riudl pbmdtamt os typogmb if bmtkr (Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N) Nridzk M`k nuoblod`s (Mrdiblusskd >551, skgtoid ;.>.7.<). Lurod`fokblwirj, m strugturk wms mbrkmly suspkgtkl mt tak bigmtoid if strugturk L (\. Amhnur`, pkrs. gihh., Mu`. >55;)\ak strugturks N‟ mdl G hmy rkprkskdt tak rkhmodlkr if rmoskl `rmdmroks ‗ mbnkot sboàtby sjkwkl od `riudl pbmd ‗ ifwaoga tak fmgt tamt strugturk G wms rkgidstrugtkl od md mrkm wota biw-fkmturk lkdsoty hmy mll sihk hirk strkd`ta titak fkmturk mssigomtoid. Ms fir strugturks M, N, L‟ mdl K tak pistaibk-pbmgkhkdt os orrkùbmr, pists mrk udkxpbmodmnbymnskdt, pists if loffkrkdt sozks mdl lkpta mrk `riupkl odti sod`bk strugturks mdl di mlkqumtk pmrmbbkbs mrk jdiwd,suffogokdt mrùhkdts mrk bmgjod` ti hmodtmod md odtkrprktmtoid ms rkbomnbk strugturks.

Fo`. V.=< Ivkrvokw (M) mdl lktmobs (N-G) if tak mbb-fkmturk pbmd fir tak Nridzk M`k bkvkbs mt tak Bokdlkd kxgmvmtoids od rkbmtoid ti takudlkrbyod` fbuvomb lkpisots.

m3 Nridzk M`k fkmturk bkvkbs od kxgmvmtoid trkdgaks, n3 bkvkk lkpisots if tak Pkstkrvkbl fbuvomb systkh, g3 grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots, l3grkvmssk rksolumb ùbby.



=7?

MUUKDLOQ V3 BOKDLKD

\ak lkdsk gbuttkrs if fkmturks gmd nk uskl ti rkgidstrugt kdlbkss itakr gidfoùrmtoids, if waoga fo`. V.=6 os mdkxmhpbk. Mbtaiuà sihk fkmturk vmromnbks (suga ms fkmturk lohkdsoids mdl lkpta) amvk nkkd uskl od lrmftod` taoskxmhpbk, ot os odakrkdtby ms wkmj ms tak rkgidstrugtoids punbosakl, sodgk tak hist ohpirtmdt inskrvmtoids od `riupod`fkmturks odti strugturks (bojkdkss if fkmturks) saiubl amvk nkkd lidk lurod` fokblwirj. \ak kxmhpbk‟s purpisk ossibkby ti obbustrmtk tak prinbkhs ‗ ir kmsk ‗ od rkgidstrugtod` ‑strugturks‟ frih pist-gbuttkrs mdl gidskqukdtby takodtkrprktmtoids iffkrkl od tak biwkr pmrt if fo` V.=6 mrk aoàby tkdtmtovk.

=5h5

=

>

7

<

;

Fo`. V.=; Gbmohkl Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N strugturks mt Bokdlkd - sotk =<P(kst), mbb ti smhk sgmbk (=3 strugturk L, >3 s trugturk L‟, 73 strugturk

N, <3 strugturk M, ;3 strugturk K).



=<5


M sohobmr kxkrgosk ams nkkd lidk fir tak gbustkr od tak kmstkrd pmrt if sotk =;. \akrk, m gihpmrmnbk mrrmy if pkgubomrstrugturks aml nkkd rkgidstrugtkl. If tak fiur gbmohkl aiusk pbmds (U, G, J mdl B), tak bmttkr twi mrk tii odgihpbktkmdl tii m-typogmb ti hmodtmod takor odtkrprktmtoid (skk fo`. V.=0). \ak siutakrd pmrt if strugturk G lospbmy tak rkùbmrotymdl lohkdsoids typogmb if m bmtkr (Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N) Nridzk M`k nuoblod`, nut tak dirtakrd ambf gidsosts if mdorrkùbmr `riupod` if pots mdl pists (Lk Vii`l & Wgaidkvkbl >55> , 6>). Uissonby, idby tak siutakrd pmrt if strugturk

Fo`. V.=6 Iroòdmb (M: mftkr Wgaidkvkbl & Lk Vii`l >55>) mdl rk-odtkrprktmtoid (N) if tak hollbk Nridzk M`k-N strugturks mt Bokdlkd - sotk=< (Pkst).

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 rkbomnbk mdl tkdtmtovk `riudl pbmds if strugturks, g3 itakr fkmturks, l3 fkmturks mssigomtkl ti strugturks.



=<=

MUUKDLOQ V3 BOKDLKD

G wms pmrt if m nuoblod`, mbtaiu`a wk gmddit nk surk waktakr taos wms m aiusk ir md iutnuoblod`. \ak vmboloty ifaiusk U os nkyidl liunt: taos rk`ubmr `riudl pbmd saiw gidsostkdt lohkdsoids mdl lkptas if pists, ot wms fiudl od mdmrkm wota biw fkmturk lkdsoty mdl wms rkgi`doskl mbrkmly lurod` fokblwirj (\. Amhnur`, pkrs. gihh., Cuby >55;).

Fo`. V.=0 Gbmohkl Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N strugturks mt Bokdlkd - s otk =;, mbb ti smhk sgmbk (=3 strugturk U, >3 strugturk G, 73 strugturk J, <3strugturk B , ;3 strugturk A, 63 strugturk B‟, 03 strugturk ]).

=5 h5

=

>

7

<

;

06



=<>


If tak bmr`kr mdgobbmry strugturks, tak vmboloty if tak strugturks B‟, B mdl ] os qukstoidmnbk, mdl pmrtogubmrby fir takbmttkr di pmrmbbkbs wamtsikvkr mrk jdiwd. Wtrugturk A hmy amvk nkkd m nmrd ir m sakl, pissonbk kvkd m aiusk, nut akrktak kxgmvmtoid kxtkdt amhpkrs lkfodotovk odtkrprktmtoid. Pota tak smhk rkskrvmtoids ms wota tak kxmhpbk frih sotk =<,mbtkrdmtovk rkgidstrugtoids fir tak lkdsk gbustkrs if fkmturks gmd nk hmlk (fo`. V.=1).

Mbtaiuà pmrts if sotk =< mdl =; lospbmykl m aoà fkmturk-lkdsoty, di griss-guttod` if fkmturks giubl nk inskrvkl (LkVii`l & Wgaidkvkbl >55> , ;6). Nmskl id tak duhnkrs if aiusk pbmds mdl tak rmloigmrnid lmtks intmodkl (fo`. V.=?),tak kxgmvmtirs mssuhk tamt mbb fkmturks rkprkskdt mniut m gkdtury if Nridzk M`k iggupmtoid, ir tarkk `kdkrmtoids,

nktwkkd =655 mdl =;55 gmb NG (Lk Vii`l & Wgaidkvkbl >55> , ;0).[dfirtudmtkby, takrk mrk di ìil girrkbmtoids nktwkkd tak strugturks mdl tak lmtks intmodkl. \ak mssigomtoid

if tak lmtkl nidk frih pot =>.75 ‗ wotaod mdl ‗ ti aiusk L mt sotk =<P os qukstoidmnbk. Hist itakr lmtks rkprkskdtmdohmb nidks frih vmroius pots (Wgaidkvkbl >55>n, >;>). \ak =6ta gkdtury NG os givkrkl ny hist rmloigmrnid lmtks,

nut >χ rmd`ks mbbiw fir m hirk pribid`kl iggupmtoid (fo`. V.=?). \ak rmloigmrnid lmtk wota tak dmrriwkst gmbonrmtklrmd`k (@rD->;0553 7>>5 ½ 7; NU: Wgaidkvkbl >55>n, >;>), rkprkskdts nidk frih tarkk loffkrkdt pots dkmr strugturkG mt sotk =;. \ak nidk, stidk mdl gkrmhog mrtkfmgts rkgivkrkl li dit ippisk, nut dkotakr rkfodks tak `kdkrmb (HollbkNridzk M`k, pissonby gkdtkrkl =6ta gkdtury gmb NG) m`k fir tak hmod pamsk(s9) if usk if tak sotk (Nuotkdauos >55>,>>>: Dokjus kt mb . >55>m, =6=: [fjks >55>m, =55).

Fo`. V.=1 Iroòdmb (M: mftkr Wgaidkvkbl & Lk Vii`l >55>) mdl rk-odtkrprktmtoid (N) if tak hollbk Nridzk M`k-N strugturks mt Bokdlkd - sotk=;.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 rkbomnbk mdl tkdtmtovk `riudl pbmds if strugturks, g3 fkmturks mssigomtkl ti strugturks, l3 itakr fkmturks.



=<7

MUUKDLOQ V3 BOKDLKD

M rkhmrjmnbk inskrvmtoid os tak prkskdgkif skvkrmb fkmturks odtkrprktkl ms pots tamtgidtmodkl bmr`k duhnkrs mdl so`dofogmdtwko`at (4 ;55 `) if mrtkfmgts. @kdkrmbby(skk Mrdiblusskd >551, skgtoid ;.0),Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N skttbkhkdt sotks odtak Lutga rovkr mrkm yokbl idby fkw pots, tamtirlodmroby gidtmod fkw (2 >55 `) mrtkfmgts.\ak lostronutoid if tak pots wota hirk tamd;55 ` (fo`. V.>5, l) ir = j` (fo`. V.>5, k) iffodls, saiws di kvolkdt gbustkrod` mriudlrkgi`doskl strugturks. ^mtakr, m hirk irbkss kvkd sprkml mbid` tak ao`akst pmrt iftak hogri-tipi`rmpaog bmdlsgmpk (gf. fo`.V.>>, G) hmy nk rkfbkgtkl.

\ak odtkrprktmtoid if taksk pots os

skroiusby amhpkrkl ny tak hktailibi`yif tak gkrmhogs mdmbysks ([fjks >55>m,1=-1>). Lkviol if gidtkxtumb odfirhmtoid,idby tak hist lom`distog (k.`. lkgirmtklsakrls, roh-sakrls kt gktkrm) amvk nkkdstulokl. Fir tak pots lkpogtkl od fo`. V.>5,

Mthispakrog lmtm frih kohkr kt mb (>55<):IxGmb v7.=5 Nridj mhsky (>55;): gun r3; sl3=> prin uspZgaridX

>555 gmb NG =;55 gmb NG =555 gmb NGGmbonrmtkl lmtk

@rM-=;?1> 7>05½<5NU

@rM->;<15 7>65½05NU

@rM->;<00 7>;5½;5NU

@rM-=6=17 7><5½05NU

@rM->;<17 7>>5½<;NU

@rM->;055 7>>5½7;NU

@rM-=6=1? 7>55½?5NU

@rM->;<16 7>55½65NU

@rM->;<0? 7=75½65NU

@rM-=6=1> 75>5½15NU

Fo`. V.=? Ixgmb 7.=5 pbit fir tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k rmloigmrnid lmtkl smhpbks frihBokdlkd - Jks tkrkd (mftkr Wgaidkvkbl >55>n, >;> tmnbk =5.=).

Fo`. V.>5 Lostronutoid if pissonbk rkfusk pots mt B okdlkd sotk =;.

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 strugturks, g3 itakr fkmturks, l3 pot wota ivkr ;55 ` if mrtkfmgts, k3 pots wota ivkr = j` if mrtkfmgts.



=<<


idby skvkd sakrls (=50.? ) if md mvmobmnbk titmb if =?1? sakrls (wkoàod` 1=7= ) amvk nkkd mdmbyzkl. Gidskqukdtby,ot ohpissonbk ti mssks tak frm`hkdtmtoid, duhnkr if pit-odlovolumbs, trmgks if skgidlmry nurdod` ir mdy itakrgamrmgtkrostog if tak pittkry od taksk pots. \akrkfirk, tak odtkrprktmtoid if m (skgidlmry) fudgtoid ms rkfusk pots hustrkhmod tkdtmtovk. Pota m bmr`k duhnkr if pots, tak rkgivkrkl stidk frm`hkdts iutwkoà tak gkrmhogs. Ms tak hkmdwkoàts if tak botaogs rkgivkrkl mrk biw (2 ? `) mdl tak duhnkrs aoà (hkmd =56 frm`hkdts: nmskl id Lk Vii`l &Wgaidkvkbl >55>, 06-15), ot os mssuhkl tamt md ivkrrkprkskdtmtoid if tak botaog hmtkromb wms gmuskl ny tak sokvod`(mdl lktmobkl stuly takrkmftkr) if tak pot gidtkdts, mbtaiuà di hkdtoidod` takrkif os hmlk od tak gamptkr id sotkkxgmvmtoid hktailibi`y (Jrmdkdlidj & Lk Vii`l >55>). M ditkwirtay kxgkptoid os m pot (fkmturk =?.7) sotumtkl =5h ti tak siutakmst if aiusk U mt sotk =;, frih waoga md odtmgt `rodlod` stidk (<=7 `), m frm`hkdt if m nurdkl runnod`stidk, m frm`hkdt if m pkgjod` stidk mdl ivkr idk j` if (udstulokl) gkrmhogs wkrk rkgivkrkl (Dokjus kt mb. >55>m,=;;). Mbsi sihk itakr pots aml odtkrkstod` fodls od takor fobbs. Idk pot (fkmturk 75.65) gidtmodkl g. ?55 rmhs if nurdklgbmy mdl stidks rkspkgtovkby, tak pot wota fkmturk duhnkr >?.7 gidtmodkl tak rkmr mrtogubmtkl sjkbktid if m po`bkt mdlm gihpbktk (wota airds) gmttbk sjubb wms odtkrrkl od tak pot wota fkmturk >7.< (Lk Vii`l & Wgaidkvkbl >55>, 06-15).Ot os odtkrkstod` ti spkgubmtk ti wamt kxtkdt taksk pots ‗ kspkgombby tak bmttkr ‗ hmy rkfbkgt odtkdtoidmb lkpisotoids (gf .Mrdiblusskd >551, skgtoids 1.>.7.<-1.>.7.;).

Fo`. V.>= \itmb wkoàt lostronutoid if mbb mr tkfmgt gmtkìroks frih tak f odls-bmykr.

m3 5 `r/ d.m., n3 5-;5 `, g3 ;5-=65 `, l3 =65-7?5 `, k3 7?5-<1>5 `.



=<;

MUUKDLOQ V3 BOKDLKD

Fo`. V.>> Wpmtomb rkbmtoids nktwkkd mr tkfmgt lkdsotoks od tak fodls-bmykr (M), fkmturk lkdsoty (N) mdl hogri -tipi`rmpay (ako`at od h mnivkL.I.L.: G) mt Bokdlkd sotk =;.

m3 <.0 h, n3 <.1 h, g3 <.? h, l3 ; h, k3 ;.= h, f3 ;.> h, 3 bigmtoid if kxgmvmtoid trkdga: prksuhmnby hkmsurod` krrirs.



=<6


\ak ivkrmbb fmudmb msskhnbm`k odlogmtks tamt ausnmdlry wms prmgtoskl, wota 6;% gmttbk ‗ mbsi uskl fir trmgtoid mdlhobj ‗ mdl wota sakkp (>;%) mdl po` (=;%) od shmbbkr duhnkrs (Nuotkdauos >55> , >>5->>=). Wihk nmrbky ( Airlkuhvub`mrk) mdl khhkr wakmt (\rotoguh loggigid) hmy amvk nkkd `riwd dkmrny, nut airtogubturk mppkmrs ti nk ifsboàtby bkss ohpirtmdgk tamd gmttbk rkmrod` (Lk îbbkr, Jirf & Hiij-Jmhps >55> , =00-=15). Audtod` iggurrkl idbyspirmlogmbby mdl wms tmr`ktkl mt rkl lkkr mdl hol-sozkl fur-nkmrod` mdohmbs suga ms nkmvkr (Gmstir fonkr ) mdl ittkr( Butrm butrm: Nuotkdauos >55> , >>>). Urksuhmnby, tak bigmb rovkrs wkrk fosakl fir kmb ( Mdùobbm mdùobbm), Gyprodolmk spkgoks, pojk ( Ksix bugous) mdl sihk itakr spkgoks (Nuotkdauos >55> , =?6). \ak mrtkfmgts rkgivkrkl fmbb wotaod tak kxpkgtkl rmd`k fir m shmbb m`rogubturmb amhbkt mdl rkprkskdt lihkstogrkfusk. Uissonby, twi frm`hkdts if bmr`k pokrgkl gbmy losjs ‗ odtkrprktkl ms biih wkoàts ‗ aodt if tkxtobk prilugtoid([fjks >55>m , =56-=50). Nksolks fbodt mdl stidk tiibs (strojk-m-boàts, runnod`- mdl `rodlod` stidks: Dokjus kt mb .>55>m) mbsi twi mdtbkr nmsk mxks mdl gmttbk sgmpubmk tamt aml nkkd trmdsfirhkl odti guttod` nimrls wkrk fiudl(Nuotkdauos >55> , >=>->=1).

\ak mrtkfmgt lostronutoid od tak fodls-bmykr os riuàby kqumb fir mbb gmtkìroks mdl gbustkrs mriudl aiusk Lmt sotk =<P mdl od tak gkdtrk mdl ti tak dirta if strugturk G mt sotk =; (fo` V.>=). Ot os rkhmrjmnbk tamt mt sotk =;, takgidgkdtrmtoids if hmtkrombs li dit hmtga wota tak pisotoid if rkbomnbk strugturks. Dkmr mdl wotaod aiusk pbmd U, takrkmppkmrs ti nk m rkbmtovkby gbkmd mrkm, mdl tak aoàkst lkdsotoks if hmtkrombs od tak wkst mrk fiudl dirta if strugturk

G. Furtakrhirk, di gbkmr strugturks giubl nk losgkrdkl udlkrdkmta tak gidgkdtrmtoid od tak gkdtrmb kmstkrd pmrt ifsotk =;, nut akrk tak bmtkr grkvmssk mgtovoty giubl amvk krilkl ir insgurkl strugturks. ^mtakr, tak `rkmtkst lkdsotoksif nita mrtkfmgts mdl fkmturks mppkmrs ti girrkbmtk ti tak aoàkr pmrts if tak bigmb hogri-tipi`rmpay (Lk Vii`l &Wgaidkvkbl >55> , 05: Wgaidkvkbl >55>n , >;7, skk fo`. V.>>). \aksk inskrvmtoids odlogmtk tamt waobk mrtfkmgt lkdsotylostronutoid (pbits) li sihktohks saiw (strid`: gf . Mrdiblusskd >551, 77= fo`. 6.76) girrkbmtoid ti tak bigmtoids if(Hollbk) Nridzk M`k aiusk-sotks, taos os ny di hkmds m udovkrsmb pripkrty if tak bmttkr mdl gmd nk skvkrkby mffmgtkl

ny pist-lkpisotoidmb prigkssks. Od gidgbusoid, tak Bokdlkd kxgmvmtoids amvk udgivkrkl twi pmrts if wamt os prksuhmnby m huga bmr`krbmdlsgmpk uskl fir amnotmtoid lurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k. Dkotakr mt sotk =<, dir mt sotk =;, amvk tak fubb kxtkdtsif tak odamnotmnbk bmdlsgmpk nkkd udgivkrkl. \aos os odlogmtkl ny tak fodls-lostronutoids mdl odgihpbktk `riudl

pbmds if strugturks mbid` tak kxgmvmtoid bohots. Ot hmy nk odfkrrkl tamt mt taksk sotks, tak gaokf gidgkdtrmtoids ifmrtkfmgts rkgivkrkl gmd rmd`k up ti ;5 h od lomhktkr. \aksk gidgkdtrmtoids mrk rkbmtkl ti tak aoàkst pmrts if tak

hogri-tipi`rmpaog bmdlsgmpk mdl giubl dit od mbb gmsks nk bodjkl lorkgtby ti tak prkskdgk if prkaostirog aiusk(-sotk)s.Mbtaiuà idby m sairt pkroil if usk if tak sotk os gbmohkl (Lk Vii`l & Wgaidkvkbl >55> , ;0), tak fkmturk lkdsoty osiftkd tii aoà ti mbbiw fir rkbomnbk rkgidstrugtoids if nuoblod`s. \ak twi hist rkbomnbk aiusk pbmds (sotk =< aiusk L,sotk =; aiusk U) mfforh tak prkskdgk if twi aiusk-sotks, nut kspkgombby tak iggurrkdgk, irokdtmtoid mdl lostronutoid iftak mdgobbmry strugturks aodt if tak prkskdgk if hirk, bkss rkùbmr ir bkss wkbb prkskrvkl, aiusk-sotks wotaod ir lorkgtbyiutsolk tak kxgmvmtkl mrkms. [dfirtudmtkby, di lorkgt mssigomtoids nktwkkd (pissonbk) aiusk strugturks mdl tak lmtklrmloigmrnid smhpbks mrk mvmobmnbk, hmjod` ot ohpissonbk ti sakl hirk boàt id tak lktmobkl iggupmtoid aostiry if taksotk lurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k. \ak aoà fkmturk lkdsoty, od mllotoid, amhpkrs tak rkgi`dotoid if lostodgt aiusk-sotks mdl takor gidstotukdt kbkhkdts.

Bmtk Nridzk M`k mdl Kmrby Orid M`kUrksuhmnby lurod` tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k, tak Kgatkbl fbuvomb systkh kdtkrs tak rkòid (fo`. V.>7). \ak stmrt ifsklohkdtmtoid os lmtkl ti g. =>>5-0?5 gmb NG ([tG-<6<53 >005 ½ ?5 NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55= , =?1).

Pakrk tak Kgatkbl gamddkb odgoskl odti tak prksuhmnby odmgtovk Pkstkrvkbl gamddkb lkpisots, rkmgtovmtoid if takPkstkrvkbl rksolumb ùbby mdl dkw grkvmssk firhmtoid iggurrkl. \aos grkvmssk mgtovoty krilkl huga if tak NridzkM`k iggupmtoid bkvkbs mdl taksk lkpisots firhkl tak bmtkr Hollbk Orid M`k mdl îhmd pkroil surfmgk bkvkb if taksotk (Vmd Lodtkr >55> , ;5). Wklohkdtmtoid ny tak Kgatkbl systkh os taiuàt ti amvk kdlkl lurod` tak îhmd pkroil,

prksuhmnby od tak >dl gkdtury ([tG-<67?3 =?5= ½ 7; NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55= , =?1: Vmd Lodtkr >55> , <1). Idby twi fodl-spits tkstofy if auhmd mgtovotoks od tak hogri-rkòid lurod` taksk twi pkroils. \ak forst (fo .V.>7, di <=6;1) gidgkrds tak nridzk mrtkfmgts tamt wkrk suppisklby fiudl od m Hkrivodòmd vksskb dkmr Ipakuslkd od=?=5 ML (Mrgaos <=6;1: _pky =?67: Pobbkhs =?1; , ?1). Ms ot gidgkrds m nridzk rmzir mdl m pod lmtkl ti tak AmbbstmttM=/M> pkroil, takor mssigomtoid ti tak vksskb saiubl nk loshosskl (_pky =?67 , =?=: Pobbkhs =?1; , ?1). \ak skgidl



=<0

MUUKDLOQ V3 BOKDLKD

fo`. V.>7 Bmtk Nridzk M`k mdl Kmrby Orid M`k fbuvomb systkhs mdl fodl-spits od tak B okdlkd hmgri-rk`oid (fobbkl syhnibs odlogmtk gkrtmodolkdtofogmtoids, iutbodkl syhnibs odlogmtk udgbkmr olkdtofogmtoids).

m3 kxgmvmtoid trkdgaks, n3 mgtovk fbuvomb systkhs, g3 fissob bkvkk lkpisots l3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, k3 fissob grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots, f3fodl-spits.

fodl lmtmnbk ti tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k-Kmrby Orid M`k pkroil os m fbodt sogjbk (fo`. V.>7, di 0=<5) tamt wms fiudl lurod`tak kxgmvmtoids mt tak sotk ‑Dklkrkodlskstrmmt‟ od Jkstkrkd (Mrgaos 0<=5) wakrk mbsi Kmrby Orid M`k fkmturks wkrkudgivkrkl (Aubst =??=n-g: =??;: Mrgaos 0<=5: 7=?17: 7=?10). [dfirtudmtkby, di punbogmtoid if tak Orid M`k fkmturks(mdl mrtkfmgts9) os mvmobmnbk.

Bmstby, twi sakrls frih tak ^ihmd Ukroil kxgmvmtoid ‑Jkstkrkd - Lk Pikrl‟ amvk nkkd odtkrprktkl ms ‑pissonby BmtkNridzk M`k‟, nut ‗ of tak lktkrhodmtoid os girrkgt ‗ rkprkskdt tak idby twi fodls lmtmnbk ti taksk pkroils ([fjks >55> ,==5). Ot os dit udtob tak Hollbk Orid M`k (Wokr, Hublkr & Jiit >55= , >?-75: Wokhids >55= , 1>-?5: Pokpjod` >55= , =<7:=<1) tamt tak mrkm udgivkrkl od tak Bokdlkd kxgmvmtoids os idgk hirk aihk ti prkaostirog amnotmtoid.



=<1




=<?

VO Umbmki`ki`rmpay mdl iggupmtoid aostiry if tak Lilkwmmrl hmgri-rkòid

O OD\ÎL[G\OID

\ak mrkm mriudl tak vobbm`k if Lilkwmmrl, os nkst jdiwd ti mrgamkibiòsts tariuà tak kpidyhius sotk sotumtkl =.0jh ti tak dirta-kmst if tak vobbm`k gkdtrk. \akrk, 5.< akgtmrk wms kxgmvmtkl ny tak Wtmtk Wkrvogk fir MrgamkibiògmbOdvksto`mtoids (ÎN, diw ^MGH) od =?60, wakd tak privodgomb riml wms gidstrugtkl (Aubst =?60n: =?05: =??=m).\ak rksubts if taos kxgmvmtoid gmhpmo`d wkrk punbosakl hirk kxtkdsovkby ny Aubst mdl \akudosskd od =???(m).[dfirtudmtkby, tak girod`s tamt wkrk kxgkgutkl ny tak Wtmtk Wkrvogk fir Mrgamkibiògmb Odvksto`mtoids od =?61 odirlkr ti lktkrhodk tak kxtkdt if tak sotk, wkrk dkvkr pripkrby mrgaovkl ir punbosakl mdl saiubl nk gidsolkrkl bist(Vmd Socvkrlkd >557n).

Aostiry if mrgamkibiògmb rkskmrgaIdk if tak iblkst punbogmtoids gidgkrdod` md mrgamkibiògmb mrtkfmgt frih tak Lilkwmmrl hmgri-rkòid lmtks ti tak

bmtk =0ta gkdtury ML (Gupkrus =610). Od taos punbogmtoid, m îhmd pkroil `rmvkstidk waoga aml nkkd wmbbkl odti takgaurga if tak vobbm`k if Lilkwmmrl wms lksgronkl (Wtumrt =?16, >=->> mdl rkfkrkdgks od Hillkrhmd =?<?m). Lurod`tak forst ambf if tak =?ta gkdtury ML, Itti @. Akblrod` ‗ tak bigmb prokst if Akhhkd ‗ udlkrtiij skvkrmb wmbjod`tiurs tariuà pmrts if tak Nktuwk, fir waoga ak lksgronkl tak mdgokdt rkhmods mdl fibj tmbks (Akblrod` =171: =17?m-n,skk mbsi Nullodà =16=, =1-71: =16;, ;>-65). Fir Lilkwmmrl, m lksgroptoid if tak gaurga wms odgirpirmtkl (Akblrod`=17?m, ==1-=>=).

