ISSN 0021-8855

VOLUME 11 FALL, 1978 NUMBER 3

Applied Behavior

Analysis

CONTENTS

Yeaton, William H. and Bailey, Jon S. Teaching pedestrian safety skills to young chil-dren: an analysis and one-year followup ................................ 315

Neef, Nancy A., Iwata, Brian A., and Page, Terry J. Public transportation training:in vivo versus classroom instruction .................................... 331

Cuvo, Anthony J., Leaf, Ronald B., and Borakove, Larry S. Teaching janitorial skills to

the mentally retarded: acquisition, generalization, and maintenance .... ....... 345

Pechacek, Terry F. A probabilistic model of intensive designs .... ................ 357

Parsonson, Barry S. and Baer, Donald M. Training generalized improvisation of toolsby preschool children . .............................................. 363

Trap, Jennifer J., Milner-Davis, Penney; Joseph, Shirley, and Cooper, John 0. The ef-fects of feedback and consequences on transitional cursive letter formation ..... 381

Greene, Brandon F., Willis, B. S., Levy, Rick, and Bailey, Jon S. Measuring client gainsfrom staff-implemented programs ...................................... 395

RESEARCH REPORT

Farb, Joel and Throne, John M. Improving the generalized mnemonic performance ofa Down's Syndrome child .......... ................................. 413

(Continued on back cover)

ANNOUNCEMENTSInstructions to Authors ..... .... Page 330Returned Journals ....... ...... Page 356Guest Reviewers ....... ....... Page 394Books Received ........ ....... Page 420

The Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis is primarily for the original publication of reports ofexperimental research involving applications of the experimental analysis of behavior to problemsof social importance. It will also publish technical articles relevant to such research and discussion ofissues arising from behavioral applications. The Journal is published quarterly by the Society for theExperimental Analysis of Behavior, Inc., at Lawrence, Kansas.

Five photocopies of each manuscript, prepared according to Instructions to Authors, JABA,1978, 11, 10, should be submitted to the Editor, K. Daniel O'Leary, Department of Psychology,State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794.

EDITORK. Daniel O'Leary

State University of New York at Stony BrookASSOCIATE EDITORS

A. Barney Alexander, The National Asthma Rosemery 0. Nelson, University of North Car-Center, Denver, Colorado olina at Greensboro

Jon S. Bailey, Florida State University Stephanie B. Stolz, ADAMHA, Kansas CityRonald S. Drabman, University of Mississippi Sandra Twardosz, University of Tennessee

Medical Center G. Terence Wilson, Rutgers UniversityBOARD OF EDITORS

Teodoro Ayllon, Georgia State University Karen B. Maloney, Boys Town Center for theNathan H. Azrin, Anna State Hospital, Anna, Study of Youth Development, Omaha, Ne-

Illinois braskaAlbert Bandura, Stanford University Matig Mavissakalian, Butler Hospital, Provi-Jay S. Birnbrauer, Dejarnette Center for Hu- dence, Rhode Islandman Development, Staunton, Virginia T. F. McLaughlin, Spokane School District,

Thomas D. Borkovec, University of Iowa Spokane, WashingtonDarrel E. Bostow, University of South Florida Leija V. McReynolds, University of KansasThomas A. Brigham, Washington State Uni- Medical Center, Kansas City

versity L. Keith Miller, University of KansasNancy K. Buckley, Spanish Peaks Mental Susan G. O'Leary, State University of New York

Health Center, Pueblo, Colorado at Stony BrookEdward R. Christophersen, Kansas University Gerald Patterson, Oregon Social Learning Cen-

Medical Center, Kansas City ter, EugeneJohn Cone, West Virginia University Claire L. Poulson, George Peabody College forLarry A. Doke, University of Tennessee College Teachers, Nashville, Tennessee

of Medicine Bob Quilitch, Nevada Mental Health Institute,E. L. Glynn, University of Auckland, New Zea- Reno

land Arnold Rincover, University of North CarolinaIsrael Goldiamond, University of Chicago at GreensboroV. William Harris, Centers for Youth Develop- Todd R. Risley, University of Kansas

ment and Achievement, Tucson, Arizona Alan 0. Ross, State University of New York atRobert P. Hawkins, West Virginia University Stony BrookJulia R. Heiman, State University of New York Thomas E. Sajwaj, Luton Community Mental

at Stony Brook Health Center, Nashville, TennesseeB. L. Hopkins, University of Kansas Laura Schreibman, Claremont Mens College,Brian A. Iwata, Western Michigan University Claremont, CaliforniaRolf Jacob, Stanford University School of Jean B. Schumaker, University of Kansas