Lurod` siob hmppod` gmhpmo`ds ti tak dirta if tak vobbm`k if Lilkwmmrl od tak dodktkkd-soxtoks, skvkrmb‑mdgokdt skttbkhkdt siobs‟ wkrk hmppkl wotaod md mrkm hkmsurod` up ti =155 akgtmrks. Idk if takh wms tak bmtkr ti

nk kxgmvmtkl Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdt sotk diw jdiwd ms ‑Lilkwmmrl‟ (Amvod`m =?6?). Nita tak Pm`kdod`kd stulkdtwai kxkgutkl tak siob-hmppod` gmhpmo`ds, ms wkbb ms prifkssir Hillkrhmd if tak Wtmtk Wkrvogk fir MrgamkibiògmbOdvksto`mtoids lu` tkst-pots mt Ipakuslkd, tamt rkvkmbkl md ivkr =5 gh taogj gubturk bmykr wota stidks mdl gkrmhogs(Hillkrhmd =?65: Mrgaos <==>0: <==7=: <==77-<==7;). Mllotoidmb ‑mdgokdt skttbkhkdt siobs‟ od tak Lilkwmmrl hmgri-

rkòid wkrk mllkl ny dkw siob hmppod` gmhpmo`ds mdl wkrk punbosakl ny Amvod`m mdl Ip ‑t Aif (=?0;: =?17). Wtkkdnkkj gmrrokl iut duhkrius girod`s od tak Lilkwmmrl hksi-rkòid od =?1<, wota tak purpisk tistuly tak firhmtoid prigkssks if vk`ktmtoid airozids mriudl prkaostirog skttbkhkdt sotks (Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =7;).Gidskqukdtby, m lkdsk `rol if iggmsoidmbby lkkp girod`s wms kxgkgutkl od md mrkm if mbhist 75 akgtmrks lorkgtbydirta if tak =?60 kxgmvmtoid (Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =71 fo`. 7.>.=).

Uroir ti tak gidstrugtoid if tak Nktuwkriutk frkoàt rmobwmy, mllotoidmb girod`s wkrk kxkgutkl od m 65-15h wolk strop dirta if tak privodgomb riml (Mshusskd =??=: =??<: =??6: Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7). Fibbiwod` taosgirod` gmhpmo`d, =7 pbits wkrk skbkgtkl fir kvmbumtoid tariuà tak lo`òd` if tkst-trkdgaks. Didk if taksk =7 pbitswkrk sunckgtkl ti hirk kxtkdsovk kxgmvmtoid. \ak rksubts if tak wmtgaod` nrokf wkrk punbosakl od m duhnkr if rkpirts(@kamssk >55>m-n: Wgauttk >557n). Md ivkrvokw if tak bigmtoid if tak loffkrkdt mrgamkibiògmb gmhpmo`ds os iffkrkl

ny foùrk VO.=.

\ak `kibiògmb gidtkxt

\ak vmroius Nridzk M`k sotks odvksto`mtkl dkmr Lilkwmmrl mrk `kdkrmbby sotumtkl id grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots.Kstmnbosaod` tak kxmgt lostronutoid mdl hirpaibi`y if taksk grkvmssk spbmys os aoàby gihpbogmtkl, waoga gmusklbmr`k loffkrkdgks nktwkkd tak vmroius kibiògmb mdl ki`rmpaogmb hmps tamt mrk mvmobmnbk fir tak mrkm (Vmd Socvkrlkd>557n, rkfkrkdgks ti K`nkrts =?;5: Amvod`m =?6?: Amvod`m & Ip ‑t Aif =?0;: =?17: Vkrnrmkgj =?1<: Nkrkdlskd,Fmksskd & Jkhpkd =??<: Nkrkdlskd kt mb . >55=: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=). \i msso`d pmrtogubmr grkvmssklkpisots ti sod`bk fbuvomb systkhs os iftkd loffogubt. \ak fbuvomb systkhs hist rkbkvmdt ti tak pmbmki`ki`rmpaogmblkvkbiphkdt if tak Lilkwmmrl hogri-rkòid mrk lkpogtkl nkbiw (fo`. VO.>).



=;5


OO WI[^GK GÔ\OGOWH

Girod` gmhpmo`ds ny Amvod`m & Ip ‑t Aif \ak paysoi`rmpaogmb hmps punbosakl ny Amvod`m (=?6?) mdl Ip ‑t Aif (Amvod`m & Ip ‑t Aif =?0;: =?17) wkrk nmsklid vmroius siob-hmppod` gmhpmo`ds. @kdkrmbby, tak lmtmskt gihproskl mrkms wota ? ti =5 girod`s pkr akgtmrk ti mlkpta if =.> h, waoga wkrk suppbkhkdtkl ny mt bkmst idk girod` pkr akgtmrk up ti m lkpta if >.> h od irlkr ti `kt m

nkttkr odsoàt odti tak `kibiògmb strugturk if tak m``rk`mtk sklohkdts (Amvod`m =?6?, 6: Amvod`m & Ip ‑t Aif =?0;,>6=: =?17, =). \ak prkskdgk ir mnskdgk if rkhmods if mdgokdt skttbkhkdts wms idk if tak pmrmhktkrs lksgr onkl fir kmga

girod` (Amvod`m =?6?, 6: >0: Amvod`m & Ip ‑t Aif =?17, ;;-;6).\ak hkrots if tak paysoi`rmpaogmb stuloks ny Amvod`m & ip ‑t Aif gbkmrby bok od tak fmgt tamt taksk mrk

bmdlsgmpk sgmbk stuloks, kxpbogotby figussod` id hmppod` tak gihpbkx fbuvomb hirpaibi`y if gamddkb lkpisots ms wkbbms bkvkk mdl ivkrnmdj lkpisots, waobst jkkpod` md kyk iut fir odlogmtirs if mdgokdt skttbkhkdt rkhmods. Didktakbkss,ot saiubl nk strksskl tamt wota lkdsotoks vmryod` nktwkkd = ti =5 girod`s pkr akgtmrk, shmbbkr ‑mdgokdt‟ skttbkhkdtsotks (gf. Amvod`m =?6?, >?) mdl kspkgombby taisk waisk rkhmods mrk sotumtkl nkbiw =.> h if lkpta hmy amvk ìdkudlktkgtkl. Bmstby, tak lmtod` mttronutkl ti tak vmroius sotks os iftkd nmskl sibkby id strmto`rmpaogmb lkpta if takvk`ktmtoid airozids mdl hmy dkkl ti nk rkfodkl ir mbtkrkl tariuà mllotoidmb rkskmrga.

Fo`. VO.= Ivkrvokw if tak mrgamkibiògmb rkskmrga od tak Lilkwmmrl hmgri-rkòid id m tipi`rmpaog hmp.m3 sotks lktkgtkl ny Amvod`m (=?6?), n3 rkskmrga mrkm i f Wtkkdnkkj (=??5), g3 mllotoidmb girod` gmhpmo`ds ny mmp, l3 Nktuwkriutk sotksskbkgtkl fir tkst-trkdgaks, k3 Mrgaos fodl-spits, f3 bigmtoid if hksi-rkòid.



=;=

MUUKDLOQ VO3 LILKPMM^L

Kxgmvmtoid ‑Lilkwmmrl‟ Od =?60 tak kxgmvmtoid if m >? h wolk mdl =<; h bid` skgtoid if tak M=; privodgomb riml wms gmrrokl iut ny takWtmtk Wkrvogk fir Mrgamkibiògmb Odvksto`mtoids (Aubst =?60n: =?05: =?0=: =??=: \akudosskd & Aubst =???m). Potatak tipsiob stroppkl ny tak gidtrmgtir, tak mrgamkibiòsts sgrmpkl liwd tariuà tak vk`ktmtoid airozid idti tak bmykrwakrk fkmturks wkrk vosonbk. [dfirtudmtkby, tak fodls taus rkgivkrkl wkrk rkgirlkl ny trkdga. \aksk trkdgaks saiwhuga vmromtoid od sozk, amhpkrod` tak odtkrprktmtoid if tak lostronutoid if tak rkgivkrkl fodls (\akudosskd & Aubst=???m, =<?). Lkspotk tak fmgt tamt di sokvod` tiij pbmgk, mnudlmdt gkrmhogs, stidks, fbodt frm`hkdts mdl nidks wkrkrkgivkrkl (\akudosskd & Aubst =???m, =<1-=;;).

Pakrkms tak gidtkxts if tak Bmtk Dkibotaog gkrmhogs fiudl mrk punbosakl (\akudosskd & Aubst =???m, =;5),di odfirhmtoid os mvmobmnbk id waoga fkmturks gidtmodkl Nridzk M`k gkrmhogs. \ak kxgmvmtoid pbmds hmjk gbkmr tamt

‗ nmskl id tak prkskdgk if stmjk aibks ‗ tak fkmturk-prkskrvmtoid wms hilkrmtk ti ìil. Ms di odfirhmtoid id takhogri-tipi`rmpay os mvmobmnbk, ot os loffogubt ti odtkrprkt tak loffkrkdgks od fkmturk lkdsoty. Hirkivkr, idby bohotklodfirhmtoid id tak bigmb kibi`y if tak kxgmvmtkl mrkms ams nkkd punbosakl. Fir kxmhpbk, takrk os di odfirhmtoid mniut

pissonbk mllotoidmb fodls-bmykrs mt `rkmtkr lkptas. Bmstby, odtkrprktod` tak rksubts if taos kxgmvmtoid os gihpbogmtkl nytak fmgt tamt tak kxgmvmtoid bohots wkrk gidfodkl ti tak >? h wolk strktga if pbmddkl riml, waoga hkmds tamt idby mshmbb pmrt if m huga wolkr skttbkhkdt sotk mrkm giubl nk odvksto`mtkl.

Wtkkdnkkj girod` gmhpmo`dOd =?1<, Wtkkdnkkj kxkgutkl =65 girod`s od tak fokbls lorkgtby dirta if tak mrkm kxgmvmtkl ny tak Wtmtk Wkrvogk fir

Fo`. VO.> Hmod fbuvomb systkhs wotaod tak Lilkwmmrl hmgri- rkòid (mftkr Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=: Nkrkdlskd, Fmksskd & Jkhpkd=??<: Nkrkdlskd kt mb . >55=: Vmd Socvkrlkd >557n).

m3 hksi-rkòid, n3 Nktuwkriutk tkst-trkdga mrkms, g3 fbuvomb systkhs, l3 grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots nmskl id Nkrkdlskd, Fmksskd & Jkhpkd=??<: Nkrkdlskd kt mb . >55=, k3 grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots nmskl id Vmd Socvkrlkd >557n.



=;>


Mrgamkibiògmb Odvksto`mtoids. @kdkrmbby, tak girod`s wkrk nktwkkd 65 ti =55 h mpmrt, mbtaiuà od sihk pmrts girod`swkrk spmgkl vkry gbiskby od irlkr ti lrmw up lktmobkl skgtoids. \ak hkmd lkpta if taksk girod`s os 7.1; h, wota idbyfovk girod`s udlkr twi hktkr. Mbtaiuà tak ivkrmbb `kdkrmb lostmdgks nktwkkd girod`s skkhs odmpt ti hmp iut takgihpbkx hirpaibi`y (Pkkrts & Nokrjkds =??6), taos os gihpkdsmtkl fir ny tak rkùbmr lostronutoid mdl gidsolkrmnbklkpta if tak girod`s. Furtakrhirk, tak kxkgutoid if lktmobkl trmdskgts if girod`s mdl tak odtk`rmtkl mppbogmtoidif rmloigmrnid lmtod`, hogri-hirpaibiògmb stuloks mdl pmbydibiògmb stuloks grkmtkl m udoqukby giakrkdt lmtmskt(Wtkkdnkkj =??5, ksp. =7;->55).

Fokblwmbjod` mdl girod` gmhpmo`ds ny ^MMU \ak hktailibi y nkaodl tak girod` gmhpmo`ds gmrrokl iut ny MMU proir ti tak Nktuwkriutk rmobwmy gidstrugtoid,wms tmobirkl ti tak (kxpkgtkl) bigmb `kibi`y. Wpkgofog strmtkòks fir lktkgtod` nurokl rovkr ludks mdl fir hmppod`fissob rovkr systkhs wkrk mppbokl ti tak girrkspidlod` pmrts if tak bmdlsgmpk wakrk suga pakdihkdm wkrk kxpkgtkl(Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, ?-=7). Gidskqukdtby, tak hktailibi`y wms vmromnbk mdl ti m bmr`k lk`rkk logtmtkl nytak stmtk if `kibiògmb jdiwbkl`k mdl qumboty if tak mvmobmnbk hmps. Iftkd, tak bigmtoid if fbuvomb lkpisots lol ditgirrkspidl ti tamt if mvmobmnbk hmps, ir mbtkrdmtovkby, udhmppkl fbuvomb systkhs wkrk fiudl (gf. Mshusskd & Kxmbtus=??7, =<).

Fir rkskmrga mrkms sotumtkl kmst if tak tiwd if @kblkrhmbskd, nmskl id tak `kdkrmbby bkss taogj bmykrs ifgivkrod` sklohkdts mdl gidskqukdtby `rkmtkr gamdgk if sotks nkod` pbiuàkl ti tak surfmgk, fokblwmbjod` wms iptklfir ms tak odotomb strmtk`y fir lktkgtod` sotks (Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, =>). \ak fokblwmbjod` rksubts saiw tamt histsotks losgivkrkl ny fokblwmbjod` lmtkl ti tak îhmd Ukroil ir Kmrby- ti Aoà Hollbk M`ks (Mshusskd & Kxmbtus=??7, >>-;<). Fokblwmbjod` mbid` taos pmrt if tak Nktuwkriutk trmckgtiry ams yokblkl sihk ‗ iftkd odgidgbusovk

‗ kvolkdgk fir Nridzk M`k mgtovotoks id fovk sotks (^MMU dis. 0, =1, >?, 75 mdl <=: Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, >7-71).Ot hmy takrkfirk nk qukstoidkl waktakr fokblwmbjod` os md mlkqumtk hktail ti losgivkr (bmtkr) prkaostirog sotks od taosmrkm (gf. Mshusskd =??<, 7;). \i losgivkr hirk sotks, m girod` gmhpmo`d wms kxkgutkl. \ak strmtk`y loffkrkl nmskl id waktakr ir dit mgamddkb-nkbt wms kxpkgtkl. Of si, twi trmdskgts (;5 h mpmrt) if girod`s mt kvkry >; h, liwd ti m hmxohuh lkpta if>.; h wkrk kxkgutkl (Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, =51). Pakrk di gamddkb-nkbt wms kxpkgtkl, idby m sod`bk riw ifgirod`s ‗ wota ;5 h nktwkkd girod`s ‗ wms uskl (onol ., fir tak gamddkb-nkbts uskl skk Mshusskd =??6, Hmp O). Od

irlkr ti kvmbumtk tak qumboty if tak sotks mbrkmly odvkdtirokl ny ^MMU, hirk lktmobkl girod` wms kxkgutkl id takjdiwd sotks. \aos kdtmobkl twi ‗ >5 h iffskt, <5 h mpmrt ‗ trmdskgts if girod`s wota m hmxohuh lkpta if =.>; h(Mshusskd =??<, =?). Pakd mrgamkibiògmb hmtkrombs wkrk losgivkrkl od tak girod`s, tak `rol wms sgmbkl liwd ti m>5 h tromdùbmr `rol (onol .: Mshusskd =??6). Md kvkd hirk kxtkdsovk girod` gmhpmo`d wms kxkgutkl mt m skbkgtklduhnkr if fodl-spits taus losgivkrkl. \aisk od tak vogodoty if Lilkwmmrl waoga wkrk lmtkl ti tak Bmtk Dkibotaog irNridzk M`k mrk bostkl od tmnbk VO.=.

^mmp gmt di x-giirl y-giirl Fokblwmbj od` Mllotoidmb

girod` ^kfkrkdgks

>? =0<065 <76005 _ _ Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, 77: Mshusskd =??<, ;5-;6

75 =0;7;5 <76115 _ _ Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, 77: Mshusskd =??<, ;5-;0

0= =06065 <76615 D _ Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, <1: Mshusskd =??<, =<?-=;7

0> =0;<65 <76615 D _ Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, <1: Mshusskd =??<, 11-?=

07 =0;>>5 <760=5 D _ Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, <1-<?: Mshusskd =??<, 11-?=

17 =0<0;5 <76155 D _ Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7, <1

=>< =06=>; <76;?5 D _ Mshusskd =??<, =<<-=<1

=>; =06=>; <76;?5 D _ Mshusskd =??<, =<<-=<1

=>6 =066;5 <76;65 D _ Mshusskd =??<, =<?-=;7

=>0 =00=75 <76;>; D _ Mshusskd =??<, =;<-=;6

=>1 =00>75 <76;>5 D _ Mshusskd =??<, =;<-=;1

=>? =06165 <76;;5 D _ Mshusskd =??<, =;?-=65

\mnbk VO.=. Bmtk Dkibotaog mdl/ir Nridzk M`k sotks odvksto`mtkl ny ^MMU od tak hksi-rkòid Lilkwmmrl.



=;7


\kst-trkdgaksOd tak ykmrs =??0 mdl =??1, tak pbmddkl trmckgtiry if takNktuwkriutk frkoàt rmobwmy dirta if Lilkwmmrl wmssunckgtkl ti vmroius gmhpmo`ds if tkst-trkdgaks (Nubtkd=??0: =??1m-g: Nubtkd & Whots =??1m: Cid`stk =??0m-n:=??1: Cid`stk & \kd Mdsgakr =??1: Wokr & Whots =??1:Wpmdckr =??1m: \kd Mdsgakr & Vmd lkr îkst =??0).\aksk bigmtoids wkrk skbkgtkl id tak nmsos if tak rksubtsif tak fokblwmbjod` mdl girod` gmhpmo`ds ny ^MMU(Mshusskd & Kxmbtus =??7: Mshusskd =??<: =??6). \ak`kdkrmb bigmtoid if taksk gbustkrs if trkdgaks os lkpogtklid foùrk VO.= (fo`.VO.=, l), nut udbojk tak kxgmvmtkl mrkm(di =;0), taky amvk dit nkkd kxgmvmtkl od takor kdtorkty(gf. fo`. VO.7).

\ak pbit mnivk saiws tak lostronutoid if taktrkdgaks id Nktuwkriutk sotk =1, jdiwd ms ‑Lilkwmmrl

- Vkklocj-Pkst‟ (fo`. VO.7: Nubtkd =??1g). Idby shmbbsk`hkdts ‗ dit surpmssod` m titmb if >=6 h > ‗ if takmrkm wakrkod m fodls-bmykr wms mttkstkl lurod` girod`gmhpmo`ds (\akudosskd & Aubst =???m, =71, fo`. <.0)wkrk kxgmvmtkl. \aos mbsi aibls truk fir tak itakrNktuwkriutk sotks lkpogtkl id fo`. VO.= (fo`. VO.=, l, gf.tmnbk VO.>)

Ms m gidskqukdgk, waobk hirk odfirhmtoid id tak lostronutoid if mrgamkibiògmb rkhmods os `modkl frih kxgmvmtod`shmbb trkdgaks (wota iftkd bmr`k lostmdgks od nktwkkd), odtkrprktod` tak odtkrrkbmtoids if tak mrgamkibiògmb rkhmodsrkgivkrkl, ms wkbb ms tak odtkrrkbmtoid nktwkkd tak vmroius mrgamkibiògmb rkhmods mdl tak wolkr bmdlsgmpk os hugaamrlkr. \aos ams sihktohks bkl ti wamt hmy nk gmbbkl md mrgamkibiògmb vmrokty if tuddkb vosoid, rkgidstrugtoidloffkrkdt ‑sotks‟ fir ivkrbmppod` mrtkfmgt lostronutoid wotaod m shmbb mrkm (gf. \kd Mdsgakr & Vmd lkr îkst =??0, =6fo`. ?), wakrk md odtkrprktmtoid if tak lostronutoid ms shmbb wodliws odti m wolkr (pmbohpskst) ‑vkob‟ if mrtkfmgts hoàt

nk kqumbby vmbol. Mbb if tak gmhpmo`ds if tkst-trkdgaks if taksk Nktuwkriutk sotks amvk nkkd punbosakl od fubb, wotagidsolkrmnbk mttkdtoid nkod` pmol ti tak vmroius gmtkìroks if fodls, tak paysogmb stmtk if prkskrvmtoid mdl takor bigmb`kibi`y.

Fo`. VO.7 Bigmtoid mdl kxtkdt if tak vmroius kxgmvmtoids mtLilkwmmrl - Vkklocj Pkst.

m3 kxgmvmtoid ny tak Wtmtk Wkrvogk fir Mrgamkibiògmb Odvksto`mtoids(\akudosskd & Aubst =???m), n3 mrkm if tak Nktuwkriutk tkst-trkdgaks, g3 mgtumb kxtkdt mdl duhnkr if Nktuwkriutk tkst-trkdgaks id Lilkwmmrl s otk =1.

Wotk di Wotk dmhk Mrkm (h>) \rkdgaks ^kfkrkdgks

7< Lilkwmmrl Ukykdjmhpsk Vkblwk` =<5 == Nubtkd =??1n

7; Lilkwmmrl Lmbwm`kd-Diirl ><5 7 Wpmdckr =??1m

=0 Lilkwmmrl Ubms vmd Wgaiubs 1< ; Nubtkd =??1m

71 Lilkwmmrl Vomlugt Lmbwm`kd-Diirl =>< 0 Nubtkd =??1m76 Lilkwmmrl Vomlugt Lmbwm`kd-Suol ==1 1 Wokr & Whots =??1

70 Lilkwmmrl Lmbwm`kd-Suol ==> 0 Wokr & Whots =??1

=1 Lilkwmmrl Vkklocj-Pkst >=6 == Nubtkd =??1g

=? Lilkwmmrl Vkklocj-Iist 765 =1 Nubtkd =??0

>5 Lilkwmmrl Vmbnur` Aokdsgak Vkbl >1> =; Cid`stk =??0n

>= Vmbnur` Skttkdsgak Vkbl-Pkst >60 =; \kd Mdsgakr & Vmd lkr ikst =??0

>> Vmbnur` Skttkdsgak Ubms =>< 1 Cid`stk & \kd Mdsgakr =??1

>7 Vmbnur` Skttkdsgak Vkbl-Iist =5< 6 Cid`stk =??1

>< Vmbnur` Lk Vkrùblk Nilkh-Suol =16 ? Nubtkd & Whots =??1m

\mnbk VO.> Wotks, dmhks, kxgmvmtkl mrkm (h>), duhnkrs if trkdgaks mdl rkfkrkdgks.



=;<


Wotk duhnkr ?6?, Vmbnur` Skttkd-Pkst (fo`. VO.=, di ?6?), os dit pmrt if tak Nktuwkriutk kxgmvmtoid pri`rmh. \aos sotkwms odvksto`mtkl proir ti tak gidstrugtoid if m dkw rksolkdtomb mrkm wkst ti tak vobbm`k if Skttkd od =??0 (Uktkrs =???).Mpmrt frih taos loffkrkdgk od prickgt iroòd, mdl tak sboàtby bmr`kr kxgmvmtkl mrkm (7 trkdgaks, mhiudtod` up ti 11<h>) taos prickgt gihpmrks wkbb ti taisk if tak Nktuwkriutk od hktailibi`y mdl typk if punbogmtoid.

\ak pisotoid wotaod tak `kibiògmb bmdlsgmpk os iftkd loffkrkdt fir tak vmroius trkdgaks wotaod takor bmr`krsotks. \aos kxpbmods way sihktohks idby m fkw ir m sod`bk tkst-trkdga yokblkl fkmturks, wakrkms id itakr sotkssihktohks mbb yokblkl fodls. Kxtrmpibmtoid if tak rksubts frih odlovolumb trkdgaks ti sotks od `kdkrmb os uskl nkbiwfir rkmsid if gihprkakdsovkdkss, nut ot saiubl nk jkpt od hodl tamt taos nkboks tak kvolkdt oddmtk gihpbkxoty mdlgihpmrthkdtmbosmtoid if tak bmdlsgmpk jdiwd ti amvk kxostkl.


Kmrby mdl Hollbk Dkibotaog\ak biwkrhist fbuvomb strmtm od tak stuly mrkm wkrk lkpisotkl lurod` tak kdl if tak Ubkostigkdk (Jrkftkdakyk

Firhmtoid) mdl stmrt if tak Aibigkdk (Pocgakd hkhnkr lkpisots: Lk Hublkr kt mb. >557, 77=). \i lostodùosa nktwkkdtak uppkr gbmyky pmrt if tak Jrkftkdakyk lkpisots mdl tak Aibigkdk fbiilnmsod lkpisots os iftkd loffogubt (Wtkkdnkkj=??5, =<7-=<;). Wihk fbiilnmsod sklohkdtmtoid tiij pbmgk od tak biwkr pmrts if tak bmdlsgmpk lurod` tak hol- mdlyiud`kr Mtbmdtog pkroil, prksuhmnby ny md (udjdiwd) fbuvomb systkh sotumtkl od dirta if tak stuly mrkm (Wtkkdnkkj=??5, =1?).

\ak Podsskd gamddkb-nkbt os tak forst hkmdlkrod` rovkr waisk lkpisots kxtkdl nkyidl tak firhkr kmrbyAibigkdk strkmh vmbbkys (Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, ><;: gmbbkl Vkklocj lkpisots ny Wtkkdnkkj (=??5, =<;-=;=)). Lkpisots ny tak Podsskd systkh gmd nk fiudl od tak siutakmst girdkr if tak Lilkwmmrl hmgri-rkòid. Ot osmssuhkl tamt tak Podsskd fbuvomb systkh jdkw twi hmod pamsks if mgtovoty (Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, ><;).Wklohkdtmtoid ny tak forst pamsk prksuhmnby stmrtkl nktwkkd g. ;<15-;7>5 gmb NG mdl kdlkl ny g. ;755-;5<5 gmbNG (Vmd Socvkrlkd >557n). \aos stmrt lmtk os nmskl id m rmloigmrnid lmtkl smhpbk if pkmt udlkrdkmta tak Podsskdsystkh‟s ivkrnmdj lkpisots (@rD-=65<<3 6<75 ½ <; NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, ><;). \ak kdl lmtk os nmskl

id m rmloigmrnid lmtkl vk`ktmtoid airozid id tip if tak forst pamsk lkpisots dkmr Lkkst (Vmd Socvkrlkd >557n:rkfkrkdgk ti Aikj od prkp.). Wklohkdtmtoid ny tak skgidl pamsk gkmskl mriudl g. 7?15-7015 gmb NG. \aos yiud`kr kdllmtk os nmskl id m smhpbk if auhog gbmy frih tak Podsskd fbuvomb systkh‟s rksolumb ùbby dkmr tak vobbm`k if Kwocj(@rD-==>?53 ;=5; ½ <5 NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, ><;).

\ak Akrvkbl fbuvomb systkh os bigmtkl od tak kmst if tak hmgri-rkòid Lilkwmmrl. \aos hkmdlkrod` systkh prksuhmnby stmrts mt bmst mriudl g. 76;5-7705 gmb NG (nmskl id m lmtkl smhpbk if pkmty gbmy udlkrdkmta tak ivkrnmdjlkpisots (@rD-0>6?3 <0;; ½ 65 NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, >5;)). Ot os gamrmgtkrozkl ny md udusumb bid`kvoty,ms sklohkdtmtoid gkmsks idby mriudl g. <=5-=05 gmb NG. \ak kdl if sklohkdtmtoid os lkrovkl frih m rmloigmrnidlmtkl smhpbk if nitmdogmb hmgri-fissobs frih tak rksolumb ùbby lmtk if ots upstrkmh giddkgtoid tak ^ksskd fbuvombsystkh ([tG-01=53 >>65 ½ 65 NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, >5;->56: Vmd Socvkrlkd >557n). Frih tak Akrvkblsystkh, grkvmssk lkpisots kdtkr tak fbiilnmsod mrkm ti tak wkst, fmgobotmtkl ny tak prkskdgk if tak hirk smdly bkvkkmdl gamddkb lkpisots if tak Podsskd fbuvomb systkh tamt mrk prkskdt od tak sunsiob (gf. Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =?7: =??).

M rmloigmrnid lmtkl smhpbk if gbmyky pkmt lorkgtby udlkrdkmta tak Lostkbjmhp-Mffkrlkd lkpisots odlogmtks

tamt frih mniut 7;>5-7765 gmb NG taos systkh nkgihks mgtovk (@rD-==;;<3 <665 ½ 75 NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr>55=, =?6-=?0: Vmd Socvkrlkd >557n). Idgk m`mod, tak hirk smdly bkvkk mdl grkvmssk lkpisots if nita tak Podsskdmdl Akrvkbl systkhs fmgobotmtkl tak firhmtoid if grkvmssks ny tak hkmdlkrod` Lostkbjmhp-Mffkrlkd systkh. Nmsklid m lmtk if gamrgimb id tip if taksk grkvmssk lkpisots, grkvmssk spbmy firhmtoid lmtks mt bkmst frih g. 75?5->1?5 gmbNG ([tG-7=513 <765 ½ <5 NU: Mshusskd =??<, <0). \ak kdl if sklohkdtmtoid ny tak Lostkbjmhp-Mffkrlkd systkhos lmtkl ti g. ==;5-<=5 gmb NG nmskl id twi rmloigmrnid lmtkl smhpbks if nitmdogmb hmgri-fissobs frih tak rksolumbùbby (@rD-==;;03 >655 ½ 15 NU mdl @rD-==;;>3 >0=5 ½ 15 NU: Nkrkdlskd & Wtiutamhkr >55=, =?0: Vmd Socvkrlkd>557n).



=;;


\akrk mrk fkw odlogmtoids fir auhmd mgtovotoks mt tak stmrt if tak Dkibotaog od tak hmgri-rkòid. Mt =.6 jh kmst-dirtakmst if tak hogri rkòid m Nrkotjkob wms fiudl (fo`. VO.<, di 7>=<;: Mrgaos 7>=<;). \aksk pkrfirmtkl mlzks mrktypk-mrtkfmgts fir tak pkroil nktwkkd <?55 mdl <<55 NG (^mkhmkjkrs =???, =57).

Fir tak stmrt if tak Hollbk Dkibotaog, kvolkdgk if auhmd mgtovotoks od tak hmgri-rkòid os hirk wolksprkml. Mt sotk ><,m rktiugakl nbmlk, m trmdsvkrsk mrriwakml mdl fiur sakrls mrk lmtkl ti tak Hollbk Dkibotaog (fo`. VO.<, di ><: Nubtkd& Whots =??1m, =>-=7). \aky wkrk fiudl od m gbmyky bmykr mssigomtkl wota prklihodmdtby bmtkr Dkibotaog (Nkbb Nkmjkr

pkroil) fodls. [dlkrdkmta taos gbmyky bmykr wkrk grkvmssk lkpisots, sihk if waoga aml krilkl odti tak Ubkostigkdksunsiob (Vmd Socvkrlkd od3 Nubtkd & Whots =??1m, >=->;). Mt sotk >= m titmb if =; sakrls, m trmdsvkrsk mrriwakml mdl m

pibosakl fbodt mxk ‗ uskl ms m girk ‗ wkrk lmtkl ti tak Hollbk Dkibotaog (fo`. VO.<, di >=: \kd Mdsgakr & Vmd lkr îkst=??0, =<-=;). \aky tii wkrk fiudl khnkllkl od m gbmyky bmykr id tip if bkvkk lkpisots tamt gidtmodkl prklihodmdtbyyiud`kr (Nkbb Nkmjkr mdl Kmrby Nridzk M`k pkroil) fodls (Vmd lkr Nkkj od3 \kd Mdsgakr & Vmd lkr îkst =??0,>7-><). \ak kxgmvmtoid ny tak Wtmtk Wkrvogk fir Mrgamkibiògmb Odvksto`mtoids (fo`. VO.<, di =;0) mbsi yokblkl sihkHollbk Dkibotaog fbodts, tamt wkrk rkgivkrkl iutsolk tak aoàkst lkdsotoks if Nridzk M`k fodls. \aksk fodls gihprosktwi bkmf-sampkl mrriwakmls, m piodtkl nbmlk mdl twi gaops frih pibosakl fbodt mxks (\akudosskd & Aubst =???m,=7?: =;7-=;<). Kvolkdgk fir auhmd iggupmtoid dkmrny, prksuhmnby nktwkkd 7;55-7755 gmb NG nut pissonby kmrbokr, os

Fo`. VO.< Hmod fbuvomb systkhs mdl fodl-spits lmtkl ti tak Hollbk Dkibotaog od tak Lilkwmmrl hmgri-rkòid (fobbkl syhnibs odlogmtk gkrtmodolkdtofogmtoids, iutbodkl syhnibs udgkrtmod olkdtof ogmtoids).

m3 mrkms if Nktuwkriutk tkst-trkdgaks, n3 mgtovk fbuvomb systkhs, g3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, l3 grkvmssk lkpisots nmskl id Nkrkdlskd,Fmksskd & Jkhpkd =??<: Nkrkdlskd kt mb . >55=, k3 grkvmssk lkpisots nmskl id Vmd Socvkrlkd >557n, f3 pittkry, 3 wkmpids, a3 nitmdogmbrkhmods, o3 fkmturks, c3 tiibs.



=;0


frih tak fodls-bmykr. \aos bmykr aml firhkl od tak stmgjkl grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots (Vmd Lodtkr od3 Nubtkd =??1g,>?-7<). Mt sotk =? m sod`bk Nkbb Nkmjkr sakrl, wota sihk nidks, stidks mdl twi frm`hkdts if mhnkr irdmhkdts, wmsrkgivkrkl frih m vk`ktmtoid airozid od fbiilnmsod lkpisots, mdl taksk fodls hist bojkby rkprkskdt wmsakl hmtkromb(fo`. VO.;, di =?: Nubtkd =??0, =7-=;: Vmd Socvkrlkd od3 Nubtkd =??0, >5->>). Ivkr =55 sakrls if Uit- mdl Nkbb Nkmjkrswkrk rkgivkrkl frih tak gbmyky bmykr tamt wms lkpisotkl id tip if bkvkk lkpisots id sotk >= (fo`. VO.;, di >=: \kdMdsgakr & Vmd lkr îkst =??0, =<-=6: Vmd lkr Nkkj od3 \kd Mdsgakr & Vmd lkr îkst =??0, >7-><). Fiur NkbbNkmjkr sakrls wkrk fiudl od tak vk`ktmtoid airozid tamt aml firhkl od fbiilnmsod lkpisots mt sotk >>, nut taksksakrls udfirtudmtkby ìt bist lurod` prigkssod` if tak fodls (fo`. VO.;, di >>: Cid`stk & \kd Mdsgakr =??1, =<-=;:Vmd Socvkrlkd od3 Cid`stk & \kd Mdsgakr =??1, >7->0). Mt sotk ?6?, sihk Nkbb Nkmjkr sakrls wkrk fiudl hoxkl wotaHollbk Nridzk M`k fodls od tak gbmy lorkgtby ivkrbyod` grkvmssk lkpisots (fo`. VO.;, di ?6?: Uktkrs =???, =6-=0: =?).M nmrnkl-mdl-tmd`kl fbodt mrriwakml hmy mbsi lmtk ti tak Bmtk Dkibotaog (Uktkrs =???, =?). M wmtgaod` nrokf gmrrokliut lurod` tak gidstrugtoid if m skwkrm`k systkh lorkgt mlcmgkdt ti taos sotk, rkgirlkl m fkw hirk Nkbb Nkmjkr sakrls,tamt wkrk fiudl od m gbmyky fodls-bmykr id tip if smdly grkvmssk lkpisots (Hòbbkr >55=, 6). M lmhm`kl stidk mxk wmsrkgivkrkl frih tak spiob-akmps lurod` tak smhk gmhpmo`d mdl hmy mbsi nk Bmtk Dkibotaog od lmtk (onol .). Mt sotk 7<,dodk Nkbb Nkmjkr sakrls wkrk rkgivkrkl frih tak fodls-bmykr tamt wms fiudl strmto`rmpaogmbby skpmrmtkl mnivk takiblkr Hollbk Dkibotaog bkvkb (skk mnivk, Nubtkd =??1n, =>: =6->5: fo`. VO.;, di 7<). [dlkrdkmta mdl ivkrbyod` nita

bmykrs mrk grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots (Vmd Socvkrlkd od3 Nubtkd =??1n, >;->1). Mbb itakr fodls if nidk, stidk mdl gbmymrtkfmgts frih taos uppkr fodls-bmykr ‗ odgbulod` =>< udlkgirmtkl sakrls, nut kxgbulod` tak pskuli-@rmdl-Urksso`dy lm``kr frm`hkdt rkfkrrkl ti mnivk ‗ mrk taiuàt ti lmtk ti tak Bmtk Dkibotaog ms wkbb.

Fo`. VO.; Hmod fbuvomb systkhs mdl fodl-spits lmtkl ti tak Bmtk Dkibotaog od tak Lilkwmmrl hmgri-rkòid (fobbkl syhnibs odlogmtk gkrtmodolkdtofogmtoids, iutbodkl syhnibs udgkrtmod olkdtof ogmtoids).

m3 mrkms if Nktuwkriutk tkst-trkdgaks, n3 fissob fbuvomb systkhs, g3 mgtovk fbuv omb systkhs, l3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, k3 grkvmssk lkpisotsnmskl id Nkrkdlskd, Fmksskd & Jkhpkd =??<: Nkrkdlskd kt mb . >55=, f3 grkvmssk lkpisots nmskl id Vmd Socvkrlkd >557n, 3 pittkry, a3wkmpids, o3 tiibs, c3 fkmturks.



=;1


\ak Lilkwmmrl kxgmvmtoid (fo`. VO.;, di =;0) ams mbsi yokblkl Nkbb Nkmjkr gkrmhogs. If tak 6<1 sakrls rkgivkrkltakrk (g. ; j`), g. 15% os udlkgirmtkl (\akudosskd & Aubst =???m, =;5). \ak fodls wkrk rkgivkrkl frih tak fodls-bmykr,m trkk-tariw aibk, md kbid`mtkl fkmturk (pissonby m rksolumb ùbby), m gamrgimb gidgkdtrmtoid mdl m pot (\akudosskd &Aubst =???m, =<5: =;5). Gamrgimb frih tak bmttkr wms rmloigmrnid lmtkl ti g. >>55-=?;5 gmb NG (@rD-;?7<3 76?5 ½ 7;NU: Bmdtod` & Hiij =?00, =>5-=>=). Wkt msolk tak rmloigmrnid lmtkl gamrgimb gidgkdtrmtoid, tak hmciroty if tak Bmtk

Dkibotaog gkrmhogs mt tak Lilkwmmrl kxgmvmtoid mppkmrs ti iroòdmtk frih skgidlmry gidtkxts. Ot os, aiwkvkr, vkrywkbb pissonbk tamt fkmturks frih taos pkroil mrk prkskdt id tak sotk, nut tamt taky wkrk prklihodmtkby shmbb (pistaibks)tamt lol dit fudgtoid ms kffogokdt mrtkfmgt-trmps mdl tamt taky amvk nkkd (krridkiusby) msso`dkl ti tak Nridzk M`kiggupmtoid pamsk. Ms tak fodls-bmykr wms firhkl id tip if grkvmssk lkpisots (Aubst =??=m, ;6, rkfkrkdgks ti Amvod`m=?6? mdl Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =75->55: \akudosskd & Aubst =???m, =70) fir waoga ot wms dit gakgjkl waktakr mdy iblkriggupmtoid bkvkbs wkrk prkskdt mt `rkmtkr lkptas, ot gmddit nk kxgbulkl tamt udlkrdkmta tak kxgmvmtkl mrkm md iblkrBmtk Dkibotaog bkvkb hmy amvk nkkd prkskdt tamt wms dit odvksto`mtkl.

Fkmturks mttronutkl ti tak Bmtk Dkibotaog wkrk furtakrhirk fiudl id sotks >7 mdl ><. Mt nita sotks tak lmtodòs nmskl id tak mssigomtoid nktwkkd tak fodls frih tak fodls-bmykr mdl tak fkw mdl dit skgtoidkl udlkrbyod` fkmturks.Mt sotk >7, Nkbb- mdl Uit Nkmjkr gkrmhogs, ms wkbb ms fbodt mdl stidk mrtkfmgts wkrk rkgivkrkl frih tak fodls-bmykr,waoga aml firhkl od fbiilnmsod lkpisots lorkgtby id tip if grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots (Vmd Socvkrlkd od3 Cid`stk =??1,

>=->;). Di yiud`kr mrgamkibiògmb hmtkrombs wkrk kdgiudtkrkl. Mt sotk ><, m pistaibk mdl m pissonbk akmrta wkrkfiudl udlkrdkmta tak gbmyky fodls-bmykr, waoga aml firhkl id tip if grkvmssk lkpisots (Nubtkd & Whots =??1m, =>-=7:Vmd Socvkrlkd od3 Nubtkd & Whots =??1m, >=->;).

@kdkrmbby, tak Bmtk Dkibotaog rkhmods rkgivkrkl mrk odgirpirmtkl odti yiud`kr pkroil gidtkxts. Idby mt sotks>7 mdl >< lol bmtkr mgtovotoks mppkmr ti nk mnskdt. Fkmturks wkrk idby kdgiudtkrkl id sotks >7, >< mdl =;0 mdl rkhmodamrl ti odtkrprkt. Didktakbkss, taksk fkmturks mt bkmst piodt iut tamt sihk gidstrugtoidmb mgtovotoks tiij pbmgk akrk idfbiilnmsod lkpisots sotumtkl id tip if grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots, ms wkbb ms id grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots pripkr. Ot os mttaos piodt ohpissonbk ti tkbb waktakr tak Akrvkbl ir tak Lostkbjmhp-Mffkrlkd fbuvomb systkh grkmtkl taksk grkvmssklkpisots. Paogakvkr hmy nk tak gmsk, ot os kvolkdt tamt mgtovotoks ‗ pissonby iggupmtoid ‗ tiij pbmgk wotaod =.; jh ifmd mgtovk fbuvomb systkh.

Kmrby Nridzk M`k mdl Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M

\wi lostodgt typks if pittkry lkgirmtoid khkr`k lurod`tak Kmrby Nridzk M`k mdl stmrt if tak Hollbk NridzkM`k rkspkgtovkby. \ak forst os lkgirmtoid wota ‑NmrnklPork‟ stmhps, hmlk ny wodlod` girl mriudl m dmrriwgkdtrmb mxbk mdl prkssod` taos odti tak stobb pbmstog gbmy

proir ti forod` if tak vksskb (Hillkrhmd =?;;n: Bmdtod`=?07). Uits lkgirmtkl od suga m hmddkr ‗ Nmrnkl Pork-stmhp lkgirmtkl nkmjkrs ‗ lmtk histby ti tak KmrbyNridzk M`k (nut skk Mrdiblusskd >551, skgtoid 0.>.7.=,ditk 6?). \ak skgidl lkgirmtovk trmlotoid gidgkrds(pskuli-)girl-ohprkssoids nktwkkd tak pit saiublkrmdl roh, oddkr-roh lkgirmtoid mdl airsk-saik amdlbks,jdiwd ms ‑Aobvkrsuh‟-stybk lkgirmtoid (@bmsnkr`kd

Fo`. VO.6 Umbmki`ki`rmpaogmb hmp if tak Lilkwmmrl hksi-rkòidmriudl >555 gmb NG (mftkr Vmd Socvkrlkd >557n mdl Wtkkdnkkj=??5).

m3 fbiilnmsod lkpisots, n3 bkvkkmdl/ir grkvmssk lkpisots,g3 bkvkk- id gamddkb nkl lkpisots, l3 tip grkvmssk lkpisotsnkbiw `riudl wmtkr bkvkb mggirlod` ti Wtkkdnkkj (=??5), k3tip grkvmssk lkpisots mnivk `riudl wmtkr bkvkb mggirlod` tiWtkkdnkkj (=??5).



=;?


=?;<: \akudosskd =???, >5>->50). Lmtks fir Aobvkrsuh-stybk lkgirmtkl gkrmhogs gbustkr mriudl tak Hollbk NridzkM`k-M (\akudosskd =???, >57: >5;: Mrdiblusskd >551, tmnbk ;.=: =01 ditk <5). Ms nkfirk, tak Lostkbjmhp-Mffkrlkdmdl Akrvkbl fbuvomb systkhs mrk stobb mgtovk. Ny gihnodod` tak lmtm frih mbb mvmobmnbk uskmnbk girod`s wota tak wmtkrbkvkb gurvk ms gihpobkl ny Wtkkdnkkj (=??5, =?<-=?1), wk gmd lktkrhodk waoga piodts id tak grkvmssk-gihpbkxmrk suotmnbk fir auhmd kxpbiotmtoid (Vmd Socvkrlkd >557n). \aos ams nkkd lidk fir tak hksi-rkòid Lilkwmmrl,hkmsurod` twi ny twi squmrk jobihktrks (fo`. VO.6, gf. fo`s. VO.1: VO.=7). \wi pissonbk fodl-spits if Nmrnkl Pork-stmhp lkgirmtkl gkrmhogs mrk jdiwd iutsolk tak hogri rkòid. \akkxgmvmtoid rkpirt frih sotk ?6? mttronutks sihk if tak gkrmhogs frih trkdga twi ti tak Nmrnkl Pork nkmjkr pkroil,ykt di lktmobkl odfirhmtoid id tak rkbkvmdt mrùhkdts os mvmobmnbk (fo`. VO.0, di ?6?: Uktkrs =???, =0: =?). Mt sotk >=,olkdtofogmtoid if tak Kmrby Nridzk M`k pittkry wms udprinbkhmtog: tak prkskdgk if Nmrnkl Pork-stmhps, pkrfirmtklrohs mdl shmbb nmsks odlogmtk usk if tak sotk lurod` tak Kmrby Nridzk M`k pkr oil (fo`. VO.0, di >=: \kd Mdsgakr & Vmdlkr îkst =??0, =<-=6). Didktakbkss, tak == sakrls lospbmyod` suga trmots firh m hodiroty od gihpmrosid ti tak hirkmnudlmdt Nkbb Nkmjkr gkrmhogs rkgivkrkl frih taos fodls-bmykr ( suprm). \aos shmbb duhnkr if Kmrby Nridzk M`kfodls, ms wkbb ms tak mnskdgk if fkmturks id taos sotk, hmjks ot amrl ti odtkrprkt taksk sakrls ms rkfbkgtod` pmrtogubmrauhmd mgtovotoks. Potaod tak hogri-rkòid, tak idby twi Nmrnkl Pork-stmhp lkgirmtkl sakrls wkrk kxgmvmtkl odtrkdga tarkk id sotk =1 (fo`. VO.0, di =1: Nubtkd =??1g, =?). Nmskl id tak pmbmki`ki`rmpaogmb hmp fir tak pkroil mriudl

>555 gmb NG (fo`. VO.6), sotk =1 os kdtorkby sotumtkl wotaod tak lry pmrt if tak bmdlsgmpk, nut ms gbisk ny ms mt ;5 h titak dirta-kmst if trkdga tarkk, mqumtog fbiilnmsods giubl nk kdgiudtkrkl (Vmd Socvkrlkd >557n: Vmd Lodtkr od3 Nubtkd=??1g, >?-7<).

Fo`. VO.0 Hmod fbuvomb systkhs mdl fodl-spits lmtkl ti tak Kmrby Nridzk M`k ir Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M od tak Lilkwmmrl hmgri-rkòid (fobbklsyhnibs odlogmtk gkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids, iutbodkl syhnibs udgkrtmod olkdtofogmtoids).

m3 mrkms if Nktuwkriutk tkst-trkdgaks, n3 fissob fbuvomb systkhs, g3 mgtovk fbuv omb systkhs, l3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, k3 grkvmssk lkpisotsnmskl id Nkrkdlskd, Fmksskd & Jkhpkd =??<: Nkrkdlskd kt mb . >55=, f3 grkvmssk lkpisots nmskl id Vmd Socvkrlkd >557n, `3 pittkry,a3 wkmpids.



=65


Ot os rkhmrjmnbk tamt waobk gidlotoids wkrk prinmnby fmviurmnbk ti iggupmtoid lurod` tak Kmrby Nridzk M`k mggirlod`ti tak pmbmki`ki`rmpaogmb hmp, di gbkmr-gut rkhmods lmtmnbk ti taos pkroil wkrk rkgivkrkl lurod` tak bmr`k-sgmbkkxgmvmtoid if sotk =;0 (fo`. VO.0, di =;0). \wi fodls odlorkgtby aodt if mgtovotoks ‗ pissonby od tak vogodoty9 ‗ if sotk=;0 lurod` tak Kmrby Nridzk M`k. \ak forst gidgkrds tak gmbonrmtkl rmd`k waoga spmds odti tak Kmrby Nridzk M`kfir tak rmloigmrnid lmtkl smhpbk if (udspkgofokl) gamrgimb frih m pistaibk if aiusk =n (g. =115-=6>5 gmb NG: @rD-;?7;3 7<75 ½ 7; NU: Bmdtod` & Hiij =?00, =>5-=>=: \akudosskd =???, =7?: Bmdtod` & Vmd lkr Ubogat >557, =65). \akskgidl os m fbodt mrriwakml wota gidgmvk nmsk tamt os typibiògmbby lmtkl ti tak Kmrby Nridzk M`k (\akudosskd &Aubst =???m, =;<), nut tamt ams m akoàt/wolta rmtoi tamt os hirk odlogmtovk if taisk jdiwd frih =6ta gkdtury NG Wö`kb `rmvks (gf. Nutbkr =?6?, =50-==5: =?16: =?10: Bmux =?0=, tmf. =->: 6: Pk`dkr =??6, 750: 75?). Kvkd hirk gidfusod` ostak fmgt tamt ot wms fiudl od tak pot gidtmodod` tak Nkbb Nkmjkr gkrmhogs (\akudosskd & Aubst =???m, =<5). Fir tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M pkroil, di rkhmods mrk jdiwd frih sotk =;0, mbtaiuà mt tak dkmrny sotk =1m sod`bk girl-ohprksskl Aobvkrsuh-stybk lkgirmtkl sakrl wms fiudl (Nubtkd =??1g, =?). Iutsolk tak hogri-rkòid,Aobvkrsuh-stybk lkgirmtkl gkrmhogs wkrk kdgiudtkrkl id sotks >5, >> mdl ?6?. M sod`bk girl-ohprksskl sakrl wmsfiudl id sotk >5. \aos sakrl iroòdmtkl frih m fodls-bmykr tamt wms khnkllkl od grkvmssk lkpisots mdl waoga gidtmodkl

prklihodmdtby (Hollbk9) Nridzk M`k gkrmhogs (fo`. VO.0, di >5: Cid`stk =??0n, =7: Vmd Socvkrlkd od3 Cid`stk =??0n,>0-7=). Mt sihk pbmgks m fodls-sgmttkr wms kdgiudtkrkl mt m fkw lkgohktkr lkptas frih taos uppkr fodls-bmykr, waoga

os taiuàt ti rkprkskdt kotakr md mgguhubmtoid if wmsakl fodls ir od-sotu iff-sotk mgtovotoks (Cid`stk =??0n, ><).Wihk akmvoby wkmtakrkl qumrts-tkhpkrkl gkrmhogs wkrk rkgivkrkl frih taos biwkr fodls-sgmttkr, nut giubl dit nklmtkl. Aiwkvkr, ot skkhs dit mt mbb ohpissonbk tamt tak sod`bk Aobvkrsuh-stybk lkgirmtkl sakrl, ms wkbb ms tak sod`bk

pissonbk Bmtk Dkibotaog sakrl (skk mnivk) rkprkskdt fodls tamt amvk udodtkdtoidmbby nkgihk odgirpirmtkl odti takaoàkr bkvkb. \arkk girl-ohprksskl Aobvkrsuh-stybk lkgirmtkl sakrls wkrk fiudl od tak gbmyky vk`ktmtoid airozidivkrbyod` grkvmssk lkpisots mt sotk >> (fo`. VO.0, di >>: Cid`stk & \kd Mdsgakr =??1, =<-=;: Vmd Socvkrlkd od3 Cid`stk& \kd Mdsgakr =??1, >7->0). Nmskl id tak gkrmhog spkgtruh if tak rkgivkrkl sakrls, m Hollbk Nridzk M`k lmtk os

pripiskl fir taos sotk (Cid`stk & \kd Mdsgakr =??1, >5). \ak girl-lkgirmtkl sakrl rkfkrrkl ti od tak kxgmvmtoid rkpirtif sotk ?6? (Uktkrs =???, =0) os dit lkpogtkl, si taos hmy kotakr nk m skgidl rkfkrkdgk ti tak sakrl gbmssofokl ms NmrnklPork Nkmjkr bmtkr id (Uktkrs =???, =?) ir m skgidl odlovolumb. Ms tak gkrmhogs amvk dit nkkd lkpogtkl dir punbosaklod fubb, taos os ohpissonbk ti tkbb. \i suh ot up, ot skkhs tamt tak mgtovotoks tmjod` pbmgk od tak Lilkwmmrl hmgri-rkòid lurod` tak Kmrby

Nridzk M`k mdl Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M mrk kvkd hirk kbusovk tamd taisk if tak prkgklod` pkroil. Di sotks wotafkmturks ir aoà duhnkrs if fodls lmtmnbk ti taksk twi pkroils amvk nkkd kdgiudtkrkl. \aos skkhs rkhmrjmnbk od boàtif Wtkkdnkkj‟s (=??5, =?5-=?=: =?7) gidgbusoid tamt ms kmrby ms =?15 gmb NG udtob =6;5 gmb NG m pamsk if lkgrkmsklsklohkdtmtoid iggurrkl. Mbtaiuà tak gidlotoids od tak biwkr pmrts if tak fbiilnmsod wkrk `kdkrmbby stobb mqumtog,sihk mblkr gmrr wms prkskdt mdl tak aoàkst pmrts if tak grkvmssk lkpisots saiwkl iggmsoidmb mkrmtoid (Wtkkdnkkj=??5, =0<: =1;: =?7). Gidskqukdtby, ot os vkry tkhptod` ti biij tiwmrl hktailibiògmb mspkgts od irlkr ti kxpbmodtak mnskdgk if ‑truk lihkstog‟ ir skttbkhkdt sotks frih taksk pkroils. Ot hmy nk tak gmsk tamt skttbkhkdt sotks frihtaos pkroil wkrk prkfkrmnby bigmtkl od pmrts if tak bmdlsgmpk dit ykt odvksto`mtkl (tak bkvkks pripkr9), ir tamt wkfmob ti rkgi`dozk skttbkhkdt sotks frih taos pkroil (Mrdiblusskd >551, skgtoids ;.>.>: 0.>.<, gf. Nrògj =???), ir tamtskttbkhkdt sotks hmy ny gamd`k nk sotumtkl cust iutsolk tak odvksto`mtkl mrkm ir, bmstby, hmy dkvkr amvk nkkd prkskdtod tak hogri-rkòid od tak forst pbmgk.

Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N

\ak hmod pamsk if mgtovoty if skvkrmb if tak sotks odvksto`mtkl od tak hksi-rkòid Lilkwmmrl gmd nk lmtkl ti takHollbk Nridzk M`k. Ms fkw gmtkìroks if hmtkromb gubturk (kxgkpt sihk typks if nridzk mrtkfmgts) gmd nk skgurkbylmtkl typibiògmbby ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N ‗ mdl wota iftkd mnskdt rmloigmrnid lmtks ‗ hist sotks mrk msso`dklti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N pkroil nmskl id tak mnskdgk ir sgmrgoty if Hollbk Nridzk M`k-M fodls.

Fbuvomb mgtovoty ny tak Lostkbjmhp-Mffkrlkd fbuvomb systkh prksuhmnby gmhk ti m dkmr gihpbktk stip lurod`taos pkroil (skk mnivk), nut odotombby bohotkl fbuvomb mgtovoty iggurrkl od tak fbiilnmsod. Lkspotk taos sklohkdtmtoidod tak biwkr byod` pmrts if tak fbiilnmsod, tak aoàkr mrkms wkrk bmr`kby udmffkgtkl (Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =0<: =1;: =?7).\ak mblkr gmrr waoga aml firhkl od tak fbiilnmsod hmy amvk lriwdkl ms gmd nk rkgidstrugtkl frih tak lkgrkmsk od Mbdus pibbkd (Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =1;). Uibbkd if Gihpisotmk, Gakdipilomgkmk, Mrtkhosom mdl Grugofkrmk hmy piodt ti



=6=


auhmd iggupmtoid id tak aoàkr pmrts if tak bmdlsgmpk(tak Lostkbjmhp-Mffkrlkd bkvkks), nut hmy mbsi rkfbkgtdmturmb rk-gibidosmtoid if tak lry pmrts if tak bmdlsgmpk(Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =1;: Vmd Nkurlkd od prkp.). Mt takkdl if tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N, sklohkdtmtoid odtak fbiilnmsod hust amvk nkkd vkry bohotkl. \ak mblkrgmrr wms rkstirkl mdl pkmty ir strid`by auhog gbmy wmslkpisotkl od tak fbiilnmsods (Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =?<).

Wtrmy fodls frih tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k odtak hmgri-rkòid Lilkwmmrl gihprosk m hol-wod`kl

nridzk mxk frih Akhhkd (fo`. VO.?, di ?55: Fidtocd>557, 7>=) mdl twi nridzk sogjbks mssigomtkl wota HollbkNridzk M`k gkrmhogs frih Ipakuslkd - Lk Nrokdkd(fo`. VO.? di 0==7: Hillkrhmd & Hidtfirts =??=, =<?:Mrgaos 056?: 0==7). \ak nridzk sogjbks giubl lmtk ti takfodmb twi gkdturoks if tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N ir tak

forst if tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k (Fidtocd >557, ==0: 7>>).Mllotoidmbby, prksuhmnbk Hollbk Nridzk M`k gkrmhogsmdl sihk stidks wkrk rkgivkrkl frih m (hirk tamd =5gh taogj) fodls-bmykr udgivkrkl od skvkrmb tkst-pot lu`

ny Hillkrhmd id tak sotks losgivkrkl ny Amvod`mdkmr Ipakuslkd - Docbmdlskwk` (fo`. VO.?, di <==>0:<==7=: <==77-<==7;: Hillkrhmd =?65: Mrgaos <==>0).M fodls-bmykr wota nidks mdl Nridzk M`k gkrmhogs wmsinskrvkl ny Amvod`m lurod` tak gidstrugtoid if m dkwlrmodm`k lotga mt Skttkd - Vkklocj (fo`. VO.? di >;;06:Mrgaos >;;06). M lotga mt Ipakuslkd - Lk Liis mbsiyokblkl Nridzk M`k gkrmhogs (fo`. VO.? di 0=>>: Mrgaos

0=>>). M qumrts-tkhpkrkl sakrl wms fiudl od m girod` mt Lilkwmmrl - Jkrjstrmmt (fo`. VO.? di =>06<<: Mshusskd=??6, 7?). \aksk fodls gmddit nk lmtkl wota gkrtmodty ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N nut mrk didktakbkss odtrilugklakrk. \ak sotks lktkgtkl mdl mttronutkl ti tak Nridzk M`k ny Amvod`m (=?6?: Amvod`m & Ip ‑t Aif =?0;: =?17) gmddkotakr nk lmtkl hirk kxmgtby nut amvk nkkd lkpogtkl id fo`. VO.? ms wkbb, od irlkr ti gihpbkhkdt tak itakr lmtm mdlti iffkr sihk odsoàts odti tak pissonbk hodohmb skttbkhkdt sotk lkdsoty (fo`. VO.?, `).

Vmroius Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N sotks od tak hksi-rkòid amvk nkkd sunckgtkl ti tkst-kxgmvmtoids. \wi NridzkM`k sakrls wkrk rkgivkrkl frih m gbmyky vk`ktmtoid airozid mt sotk 7; (Wpmdckr =??1, ==: Vmd Lodtkr od3 Wpmdckr=??1m, =?->;). M taorl sakrl giubl dit nk lmtkl hirk prkgoskby mdl hmy mbsi lmtk ti tak Bmtk Dkibotaog (Wpmdckr=??1m, ==). Wotks 76 mdl 70 amvk nita yokblkl frm`hkdts if nidks, stidks mdl gkrmhogs mdl fkmturks waoga mrk mbblmtkl ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k (Wokr & Whots =??1). \ak fodls iroòdmtkl frih nita m gbmyky vk`ktmtoid airozidtamt aml firhkl id tip if grkvmssk lkpisots, ms wkbb ms od tak tip if tak grkvmssk lkpisots pripkr (Wokr & Whots =??1,=0: >>: Vmd Lodtkr & Vmd Socvkrlkd od3 Wokr & Whots =??1, >?-76). Umrt if m strugturk, pissonby md mdgobbmry nuoblodìr `rmdmry, wms udgivkrkl od trkdga 7 id sotk 70 (Wokr & Whots =??1, >5). Nmskl id tak shmbb duhnkr if gkrmhogs,

m Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N lmtk wms su``kstkl, nut giubl dit nk privkd (Wokr & Whots =??1, >7). \ak dkmrny sotks =0mdl 71 amvk yokblkl gihpmrmnbk rksubts. Akrk ms wkbb m vk`ktmtoid airozid aml firhkl od tak gbmy ivkrbyod` grkvmssklkpisots (Nubtkd =??1m, =7: >5: Vmd Socvkrlkd od3 Nubtkd =??1m, 70-<7). Frih taos vk`ktmtoid airozid stidks, nidksmdl mnudlmdt Hollbk Nridzk M`k gkrmhogs wkrk rkgivkrkl (Nubtkd =??1m, =1->5: >>->?: 7=). M nridzk sogjbk mdlrovkt mdl twi pokrgkl stidk pkdlmdts rkprkskdt tak hirk rkhmrjmnbk fodls. \aksk fiur sotks (=0, 76, 70 mdl 71) mrkodtkrprktkl ms rkprkskdtod` pmrts if tak vogodoty if Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdt sotks (Wokr & Whots =??1, >7: Nubtkd=??1m, 7=). Gkrmhogs frih tak ‑mlvmdgkl‟ (o.k. bmtkr) Hollbk Nridzk M`k ms wkbb ms fkmturks wkrk losgivkrkl od taktkst-trkdgaks mt sotk ?6? (Uktkrs =???, =6-=?). \ak fodls, odgbulod` stidks mdl nidks, wkrk rkgivkrkl frih tak tip ifgrkvmssk spbmy lkpisots, ms wkbb ms frih tak biwkst >5 gh if tak givkrod` bmykr if gbmy (Uktkrs =???, =6). \ak fkmturks

Fo`. VO.1 Umbmk`ki`rmpaogmb hmp if tak Lilkwmmrl hksi-rkòidmriudl =;55 gmb NG (mftkr Vmd Socvkrlkd >557n mdl Wtkkdnkkj=??5).

m3 fbiilnmsod lkpisots, n3 bkvkkmdl/ir grkvmssk lkpisots, g3 bkvkk-id gamddkb nkl lkpisots, l3 tip grkvmssk lkpisots nkbiw `riudlwmtkr bkvkb mggirlod` ti Wtkkdnkkj (=??5), k3 tip grkvmssk lkpisotsmnivk riudl wmtkr bkvkb mggirlod` ti Wtkkdnkkj (=??5).



=67


if m gbmyky vk`ktmtoid airozid id tip if grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots(Nubtkd =??1g, =0: Vmd Lodtkr od3 Nubtkd =??1g, >?-7<). Ivkr0;5 sakrls gmd nk lmtkl ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N (Nubtkd=??1g, =1) \ak lostronutoid if taksk fodls saiws twi lostodgtgidgkdtrmtoids (Nubtkd =??1g, >;). \aksk gidgkdtrmtoids mdltak fkmturks frih trkdga = mrk odtkrprktkl ms nkbidòd` tiskttbkhkdt sotk =;0, bigmtkl <; h ti tak siuta (Nubtkd =??1g,>7). \ak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N fodls frih tak Lilkwmmrlkxgmvmtoid amvk nkkd punbosakl ny Aubst (Aubst =?60n: =?05:=?0=: =??=) mdl \akudosskd mdl Aubst (=???m), si idby m nrokfsuhhmry wobb nk prkskdtkl akrk. \wi aiusk-sotks lmtod` ti takHollbk Nridzk M`k(-N) wkrk udgivkrkl (fo`. VO.=5).

\ak kmstkrdhist aiusk-sotk gihprosks mt bkmst twiivkrbmppod` aiusk pbmds (fo`. VO.==, ivkrbkmf). Vmroius pistsif tak dirtakrdhist pamsk (=n) skkh ti amvk nkkd liunbkl,

odlogmtod` rkpmors. \wi fkdgks mrk odtkrprktkl ms pissonbk gmttbklrivks (\akudosskd & Aubst =???m, =<=: =<1). \ak wkstkrdhistaiusk-sotk rkprkskdts m sod`bk aiusk-pamsk. Od tak mnskdgkif akmrtas, stmbbs mdl udmhnoùius fodls, takrk os di rkbomnbkkvolkdgk fir tak spkgofog fudgtoids if pmrts if tak aiusk pbmds. \wi bmr`kr mdgobbmry nuoblod`s amvk nkkdrkgidstrugtkl, waisk irokdtmtoid mppkmrs ti girrkspidl ti tamtif tak aiusks ir os pkrpkdlogubmr ti tamt. Mt sihk lostmdgk frihtak aiusks skvkrmb fiur- mdl sox-pist iutnuoblod`s mrk fiudl.Nksolks taksk hirk ir bkss gbkmr strugturks, tak kxgmvmtoid pbmdos bottkrkl wota pistaibks mdl stmjks tamt iggmsoidmbby gmd nk`riupkl odti bid`kr skgtoids if fkdgks.

Kvolkdgk fir grip gubtovmtoid os mnskdt. Odlgmtirs sugams mrl-hmrjs ir nitmdogmb rkhmods amvk dit nkkd fiudl. \aosos bmr`kby m rksubt if tak mppbokl hktailibi`y (\akudosskd& Aubst =???m, =;<). Kvkd od tak pibbkd spkgtrm kvolkdgk firgrip-gubtovmtoid, ir auhmd prkskdgk od `kdkrmb, os hodohmb(Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =1;-=16: Vmd Nkurlkd od prkp.). M pibbkdsmhpbk frih tak aoàkr pmrts if tak Lostkbjmhp-Mffkrlkdlkpisots yokblkl odlogmtirs if auhmd prkskdgk mdl pissonbyhkmliws (`rmssks (@rmhodmk), hkhnkrs if tak lmosy fmhoby(Gihpisotmk), pbmodtmod ( Ubmdtmì), ligj spkgoks ( ûhkx),jditwkkl ( Uibyìduh mvogubmrk) mdl hkhnkrs if tak gmrdmtoidfmhoby (Gmryipaybbmgkmk) wkrk fiudl: Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =11).Fir tak biwkr byod` pmrts if tak fbiilnmsod tak pibbkd kvolkdgk

su``ksts md kxpmdsoid if tak mblkr gmrr od tak fbiilnmsod. Mblkr(Mbdus) pibbkd lihodmtks, nut os suppbkhkdtkl ny dmrriwbkmfgmttmob (\ypam mdùstofibom), nur-rkkl (Wpmr`mdouh), skl`ks

Fo`. VO.=5 Ivkrvokw if mbb fkmturks mdl (Hollbk) Nridzk M`k strugturks mtLilkwmmrl sotk =;0 (mftkr \akudosskd & Aubst =???m, =71 fo`. <.0).

m3 dit kxgmvmtkl, n3 rkgkdt losturnmdgks, g3 fkmturks mssigomtkl wotastrugturks, l3 itakr fkmturks.



=6<


(Gypkrmgkmk), wmtkr griwfiit ( ^mdudgubus(Nmtrmgaouh)) mdl Kuripkmd wmtkr pbmdtmod ( Mboshm), odlogmtod` aoà nutrkbmtovkby stmnbk `riudlwmtkr tmnbk bkvkbs od tak fbiilnmsod (Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =16: >55).

Ausnmdlry gkrtmodby tiij pbmgk, ms os kvolkdt frih tak rkgivkrkl fmudmb msskhnbm`ks (Gbmsid =?00: =???).Gmttbk rkprkskdt tak hist-rkgivkrkl spkgoks, fibbiwkl ny dkmr kqumb duhnkrs if po` mdl sakkp/ìmts (Gbmsid =???,70: tmnbk =). \ak fiur (frm`hkdts if ) spodlbk wairbs odlogmtk tak prigkssod` if wiib (\akudosskd & Aubst =???m, =;>:=?5). \ak twi aiusks mrk taiuàt ti amvk nkkd gidtkhpirmdkius mdl amvk nkkd gbmohkl ti lmtk ti tak HollbkNridzk M`k - M (\akudosskd & Aubst =???m, =;6). \aos mssuhkl m`k os m rksubt if tak rmloigmrnid lmtod` if udspkgofoklgamrgimb frih m pistaibk if aiusk pamsk =n (g. =115-=6>5 gmb NG: @rD-;?7;3 7<75 ½ 7; NU: Bmdtod` & Hiij =?00,=>5-=>=: \akudosskd =???, =7?: Bmdtod` & Vmd lkr Ubogat >557, =65). \ak mssigomtoid nktwkkd tak smhpbk mdl tak

pakdihkdid lksorkl ti nk lmtkl ‗ iggupmdgy if tak aiusk ‗ os aiwkvkr wkmj. \ak mnskdgk if Aobvkrsuh-stybklkgirmtkl sakrls mdl `kdkrmbby biw pkrgkdtm`ks if lkgirmtkl gkrmhogs li furtakrhirk gihpbogmtk tak su``kstkllmtk. \ak tarkk-mosbkl aiusk pbmd if pamsk =m frih Lilkwmmrl os fmorby strmoàtfirwmrl mdl rkùbmr. Ot ams nkkdmrùkl kbskwakrk (Mrdiblusskd >551, skgtoid ;.>.7) tamt hist if suga aiusks lmtk nktwkkd g. 7=;5 ½ ;5 ti 75;5 ½;5 NU, o.k. riuàby mriudl =;55-==55 gmb NG (gf. Mrdiblusskd & Fidtocd >556). Mt taos piodt, m lmtod` ti tak Hollbk

Nridzk M`k-N if tak hmod pamsk if usk if taos sotk skkhs hist bojkby.Gidgbulod`, ot skkhs tamt iggupmtoid if tak hksi-rkòid Lilkwmmrl wms wolk-sprkml lurod` tak Hollbk

Nridzk M`k. Idby wakrk hirk kxtkdsovk kxgmvmtoid ams nkkd gmrrokl iut, wms ot pissonbk ti lmtk taksk mgtovotoksti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N, ir ti lktkrhodk tak kxmgt dmturk if taksk mgtovotoks. Mt sotk =;0, twi aiusk-sotks wkrkudgivkrkl, wakrkms od tak tkst-trkdgaks id sotks ?6?, =0 mdl 76-71 tak pkropakry if prkaostirog skttbkhkdt sotks wmsudgivkrkl. Mbb sotks mrk sotumtkl id ‗ stmgjkl ‗ grkvmssk spbmy lkpisots, fir waoga ot os ohpissonbk ti lktkrhodkwaktakr taky iroòdmtkl frih tak Lostkbjmhp-Mffkrlkd ir tak Akrvkbl fbuvomb systkh. Pakrkms tak firhkr gmddit

nk privkd ti amvk nkkd mgtovk lurod` tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k-N, tak bmttkr gkrtmodby wms. \ak lkdsoty if jdiwdsotks mppkmrs vkry udrkprkskdtmtovk. Urklihodmdtby bigmtoids wota ìil gamdgks if nkod` lktkgtkl tariuà girod`s,

Fo`. VO.== Aiusk-s otk twi (M) mdl idk (N) mt Lilkwmmrl sotk =;0 (fir bigmtoid skk fo`. VO.=5: mftkr \akudosskd & Aubst =???m, =71 f o`. <.0).




=6;


suga ms udlosturnkl vk`ktmtoid airozids mdl fbmdjs if grkvmssk lkpisots, amvk skkd hirk kxtkdsovk mrgamkibiògmbrkskmrga od tak firh if tkst-trkdgaks. Bmr`k sgmbk systkhmtog girod` ms lidk ny Amvod`m hmy iffkr sihk odsoàt odtitak lostronutoid mdl lkdsoty if prkaostirog skttbkhkdts od taos mrkm, mbtaiuà stobb sotks wobb amvk nkkd hosskl (skksiurgk grot ogosh mnivk). \ak lkdsoty if ‑mdgokdt skttbkhkdt siobs‟ ms hmppkl ny Amvod`m trmdsbmtks ms =.<6 sotks pkr sqjh ir > % if tak surfmgk mrkm.

\ak f buvomb lydmhogs wotaod tak Lilkwmmrl hmgri-rkòid lurod` taos pkroil mrk rkbmtovkby stmnbk, nut wotaodtak hogri-rkòid, sihk sarodjm`k if tak odamnotmnbk mrkm os ditogkmnbk tamt aiwkvkr liks dit mffkgt tak mrkm if sotks=1 mdl =;0 (fo`. VO.1).

Bmtk Nridzk M`kLurod` tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k twi dkw fbuvomb systkhs, gmbbkl Puustk`rmmf mdl Nikbkdamh, nkgihk mgtovk odtak hksi-rkòid Lilkwmmrl. \ak kxmgt stmrt if sklohkdtmtoid if nita systkhs os dit jdiwd. Bkvkk mdl grkvmsskfirhmtoid ny taksk twi systkhs krilkl pmrts if tak kmrbokr bmdlsgmpk. \ak Puustk`rmmf fbuvomb systkh os dit lmtkllorkgtby mt mbb: Nkrkdlskd mdl Wtiutamhkr (>55=, ><;-><6) kstohmtk tamt lkpisotoid ny taos systkh tiij pbmgk nktwkkd>155 mdl ><55 ykmrs NU (g. =555-<55 gmb NG). \ak sod`bk sotk jdiwd id taos systkh bostkl od Mrgaos (fo`. VO.=>, di<==1;: Mrgaos <==1;) os krridkiusby lmtkl ti tak Nridzk M`k, ms ot rkprkskdts m sotk gbmssof okl ms m ‑Nmtmvomd-îhmd

pkroil gubturk bmykr‟ id Amvod`m‟s =?6? Hmp (Hmp =, L7/<). Bmtk Orid M`k mdl îhmd pkroil sotks id tip if takPuustk`rmmf lkpisots mrk jdiwd (Pobbkhs =?1;, ??-=55 sotks 6>, 66-60).

9

Fo`. VO.=> Hmod fbuvomb systkhs mdl fodl-spits lmtkl ti tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k od tak Lilkwmmrl hmgri-rkòid (fobbkl syhnibs odlogmtk gkr tmodolkdtofogmtoids, iutbodkl syhnibs udgkrtmod olkdtof ogmtoids).

m3 mrkms if Nktuwkriutk tkst-trkdgaks, n3 fissob fbuvomb systkhs, g3 mgtovk fbuvomb systkhs, l3 yiud`kr fbuvomb systkhs, k3 iblkr grkvmssklkpisots (nmskl id Nkrkdlskd, Fmksskd & Jkhpkd =??<: Nkrkdlskd kt mb . >55=: Vmd Socvkrlkd >557n), f3 bkvkkmdl/ir grkvmssk lkpisotsny tak Puustk`rmmf ir Nikbkdamh sys tkh (mftkr vmd Socvkrlkd >557n), `3 pittkry, a3 nridzk tiibs, o3 itakr fodl-spits.



=66


\ak stmrt if sklohkdtmtoid ny tak Nikbkdamh fbuvomb systkh os jdiwd odlorkgtby tariuà twi lmtkl smhpbks if(udspkgofokl) hmgri-rkhmods frih tak gbmy udlkrdkmta tak ivkrnmdj lkpisots. \aksk twi lmtks su``kst tamtsklohkdtmtoid hmy amvk stmrtkl mftkr ?>5-065 gmb NG (@rD-==;;>3 >0=5 ½ 15 NU mdl @rD-==;;03 >655 ½ 15 NU:Wtkkdnkkj =??5, >77: >70). \ak Nikbkdamh fbuvomb systkh stmrtkl ms m grkvmssk frih tak Akrvkbl systkh, waoga bmtkrid ìt giddkgtkl liwdstrkmh ti tak dirtakrd skgtoid if tak Akrvkbl systkh (Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =;;: Vmd Socvkrlkd>557n). Orid M`k ir îhmd pkroil pittkry wms fiudl od m girod` id ots bkvkks, mdl fodls frih tak Bmtk Orid M`kmrk jdiwd id tip if tak Nikbkdamh lkpisots (Mshusskd =??6, 7?-<=: Pobbkhs =?1;, sotks ;>-;7: =?1< Hmp O).Wtkkdnkkj‟s mdmbysos saiwkl tamt lurod` tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k wmtkr-bkvkbs od tak fbiilnmsod vmrokl hirk tamd od tak

prkvoius pkroil, mdl tamt waobk sihk pmrts if tak fbiilnmsod iggmsoidmbby fkbb lry, mblkr gmrr idgk m`mod lriwdkl oditakr pmrts (Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =0;: =16: =?<).

Idby m fkw fodl-spits amvk yokblkl kvolkdgk fir mgtovotoks od tak rkòid lurod` tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k mdlkvolkdgk os iftkd odgidgbusovk. M Bmtk Nridzk M`k lmtk ams nkkd su``kstkl fir m fkw (d 2 =0) taod-wmbbkl sakrls wotavmrokl tkhpkr mt sotk 71 (fo`. VO.=>, di 71: Nubtkd =??1m, ><->;). M nridzk rovkt hmy mbsi lmtk ti taos pkroil (Nubtkd=??1m, >1). \aksk otkhs wkrk fiudl hoxkl wota prklihodmdtby Hollbk Nridzk M`k fodls od m vk`ktmtoid airozid,waoga aml firhkl od tak gbmy ivkrbyod` grkvmssk lkpisots (Nubtkd =??1m, =7: >5: Vmd Socvkrlkd od3 Nubtkd =??1m,70-<7). Mt sotk >5, m sod`bk lkgirmtkl sakrl hmy nk lmtkl ti tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k, mbtaiuà m Bmtk Dkibotaog lmtk os

fmviurkl od tak punbogmtoid (fo`. VO.=>, di >5: Cid`stk =??0n, =7-=<). Mggirlod` ti U. vmd lkd Nrikjk, Bmtk NridzkM`k gkrmhogs wkrk mbsi pmrt if tak gkrmhog msskhnbm`k if sotk =;0, mbtaiuà taksk sakrls amvk dkvkr nkkd punbosaklms suga (fo`. VO.=>, di =;0: U. vmd lkd Nrikjk, pkrs. gihh., Wkpt. >557). Mt sotk ?6?, gkrmhogs frih tak uppkr gbmykyfodls-bmykr od trkdga tarkk gihprosk gamhittk-tkhpkrkl mdl shiitakl sakrls lkgirmtkl wota dmob ohprksskl pskuli-girlids mdl gidtoduius dmob-ohprkssoids (Uktkrs =???, =;: =?) tamt hmy vkry wkbb lmtk ti tak Bmtk Nridzk M`k.

Fo`. VO.=7 Umbmki`ki`rmpaogmb hmp if tak Lilkwmmrl hksi-rkòid mriudl =555 gmb NG (mftkr Vmd Socvkrlkd >557n mdl Wtkkdnkkj=??5).

m3 fbiilnmsod lkpisots, n3 bkvkkmdl/ir grkvmssk lkpisots, g3 bkvkk- id gamddkb nkl lkpisots, l3 tip grkvmssk lkpisots nkbiw `riudlwmtkr bkvkb mggirlod` ti Wtkkdnkkj (=??5), k3 tip grkvmssk lkpisots mnivk `riudl wmtkr bkvkb mggirlod` ti Wtkkdnkkj (=??5).



=60


Ot os gbkmr tamt wotaod tak hogri-rkòid hirk ir hist if tak dirta-wkstkrd grkvmssk lkpisots nkgmhk udodamnotmnbk (fo`VO.=7). \ak siutakrd mdl gkdtrmb pmrt, od waoga sotk =;0 os sotumtkl, os bmr`kby udmffkgtkl. \ak twi itakr fodl-spitsif Bmtk Nridzk M`k gkrmhogs, sotks 71 mdl 6?6, mrk sotumtkl mt 155-?55 h lostmdgk frih tak mgtovk Nikbkdamh mdlAkrvkbl systkhs rkspkgtovkby. \ak rkbmtovk sgmrgoty if sotks frih taos pkroil liks mppby ti m rkòid nkyidl tak hksi-rkòid Lilkwmmrl, mdl ams nkkd odtkrprktkl ms m rksubt if m hmcir pamsk if rkfirhmtoid if tak fbuvomb strugturks iftak âodk-Hkusk lkbtm (Cid`stk & Vmd Socvkrlkd >550: gf. Mrdiblusskd >551, skgtoid 0.<.>).

Kmrby Orid M`kLurod` tak Kmrby Orid M`k, sklohkdtmtoid ny tak Akrvkbl, Nikbkdamh mdl Puustk`rmmf fbuvomb systkhs gidtodukl.\ak odgrkmskl fbuvomb mgtovoty tamt mbrkmly stmrtkl od tak prkvoius pkroil, gidtodukl lurod` taos pkroil (Wtkkdnkkj=??5, =15: =16: =11-=?<). Mt taos tohk, sklohkdt os lkpisotkl id tak firhkr Lostkbjmhp-Mffkrlkd lkpisots, rkdlkrod`takh udsuotmnbk fir iggupmtoid (Wtkkdnkkj =??5, =?<: Vmd Socvkrlkd >557n). Di gbkmr skttbkhkdt sotks lmtmnbk ti taos

pkroil mrk jdiwd frih tak hksi-rkòid. \ak dkmrkst rkfkrkdgk ti m pissonbk skttbkhkdt sotk lmtod` ti taos pkroil osJkstkrkd - Dklkrkodlskstrmmt, nut taos lmtk os udgkr tmod (Mrgaos 7=?17, skk Mppkdlox V, fo`. V.>7, di 0<=5). Idby idlostronutoid hmps frih tak Hollbk Orid M`k idwmrl li wk idgk m`mod fodl pissonbk skttbkhkdt sotks wotaod tak hksi-rkòid (k.`. Pobbkhs =?1;: =?1<: Mrgaos 610?, 0=<?, 0<;6, <=5;1, <=56;, <<;>0).