Medicine George Semb, University of KansasStephen M. Johnson, University of Oregon Lisa A. Serbin, State University of New YorkSuzanne Bennett Johnson, University of Florida at BinghamtonRichard R. Jones, Evaluation Research Group, James A. Sherman, University of Kansas

Eugene, Oregon Craig Barr Taylor, Stanford University MedicalAlan E. Kazdin, Pennsylvania State University CenterKathryn A. Kirigin, University of Kansas Ronald Van Houten, Mount Saint Vincent Uni-Robert L. Koegel, University of California at versity, Halifax, Nova Scotia

Santa Barbara Robert J. Wahler, University of Tennessee atBenjamin B. Lahey, University of Georgia KnoxvilleJudith M. LeBlanc, University of Kansas Aubrey J. Yates, University of Western Aus-Michael J. Mahoney, Pennsylvania State Uni- tralia

versityManaging Editor: H. Garth HopkinsBusiness Manager: Mary Louise WrightEditorial Assistant: Ruth H. Shepard

The annual subscription rate is $6.00 for registered students (As this rate is below cost, student-rate status will be limited to six years or until the date of a graduate degree, whichever occurs first.In cases where the student has subscribed to JABA as a Masters student and is accepted into anotherdegree program, he or she may receive JABA for as many years as would bring the total to six);$10.00 for individuals (personal use only); $18.00 for institutions; and $5.00 for single issues. Sub-scriptions, change of address, and other business correspondence should be addressed to the BusinessManager, Mary Louise Wright, Department of Human Development, University of Kansas, Lawrence,Kansas 66045.

Copyright 1978 by the Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, Inc. Reproduction forscientific and scholarly purposes of any material published in the Journal requires written request.Second-class postage paid at Lawrence, Kansas 66044.

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Send manuscripts to the Editor, K. DanielO'Leary, PhD, Department of Psychology, StateUniversity of New York, Stony Brook, NewYork 11794. Manuscripts are received with theunderstanding that they are not being consideredelsewhere.2 Submit five high-quality copies of the entiremanuscript; the original typescript is not re-quired.La Attach copies of figures and tables to eachmanuscript being submitted; do not send letter-press, glossy prints, photographs, or original art-work.E An abstract (200 words maximum or 18 to20 typewritten lines) must be attached to eachmanuscript copy, summarizing the general pro-cedure, major findings, and conclusions drawnfrom the work.LI One of the paper's authors should enclose a

letter to the Editor, requesting review and pos-sible publication; this letter must also state thatthe manuscript has not been previously pub-lished and has not been submitted elsewhere.One author's business address and telephonenumber as well as an upcoming address change(if any) should be included; this individual willreceive copies of the editorial correspondencefrom the Editor and Associate Editor.L1 The title (first) page of the manuscriptshould list: (a) the title of the paper, (b) the firstand surname of all authors, and (c) the affiliationsof each author during the time the research wasconducted. On subsequent pages, the names ofthe authors should not be listed.2 Authors may request that their manuscriptbe reviewed according to recent guidelines pub-lished in the Journal. For example, an authormay request that the manuscript be classifiedas a Review, rather than a research article. Seethe following announcements.

Types of Articles and the Review Process, Journalof Applied Behavioral Analysis, 1976, 9, 237-238.

JABA Abstract Section, Journal of Applied Be-havior Analysis, 1976, 9, 406.

Technical Articles, Journal of Applied BehaviorAnalysis, 1974, 7, 270.

LI Manuscripts should be prepared accordingto APA format:

American Psychological Association, PublicationManual of the American Psychological Associa-tion. 2nd ed., Washington, D.C.: Author, 1974.