=61




=6?

^kfkrkdgks

Mllodj-Wmhpbidous, H., =?61, Dkibotaosgak stkdkd stroclamhkrs uot Hollkd-Dklkrbmdl, Akbodouh 1, >5?-><5.

Mdsgakr, \.C. tkd & C. vmd lkr ikst, =??0, Mmdvubbkdl Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk vodlpbmmts >=3 Vmbnur`

Skttkdsk Vkbl - Pkst , Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` =>).

Mrdiblusskd, W., >555, Givkrkl wota Gbmy. Hmd mdl Bmdlsgmpk lurod` tak Bmtk Dkibotaog up ti tak Hollbk Nridzk M`k od tak Lutga

gkdtrmb rovkr mrkm, Bkolkd ([dpunbosakl HM taksos).

Mrdiblusskd, W., >557, Mmdvubbkdl mrgakibiòsga idlkrzikj vmd lk rmdlzidk vmd kkd dklkrzkttod` uot lk hollkd-nridstocl tk Soclkrvkbl ,

Bkolkd (Mrgaib ^mppirt >7).

Mrdiblusskd, W. & P.J. vmd Socvkrlkd, >55<, Gubkhnir`- Lkd Akuvkb. Nridzk M`k rkhmods mdl Orid M`k skttbkhkdt trmgks dkxt ti m

nrkmj-tariuà gamddkb od tak Wgaiidrkwikrl st rkmh rol`k, Budubm3 Mrgamkibiòm Uritiaostirogm =>, ;?-0=.

Mrdiblusskd, W. & L.^. Fidtocd, >556, \iwmrls fmhobomr bmdlsgmpks9 Id tak dmturk mdl iroòds if Nridzk M`k bmdlsgmpks od tak

Dktakrbmdls, Urigkklod`s if tak Urkaostirog Wigokty 0>, >1?-7=0.

Mrdiblusskd, W., >551, M Bovod` Bmdlsgmpk3 Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdt sotks od tak Lutga rovkr mrkm (>555-155 NG), Bkolkd (UaL taksos).

Mshusskd, U.W.@., =??=, Mrgakibiòsgak Nk`kbkolod` Nktuwkriutk. Lkkb M3 Vmststkbbkd hodst sgamlkbocjk t rmgï, Mhstkrlmh (^MMU-

^mppirt ;?).Mshusskd, U.W.@. & ^.U. Kxmbtus, =??7, Mrgakibiòsgak Nk`kbkolod` Nktuwkriutk, Lkkb N3 Odvkdtmrosmtok & Lkkb G3 (`klkkbtkbocj)

Pmmrlkrod` , Mhstkrlmh (^MMU-^mppirt 06).

Mshusskd, U.W.@., =??<, Mrgakibiòsgak Nk`kbkolod` Nktuwkriutk, Lkkb G3 Pmmrlkrod` vmd lk vodlpbmmtskd, Mhstkrlmh (^MMU-

^mppirt 16).

Mshusskd, U.W.@., =??6, Mrgakibiòsgak Nk`kbkolod` Nktuwkriutk: Mmdvubbkdlk mrgakibiòsgak jmrtkrod` kd wmmrlkrod` , Mhstkrlmh

(^MMU-^mppirt =?6).

Nmktskd, W. & C. vmd Jkrjaivk, >55;, Nurkmuidlkrzikj kd Odvkdtmr oskrkdl Vkblidlkrzikj Akrhmd Juocjstrmmt <6-<1 , Mhstkrlmh

(Suoldklkrbmdlsk Mrgakibiòsgak Ditotoks 71).

Nmjkbs, G.G., >55;, Nitmdok, akt idlkrzikj vmd zmlkd kd vrugatkd, od3 W. Jdoppkdnkr` & U.F.N. Cid`stk (kls), \kru` dmmr Soclkrvkbl.

Mrgakibiòsgak ip`rmvod`kd vmd kkd nridstocldklkrzkttod` bmd`s lk M>, Bkolkd (Mrgaib ^mppirt 76), ==<-==6.

Nklkmux, L., >55;, Ubmd`knokl Urivodgombkwk` Iist tk Lkob, `khkkdtk @kblkrhmbskd, mrgakibiòsga viiridlkrzikj3 kkd odvkdtmroskrkdl

vkblidlkrzikj , Bkolkd (^MMU-ditotok =5<<).Nkkj, ^. vmd, >55;, Mmrlkwkrj, od3 W. Jdoppkdnkr` & U.F.N. Cid`stk (kls), \kru` dmmr Soclkrvkbl. Mrgakibiòsgak ip`rmvod`kd vmd kkd

nridstocldklkrzkttod` bmd`s lk M>, Bkolkd (Mrgaib ^mppirt 76), 0;-15.

Nkdtk, L.M., >555, Ubmd`knokl Aidls`khkt-nklrocvkdtkrrkod kd ^mdlwk`, `khkkdtk @kblkrhmbskd3 kkd mmdvubbkdlk mrgakibiòsgak

odvkdtmrosmtok (MMO-=), Mhstkrlmh (^MMU-^mppirt ;0;).

Nkdtakh, M. vmd & B. Whot, >55<, Soclkrvkbl bigmtok Niih`mmrl kd Kbf aidt, `khkkdtk Vomdmd. Nurkmuidlkrzikj kd niiridlkrzikj

(OVI), Mhkrsfiirt (MLG ^mppirt 75<).

Nkrkdlskd, A.C.M., =?1>, Lk `kdksk vmd akt bmdlsgamp od akt zuolkd vmd lk privodgok [trkgat3 kkd fysosga-`ki`rmf osgak stulok, [trkgat

([trkgatsk ki`rmfosgak stuloks >;).

Nkrkdlskd, A.C.M., K.B.C.A. Fmksskd & A.F.C. Jkhpkd, =??<, Smdl od nmdkd - zmdllokptk-mttkdtok jmmrtkd vmd akt @kblkrs rovokrkd

`knokl , Mrdakh.

Nkrkdlskd, A.C.M. & K. Wtiutamhkr, >55=, Umbmki`ki`rmpaogmb lkvkbiphkdt if tak âodk-Hkusk lkbtm, \ak Dktakrbmdls, Msskd.

Nkrkdlskd, A.C.M., K.B.C.A. Fmksskd, M.P. Aksskbodj & A.F.C. Jkhpkd, >55=, Smdl od nmdkd - zmdllokptk-jmmrtkd vmd akt @kblkrsk

rovokrkd`knokl, hkt odnk`rop vmd lk uotkrwmmrlkd, Mrdakh.Nkrkdlskd, A.C.M. & ^. lk Cid`, >557, Fysosga-`ki`rmfosga viiridlkrzikj hkt nktrkjj od` tit lk vkrnrklod` vmd lk M>, Mhstkrlmh

(OG@ ^mppirt 57-5>).

Nkrkdlskd, A.C.M. & P.S. Aikj, >55;, Kodlrmppirt vmd akt fysosga-`ki`rmf osga idlkrzikj od akt jmlkr vmd lk vkrnrklod` vmd lk M>,

[trkgat (OG@ ^mppirt 5;-=).

Nkr`hmd, P.M. & G. Akbhoga, >55<, Odvkdtmr oskrkdl vkblidlkrzikj (OVI) Hokrbod`skstrmmt tk Krogakh , Skbakh.

Nkrjvkds, ^., G. Nrmdlkdnurà & G.P. Jiit, >55<, Nkwidod`spirkd uot lk pkroilk Bmmt-Dkibotaoguh - Hollkd-Nridstocl (>1;5-==55

v.Gar.), od3 G.P. Jiit & ^. Nkrjvkds (kls), Nrklmsk mjjkrs kkuwkdiul. <555 cmmr nkwidod`s`ksgaoklkdos ip lk rmdl vmd

zmdl kd jbko (KrfìklWtuloks Nrklm =), Nrklm (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` =5>), ;;-00.



=05


Nkurlkd, B. vmd, od prkp. (>551), Vk`ktmtok kd idtwojjkbod`kd od akt rovokrkd`knokl od lk Nridstocl , Smmdlmh (NOMQommb 77=).

Nbii, W.N.G. & P. Wgaiutkd, >55>, Mmrlkwkrj, od3 U.F.N. Cid`stk & @.C. vmd Pocd`mmrlkd (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3

Akt Krfìkl vmd Ko`kdnbij. Nkwidod`sspirkd uot lk Nridstocl tk @kblkrhmbskd, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak

Hiduhkdtkdzir` 16), >=0->00.

Nikr, \a. M. lk & B.C. Uids, =?65, Nilkh kd rmsbmdl od lk Vocfakkrkdbmdlkd, Vkrsbm`kd vmd Bmdlniuwjudlo`k Idlkrzikjod`kd 66.6,

=-0>.

Nirkkb, @.B., >55<, Nurkmuidlkrzikj Hktkrkd Lk Ubmdtm`k, Mhstkrlmh (Suoldklkrbmdlsk Mrgakibiòsgak Ditotoks ==).

Niur`kios, ].U.C. & L.^. Fidtocd, od prkss (>551), Nridzk M`k aiusks mdl nmrriws od tak Biw Giudtroks, od3 W. Mrdiblusskd & A.

Fijjkds (kls), Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdts od tak Biw Giudtroks, Ixfirl, <=-;0.

Nrkdjhmd, @.C., =?=>, Lk ip`rmvod`kd tk Jkstkrkd od =?5? kd =?=5, @kbrk =;, ;?7-65?.

Nrodjjkhpkr, I., A. vmd Ammstkr, U. vmd ôcd & G. Vkrhkkrkd, >55>, Mrgakinitmdok, od3 U.F.N. Cid`stk & @.C. vmd Pocd`mmrlkd (kls),

Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Akt Krfìkl vmd Ko`kdnbij. Nkwidod`sspirkd uot lk Nridstocl tk @kblkrhmbskd, Mhkrsfiirt

(^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 16), <7?-;;0.

Nrikjk, U.P. vmd lkd, >55=, \ak odgidspogoius gidtodumtoid if nridzk lkpisotoid od Lutga wkt gidtkxts mftkr tak Kmrby Orid M`k, od3

P.A. Hktz, N.B. vmd Nkkj & A. Wtkk`strm (kls), Umtodm. Kssmys prkskdtkl ti Cmy Cirlmd Nutbkr id tak iggmsoid if aos 15ta

nortalmy, @ridod`kd/Mhstkrlmh, =6=-=61.

Nrikjk, U.P. vmd lkd, >55;, Nbmgjshotas mdl pittkrs. Hmtkromb gubturk mdl tkgadibi`y, od3 B.U. Biuwk Jiiochmds, U.P. vmd lkd Nrikjk,A. Fijjkds & M.B. vmd @ocd (kls), \ak prkaostiry if tak Dktakrbmdls (OO), Mhstkrlmh, 657-6>;.

Nrijjk, M.C., >55;m, @kblkrhmbskd hollkd`knokl skgtok @3 nurkmu idlkrzikj , Mhkrsfiirt (MLG-^mppirt 7<7).

Nrijjk, M.C., >55;n, @kblkrhmbskd hollkd`knokl skgtok @3 kkd odvkdtmroskrkdl vkblidlkrzikj od lk virh vmd nirod`kd, Mhkrsfiirt

(MLG-^mppirt 7?0).

Nridj ^mhsky, G., >55;, IxGmb Uri`rmh v 7.=5 (attp3//www.rbmam.ix.mg.uj/ixgmb/ixgmb.ath), Ixfirl.

Nrògj, C., =???, Pamt‟s od m skttbkhkdt9 Lihkstog prmgtogk mdl rksolkdtomb hinoboty od Kmrby Nridzk M`k siutakrd Kd`bmdl, od3 C. Nrògj

& H. @iilhmd (kls), Hmjod` Ubmgks od tak Urkaostirog Pirbl3 takhks od skttbkhkdt mrgamkibi`y, Bidlid, ;>-0;.

Nullodà, L., =16=, Pmdlkbod`kd liir lk Nktuwk, tkr ipspirod` vmd @krhmmdsga-Nmtmmfsgak, viirmb vmd îhkodsgak iulaklkd

(=1;<-=165), \okb.

Nullodà, L., =16;, Dokuwk wmdlkbod`kd liir lk Nktuwk tkr ipspirod` vmd @krhmmdsga-Nmtmmfsgak, viirmb vmd îhkodsgak

iulaklkd, \okb.

Nuotkdauos, A., >55=, Mrgakiziöbiòk, od3 C. Wgaidkvkbl & K.F. @kamssk (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Nii` G-Diirl,kkd vodlpbmmts noc Hktkrkd ip lk ivkr`md` vmd Dkibotaoguh dmmr Nridstocl, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak

Hiduhkdtkdzir` 1<), =<=-=61.

Nuotkdauos, A., H.C.B.\a. Dokjus, @.C. lk îbbkr, O-B. H. Wtuocts, G. \ubp, M. [fjks & C.N. lk Vii`l, >55>, Lk îhkodsk tocl, od3

C. Wgaidkvkbl & U. Jrmdkdlidj (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Lrok krvkd uot lk Hollkd-Nridstocl noc Bokdlkd,

Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 1?), >7=-><?.

Nuotkdauos, A., >55>, Mrgakiziöbiòk, od3 C. Wgaidkvkbl & U. Jrmdkdlidj (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Lrok krvkd uot lk

Hollkd-Nridstocl noc Bokdlkd, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 1?), =?=->>6.

Nubtkd, K.K.N., =??6, Mmdvubbkdl Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk (MMI 0). @kblkrhmbskd Ko`kdnbij-Pkst ,

Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 1).

Nubtkd, K.K.N., =??0, Mmdvubbkdl Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk, vodlpbmmts =?3 Lilkwmmrl / Vkklocj-Iist ,

Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` =0).

Nubtkd, K.K.N., =??1m, Mmdvubbkdl Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk, vodlpbmmts =0 & 713 Lilkwmmrl / Ubms

vmd Wgaiubs kd Vomlugt Lmbwm`kd-Diirl , Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` >1).Nubtkd, K.K.N. & K. Whots, =??1m, Mmdvubbkdl Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk, vodlpbmmts ><3 Vmbnur` Lk

Vkrùblk Nilkh-Suol , Mhkrsfiir t (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` =1).

Nubtkd, K.K.N. & K. Whots, =??1n, Mmdvubbkdl Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk, vodlpbmmts >1, @kblkrhmbskd

/ Jdiippudt N-Viktmjjkr , Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` >?).

Nubtkd, K.K.N., =??1n, Mmdvubbkdl Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk, vodlpbmmts 7<3 Lilkwmmrl / Ukykdjmhpsk

Vkblwk` , Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibi osgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 75).

Nubtkd, K.K.N., =??1g, Mmdvubbkdl Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk, vodlpbmmts =13 Lilkwmmrl / Vkklocj-

Pkst , Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 77).



=0=

^KFK^KDGKW

Nutbkr, C.C., =?6?, Dklkrbmdl od lk Nridstocl , Nussuh (Fonubmrkkjs 7=).

Nutbkr, C.C., =?16, Lriuwkd3 kdl if m ‑Dirlog‟ rmodniw9, Umbmkiaostirom >1, =77-=61.

Nutbkr, C.C., =?10, Lriuwkd3 Akt kodlk vmd lk Diirlsk rk`kdnii`9, Dokuwk Lrkdtsk Vibjsmbhmdmj =5<, =57-=;5.

Nutbkr, C.C. & C.N. Aokbjkhm, >55>, Hktmmb, od3 N.A.F.H. Hkocbodj & U. Jrmdkdlidj (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Nikrkd, krvkd,

`rmvkd. Lk Nikrkd`khkkdsgamp vmd Lk Ni`kd noc Hktkrkd (><;5-=>;5 v. Gar.), Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak

Hiduhkdtkdzir` 10), ;7?-;<6.

Gmvmbbi, G., >55;, Mrgakiziöbiòsga idlkrzikj, od3 W. Jdoppkdnkr` & U.F.N. Cid`stk (kls), \kru` dmmr Soclkrvkbl. Mrgakibiòsgak

ip`rmvod`kd vmd kkd nridstocldklkrzkttod` bmd`s lk M>, Bkolkd (Mrgaib ^mppirt 76), 11-??.

Gairbky, ^.C., W.M. Wgauhh & L.K. Wu`lkd, =?1<, @kihirpaibi`y, Bidlid.

Gbmsid, M.\., =?00, Cmgat kd vkktkkbt vmd prkaostirok tit hollkbkkuwkd, Ammrbkh.

Gbmsid, M.\, =???, Pamt‟s dkw od tak Nridzk M`k9 \ak Bovkstigj mdl @mhknm` if tak Nridzk M`k Fmrhkrs od tak Pkstkrd mdl Gkdtrmb

Dktakrbmdls, od3 A. Wmrfmtoc, P.C.A. Vkrwkrs & U.C. Pibtkrod` (kls), Od Losgussoid wota tak Umst. Mrgamkibiògmb stuloks

prkskdtkl ti P.M. vmd Ks, Swibbk, 7;-<5.

Giakd, J.H., >557, Loffkrkdtomb sunsolkdgk wotaod m gimstmb prosh. Bmtk-@bmgomb - Aibigkdk tkgtidogs od tak âodk-Hkusk lkbtm, \ak

Dktakrbmdls, [trkgat (UaL \aksos) (Dktakrbmdls @ki`rmpaogmb Wtuloks 7=6).

Giakd, J.H., H.C.U. @iuw & C.U. Aibtkd, >55;, Fbuvoi-lkbtmog fbiilnmsod lkpisots rkgirlod` loffkrkdtomb sunsolkdgk wotaod m gimstmb

prosh (gkdtrmb âodk-Hkusk lkbtm, tak Dktakrbmdls), od3 H.L. Nbuh, W.N. Hmrroitt & W.F. Bkgbmor (kls), Fbuvomb Wklohkdtibi`yVOO, (Odtkrdmtoidmb Mssigomtoid if Wklohkdtibiòsts. Wpkgomb Uunbogmtoid 7;), >?;-7>5.

Gibbodsid, C.L., =??6, Mbbuvomb sklohkdts, od3 A.@. ^kmlod` (kls), Wklohkdtmry kdvoridhkdts 3 prigkssks, fmgoks, mdl strmto`rmpay,

Ixfirl, 70-1>.

Girdkbosskd, K., =?11, M stuly if f bodt mrriwakmls if tak privodgks if Nrmnmdt mdl Bohnur` (Nkbòuh), Akbodouh >1.>, =?>->>>.

Gupkrus, @., =610, Amrpigrmtks kt Hiduhkdtm Mdtoqum: \rmckgto ml âkduh, mpul Frmdgosguh Ambhm Mgml. \ypi`r., Mhstkrlmh.

Lmtkhm, M., =?0<, Viir u nockkd`k`mmrl, \mnubm Nmtmviruh =?0<.=<, >;->1.

Lksottkrk, H., =?61m, Lk urdkdvkblkdjubtuur od akt `knokl tusskd Dklkr-ôcd kd Diirlzkk (pkroilks Am M kd N). M. \kjst , Nru``k

(Losskrtmtoidks Mrgamkibiògmk @mdlkdsks ==).

Lksottkrk, H., =?61n, Lk urdkdvkblkdjubtuur od akt `knokl tusskd Dklkr-ôcd kd Diirlzkk (pkroilks Am M kd N). N. Mfnkkblod`kd ,

Nru``k (Losskrtmtoidks Mrgamkibiògmk @mdlkdsks ==).

Lkudaiuwkr, U., =?16, Ittibmdl-Iistkodl. Kkd `ridlspirkd-mmrlkwkrjmdmbysk vmd kkd od =?6? ip`k`rmvkd dklkrzkttod` od lk

Mbnbmsskrwmmrl, hkt nkwidod`sspirkd uot akt Bmmt-Dkibotaoguh kd lk Nridstocl , Bkolkd (udpunbosakl HM \aksos).Locj, C. vmd, >55>, Mrgakiziöbiòk, od3 U.F.N. Cid`stk & @.C. vmd Pocd`mmrlkd (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Akt Krfìkl vmd

Ko`kdnbij. Nkwidod`sspirkd uot lk Nridstocl tk @kblkrhmbskd, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppir tm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir

16), 7;=-<71.

Locj, C. vmd, K. Ksskr & C.\. Skobkr, >55>, Mrgakiziöbiòk, od3 N.A.F.H. Hkocbodj & U. Jrmdkdlidj (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3

Nikrkd, krvkd, `rmvkd. Lk Nikrkd`khkkdsgamp vmd Lk Ni`kd noc Hktkrkd (><;5-=>;5 v. Gar.), Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k

Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 10), ;<0-666.

Locjstrm, C. & C. vmd ^kdswiulk, >55;, Odvkdtmroskrkdl vkblidlkrzikj (OVI-7) ip akt viirhmbo` Vkobbod`tkrrkod mmd lk Smdlwk` tk Pocj

noc Luurstklk, Mhkrsfiirt (MLG ^mppirt <>=).

Lodtkr, H. vmd, >55=, Fysosgak `ki`rmfok, od3 H.H. Wokr & G.P. Jiit (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk. Jkstkrkd-Lk Pikrl3

nkwidod`sspirkd uot lk OCzkrtocl kd lk îhkodsk tocl, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 1>), ;=-

1>.

Lodtkr, H. vmd & P.J. vmd Socvkrlkd, >55>, Grkvmssks, kkd idlkr`kwmmrlkkrl bmdlsgampstypk, MLG - Odfi >55>-=, <-=?.

Lodtkr, H. vmd, >55>, Fysosgak `ki`rmfok, od3 C. Wgaidkvkbl & U. Jrmdkdlidj (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Lrok krvkd uot lkHollkd-Nridstocl noc Bokdlkd, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 1?), >0-;>.

Ligjuh, W.@. vmd, =??<, Lk wirtkbs vmd akt Jrihhk-ôcdprickgt, od3 P.M. vmd Ks & P.M.H. Akssod` (kls), îhkodkd, Frokzkd kd

Frmdjkd od akt amrt vmd Dklkrbmdl. Vmd \rmokgtuh tit Lirkstml ;5 v. G. - ?55 d. G., [trkgat / Mhkrsfiirt, >56->==.

Liksnur`, C. vmd, =??<, Pocj noc Luurstklk - Gkdtruh, od3 P.M. vmd Ks & P.M.H. Akssod` (kls), îhkodkd, Frokzkd kd Frmdjkd od akt

amrt vmd Dklkrbmdl. Vmd \rmokgtuh tit Lirkstml ;5 v. G. - ?55 d. G., [trkgat / Mhkrsfiirt, >7?-><=.

Lrkdta, K., =??6, Ivkr lk akrjihst vmd nridzkd nocbkd kd nkotkbs od nridstocl-`rmvkd od Dklkrbmdl, od3 K.H. \akudosskd (kls), Idlkrzikj

dmmr nridstocl`rmfakuvkbs od Dklkrbmdl kd Vbmmdlkrkd, Bkolkd, 77-71.



=0>


Lrkdta, K. & C.P.A. Ai`kstocd, >55=, \ak Nkbb Nkmjkr Gubturk od tak Dktakrbmdls3 tak stmtk if rkskmrga od =??1, od3 F. Dogibos (kls), Nkbb

Nkmjkrs tilmy. Uittkry, pkipbk, gubturk, syhnibs od prkaostirog Kuripk. Urigkklod`s if tak Odtkrdmtoidmb Gibbiquouh, ôvm

lkb @mrlm (\rkdti, Otmby), ==-=6 Hmy =??1. Vibuhk O, \rkdti, 75?-77>.

Lrkdta, K. & P.C.A. Ai`kstocd, >556, Nkjkrs viir Nmjjkr. Dokuwk olkkêd ivkr lk iirsprid` kd idtwojjkbod` vmd jbijnkjkrs od

Dklkrbmdl, od3 C.A.F. Nbikhkrs (kls), \usskd L>6 kd U=<3 Cmd Mbnkrt Nmjjkr 6; cmmr, Mhstkrlmh, 77-=<6.

Lrkdta, K., A. Akochmds & L. Jkockrs, >550, Vmd Hksibotaoguh tit kd hkt OCzkrt ocl. Wpirkd uot lk prkaostirok tk Ottkrviirt - odlustroktkrrkod

Wmdtfirt, fmsk 7, `kh. Bkulmb (Bo.), od3 A. Akochmds, K. Lrkdta, L. Jkockrs & C. Wgarkurs (kls), Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj tk

Ottkrviirt. Iulk nklrocvoàkol ip akt odlustroktkrrkod Wmdtfir t idtsbitkd, Ottkrviirt, ??->70.

Klkbhmd, G.A., =?<0, Ivkr lk nilkh`kstkblakol vmd Hollkd Dklkrbmdl , [trkgat.

Klkbhmd, G.A., =?<1 (=?<;), Lk nilkhjmrtkrod` od Dklkrbmdl, Niir kd Wpmlk =, 01-==7.

K`nkrts, A., =?;5, Lk nilkh`kstkblakol vmd lk Nktuwk, Pm`kdod`kd (Vkrsbm`kd vmd bmdlniuwjudlo`k idlkrzikjod`kd lkr

rocjsbmdlniuwprikfstmtoids ;6.=?).

Ks, P.M. vmd, =?6?, Kxgmvmtoids mt Lirkstml: m Urk-prkbohodmry kpirt3 =?60-=?61, Nkrogatkd vmd lk ocjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo`

Nilkhidlkrzikj =?, =17->50.

Ks, P.M. vmd & P.C.A. Vkrwkrs, =?07, Akt nkkdlkrlkbvkd tk Pocj noc Luurstklk od lk wodtkr vmd =1<=/<>, od3 P.M. vmd Ks, M.V.H.

Aunrkgat & U. Wtumrt (kls), Mrgakibiòk kd aostirok: ip`klrm`kd mmd A. Nrudstod` noc zocd zkvkdto`stk vkrcmmrlm`, Nussuh,

<00-<?<.Ks, P.M. vmd & P.C.A. Vkrwkrs, =?01, \akhmduhhkr Lirkstml, Wpok`kb Aostiromkb =7.<, =?7-77<.

Ks, P.M. vmd, P.C.A. Vkrwkrs, P.C. vmd \kdt, ^.K. Buttkr, G. vmd Luocd & G.H. Nbihhkstkocd, =?01, Nkwidod` uot lk OCzkrtocl kd lk

îhkodsk tocl od akt uotnrkolod`spbmd Lk Airlkd, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj

=?00, 7;-76.

Ks, P.M. vmd, P.C.A. Vkrwkrs, ^.K. Buttkr, G.H. Nbihhkstkocd & B.\a. Bkahmdd, =?0?, Pocj noc Luurstklk, uotnrkolod`spbmd Lk

Airlkd3 nkwidod` uot lk Nridstocl, OCzkrtocl kd îhkodsk \ocl, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo`

Nilkhidlkrzikj =?01, <=-<>.

Ks, P.M. vmd & P.C.A. Vkrwkrs, =?15, Kxgmvmtoids mt Lirkstml O, tak Amrniur3 Aii`strmmt O , Mhkrsfiirt (Dklkrbmdlsk Iulaklkd ?).

Ks, P.M. vmd, P.C.A. Vkrwkrs, ^.K. Buttkr & G.H. Nbihhkstkocd, =?15, Pocj noc Luurstklk, `kh. Pocj noc Luurstklk ([.). Nkwidod`

uot lk Nridstocl, OCzkrtocl kd îhkodsk \ocl, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =?0?,

;=-;7.

Ks, P.M. vmd, P.C.A. Vkrwkrs, ^.K. Buttkr, F. vmd Jrk`tkd & G.H. Nbihhkstkocd, =?1>, Pocj noc Luurstklk, `kh. Pocj noc Luurstklk([.). Ip`rmvod` Lk Airlkd (puttkd ;65-1=)3 dklkrzkttod`kd uot lk Nridstocl, OCzkrtocl kd îhkodsk \ocl, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk

ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =?15, 70.

Ks, P.M. vmd & P.C.A. Vkrwkrs, =?17, Mus`rmnud`kd od Lirkstml, od3 Mdidyhius (kls), Luosnur` udl lok Pojod`kr, ==555 Cmark

Luosnur` 117-=?17. Nk`bkotakft zur Musstkbbud` =6. Cmdumr nos =5. Mprob =?17, Doklkrrakodosgaks huskuh lkr Wtmlt Luosnur`,

Luosnur`, 70-<6.

Ks, P.M. vmd, P.C.A. Vkrwkrs, ^.K. Buttkr, F. vmd Jrk`tkd & G.H. Nbihhkstkocd, =?17, Pocj noc Luurstklk, `kh. Pocj noc Luurstklk.

Ip`rmvod` Lk Airlkd (puttkd ;0?-?>)3 dklkrzkttod`kd uot Nridstocl, OCzkrtocl kd ihkodsk \ocl. Nkwidod` uot lk Nridstocl,

OCzkrtocl kd îhkodsk \ocl, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =?17, 7;-70.

Ks, P.M. vmd, P.C.A. Vkrwkrs, ^.K. Buttkr & G.H. Nbihhkstkocd, =?1<, Pocj noc Luurstklk, `kh. Pocj noc Luurstklk. Ip`rmvod` Lk

Airlkd (puttkd ;?7-651), dklkrzkttod`kd uot Nridstocl, OCzkrtocl kd îhkodsk t ocl, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt

Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =?1>, 7;-70.

Ks, P.M. vmd, P.C.A. Vkrwkrs, G.H. Nbihhkstkocd, P.M.H. Akssod`, ^.K. Buttkr & M.@. Cid`, =?1;, Pocj noc Luurstklk, `kh. Pocj noc

Luurstklk. Ip`rmvod` Lk Airlkd (puttkd 65?-6=1, 6>5, 6>=, 6><)3 Dklkrzkttod`kd uot Nridstocl, OCzkrtocl kd îhkodsk tocl, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =?17, 7<-76.

Ks, P.M. vmd, P.C.A. Vkrwkrs, P.M.H. Akssod`, M.@. Cid` & P. Wdoclkrs, =?16m, Pocj noc Luurstklk, `kh. Pocj noc Luurstklk.

Ip`rmvod` Lk Airlkd (puttkd 6>>,6>7, 6>;-6>1, 675-671, 6<0-6;>, 6;?, 66=, 66;)3 dklkrzkttod`kd uot Nridstocl, OCzkrtocl kd

îhkodsk tocl, `rmfvkblkd uot lk Vrik`k OCzkrt ocl kd lk ihkodsk \ocl, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk ocjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo`

Nilkhidlkrzikj =?1<, 77-7<.

Ks, P.M. vmd, P.C.A. Vkrwkrs, P.M.H. Akssod`, M.@. Cid` & P. Wdoclkrs, =?16n, Pocj noc Luurstklk, `kh. Pocj noc Luurstklk.

Ip`rmvod` Lk Airlkd (puttkd 665, 66>, 66<, 661, 61<, 6?<)3 Dklkrzkttod`kd uot lk Nridstocl, lk OCzkrtocl kd lk îhkodsk

tocl, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =?1;, <;-<6.



=07

^KFK^KDGKW

Ks, P.M. vmd, P.C.A. Vkrwkrs, P.M.H. Akssod` & ^.K. Buttkr, =?10, Pocj noc Luurstklk, `kh. Pocj noc Luurstklk. Ip`rmvod` Lk

Airlkd (puttkd 667, 666, 660, 66?-6?>, 615, 61=, 617, 610, 6?6, 05=, 0<?-0;=)3 Dklkrzkttod`kd kd `rmfvkblkd uot lk Nridstocl,

lk OCzkrtocl kd lk îhkodsk \ocl, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =?16, ;=-;>.

Ks, P.M. vmd, P.C.A. Vkrwkrs, P.C. vmd \kdt, P.M.H. Akssod` & ^.K. Buttkr, =?11, Pocj noc Luurstklk, `kh. Pocj noc Luurstklk.

Ip`rmvod` Lk Airlkd (puttkd 610, 6?0, 05>-05<, 0>5, 0>=): Dklkrzkttod`kd kd `rmfvkblkd uot lk Nridstocl, lk OCzkrtocl kd lk

îhkodsk \ocl, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =?10, <5-<=.

Ks, P.M. vmd, ^.K. Buttkr & W.@. vmd Ligjuh, =??5, Pocj noc Luurstklk Lk @kkr (puttkd 0;;-060), `kh. Pocj noc Luurstklk, îhkodsk

\ocl, Vrik`k Hollkbkkuwkd, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =?1?, <1-;5.

Ks, P.M. vmd, W.@. vmd Ligjuh, C. vmd Liksnur`, B.O. Jiiostrm, ^.K. Buttkr, C. vmd lkr îkst & G.K. Vkrhkkrkd, =??=, Pocj noc

Luurstklk Lk @kkr (puttkd 060-01=), nkwidod`sspirkd OCzkrtocl, îhkodsk \ocl, Vrik`k Hollkbkkuwkd, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk

ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =??5, ;5-;<.

Ks, P.M. vmd, W.@. vmd Ligjuh, C. vmd Liksnur`, B.O. Jiiostrm, H. vmd Biid, ^.K. Buttkr, C. vmd lkr îkst & G.K. Vkrhkkrkd, =??>,

Pocj noc Luurstklk Lk @kkr (puttkd 01=-156), nkwidod`sspirkd Nridstocl, OCzkrtocl, îhkodsk \ocl, Vrik`k Hollkbkkuwkd,

Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =??=, <>-<1.

Ks, P.M. vmd, W.@. vmd Ligjuh, C. vmd Liksnur`, J. Aìddodkd, B.O. Jiiostrm, H. vmd Biid, ^.K. Buttkr, C. vmd lkr îkst & G.K.

Vkrhkkrkd, =??7, Pocj noc Luurstklk Lk @kkr (puttkd 1=6-17<), nkwidod`sspirkd Nridstocl, OCzkrtocl, îhkodsk \ocl, Vrik`k

kd Bmtk Hollkbkkuwkd, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =??>, <>-<;.Ks, P.M. vmd & P.M.H. Akssod` (kls), =??<, îhkodkd, Frokzkd kd Frmdjkd od akt amrt vmd Dklkrbmdl. Vmd \rmokgtuh tit Lirkstml ;5

v. G. - ?55 d. G., [trkgat / Mhkrsfiirt.

Ks, P.M. vmd, =??<, Pocj noc Luurstklk - Lk @kkr, od3 P.M. vmd Ks & P.M.H. Akssod` (kls), îhkodkd, Frokzkd kd Frmdjkd od akt amrt

vmd Dklkrbmdl. Vmd \rmokgtuh tit Lirkstml ;5 v. G. - ?55 d. G., [trkgat / Mhkrsfiirt, >7=->71.

Fochm, U., >557, Mrgakibiòsga idlkrzikj ridlwk` Kst, `khkkdtk Dkkrocdkd odvkdtmroskrkdl vkblidlkrzikj , Msskd.

Fidtocd, L.^., >557, Wmgrofogomb Bmdlsgmpks. Gubturmb noi`rmpaoks if pkrsids, inckgts mdl ‑dmturmb‟ pbmgks od tak Nridzk M`k if tak

siutakrd Dktakrbmdls, g. >755-655 NG , Bkolkd (UaL \aksos) (Mdmbkgtm Urmkaostirogm Bkolkdsom 77/7<).

@kamssk, K. & J. Bkocdsk, >55>, M Hollbk Nridzk M`k grkhmtoid nuromb dkmr Kst, \ak Dktakrbmdls, Budubm3 Mrgamkibiòm Uritiaostirogm

>55>, ;?-6>.

@kamssk, K.F. (kl.), >55>m, Mrgakibiòsgak \rmgïnk`kbkolod` Nktuwkriutk. Urivodgokrmppirt Suol-Aibbmdl , Mhkrsfiirt.

@kamssk, K.F. (kl.), >55>n, Mrgakibiòsgak \rmgïnk`kbkolod` Nktuwkriutk. Urivodgokrmppirt @kblkrbmdl , Mhkrsfiirt.

@ocd, M.B. vmd & H.C.B.\a. Dokjus, >55=, Nridzk M`k Wkttbkhkdt Fbodt frih tak Dktakrbmdls3 tak Godlkrkbbm if Botaog ^kskmrga, od3P.A. Hktz, N.B. vmd Nkkj & A. Wtkk`strm (kls), Umtodm. Kssmys prkskdtkl ti Cmy Cirlmd Nutbkr id tak iggmsoid if aos 15ta

nortalmy, @ridod`kd/Mhstkrlmh, 75;-7>5.

@ocd, M.B. vmd, K.M.J. Jmrs & _.H.C. Bmhhkrs-Jkocskrs, >55>, Dmtuurstkkd, od3 N.A.F.H. Hkocbodj & U. Jrmdkdlidj (kls), Mrgakibiòk

od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Nikrkd, krvkd, rmvkd. Lk Nikrkd`khkkdsgamp vmd Lk Ni`kd noc Hktkrkd (><;5-=>;5 v. Gar.), Mhkrsfiirt

(^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 10), ;5=-;70.

@ocsskb, J. vmd, C. Wgarkurs, C. Jibkd, K.M.J. Jmrs, W. Vkrdkmu, U. vmd lkr Jrift & M.B. vmd @ocd, >55>, Wtkkd, od3 U.F.N. Cid`stk & @.C.

vmd Pocd`mmrlkd (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Akt Krfìkl vmd Ko`kdnbij. Nkwidod`sspirkd uot lk Nridstocl tk

@kblkrhmbskd, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 16), >0?-7>7.

@bmsnkr`kd, P., =?;<, Nmrriw kxgmvmtoids od tak Koàt Nkmtotulks, tak Nridzk M`k gkhktkry nktwkkd \itkrfiut - Ambvk Hocb, Dirta

Nrmnmdt , @ridod`kd (UaL taksos) (Umbmkiaostirom >).

Ammff, @. vmd, =?0>, Viiridlkrzikj vmd Lk Airlkd tk Pocj noc Luurstklk, Mhkrsfiirt (udpunbosakl rkpirt).

Ammrauos, A.F.M., =??1, Vkrnrklod` M> Kvkrlod`kd-Lkob3 Kkd mrgakibiòsgak jmrtkrod` , Mhstkrlmh (^MMU-^mppirt 701).

Ammrauos, A.F.M., >555, Ubmd`nokl Aidls`khkt, `khkkdtk @kblkrhmbskd: viirstulok t.n.v. kkd Mmdvubbkdlk Mrgakibiòsgak Odvkdtmrosmtok (MMO) kd lkr h.k.r. ^mdlwk` , Mhstkrlmh (^MMU-nrokfvkrsbm` >555-00/HP).

Amjviirt, W., >55;, Vkrsbm` odvkdtmroskrkdl niiridlkrzikj f oktsgrissnmmd tk @kblkrhmbskd Hkkrstkk` , Mhstkrlmh (Suoldklkrbmdlsk

Mrgakibiòsgak Ditotoks 7?).

Ambnkrtshm, A., =?6<, Akogip, Mrgakibiòsga Dokuws od akt Nubbktod vmd lk Jidodjbocjk Dklkrbmdlsk Iulakoljudlo`k Nidl =0.==, 7=5-

7==.

Amhnur`, \.L. & B.U. Biuwk Jiiochmds, >556, Fkmturks, od3 B.U. Biuwk Jiiochmds & U.F.N. Cid`stk (kls), Wgaopbuolkd. M dkibotaog

skttbkhkdt id tak Lutga Dirta Wkm gimst (g. 7;55 NG), Bkolkd (Mdmbkgtm Urmkaostirogm Bkolkdsom 70-71), 7?-60.



=0<


Amrskhm, I.A., >55;, Fmrhs mhid`st Gkbtog fokbls. Wkttbkhkdts id tak dirtakrd smdls, od3 B.U. Biuwk Jiiochmds, U.P. vmd lkd Nrikjk,

A. Fijjkds & M.B. vmd @ocd (kls), \ak prkaostiry if tak Dktakrbmdls (OO), Mhstkrlmh, ;<7-;;;.

Amvod`m, A.C.M., =?6?, M paysoi`rmpaog mdmbysos if m pmrt if tk Nktuwk, m Lutga rovkr gbmy mrkm, Hklklkbod`kd Bmdlniuwai`ksgaiib

Pm`kdod`kd 6?.7, 7-<0.

Amvod`m, A.C.M. & M. Ip ‑t Aif, =?0;, Lk Dklkr-Nktuwk, ipniuw kd idtstmmd vmd kkd cid` rovokrjbko`knokl, Jidodjbocj Dklkrbmdls

Mmrlwktkdsgamppkbocj @kdiitsgamp, @ki`rmf osga \oclsgaroft, Dokuwk ^kkjs ?, >6=->00.

Amvod`m, A.C.M. & M. Ip ‑t Aif, =?17, Uaysoi`rmpay mdl firhmtoid if tak aibigkdk fbiilpbmod mbid` tak biwkr giursk if tak âodk od

tak Dktakrbmdls, Hklklkbod`kd Bmdlniuwai`ksgaiib Pm`kdod`kd 17.1, =-07.

Aìddodkd, J. & A. vmd Ammstkr, >55>, Mrgakinitmdok, od3 N.A.F.H. Hkocbodj & U. Jrmdkdlidj (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3


Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 10), 61?-0;>.

Akblrod`, I.@., =176, Lk îhkodsgak `rmfstkkd tk Lilkwmmrl, @kblkrsgak Vibjsmbhmdmj =176, >>->0.

Akblrod`, I.@., =171, Pmdlkbod kd tkr ipspirod` vmd Nmtmmfsgak kd îhkodsgak Iulaklkd, Bk`kdlkd, kdz., Mhstkrlmh.

Akblrod`, I.@., =17?m, Pmdlkbod`kd tkr ipspirod` vmd Nmtmmfsgak kd îhkodsgak Iulaklkd, Bk`kdlkd, kdz. \wkklk lkkb ,

Mhstkrlmh.

Akblrod`, I.@., =17?n, Lk Pikrt, lk akuvkb kd akt aifjk idlkr Lilkdwmmrl kd Aokd, @kblkrsgak Vibjsmbhmdmj =17?, ?0.

Akblrod`, I.@., =1<5, Lk Pikrl, kdz. tk Jkstkrkd od lk Dklkr-Nktuwk, od3 O.M. Docaiff (kls), Noclrm`kd viir vmlkrbmdlsgak `ksgaoklkdoskd iulakoljudlk, Mrdakh >), >51.

Akssod`, P.M.H., =?1;, Pocj noc Luurstklk - Lk Airlkd. Akt urdkdvkbl , Bkolkd.

Akssod`, P.M.H., =?1?, Pocj noc Luurstklk ‑Lk Airlkd‟3 Nksoklbud` udl Nkstmttud`kd mus lkr fròakd Koskdzkot, Nkrogatkd vmd lk

ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =?1? (7?), >?0-7<<.

Akssod`, P.M.H. & ^. Wtkkdnkkj, =??5, Bmdlsgmpk mdl amnotmtoid aostiry if ‑Lk Airlkd‟ mt Pocj noc Luurstklk3 md ivkrvokw, Nkrogatkd

vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj <5, ?->1.

Akssod`, P.M.H., =??=, Nkwidod`sspirkd uot lk hollkd-nridstocl kd lk vrik`k oczkrtocl ip ‑Lk Airlkd‟ tk Pocj noc Luurstklk, od3

A. Fijjkds & D. îyhmds (kls), Dklkrzkttod`kd uot lk nridstocl kd lk vrik`k oczkrtocl od lk Bm`k Bmdlkd, Mhkrsfiirt

(Dklkrbmdlsk Mrgakibiòsgak ^mppirtkd =7), <=-;>.

Akssod`, P.M.H., =??<, Pocj noc Luurstklk - Lk Airlkd, od3 P.M. vmd Ks & P.M.H. Akssod` (kls), îhkodkd, Frokzkd kd Frmdjkd od

akt amrt vmd Dklkrbmdl. Vmd \rmokgtuh tit Lirkstml ;5 v. G. - ?55 d. G., [trkgat / Mhkrsfiirt, >>6->75.

Akssod`, P.M.H. & C.-P.H. Iulaif, >55=, ]uogj-sgmd mrgakibiòk: pkrgkbkd mmd lk Hkkrstkk` od @kblkrhmbskd (jml. N 77?),Nudsgaitkd (Vkstoòm-rmppirt =6).

Akuff, C.M., =?5;, Ip`rmvod`kd ip lk Aii`k Pikrl tk Jkstkrkd =?5<-=?5;, @kbrk 1, 77-<>.

Akudjs, K., >55>, Nklrocvkdpmrj Hklkb3 tkrrkod Lmmblkrip kd ih`kvod`, @khkkdtk Kgatkbl-\okb. Kkd odvkdtmroskrkdl mrgakibiòsga

vkblidlkrzikj (jmrtkrod` kd wmmrlkrod`), Mhstkrlmh (^MMU-^mppirt 007).

Aokbjkhm, C.N., D.H. Urmd`shm & U.F.N. Cid`stk, >55>, Wpirkd kd strugturkd, od3 U.F.N. Cid`stk & @.C. vmd Pocd`mmrlkd (kls),

Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Akt Krfìkl vmd Ko`kdnbij. Nkwidod`sspirkd uot lk Nridstocl tk @kblkrhmbskd, Mhkrsfiirt

(^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 16), 17->=6.

Aokbjkhm, C.N., M.C. Nrijjk & N.A.F.H. Hkocbodj, >55>, Wpirkd kd strugturkd, od3 N.A.F.H. Hkocbodj & U. Jrmdkdlidj (kls), Mrgakibiòk

od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Nikrkd, krvkd, rmvkd. Lk Nikrkd`khkkdsgamp vmd Lk Ni`kd noc Hktkrkd (><;5-=>;5 v. Gar.), Mhkrsfiirt

(^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 10), =70->?=.

Aokbjkhm, C.N., >55>, Hktmmb, od3 U.F.N. Cid`stk & @.C. vmd Pocd`mmrlkd (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Akt Krfìkl vmd


16), 7>;-771.Aikj, P.S., od prkp., Fysosga `ki`rmfosga idlkrzikj od Lkkst mmd akt Pmtkr , [trkgat.

Ai`kstocd, C.P.A. & K. Lrkdta, >555, \ak \^N gubturk ‑aiusk-pbmd‟ if Wbiitlirp-Niuwbust mdl itakr jdiwd ‑aiusk-pbmds‟ frih tak

Lutga Hollbk mdl Bmtk Dkibotaog3 m rkvokw, od3 ^. Jkbh (kls),Vih Ufistkdbiga zuh Wtkodzkotamus. Mrgaìibiòsgak Firsgaud`

udl ^kjidstrujtoid cud`stkodzkotbogakr Amus- udl Woklbud`snkfudlk oh dirtwkstbogakd Hottkbkuripm, Akolk, =>6-=;<.

Aibwkrlm, C.A., H.M. Kvkbkod & D.C. Jrih, =?51, Gmtmbiùs vmd akt ôcjshuskuh vmd Iulaklkd tk Bkolkd, Mflkkbod` Urmkaostirok kd

Dklkrbmdlsgak Iulaklkd, Bkolkd.

Aibwkrlm, C.A., =?><, Lk Frmdjkd od Dklkrbmdl, Iulakoljudlo`k Hklklkbod`kd uot akt ôcjshuskuh vmd Iulaklkd tk Bkolkd Dokuwk

^kkjs ;, 7<-<6.



=0;

^KFK^KDGKW

Aibwkrlm, C.A., =?>;, Dklkrbmdl Kkrstk Jiipstml (Lirkstml), Akt Amm`s Hmmdlnbml Div. =?>;, =-=;.

Aibwkrlm, C.A., =?75m, Ip`rmvod`kd vmd Lirkstml, Iulakoljudlo`k Hklklkbod`kd uot akt ôcjshuskuh vmd Iulaklkd tk Bkolkd

Dokuwk ^kkjs ==, 7>-?6.

Aibwkrlm, C.A., =?75n, Lirkstml kd idzk vrik`stk Hollkbkkuwkd , Bkolkd.

Auocts, G.W.\.C., =??>, Lk viir-aostirosgak nikrlkrocniuw od Lrkdtak: rkgidstrugtokhilkbbkd vmd =755 v÷÷r tit =755 dm Gar.,

Mrdakh.

Auos od ‑t Vkbl, C._., >55<, Wpirkd uot lk Vrik`k Nridstocl kd ihkodsk \ocl tk Gubkhnir`. Kkd mrgakibiòsgak ip`rmvod` vmd ‑vodlpbmmts

N‟ tk Bmdxhkkr, Gubkhnir`, `khkkdtk Gubkhnir` (@bl.), @ridod`kd (M^G mppirt ?0).

Aubst, ^.W., =?6;m, Soclkrvkbl, `kh. Kvkrlod`kd, Mrgakibiòsga Dokuws od akt Nubbktod vmd lk Jidodjbocjk Dklkrbmdlsk Iulakoljudlo`k

Nidl 6<, =50, =71.

Aubst, ^.W., =?6;n, Kkd iulakoljudlo` idlkrzikj dmmr kkd dklkrzkttod` uot lk Nridstocl tk Soclkrvkbl, `kh. Kvkrlod`kd, priv. Suol-

Aibbmdl , Mhstkrlmh ([dpunbosakl rkpirt).

Aubst, ^.W., =?66, Soclkrvkbl, `kh. Kvkrlod`kd, Mrgakibiòsga Dokuws od akt Nubbkt od vmd lk Jidodjbocjk Dklkrbmdlsk Iulakoljudlo`k

Nidl 6;, ?7.

Aubst, ^.W., =?60m, Kkd iulakoljudlo` idlkrzikj dmmr kkd dklkrzkttod` uotlk Nridstocl tk Soclkrvkbl, `kh. Kvkrlod`kd, priv. Suol-

Aibbmdl , Mhstkrlmh (udpunbosakl HM taksos, OUU Mhstkrlmh).

Aubst, ^.W., =?60n, Aokd, `kh. Lilkwmmrl, Mrgakibiòsga Dokuws od akt Nubbktod vmd lk Jidodjbocjk Dklkrbmdlsk Iulakoljudlo`k Nidl 66, =5>.

Aubst, ^.W., =?61, Jkstkrkd, Mrgakibiòsga Dokuws od akt Nubbktod vmd lk Jidodjbocjk Dklkrbmdlsk Iulakoljudlo`k Nidl =?61.;, 6>-

6<.

Aubst, ^.W., =?6?, Jkstkrkd, Mrgakibiòsga Dokuws od akt Nubbktod vmd lk Jidodjbocjk Dklkrbmdlsk Iulakoljudlo`k Nidl =?6?.=, ;.

Aubst, ^.W. & ^.K. Buttkr, =?6?, Jkstkrkd, `kh. Jkstkrkd (@bl.). Dklkrzkttod` uot lk îhkodsk \ocl, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir

akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =?61, =5-==.

Aubst, ^.W., =?05, Mrgakibiòsgak Jridokj vmd @kblkrbmdl =?66-=?60, Noclrm`kd kd Hklklkbod`kd lkr vkrkdoòd` ‑@kbrk‟ 6<, >6-<1.

Aubst, ^.W., =?0=, Jkstkrkd, Mrgakibiòsga Dokuws od akt Nubbktod vmd lk Jidodjbocjk Dklkrbmdlsk Iulakoljudlo`k Nidl =?0=.>, 76-

70.

Aubst, ^.W., =?0>, Vidlstnkrogatkd, Hklklkbod`kd vmd lk Aostirosgak Jrod` Jkstkrkd kd Ihstrkjkd <.=, 1-?.

Aubst, ^.W., =?07, @kblkrhmbskd, Mrgakibiòsga Dokuws od akt Nubbktod vmd lk Jidodjbocjk Dklkrbmdlsk Iulakoljudlo`k Nidl =?07.7,

>1.Aubst, ^.W. & A.P. vmd Jbmvkrkd, =?0;, @kblkrhmbskd, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =?0<,

01.

Aubst, ^.W., =?0;m (=?07), M gidtronutoid ti tak stuly if Nridzk M`k mdl Orid M`k aiusk-pbmds3 Soclkrvkbl, Nkrogatkd vmd lk ôcjslokdst

viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj >7 (=?07), =57-=50.

Aubst, ^.W., =?0;n, Dklkrzkttod`kd uot lk hollkd-nridstocl kd lk oczkrtocl tk Soclkrvkbl, =<55-=555, 055->55 v. Gar., od3 B.U. Biuwk

Jiiochmds (kls), \kdtiidstkbbod`sgmtmbiùs ^HIB, Bkolkd, >=->7.

Aubst, ^.W., =?0;g, @kblkrhmbskd, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =?07, 1=.

Aubst, ^.W. & C.P. Diirlmh, =?01, Jkstkrkd, `kh Jkstkrkd (@bl.). Dklkrzktt od` îhkodsk \ocl, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt

Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =?00, 7>.

Aubst, ^.W., =??=, Dklkrzkttod`kd uot lk hollkd-nridstocl od akt rovokrkd`knokl3 Soclkrvkbl kd Lilkwmmrl, od3 A. Fijjkds & D. îyhmds

(kls), Dklkrzkttod`kd uot lk nridstocl kd lk vrik`k oczkrtocl od lk Bm`k Bmdlkd, Mhkrsfiirt (Dklkrbmdlsk Mrgakibiòsgak

^mppirtkd =7), ;7-65.

Aubst, .W., =??=m, Dklkrzktt od`kd uot lk hollkd-nridstocl od akt rovokrkd`knokl3 Soclkrvkbl kd Lilkwmmrl, od3 A. Fijjkds & D. iyhmds(kls), Dklkrzkttod`kd uot lk nridstocl kd lk vrik`k oczkrtocl od lk Bm`k Bmdlkd, Mhkrsfiirt (Dklkrbmdlsk Mrgakibiòsgak

^mppirtkd =7), ;7-65.

Aubst, .W., =??=n, Ip`rmvod` Jkstkrkd, =?00, =?1<, =?11, =??5, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk ocjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj

=??5, <<-<6.

Aubst, ^.W., =??=g, Jkstkrkd-Dklkrkodlskstrmmt >, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =??5, <;-

<6.

Aubst, ^.W. & A.P. vmd Jbmvkrkd, =??7, @kblkrhmbskd, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =??>,

=;?.



=06


Aubst, ^.W., A.P. vmd Jbmvkrkd & H.C.A. lk Ammd, =??<, @kblkrhmbskd Hollkd`knokl, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt

Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =??7, 0>-07.