LII The style of the paper should not be repeti-tive, should be precise, and should use the activevoice instead of the passive. The Journal usesinternational spelling and punctuation styles(cf. Webster's Third New International Diction-ary, pp. 16a-5la).LI The majority of manuscripts are sent to one

or two members of the Board of Editors, and oneor two knowledgeable outside referees. Guide-lines for reviewers of JABA research articles andreviewers' forms listing criteria for Reports areavailable from the editorial office on request.LI Almost all papers considered acceptable are

returned to the author for suitable revision.Upon receipt of a revision, the editorial officemay edit the paper to clarify ambiguities. Whenediting is extensive, with consequent danger. ofaltered meanings, papers are returned to theauthor for correction and approval before type isset.L1 In addition to manuscripts, the Editor will bepleased to receive letters, notes, announcements,and informational material if such items relateto articles and issues regarding material pub-lished in the Journal. Questions regarding manu-script submission requirements or Journal re-viewing practices are welcome. The editorialoffice telephone number is (516) 246-3403.

330

ANNOUNCEMENT

CHANGE OF ADDRESS-RETURNED JOURNALS

One out of every five subscribers changes his address during the year. Addresschanges are a big job in the Business Office; however, an even more cumbersome jobis returned journals. When the journal is mailed at press-time, it is sent out undera special second-class bulk rate, costing about 14¢ an issue depending on weight.However, when the journal is returned to the Business Office because a subscriberhas changed his address, JABA must pay 40¢ for receipt of the returned journal,plus an additional 10¢ if JABA is furnished with the subscriber's new address bythe Post Office. In the past, the Business Office has attempted immediately to contactsubscribers of each returned journal, request a forwarding charge, and remail theissue at a regular rate of 260. Mailing and forwarding charges vary with the weightof the journal, but as the journal gets thicker (and heavier) the postal charges increase.

The publishing board of JABA feels that it has reasonable subscription rates andcannot, therefore, afford to take on the additional cost of returned and forwardedjournals. Consequently, when a journal is returned to the Business Office, we willcontact you as time allows and ask you to remit $1.00 in cash to the BusinessManager for each issue that must be forwarded.

Mary Louise Sherman, Business ManagerDepartment of Human DevelopmentUniversity of KansasLawrence, Kansas 66044

356

GUEST ASSOCIATE EDITOR

We thank the following who served as Associate Editor on specific articles:

Donald P. Hartmann, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City

GUEST REVIEWERS

Ansley Bacon, Hudspeth Center, Whitfield, MississippiMargret Baltes, Pennsylvania State UniversityPhilip Bornstein, University of MontanaRoger Bourdon, Greer, South CarolinaKelly D. Brownell, University of PennsylvaniaEdward G. Carr, State University of New York at

Stony BrookPatrick J. Carroll, Willmar State Hospital,

Willmar, MinnesotaA. Charles Catania, University of Maryland

Baltimore CountyAnthony J. Cellucci, University of North Carolina

at GreensboroAnthony Ciminero, University of Georgia, AthensDan Coldeway, Athabasca University, Edmonton,

Alberta, CanadaJohn 0. Cooper, Ohio State University, Columbus, OhioPhyllis J. Cushing, University of North Carolina at

GreensboroSamuel M. Deitz, Georgia State University, AtlantaJames Favell, Western Carolina Center,

Morganton, North CarolinaMichael Flanagan, The Florida State UniversityRex Forehand, University of Georgia, AthensJames Fox, Child Behavior Institute, University of

TennesseeEdward Framer, University of Mississippi Medical CenterFred Frankel, University of California at Los Angeles

Neuropsychiatric InstituteJacquelyn Gaebelein, University of North Carolina at

GreensboroMarilyn I. Geller, University of Mississippi

Medical CenterSteven B. Gordon, Rutgers Medical SchoolLeon Green, Rutgers UniversityRichard Hackman, Yale UniversitySteven C. Hayes, University of North Carolina at

GreensboroEmily Herbert-Jackson, Children's Behavioral Services,

Reno, NevadaNancy Hubert, Purdue UniversityDan Hursh, West Virginia UniversityHarvey Jacobs, The Florida State UniversityGregory J. Jarvie, University of Mississippi