Aubst, ^.W., =??;, Jkstkrkd, Dklkrkodlskstrmmt, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =??<, =;;-

=;6.

Aubst, .W., =???, @kblkrhmbskd3 md Kmrby Bm \ádk Gkhktkry - Loffusoid ir Gidvkr`kdgk, od3 A. Wmrfmtoc, P.C.A. Vkrwkrs & U.C. Pibtkrod`

(kls), Od Losgussoid wota tak Umst. Mrgamkibiògmb stuloks prkskdtkl ti P.M. vmd Ks, Swibbk, <=-<?.

Cm`kr, L.A. lk, =??6, @khkkdtk @kblkrhmbskd nkstkhhod`spbmd`knokl Jmbkdnkr`3 mrgakibiòsga idlkrzikj , Mhstkrlmh (^MMU-

^mppirt =<1).

Cm`kr, L.A. lk & K. Akudjs, =???, Niuwprickgt @kblkrhmbskd-Hollkd, `khkkdtk @kblkrhmbskd3 kkd mrgakibiòsgak odvkdtmrosmtok kd

jmrtkrod` , Mhstkrlmh (^MMU-^mppirt 70<).

Cm`kr, L.A. lk, =???, \krrkod Bkkuwkdstkod, `khkkdtk @kblkrhmbskd. Kkd mmdvubbkdlk mrgakibiòsgak odvkdtmrosmtok3 jmrtkrod` (MMO-

=), Mhstkrlmh (^MMU-^mppirt <<0).

Cmdiwsjo, H., >557, Pai‟s od gamr`k mriudl akrk9 Wtru``bk fir bkmlkrsaop od m gamdòd` wirbl mhid` tak Jkbmnot if Wmrmwmj, od3 W.

Wpmrjks & W. Aiwkbb (kls), \ak Aiusk od Wiutakmst Msom3 m gamdòd` sigomb, kgidihog mdl pibotogmb lihmod, Bidlid, ?;-

==7.

Cmdsskd, B.C.F., =1<>m, Iulakoljudlo`k mmdtkkjkdod`kd ivkr lk iplkbvod`kd tk Pocj noc Luurstklk, Iulakoljudlo`k Hklklkbod`kd =,

=-0>.Cmdsskd, B.C.F., =1<>n, Odtkroh-vkrsbm` vmd lk iulakoljudlo`k idt`rmvod`kd tk Pocj noc Luurstklk , (Wtmmtsgiurmdt >1-==-=1<>).

Cmdsskd, B.C.F., =1<>g, Odtkroh-vkrsbm` vmd lk iulakoljudlo`k idt`rmvod`kd tk Pocj noc Luurstklk, (Wtmmtsgiurmdt 7=-=>-=1<>).

Cmdsskd, B.C.F., =1<7, Ivkr lk iplkbvod`kd tk Pocj noc Luurstklk ip bmstk lkr Aii`k ^k`krod` vkrro`t, od lk hmmdlkd Divkhnkr kd

Lkgkhnkr vmd akt cmmr =1<>, Iulakoljudlo`k Hklklkbod`kd >, 07->5?.

Cmdsskd, B.C.F., =1;?, Frmdjosga jkrjaif: bocjkd, wkrjtuo`kd, vkrsokrskbkd, ip`k`rmvkd noc Pocj noc Luurstklk (Lirkstmt),Iulakoljudlo`k

vkramdlkbod`kd kd hklklkkbod`kd 7, >1-<6.

Cid`, C. lk, =?05-=?0=, Uibbkd mdl G=< Mdmbysos if Aibigkdk Lkpisots od Soclkrvkbl mdl Kdvorids, Nkrogatkd vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt

Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj >5->=, 0;-11.

Cid`stk, U.F.N., =??6, Mmdvubbkdl Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk (MMI 1). @kblkrhmbskd Ko`kdnbij-Iist ,

Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibi osgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` ;).

Cid`stk, U.F.N., =??0m, Mmdvubbkdl Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj od akt trmgk vmd lk Nktuwkriutk, vpb. =73 Kgatkbl / Jbkodk Hkkr , Mhkrsfiirt

(^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` =;).Cid`stk, U.F.N., =??0n, Mmdvubbkdl Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk, vodlpbmmts >53 Lilkwmmrl/Vmbnur`

Aokdsgak Vkbl , Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` =6).

Cid`stk, U.F.N. & K. Whots, =??1, Mmdvubbkdl Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk, vodlpbmmts >?-7= kd <;,

Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 7;).

Cid`stk, U.F.N., =??1, Mmdvubbkdl Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk, vodlpbmmts >73 Vmbnur` Skttkdsk Vkbl -

Iist , Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` >5).

Cid`stk, U.F.N. & \.C. tkd Mdsgakr, =??1, Mmdvubbkdl Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk, vodlpbmmts >>3 Vmbnur`

/ Skttkdsgak Ubms, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` =?).

Cid`stk, U.F.N., >55>m, Odbkolod`, od3 U.F.N. Cid`stk & @.C. vmd Pocd`mmrlkd (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Akt Krfìkl vmd


16), ?-<7.

Cid`stk, U.F.N., >55>n, Wydtaksk, od3 U.F.N. Cid`stk & @.C. vmd Pocd`mmrlkd (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Akt Krfìkl vmd

Ko`kdnbij. Nkwidod`sspirkd uot lk Nridstocl tk @kblkrhmbskd, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppir tm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir16), ;1?-675.

Cid`stk, U.F.N. & P.J. vmd Socvkrlkd, >550, \ak ‒Bmtk Nridzk M`k prinbkh‘ od tak âodk-Hkusk lkbtm (\ak Dktakrbmdls). Gamd`ks od

gbohmtk ir auhmd odtkrfkrkdgk od tak aodtkrbmdl9, od3 A. ôgamrl, G. Hirlmdt & H. Hm`dy (kls), Kdvoriddkhkdts kt gubturks

å b‟î`k lu Nridzk kd Kuripk iggolkdtmbk, Umros, 7<7-7;;.

Jmbkk, G., =?6<, Odakkhsk kd îhkodsk vidlstkd uot lk Dklkr-Nktuwk, Pkstkrakkh =7.7, 0;-15.

Jmhpkd, C.G.@. vmd & K.H.U. Vkrakbst, >556, Nurkmuidlkrzikj kd Odvkdtmroskrkdl Vkblidlkrzikj Akrhmd Juocjstrmmt >1-7>,

Mhstkrlmh (Suoldklkrbmdlsk Mrgakibi osgak Ditotoks ;6).

Jonnkrt, J., =?1<, Lok Ìxtk udl Nkobk oh hottbkrkd Pkst-lkutsgabmdl OO , Hudgakd (Urìaostirosgak Nridzkfudlk OQ3 =7).



=00

^KFK^KDGKW

Jbmskds, M., =?07 (=?0;), ôcjshuskuh vmd Iulaklkd, od3 M. Jbmskds (kls), Dklkrbmdlsk rocjshuskm, Lkd Amm` ?;), 70>-715.

Jbkuvkr, C.M.K. lk & M. Lmtkhm, =?61m, ‒Hollkd- kd Pkst-Nktuwk‘ vmd lk Mrgakibiòsgak Pkrj`khkkdsgamp viir Dklkrbmdl,

Hklklkbod`kd vmd lk Aostirosgak Jrod` Jkstkrkd kd Ihstrkjkd =.7, 7.

Jbkuvkr, C.M.K. lk & M. Lmtkhm, =?61n, Cmmrivkrzogat vmd lk Aostirosgak Jrod` Jkstkrkd kd Ihstrkjkd vmd >;-=5-=?60 tit =5-?-=?61,

Hklklkbod`kd vmd lk Aostirosgak Jrod` Jkstkrkd kd Ihstrkjkd =.<, ;.

Jbihp, H., >557, Podlksakoh. Ivkrzogat ip`rmvod`kd Podlksakoh =?10->557, Swibbk.

Jbiistkr, N., M.M.@. Khmus, G. Akbhoga & A. Jrkhkr, >55;, Odvkdtmroskrkdl vkblidlkrzikj l.h.v. nirod`kd, Wtmtoidsbigmtok tk

@kblkrhmbskd, Skbakh (Wydtak`rm-^mppirt >55<-=>5).

Jdoppkdnkr`, W. & U.F.N. Cid`stk (kls), >55;, \kru` dmmr Soclkrvkbl. Mrgakibiòsgak ip`rmvod`kd vmd kkd nridstocldklkrzkttod` bmd`s

lk M>, Bkolkd (Mrgaib ^mppirt 76).

Jdoppkdnkr`, W., >55;, Vuurstkkd kd dmtuurstkkd, od3 W. Jdoppkdnkr` & U.F.N. Cid`stk (kls), \kru` dmmr Soclkrvkbl. Mrgakibiòsgak

ip`rmvod`kd vmd kkd nridstocldklkrzkttod` bmd`s lk M>, Bkolkd (Mrgaib ^mppirt 76), 1=-10.

Jdoppkdnkr`, W., od prkp., Pklkrih kvkd tkru` od Soclkrvkbl. (privosoidmb totbk), Bkolkd (Mrgaib ^mppirt 16).

Jij, A.M. lk, =?6;, Lk prkaostirok vmd lk Mbnbmsskrwmmrl kd lk Vocfakkrkdbmdlkd, Pkstkrakkh =<.;, ==?-=>7.

Jidod`, C. lk & C.U.B. Vmmrs, >557, Mrgakibiòsgak ip`rmvod`kd tk îshmbkd. Dklkrzkttod`sspirkd uot Dkibotaoguh, Nridstocl, Vrik`k

OCzkrtocl kd Hollkd OCzkrtocl od lk diirlkbocjk Hmmsvmbbko, Smmdlocj (AIBBMDLOM rkkjs 7).

Jiiostrm, B.O. & ^. Wtkkdnkkj, =??<, Akt bmdlsgamp kd zocd hi`kbocjaklkd, od3 P.M. vmd Ks & P.M.H. Akssod` (kls), îhkodkd, Frokzkdkd Frmdjkd od akt amrt vmd Dklkrbmdl. Vmd \rmokgtuh tit Lirkstml ;5 v. G. - ?55 d. G., [trkgat / Mhkrsfiirt, =<->=.

Jiirkvmmr, \., =??1, Mrgakibiòsga idlkrzikj od lk wiidakuvkb ‒Lk Aii`t‘ mmd lk Soclkrvkblskbmmd >< tk Soclkrvkbl , Lirlkgat.

Jrmdkdlidj, U. & C.N. lk Vii`l, >55>, Odbkolod`, od3 C. Wgaidkvkbl & U. Jrmdkdlidj (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Lrok krvkd

uot lk Hollkd-Nridstocl noc Bokdlkd, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibi osgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 1?), ?->6.

Bmmrhmd, F.C., =??6, Siibiògmb hmtkromb if tak Nridzk M`k, Orid M`k mdl îhmd Ukroil frih Pocj noc Luurstklk-Lk Airlkd, od3 B.O.

Jiiostrm (kls), Nirlkrbmdl Fmrhod`. Uissonobotoks mdl bohotmtoids if fmrhod` od tak îhmd Ukroil mdl Kmrby Hollbk M`ks

nktwkkd tak âodk mdl tak Hkusk, Msskd (UaL \aksos), 76?-715.

Bmd`k, M.@., =??6, Pocj noc Luurstklk3 Lk Airlkd, od3 M.@. Bmd`k (kls), Mrgakibiòsgak jridokj vmd lk privodgok [trkgat ivkr lk cmrkd

=?11-=?1?, [trkgat, 15-1=.

Bmdtod`, C.D., =?07, Bmmt-Dkibotaoguh kd Vrik`k Nridstocl od Dklkrbmdl kd D.P.-Luotsbmdl3 gidtoduk idtwojjkbod`kd, Umbmkiaostirom

=;, >=;-7=0.

Bmdtod`, C.D. & P.@. Hiij, =?00, \ak prk- mdl pritiaostiry if tak Dktakrbmdls od tkrhs if rmloigmrnid lmtks, @ridod`kd.Bmdtod`, C.D. & C. vmd lkr Ubogat, >55> (=???/>555), Lk =<G garidibiòk vmd lk Dklkrbmdlsk Urk- kd Uritiaostirok OOO3 Dkibotaoguh,

Umbmkiaostirom <=/<>, =-==5.

Bmdtod`, C.D. & C. vmd lkr Ubogat, >557 (>55=/>55>), Lk =<G garidibiòk vmd lk Dklkrbmdlsk Urk- kd Uritiaostirok OV3 Nridstocl kd Vrik`k

OCzkrtocl, Umbmkiaostirom <7/<<, ==0->6=.

Bmdzo`, C.C., =???, Mrgakibiòsga idlkrzikj tk @kblkrhmbskd ‑Umrj Bkkuwkdstkod‟ , Nudsgaitkd (MLG rmppirt =7).

Bmuwkrokr, ^[email protected]. & P.M.H. Akssod`, =??>, Hkd, airsks mdl tak Hoss Nbmdgak kffkgt3 îhmd airsk nurombs od m gkhktkry mt Jkstkrkd,

tak Dktakrbmdls, Akbodouh 77, 01-=5?.

Bmux, F., =?0=, Lok Nridzkzkot od lkr Bòdknur`krakolk, Aoblksakoh (Vkröffkdtbogaud`kd lkr ur`ksgaogatbogakd Wmhhbud`kd lks

Bmdlkshuskuhs zu Amddivkr =1).

Bkttkrbï, F., =?1; (=?1=), \rmgks l‑iggupmtoid lk bm govobosmtoid lk Aobvkrsuh í Pocj noc Luurstklk (privodgk l‑[trkgat), Nkrogatkd vmd

lk ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =?1= (7=), 7>?-7<6.

Biuwk Jiiochmds, B.U., =?66, Gubkhnir`, Mrgakibiòsga Dokuws od akt Nubbktod vmd lk Jidodjbocjk Dklkrbmdlsk Iulakoljudlo`k Nidl

6;, 6=-6>.Biuwk Jiiochmds, B.U., =?0<, \ak âodk/Hkusk Lkbtm: fiur stuloks id ots prkaostirog iggupmtoid mdl Aibigkdk `kibi`y , Bkolkd

(Iulakoljudlo`k Hklklkbod`kd vmd akt ocjshuskuh viir Iulaklkd ;7-;<).

Hmjmsjk, N., =??1, Mdmstihisod` rovkrs - Firhs, prigkssks mdl sklohkdts, [trkgat (UaL \aksos) (Dktakrbmdls @ki`rmpaogmb Wtuloks

><?).

Hmjmsjk, N., >550, Hollbk Aibigkdk mvubsoid-nkbt lkpisots od tak gkdtrmb aodk-Hkusk lkbtm, \ak Dktakrbmdls, Ciurdmb if Wklohkdtmry

^kskmrga 00, ==5-=>7.

Hkocbodj, N.A.F.H. & U. Jrmdkdlidj (kls), >55>, Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Nikrkd, krvkd, `rmvkd. Lk Nikrkd`khkkdsgamp vmd

Lk Ni`kd noc Hktkrkd (><;5-=>;5 v. Gar.), Mhkrsfiirt (^mppir tm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 10).



=01


Hkocbodj, N.A.F.H., >55>m, Odbkolod`, od3 N.A.F.H. Hkocbodj & U. Jrmdkdlidj (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Nikrkd, krvkd,


Hiduhkdtkdzir` 10), ==-;<.

Hkocbodj, N.A.F.H., >55>n, Wydtaksk, od3 N.A.F.H. Hkocbodj & U. Jrmdkdlidj (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Nikrkd, krvkd,

`rmvkd. Lk Nikrkd`khkkdsgamp vmd Lk Ni`kd noc Hktkrkd (><;5-=>;5 v. Gar.), Mhkrsfiirt 10), 0;7-1=>.

Hkocbodj, N.A.F.H., od prkss (>551), \ak Nridzk M`k gubturmb bmdlsgmpk if Lk Ni`kd, od3 W. Mrdiblusskd & A. Fijjkds (kls), Nridzk

M`k skttbkhkdt so tks od tak Biw Giudtroks, Ixfirl, =70-=;5.

Hobicjivog, C. & K. Whots, >55>, Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Bm`k Nbij. Kkd dklkrzkttod`stkrrkod uot lk Hollkd-OCzkrtocl noc

Hktkrkd (`khkkdtk @kblkrhmbskd), Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` ?5).

Hobicjivog, C. & K.F. @kamssk, >55>, Odbkolod`, od3 C. Hobicjivog & K. Whots (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Bm`k Nbij. Kkd

dklkrzkttod`stkrrkod uot lk Hollkd-OCzkrtocl noc Hktkrkd (`khkkdtk @kblkrhmbskd), Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak

Hiduhkdtkdzir` ?5), ?->5.

Hobicjivog, C. & C. Jrost, >55>, Wpirkd kd strugturkd, od3 C. Hobicjivog & K. Whots (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Bm`k Nbij. Kkd


Hiduhkdtkdzir` ?5), <0-61.

Hillkrhmd, U.C.^., =?<?, Akt iulakoljudlo` idlkrzikj vmd lk iulk wiid`ridlkd od lk Ivkr- kd Dklkr-Nktuwk, Iulakoljudlo`k

Hklklkbod`kd uot akt ôcjshuskuh vmd Iulaklkd tk Bkolkd 75, 66-?7.Hillkrhmd, U.C.^., =?;;m, Lk nkwiidnmmrakolakol vmd akt rovokrjbko`knokl od lk biip lkr kkuwkd, \oclsgaroft vmd akt Jidodjbocj

Dklkrbmdls Mmrlrocjsjudlo` @kdiitsgamp, \wkklk ^kkjs 0>, 75-71.

Hillkrhmd, U.C.^., =?;;n, Bmmt nkjkrmmrlkwkrj hkt odlrujjkd vmd kkd wojjkblrmmlstkhpkb, Nkrogatkd vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt

Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj 6, 7>-<7.

Hillkrhmd, U.C.^., =?65, Ipakuslkd, Mrgakibiòsga Dokuws od akt Nubbktod vmd lk Jidodjbocjk Dklkrbmdlsk Iulakoljudlo`k Nidl

=7, >60.

Hillkrhmd, U.C.^. & H.C.@.\a. Hidtfirts, =??=, Mrgakibiòsgak jridokj vmd @kblkrbmdl, =?05-=?1<, Noclrm`kd kd Hklklkbod`kd vmd

lk Vkrkdoòd` @kbrk 1>, =<7-=11.

Hiis, [., >556, Fukrnögjk9, od3 A. Hkbbkr (kls), Mrgaìibiòk QQB. Mrgaìibiòk md lkr N 6d oh Bmdljrkos ]uklbodnur`. Widlkrnmdl,

Ambbk <), =<?-=;5.

Hublkr, K.F.C. lk, H.G. @kbuj, O.B. ôtskhm, P.K. Pkstkraiff & \.K. Pid`, >557, Lk idlkr`ridl vmd Dklkrbmdl , @ridod`kd.

Hòbbkr, M., >55=, Pidod`niuwbigmtok ‑t ôksaiut tk Skttkd, @khkkdtk Ivkrnktuwk, Mrgakibiòsgak Nk`kbkolod` roiibsbkuvkd,Mhstkrlmh (^MMU-nrokfrmppirt >55=-><0;^\).

Dokjus, H.C.B.\a., M.B. vmd @ocd & _. Bmhhkrs, >55=, Vuurstkkd, od3 C. Wgaidkvkbl & K.F. @kamssk (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3

Nii` G-Diirl, kkd vodlpbmmts noc Hktkrkd ip lk ivkr`md` vmd Dkibotaoguh dmmr Nridstocl, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k

Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 1<), ;?-=57.

Dokjus, H.C.B.\a. & A. Auoshmd, >55=, Dmtuurstkkd, od3 C. Wgaidkvkbl & K.F. @kamssk (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Nii` G-

Diirl, kkd vodlpbmmts noc Hktkrkd ip lk ivkr`md` vmd Dkibotaoguh dmmr Nridstocl, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak

Hiduhkdtkdzir` 1<), =57-=77.

Dokjus, H.C.B.\a., A. Auoshmd, M.B. vmd @ocd & _. Bmhhkrs, >55>m, Wtkkd, od3 C. Wgaidkvkbl & U. Jrmdkdlidj (kls), Mrgakibiòk od

lk Nktuwkriutk3 Lrok krvkd uot lk Hollkd-Nridstocl noc Bokdlkd, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir`

1?), ==;-=67.

Dokjus, H.C.B.\a., M.B. vmd @ocd, _.H.C. Bmhhkrs-Jkocskrs & C. Wgarkurs, >55>n, Vuurstkkd, od3 N.A.F.H. Hkocbodj & U. Jrmdkdlidj

(kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Nikrkd, krvkd, `rmvkd. Lk Nikrkd`khkkdsgamp vmd Lk Ni`kd noc Hktkrkd (><;5-=>;5

v. Gar.), Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibi osgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 10), <>0-;55. Diirlmm , W.A. vmd lkr, =171, @ksgaokl- kd pkddod`judlo`k mmdhkrjod`kd, dmmr mmdbkolod` vmd kkdo`k aokr tk bmdlk `kvidlkdk hudtkd,

\oclsgaroft viir Mb`khkkdk Hudt- kd Ukddod`judlk =, 067-1;1.

Ilï, I. & M. Ammrtskd, =??0, @khkkdtk Gubkhnir`: gubtuuraostirosgak kffkgtrmppirtm`k pbmd`knokl Umrocsga, Mhstkrlmh (^MMU-

^mppirt ><7).

Ilï, I. & M. Ammrtskd, =??1, @khkkdtk Gubkhnir`: gubtuuraostirosgak kffkgtrmppirtm`k pbmd`knokl Bmdxhkkr , Mhstkrlmh (^MMU-

^mppirt >1<).

Iidj, W., >55;, @kigakhosgak prispkgtok, od3 W. Jdoppkdnkr` & U.F.N. Cid`stk (kls),\kru` dmmr Soclkrvkbl. Mrgakibiòsgak ip`rmvod`kd

vmd kkd nridstocldklkrzkttod` bmd`s lk M>, Bkolkd (Mrgaib ^mppirt 76), ==0-=>=.



=0?

^KFK^KDGKW

Uktkrs, F.C.G., =???, Mmdvubbkdl Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj vmd lk vodlpbmmtskd uot lk Nridstocl. Vmbnur` Skttkd-Pkst , Mhkrsfiirt

(^mppirtm`ks Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 6?).

Uocbs, F.P.@., =?6;, Lk nilkh vmd Dklkrbmdl3 tikbogatod` noc lk nilkhjmmrt vmd Dklkrbmdl, sgammb =3>55555, smhkd`kstkbl liir lk

Wtogatod` viir Nilkhjmrtkrod` , Pm`kdod`kd.

Uids, B.C., =?;=, Lk nilkh`kstkblakol vmd lk Vocf akkrkdbmdlkd , Pm`kdod`kd (Wtonijm ^mppirt >0>).

Uids, B.C., =?6=, Vocfakkrkdbmdlkd3 iulakoljudlo`k vidlstkd kd nilkh`kstkblakol, Pkstkrakkh =5.=/>, =-;.

^mkhmkjkrs, L.G.H., =???, \ak hkmdod` if tak Wwoftkrnmdt Gubturk fir tak prigkss if dkibotaozmtoid od tak wkstkrd pmrt if tak Dirta

Kuripkmd Ubmod (<?55-7<55 NG), Bkolkd (UaL \aksos) (Mrgamkibiògmb Wtuloks Bkolkd [dovkrsoty 7).

^mshusskd, H., =??7, @rmvañck i` nipbmlskr. Kd firkbñno` udlkrsñ`kbsk mf bijmboskrod` i` smhhkdaæd`k, od3 B. Bmrssid (kls),

Nridsëblkrds `rmvkaöckr, Budl (Budls [dovkrsotkts Aostirosjm Huskkt iga Mrjkibiòsjm Odstotutoid ^kpirt Wkroks <1, =0=-

=1;.

^k`tkrkd Mbtkdm, C.F. vmd, =?10, =770/v^M/Mvw (nrokf mmd prif. P.@. Hiij, od mrgaokf GOI, @ridod`kd) , @ridod`kd.

^kohkr, U., [email protected]. Nmobbok, K. Nmrl, M. Nmyboss, C.P. Nkgj, G. Nkrtrmdl, U.@. Nbmgjwkbb, G.K. Nugj, @. Nurr, J.N. Gutbkr, U.K. Lmhid,

^.B. Klwmrls, ^.@. Fmornmdjs, H. Froklroga, \.U. @uoblkrsid, J.M. Auàkd, N. Jrihkr, F.@. HgGirhmg, W. Hmddod`, G.

Nridj ^mhsky, ^.P. ^kohkr, W. ^khhkbk, C Wiutaid, ^,, H. Wtuovkr, W. \mbmhi, F.P. \mybir, C. vmd lkr Ubogat & G.K.

Pkyakdhkykr, >55<, OD\GMB5< tkrrkstr omb rmloigmrnid m`k gmbonrmtoid, 5 ->6 gmb jyr NU, ^mloigmrnid <6, =5>?-=5;1.

^kdswiulk, C. vmd, >556, Odvkdtmroskrkdl vkblidlkrzikj (OVI) prikfsbkuvkd tk @kblkrhmbskd-Aidls`khkt , Mhstkrlmh(Suoldklkrbmdlsk Mrgakibiòsgak Ditotoks =?).

ôcd, U. vmd, >55=, Aiut, od3 H.H. Wokr (kls), Nirskbk, kkd ip`rmvod` od akt vkkd: nkwidod`sspirkd uot lk îhkodsk tocl, Nudsgaitkd

(MLG ^mppirt 06), ;=-;6.

ôcd, U. vmd, >557, Aiut, od3 H.H. Wokr (kls), Kbbkwiutslocj od lk îhkodsk tocl, Nudsgaitkd (MLG ^mppirt >55), =5<-=71.

înn, C.K., >55>, Fysosgak mdtripibiòk, od3 N.A.F.H. Hkocbodj & U. Jrmdkdlidj (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Nikrkd, krvkd,


Hiduhkdtkdzir` 10), 660-611.

îkst, C. vmd lkr, =??5, Lok îhosgakd Fonkbd vid ‑Lk Airlkd‟, Nkrogatkd vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj

=?11 (71), =<=->5>.

îkst, C. vmd lkr, =??0, Mmdvubbkdl Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk (MMI ?), Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k

Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` ?).

îbbkr, @.C. lk, @. Jirf & K. Hiij-Jmhps, >55>, Mrgakinitmdok, od3 C. Wgaidkvkbl & U. Jrmdkdlidj (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Lrok krvkd uot lk Hollkd-Nridstocl noc Bokdlkd, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir`

1?), =6;-=?5.

îyhmds, D. & A. Fijjkds, =??=, Kkd ivkrzogat vmd vkkrto` cmmr dklkrzkttod`sidlkrzikj od lk Bm`k Bmdlkd, od3 A. Fijjkds &

D. îyhmds (kls), Dklkrzkt tod`kd uot lk nridstocl kd lk vrik`k oczkrtocl od lk Bm`k Bmdlkd, Mhkrsfiirt (Dklkrbmdlsk

Mrgakibiòsgak ^mppirtkd =7), =-=?.

Wgaodjkb, G., =??1, [dskttbkl skttbkhkdt, iggupmtoid rkhmods frih tak Nridzk M`k mdl tak Orid M`k mt Iss-[sskd. \ak =?06-=?16

kxgmvmtoids, Mdmbkgtm Urkaostirogm Bkolkdsom 75, ;-756.

Wgaidkvkbl, C. & K.F. @kamssk (kls), >55=, Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Nii` G-Diirl, kkd vodlpbmmts noc Hktkrkd ip lk ivkr`md`

vmd Dkibotaoguh dmmr Nridstocl , Mhkrsfiirt (^mppir tm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 1<).

Wgaidkvkbl, C., >55=, Wydtaksk, od3 C. Wgaidkvkbl & K.F. @kamssk (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Nii` G-Diirl, kkd vodlpbmmts

noc Hktkrkd ip lk ivkr`md` vmd Dkibotaoguh dmmr Nridstocl, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 1<),

=1=-=?<.

Wgaidkvkbl, C. & U. Jrmdkdlidj (kls), >55>, Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Lrok krvkd uot lk Hollkd-Nridsto cl noc Bokdlkd, Mhkrsfiirt(^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 1?).

Wgaidkvkbl, C., >55>m, Bmmt-Dkibotaoguh kd Vrik`k Nridstocl, od3 C. Wgaidkvkbl & U. Jrmdkdlidj (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3

Lrok krvkd uot lk Hollkd-Nridstocl noc Bokdlkd, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 1?), >>0->75.

Wgaidkvkbl, C., >55>n, Wydtaksk, od3 C. Wgaidkvkbl & U. Jrmdkdlidj (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Lrok krvkd uot lk Hollkd-

Nridstocl noc Bokdlkd, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 1?), >;=->05.

Wgarockr, K., >557m, Mmdvubbkdl mrgakibiòsga idlkrzikj o.v.h. lk vkrnrklod` vmd lk rocjswk` M>3 vodlpbmmtskd =5/==, Nudsgaitkd

(MLG ^mppirt >=>).



=15


Wgarockr, K., >557n, Mmdvubbkdl mrgakibiòsga idlkrzikj o.v.h. lk vkrnrklod` vmd lk ôcjswk` M> 3 vodlpbmmtskd 6, 0 kd ?, Nudsgaitkd

(MLG ^mppirt >=<).

Wgauttk, M., >55>m, Mrgakibiòsgak nk`kbkolod` od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk trmgïtrmckgt N^7/5>, Nudsgaitkd (MLG rmppirtm`k

trmgïnk`kbkolod` Nktuwkriutk 1).

Wgauttk, M., >55>n, Mrgakibiòsgak nk`kbkolod` od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk trmgïtrmckgt N^7/5>n, MLG (MLG rmppirtm`k

trmgïnk`kbkolod` Nktuwkriutk ?).

Wgauttk, M., >557m, ^mppirt @kblkrhmbskd, Hollkd`knokl-Suol , Nudsgaitkd (MLG rmppirt =65).

Wgauttk, M., >557n, Mrgakibiòsgak nk`kbkolod` od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk. Akt pmssokf nk`kbkolk `knokl vmd @kblkrbmdl ,

Nudsgaitkd (MLG ^mppirtm`k \rmgïnk`kbkolod` Nktuwkriutk =?).

Wgauttk, M.A., >55;, Odvkdtmroskrkdl vkblidlkrzikj wmmrlkrkdlk fmsk (OVI-7) od vkrnmdl hkt lk vkrnrklod` vmd lk ôcjswk` M>3

vodlpbmmts 7, Mhkrsfiirt (MLG ^mppirt 76=).

Wokhids, A.-M.^. & H.H. Wokr, =???m, Mmdvubbkdl Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk, vodlpbmmts =63 Jkstkrkd

/ Lk Pikrl , Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 71).

Wokhids, A.-M.^. & H.H. Wokr, =???n, Mmdvubbkdl Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk, vodlpbmmts =<3 Jkstkrkd

/ Piidwm`kdjmhp, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 7?).

Wokhids, A.-M.^., >55=, Wpirkd kd strugturkd, od3 H.H. Wokr & G.P. Jiit (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk. Jkstkrkd-Lk Pikrl3

nkwidod`sspirkd uot lk OCzkrtocl kd lk îhkodsk tocl, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 1>), 17-==>.

Wokr, H.H. & C. Wgaittkd, =??1, Mmdvubbkdl mrgakibiòsga idlkrzikj od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk, vodlpbmmts >0 Kbst/Hkrh ,

Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` >7).

Wokr, H.H. & K. Whots, =??1, Mmdvubbkdl Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk, vodlpbmmts 76/703 Lilkwmmrl /

Vomlugt Lmbwm`kd-Suol kd Lmbwm`kd-Suol , Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 7<).

Wokr, H.H. & K. Lrkdta, =???, Mmdvubbkdl Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk, vodlpbmmts =;3 Jkstkrkd / Bokdlkd ,

Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 76).

Wokr, H.H. & G.P. Jiit, >55=, Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk. Jkstkrkd-Lk Pikrl3 nkwidod`sspirkd uot lk OCzkr tocl kd lk îhkodsk

tocl , Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 1>).

Wokr, H.H., D.F. Hublkr & G.P. Jiit, >55=, Garidibiòk kd fmskr od`, od3 H.H. Wokr & G.P. Jiit (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk.

Jkstkrkd-Lk Pikrl3 nkwidod`sspirkd uot lk OCzkrtocl kd lk îhkodsk tocl, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak

Hiduhkdtkdzir` 1>), >?-;5.Wokr, H.H. & D.F. Hublkr, >55=, Odbkolod`, od3 H.H. Wokr & G.P. Jiit (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk. Jkstkrkd-Lk Pikrl3

nkwidod`sspirkd uot lk OCzkrtocl kd lk ihkodsk tocl, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 1>), ?->1.

Wbiis, M., =?11, Gubkhnir`-Lkd Akuvkb. Kkd oczkrtocldklkrzkttod` od akt rovokrjbko`knokl , Bkolkd (udpunbosakl HM \aksos).

Wbuys, U. vmd lkr, =?;6, ^mppirt nktrkffkdlk lk nilkh`kstkblakol vmd \okbkrwmmrl-Pkst , Pm`kdod`kd (udpunbosakl odtkrdmb rkpirt)

(Wtonijm rkpirt <76).

Wpmdckr, H., =??1m, Mmdvubbkdl Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk, vodlpbmmts 7;3 Lilkwmmrl / Lmbwm`kd

- Diirl , Mhkrsfiir t (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` >=).

Wpmdckr, H., =??1n, Mmdvubbkdl mrgakibiòsga idlkrzikj od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk, vodlpbmmts 7> 3 @kblkrhmbskd/Nii` L-

Diirl , Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`ks mrgakibiòsgak hiduhkdtkdzir` ><).

Wtkkdnkkj, ^., =?16, Vk`ktmtok-airozidtkd od akt `knokl vmd lk ip`rmvod` ‑Lk Airlkd‟, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt

Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =?1<, 70.

Wtkkdnkkj, ^., =??5, Id tak nmbmdgk nktwkkd wkt mdl lry3 vk`ktmtoid airozid lkvkbiphkdt mdl prkaostirog iggupmtoid: m

pmbmkikgibiògmb-hogrihirpaibiògmb stuly od tak Lutga r ovkr mrkm , Mhstkrlmh (UaL \aksos).Wtkkdnkkj, ^., P. îkbkvkbl & W.C.U. Niadgjk, =??5, Umbmkinitmdogmb mdmbysos if skgtoids PnL>0= mdl PnLL7=7 od tak Aibigkdk

fbuvomb lkpisots dkmr Pocj noc Luurstklk (\ak Dktakrbmdls), od3 ^. Wtkkdnkkj (kls), Id tak nmbmdgk nktwkkd wkt mdl lry3

vk`ktmtoid airozid lkvkbiphkdt mdl prkaostirog iggupmtoid: m pmbmkikgibiògmb-hogrihirpaibiògmb stuly od tak Lutga

rovkr mrkm, Mhstkrlmh (UaL \aksos), =5>-==<.

Wtkkdnkkj, ^., =??<, Fisfmmtjmrtkrod` od akt Jrihhk-ôcd`knokl, od3 P.M. vmd Ks & P.M.H. Akssod` (kls), îhkodkd, Frokzkd kd

Frmdjkd od akt amrt vmd Dklkrbmdl. Vmd \rmokgtuh tit Lirkstml ;5 v. G. - ?55 d. G., [trkgat / Mhkrsfiirt, =>>-=>;.

Wtonijm, =?07, Nilkhjmmrt vmd Dklkrbmdl3 sgammb =3;5.555. \ikbogatod` noc lk jmmrtnbmlkd 7? Pkst âkdkd kd 7? Iist âkdkd,

Pm`kdod`kd.



=1=

^KFK^KDGKW

Wtiutamhkr, K., >55=, Aibigkdk mvubsoids od tak âodk-Hkusk lkbtm, \ak Dktakrbmdls, [trkgat (UaL \aksos) (Dklkrbmdlsk @ki`rmfosgak

Wtuloks >17).

Wtumrt, U., =?61, ihkodsk rmfvidlstkd uot @kblkrhmbskd od akt ocjshuskuh vmd Iulaklkd tk Bkolkd, Iulakoljudlo`k Hklklkbod`kd

uot akt ôcjshuskuh vmd Iulaklkd tk Bkolkd <?, 6=-1>.

Wvmdnkr`, F., >55;, Aiusk Wyhnibosh od Mrostigrmtog Lkmta ôtumbs if tak Nridzk M`k, od3 \. Mrtkbous & F. Wvmdlnkr` (kls), Lkmbod`

wota tak Lkml. Mrgamkibiògmb Ukrspkgtovks id Urkaostirog Wgmdlodmvomd Nuromb otumb, Ölksaö`, 07-?1.

\kdt, P.C. vmd, =?0?, Pocj noc Luurstklk, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =?01, ==1-==?.

\kdt, P.C. vmd, =?11, Pocj noc Luurstklk, od3 P.C. vmd \kdt (kls), Mrgakibiòsgak jridokj vmd lk privodgok [trkgat ivkr lk cmrkd =?15-

=?1<, [trkgat, 7<-<6.

\kdt, P.C. vmd, =??>, Pocj noc Luurstklk, od3 P.C. vmd \kdt (kls), Mrgakibiòsgak jridokj vmd lk privodgok [trkgat ivkr lk cmrkd =?1;-

=?10, [trkgat, >>->0.

\kdt, P.C. vmd, =??6, Pocj noc Luurstklk3 Lirkstml, od3 P.C. vmd \kdt (kls), Mrgakibiòsgak jridokj vmd lk privodgok [trkgat ivkr lk

cmrkd =?05-=?0?, [trkgat, 15-1<.

\amdis, G., =??;, Kkd bmtk nkjkrdklkrzkttod` od akt Aibbmdls vkkd`knokl. Kkd odtkrsotk-mdmbysk vmd lk bmtk nkjkr- kd nridstocl nkwidod`

tk Hibkdmmrs`rmmf, Ittibmdl-Jrihhk Kbbknii` kd Ittibmdl-Iistkodl od lk privodgok Suol-Aibbmdl , Bkolkd (udpunbosakl

HM taksos).

\akudosskd, K.H., =???, Hollkd-nridstoclsmhkdbkvod`kd od akt zuolkd vmd lk Bm`k Bmdlkd. Kkd kvmbumtok vmd akt nk`rop ‑Aobvkrsuh-gubtuur‟ , Bkolkd (UaL. taksos).

\akudosskd, K.H. & ^.W. Aubst, =???m, Lk ip`rmvod` tk Lilkwmmrl, od3 K.H. \akudosskd (kls), Hollkd-nridstoclsmhkdbkvod`kd od akt

zuolkd vmd lk Bm`k Bmdlkd. Kkd kvmbumtok vmd akt nk`rop ‑Aobvkrsuh-gubtuur‟, Bkolkd (UaL. taksos)., =70-=;6.

\akudosskd, K.H. & ^.W. Aubst, =???n, Lk ip`rmvod` tk Soclkrvkbl, od3 K.H. \akudosskd (kls), Hollkd-nridstoclsmhkdbkvod`kd od akt

zuolkd vmd lk Bm`k Bmdlkd. Kkd kvmbumtok vmd akt nk`rop ‑Aobvkrsuh-gubtuur‟, Bkolkd (UaL. taksos)., =;6- =15.

\ib, M. & H. Wgamnnodj, >55<, Ip`rmvod`kd ip vodlpbmmtskd uot lk Nridstocl, OCzkrtocl, îhkodsk tocl kd Vibbk Hollkbkkuwkd ip akt

Aii`vkbl tk Wottmrl , Mhstkrlmh (Suoldklkrbmdlsk Mrgakibi osgak mppirtkd =<).

\ördqvost, \.K., =??7, Fbuvomb sklohkdtmry `kibi`y mdl garidibi`y if tak Aibigkdk âodk-Hkusk lkbtm, \ak Dktakrbmdls, [trkgat (UaL

\aksos).

\ördqvost, \.K. & @.C. vmd Locj, =??7, Iptohozod` smhpbod` strmtk`y fir rmloigmrnid lmtod` if Aibigkdk fbuvomb systkhs od m vkrtogmbby

m`rmlod` skttod`, Nirkms >>, >57->=?.

\rmunk, K., =?15, Hmhnmo ôtumbs if Nbmgj mdl Paotk, od3 C.C. Fix (kls), \ak Fbiw if Bofk3 Kssmys id Kmstkrd Odlidksom, Gmhnrol`k,>?5-7=<.

[fjks, M., >55=, Mmrlkwkrj, od3 C. Wgaidkvkbl & K.F. @kamssk (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Nii` G-Diirl, kkd vodlpbmmts noc

Hktkrkd ip lk ivkr`md` vmd Dkibotaoguh dmmr Nridstocl, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppir tm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 1<),

77-;0.

[fjks, M. & W. Nbii, >55>, Mmrlkwkrj, od3 N.A.F.H. Hkocbodj & U. Jrmdkdlidj (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Nikrkd, krvkd,


Hiduhkdtkdzir` 10), 7=0-<>6.

[fjks, M., >55>m, Mmrlkwkrj, od3 C. Wgaidkvkbl & U. Jrmdkdlidj (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Lrok krvkd uot lk Hollkd-

Nridstocl noc Bokdlkd, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 1?), 1=-==<.

[fjks, M., >55>n, Mmrlkwkrj, od3 C. Hobicjivog & K. Whots (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Bm`k Nbij. Kkd dklkrzktt od`stkrrkod

uot lk Hollkd-OCzkrtocl noc Hktkrkd (`khkkdtk @kblkrhmbskd), Mhkrsfiirt ?5), 6?-=57.

Vkrnrmkgj, M., =?05, \ikbogatod`kd noc lk @kibiòsgak jmmrt vmd Dklkrbmdl =3 ;5.555, Nbml @irodgakh b Iist (71I) , Ammrbkh.

Vkrnrmkgj, M., =?1<, \ikbogatod`kd noc lk @kibiòsgak jmmrt vmd Dklkrbmdl =3 ;5.555, Nbml \okb Pkst (7? P) kd Nbml \okb Iist (7?I),Ammrbkh.

Vkramrt, B.N.H., =??>, Wkttbod` ir trkjjod`9 \ak bmtk dkibotaog aiusk pbmds if Ammhstklk-Nrmnkrs mdl takor giudtkrpmrts, Iulakoljudlo`k

Hklklkbod`kd uot akt ôcjshuskuh vmd Iulaklkd tk Bkolkd 0>, 07-??.

Vkrakbst, K.H.U., >557, Mmdvubbkdl mrgakibiòsga idlkrzikj od akt trmgï vmd lk Nktuwkriutk, vodlpbmmts ;>, @kblkrhmbskd / ôcs kd

Iiykd, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`ks Mrgakibi osgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` <7).

Vkrbodlk, M.L., =??=, Auozkd uot lk nridstocl kd lk vrik`k oczkrtocl tk Gibhsgamtk, od3 A. Fijjkds & D. îyhmds (kls), Dklkrzkttod`kd

uot lk nridstocl kd lk vrik`k oczkrtocl od lk Bm`k Bmdlkd, Mhkrsfiirt (Dklkrbmdlsk Mrgakibiòsgak ^mppirtkd =7), 7=-<5.



=1>


Vkrhkkrkd, G., >55;, Aiut, od3 W. Jdoppkdnkr` & U.F.N. Cid`stk (kls), \kru` dmmr Soclkrvkbl. Mrgakibiòsgak ip`rmvod`kd vmd kkd

nridstocldklkrzkttod` bmd`s lk M>, Bkolkd (Mrgaib ^mppirt 76), ??-===.

Vkrwkrs, P.C.A., =?01, îhmd pkroil Wkttbkhkdt \rmgks mdl Gkhktkry mt Pocj noc Luurstklk, Nkrogatkd vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt

Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =?0; (>;), ?7-=7>.

Vkrwkrs, P.C.A., =??<, Pocj noc Luurstklk - Lirkstml, od3 P.M. vmd Ks & P.M.H. Akssod` (kls), îhkodkd, Frokzkd kd Frmdjkd od akt

amrt vmd Dklkrbmdl. Vmd \rmokgtuh tit Lirkstml ;5 v. G. - ?55 d. G., [trkgat / Mhkrsfiirt, >7<->71.

Vodj, \., =?>6, Lk Bkjstrkkj, kkd mmrlrocjsjudlo`k vkrjkddod` vmd kkd nkwiidl lkbtm`knokl , Mhstkrlmh (UaL \aksos).

Vodj, \., =?;<, Lk rovokrstrkkj , Nmmrd.

Vii`l, C.N. lk & C. Wgaidkvkbl, >55>, Wpirkd kd strugturkd, od3 C. Wgaidkvkbl & U. Jrmdkdlidj (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3

Lrok krvkd uot lk Hollkd-Nridstocl noc Bokdlkd, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 1?), ;7-15.

Viirt, P.C.H. vmd lkr, C.D.N. Uikbhmd & P.M. vmd Ks, =?0?, Pocj noc Luurstklk, Lk Airlkd3 `kibiòsgak Krjudlud` udl

Uaispamtkdudtkrsugaud` oh âmhkd kodkr Mus`rmnud`: virbìufo`kr Nkrogat (=?00-1), Nkrogatkd vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt

Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj ., <77-<;1.

Vis, P.J., >55>, Lk odakkhs-îhkodsk auospbmttk`ridlkd vmd Lk Airlkd tk Pocj noc Luurstklk, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak

Hiduhkdtkdzir` ?6).

Pmb, M. tkr, >55=, Wpirkd kd strugturkd, od3 C. Wgaidkvkbl & K.F. @kamssk (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Nii` G-Diirl,

kkd vodlpbmmts noc Hktkrkd ip lk ivkr`md` vmd Dkibotaoguh dmmr Nridstocl, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k MrgakibiòsgakHiduhkdtkdzir` 1<), >7-7>.

Pmb, M. tkr, >55<m, Vkrnrklod` M> Kvkrlod`kd-Lkob, vodlpbmmts = kd >. Mmdvubbkdl Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj , ‑s-Akrti`kdnisga (NMMG

^mppir t 57.=;<).

Pmb, M. tkr, >55<n, M> vodlpbmmtskd < kd ;. Mmdvubbkdl Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj ., ‑s-Akrti`kdnisga (NMMG-rmppirt 57.=;;).

Pmb, M. tkr, >55;m, Vkrnrklod` M> Kvkrlod`kd-Lkob, vodlpbmmts 6-03 Lkfodotokf Mrgakibiòsga Idlkrzikj , ‑s-Akrti`kdnisga (NMMG-

rmppirt 5<.=15).

Pmb, M. tkr, >55;n, Vkrnrklod` M> Kvkrlod`kd-Lkob, vodlpbmmts >3 lkfodotokf mrgakibiòsga idlkrzikj , ‑s-Akrti`kdnisga (NMMG-

rmppir t 5<.=1>).

Pmbbkdnur`, G. vmd & C.D.N. Uikbhmd, =?;<, Vkrsbm` vmd lk nilkhjmrtkrod` od akt Jrihhk ôcd`knokl , Pm`kdod`kd (udpunbosakl

rkpirt).

Pmtkrsid, ^., >557, \ak ohhirtmboty if tak aiusk od \mdm \irmcm, od3 W. Wpmrjks & W. Aiwkbb (kls), \ak Aiusk od Wiutakmst Msom3 m

gamdòd` sigomb, kgidihog mdl pibotogmb lihmod, Bidlid, 7<-;>.Pkkrts, A.C.\., =??6, Gihpbkx gidfodod` bmykrs. Mrgaotkgturk mdl aylrmubog pripkrtoks if Aibigkdk mdl Bmtk Pkogaskbomd lkpisots od

tak fbuvomb âodk-Hkusk lkbtm, \ak Dktakrbmdls, [trkgat (UaL \aksos).

Pkkrts, A.C.\. & H.F.U. Nokrjkds, =??6, @kistmtostogmb mdmbysos if ivkrnmdj lkpisots if mdmstihisod` mdl hkmdlkrod` pmbki-rovkrs,

âodk-Hkusk lkbtm, \ak Dktakrbmdls, Wklohkdtmry @kibi`y 1;, >>=->7>.

Pk`dkr, @. (kl.), =??6, Bknkd-@bmunkd-Wtkrnkd vir 7555 Cmarkd. Nridzkzkot od Doklkrsmgaskd. Kodk doklkrsìgasosgak Mustkbbud` zur

Nridzkzkot-Jmhpm`dk lks Kuripmrmtks, Iblkdnur`.

Pkrff, C.A. vmd lkr, =?1?, îhmd Mhpairms mt –Lk Airlkd‑ (Pocj noc Luurstklk), Nkrogatkd vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo`

Nilkhidlkrzikj =?10 (70), =;7-=0>.

Pokpjod`, G.@., >55=, Mmrlkwkrj, od3 H.H. Wokr & G.P. Jiit (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk. Jkstkrkd-Lk Pikrl3 nkwidod`sspirkd

uot lk OCzkrtocl kd lk îhkodsk tocl, Mhkrsfiirt 1>), ==7-=05.

Pobbkhs, P.C.A., =?1<, îhmds mdl Nmtmvomds. M rkòidmb stuly od tak Lutga kmstkrd rovkr mrkm OO, Nkrogatkd vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir

akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj 7<, 7?-77=.

Pobbkhs, P.C.A., =?1; (=?1=), îhmds mdl Nmtmvomds. M rkòidmb stuly od tak Lutga kmstkrd rovkr mrkm O, Nkrogatkd vmd lk ôcjslokdstviir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj 7=, 0->=0.

Pibtkrod`, U.C., S. vmd lkr Nkkj, @.^. \mj, H. Nmrwmsskr & F.C.@. vmd lkr Akoclkd, =??1, @kblkrhmbskd, Hktkrkd, Cmmrvkrsbm` vmd lk

ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =??;-=??6, >71-><5.

Pubbodj, M.C., >55;, Kkd mrgakibiòsga odvkdtmroskrkdl vkblidlkrzikj (OVI) liir hollkb vmd nurkmu- kd niiridlkrzikj, ip akt tkrrkod

vmd lk fruotvkobod` mmd lk Lkobskwk` tk @kblkrhmbskd, `khkkdtk @kblkrhmbskd, @kblkrhmbskd (M^G-rmppirt >55;-=51).

_pky, C., =?67, Hkrjwmmrlo`k vidlstkd uot Ipakuslkd, Nkrogatkd vmd lk ôcjslokdst viir akt Iulakoljudlo` Nilkhidlkrzikj =>/=7,

=10-=?>.



=17

^KFK^KDGKW

Socvkrlkd, P.J. vmd, >55>m, Fysosgak `ki`rmfok, od3 U.F.N. Cid`stk & @.C. vmd Pocd`mmrlkd (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3

Akt Krfìkl vmd Ko`kdnbij. Nkwidod`sspirkd uot lk Nridstocl tk @kblkrhmbskd, Mhkrsfiirt (^mppirtm`k Mrgakibiòsgak

Hiduhkdtkdzir` 16), <;-1>.

Socvkrlkd, P.J. vmd, >55>n, Fysosgak `ki`rmfok, od3 N.A.F.H. Hkocbodj & U. Jrmdkdlidj (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3


Mrgakibiòsgak Hiduhkdtkdzir` 10), ;;-=7;.

Socvkrlkd, P.J. vmd, >55>g, Fysosgak `ki`rmfok, od3 C. Hobicjivog & K. Whots (kls), Mrgakibiòk od lk Nktuwkriutk3 Bm`k Nbij. Kkd


Hiduhkdtkdzir` ?5), >=-<;.

Socvkrlkd, P.J. vmd, >557m, Lk idtwojjkbod` vmd akt bmdlsgamp od lk ih`kvod` vmd lk vodlpbmmts Soclkrvkbl , Bkolkd (udpunbosakl

rkpirt).

Socvkrlkd, P.J. vmd, >557n, Bovod` od m lydmhog (gubturmb) bmdlsgmpk. Lk idtwojjkbod` vmd akt bmdlsgamp od lk ih`kvod` vmd lk

vodlpbmmts Lilkwmmrl , Bkolkd (udpunbosakl rkpirt).

Socvkrlkd, P.J. vmd, >55<m, \ak Bmdlsgmpk if ‒Lk Airlkd‘ mt Pocj noc Luurstklk rkvosotkl , Bkolkd (udpunbosakl rkpirt).

Socvkrlkd, P.J. vmd, >55<n, Akt bmdlsgamp vmd Ko`kdnbij kd Lk Ni`kd od kkd dokuw pkrspkgtokf , Bkolkd (udpunbosakl rkpirt).

Socvkrlkd, P.J. vmd, >55;, Akt bmdlsgamp vmd lk vodlpbmmts Bokdlkd ipdokuw nkzokd, Bkolkd (udpunbosakl rkpirt).

Socvkrlkd, P.J. vmd & P.D.A Bmmd, >55;, Bmdlsgmpk rkgidstrugtoids mdl prklogtovk hilkbod` od mrgamkibiògmb rkskmrga, usod` mBOLM^ nmskl LKH mdl loòtmb nirod` lmtmnmsks, (udpunbosakl mrtogbk id m) prkskdtmtoid akbl mt3 Mrgaìibiòk udl Gihputkr.

Pirjsaip 0, Pokd (>557).



\os punbogmtoid gidtmods tak sox hmod mppkdlogks ti tak UaL taksos ‑M Bovod` Bmdlsgmpk. Nridzk

M`k skttbkhkdt sotks od tak Lutga rovkr mrkm (g. >555-155 NG)‟ ny Wtocd Mrdiblusskd waoga wms

punbosakl ny Wolkstidk Urkss od >551. \mt stuly kdtmobs md mdmbysos if tak dmturk (o.k. tak gid-

stotukdt gihpidkdts) mdl lydmhogs (o.k. lomgaridog mpprimgaks ti skttbkhkdt lydmhogs) if Nridzk

M`k skttbkhkdt sotks od tak Lutga rovkr mrkm. Ot mohs ti odtk`rmtk mdl sydtaksozk odtkrprktmtoids if

Nridzk M`k skttbkhkdts nmskl id m duhnkr if bmr`k-sgmbk kxgmvmtoids od tak Lutga rovkr mrkm.

\k losgussoid if tak mrgamkibi`ogmb mdl `kibi`ogmb rkskmrga aostiroks fir taksk odvksto`mtkl sotks, ms wkbb ms hirk lktmobkl siurgk grotogosh mdl bid`-tkrh ivkrvokws if tak iggupmtoid aostiroks if sox

MUUKDLOGKW \I M BOVOD@ BMDLWGMUK

appendices to: a living landscape. bronze age settlement sites in the dutch river area (c. 2000-800...

Documents