Medical CenterRoger Katz, University of the PacificM. Mary Konstantareas, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry,

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Patricia J. Krantz, Princeton Child DevelopmentInstitute

Gillian Kupfer, The Florida State UniversityGary W. LaVigna, Camarillo State Hospital, Camarillo,

CaliforniaP. Scott Lawrence, University of North Carolina at

GreensboroJohn R. Lutzker, Southern Illinois University, CarbondaleMarian L. MacDonald, State University of New York at

Stony BrookJohn B. Martin, Northwestern University Medical SchoolLynn E. McClannahan, Princeton Child Development

InstituteRichard McFall, University of WisconsinDonald Meichenbaum, University of Waterloo,

Waterloo, Ontario, CanadaDon Miklich, The National Asthma Center,

Denver, ColoradoJoseph Neumann, DC Children's Center,

Laurel, MarylandVey Michael Nordquist, University of TennesseeStan L. O'Dell, University of MississippiJoseph Pachman, University of Mississippi

Medical CenterMarion Panyan, Winthrop College, Rock Hill,

South CarolinaJames W. Partington, The Florida State UniversityDiana Rathjen, Rice University, Houston, TexasWarren Rhodes, University of Mississippi Medical CenterRaymond G. Romanczyk, State University of New York

at BinghamtonMichael Rosenbaum, University of Mississippi

Medical CenterDavid Sheslow, Cherry Hill, New JerseyLinda C. Sobell, Dede Wallace Center,

Nashville, TennesseeBeth Sulzer-Azaroff, University of MassachusettsPaul E. Touchette, Kennedy-Shriver Research Center,

Waltham, MassachusettsRussell Vaught, State University of New York at

BinghamtonBeth G. Wildman, Hudspeth Center, Whitfield,

MississippiRichard A. Winett, Institute for Behavioral Research,

Silver Spring, MarylandBill Yeaton, The Florida State UniversityAnn R. Yelton, Reidsville City Schools, Reidsville,

North CarolinaLeslie Zegiob, Arizona State University, Tempe

394

BOOKS RECEIVED

The Journal hereby acknowledges with appreciation the receipt of these reviewcopies of books from their publishers.

Writing the Psychology Paper. By Robert J. Sternberg. Woodbury, N.Y.: Barron'sEducational Series, Inc., 1977, 243 pp., $2.95 paperback.

Parenting: Strategies and Educational Methods. By John 0. Cooper and DenzilEdge. Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co., 1978, 258 pp., $13.95hardcover.

Psychosurgery and the Medical Control of Violence. By Samuel I. Shuman. Detroit:Wayne State University Press, 1977, $18.50 hardcover.

Behavior Modification Principals: An Introduction and Training Manual. By JeromeS. Stumphauzer. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Behaviordelia, 1977, 192 pp. $5.95paperback.

Roots of Caring, Sharing and Helping: The Development of Pro-Social Behaviorin Children. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Co., 1977, 211 pp. $12.00hardcover, $4.95 paperback.

Anxieties, Phoebias and Fears. By Samuel Kahn. New York: Philosophical Library,Inc., 1977, 132 pp., $10.00 hardcover.

The Sexual Equation Woman:Man::Socially:Sexually. By J. Dudley Chapman. NewYork: Philosophical Library, Inc., 1977, 434 pp., $16.95 hardcover.

Transition: Understanding and Managing Personal Change. By Adams, Hayes, andHopson. Montclair, New Jersey: Allanheld Osmun & Co., 1977, 241 pp., $16.50hardcover.

Psycholsocial Treatment of Chronic Mental Patients: Milieu versus Social LearningPrograms. By Paul and Lentz. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UniversityPress, 1977, 528 pp., $22.50 hardcover.

Psychological testing: The Measurement of Intelligence, Ability and Personality.By Paul Kline. New York: Crane, Russak and Co., 1977, 160 pp., $11.50hardcover.

Psychology and Instruction. By Lahey and Johnson. Glenview, Illinois: Scott, Fores-man and Co., 1978, 366 pp., $9.95 paperback.

Act Thin, Stay Thin. By Richard B. Stuart. New York: W. W. Norton, 1978, 266pp., $8.95 hardcover.

Socialization to Old Age. By Irving Rosow. Berkeley: University of CaliforniaPress, 1978, 203 pp., $3.65 paperback.

The Human Machine. By I. Aleksander. Saphorin, Switzerland: Georgi PublishingCo., 1977, 95 pp., $7.95 paperback.

Behaviorism and Ethics. Edited by Krapfl and Vargas. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Be-haviordelia, 1978, 240 pp., $12.95, hardcover.

Talking Together. By Loopman, Hunt, and Cowan. Kalmazoo, Michigan: Behavior-delia, 1978, 138 pp., $5.75 paperback.

Hostage. By Miron and Goldstein. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Behaviordelia, 1978,190 pp., $6.00 paperback

420

COMMUNICATION

A DEVICE FOR TRAINING AND MAINTAININGFIXED-INTERVAL BEHAVIORS IN THENONTIME-TELLING POPULATION

A number of behaviors that require completion ona fixed-interval schedule, such as asking for pre-scribed medication at designated times, trading intokens at set intervals, participating in cleanlinessprocedures before meals, and regulating food intakeat set times (i.e., meals and snack times), can betaught to nontime-telling populations such as theretarded or the young. A standard wrist watch ismodified by removing either the minute or hourhand, depending on the time interval desired, and byplacing self-adhesive colored disks on the face of thewatch, either on top of or under the crystal. Place-ment of the colored disks varies according to thetime interval desired.

Rapid initial training can be implemented with theminute hand of the watch in place. Once the indi-vidual has learned to make the desired response whenthe hand of the watch points to a particular coloreddisk, the minute hand can be replaced by the hourhand of the watch for generalization over longertime periods. We have found the watch to be ofvalue in training menstrual hygiene skills to retardedfemales with MA's of 2 yr or more (Shapiro, Ozbek,Russo, and Cataldo, Note 1). Checking of the watchat periodic intervals, and identification of the timesat which the hand of the watch and a colored diskare superimposed, can be trained as separate skills andthen chained to the desired target response.

Several other uses of this device may be easilyprogrammed. First, by setting the watch such that apredetermined time elapses until the hand reaches a

colored disk, the cessation of activities (such as playperiods) may be noted. Second, the watch may alsoserve as a discriminative stimulus for maintenancepersonnel. When the child wears the watch, adultsresponsible for treatment are aware that the particulartreatment program is in operation. Third, the samemodification may be made on a standard wall clockso that groups of individuals can be taught to moni-tor their time. Fourth, the device may be used toprogram DRL schedules for behaviors such as re-questing snacks, which often occur at excessivelyhigh rates.

The cost for the modified watch rests solely in thepurchase price of the watch (less than $13) and thepurchase of a box of self-sticking removable labels,such as Pres-a-ply labels by Dennison (1000 labels/$2.75). Modifications can often be made at the timeof purchase without charge. Watches with large, plainfaces, that is, few numerals and no designs, are ideal.

For further information, write to: I. Nicky Ozbek,Dennis C. Russo, or Michael F. Cataldo, Departmentof Behavioral Psychology, John F. Kennedy Institute,707 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.

REFERENCE NOTE

1. Shapiro, S., Ozbek, I. N., Russo, D. C., and Cataldo,M. F. A behavioral approach to menstrual hygienetraining. Paper presented at annual convention ofRegion IX, American Association on Mental Defi-ciency. Baltimore, Maryland, November, 1977.

430

COMMUNICATION

A BEHAVIORAL TACHOMETER

Objective measurement of response rates in naturalsettings has been inhibited by a lack of available andinexpensive measurement devices. Given the popularwrist counter (Lindsley, 1968), one is still left withpure count and not rate. If a stopwatch is added tothis, we have count and time and can determine rate.The determination of rate then relies on either acalculator, a table of rates (Wolking, 1972), or alogarithmic chart and a "frequency finder" (Penny-packer, 1972). The combination of these devices canbe somewhat expensive ($5 for a wrist counter, $15to $25 for a stopwatch) and bothersome. All ofthese factors mitigate against the fundamental mea-suring response.An interesting and significant improvement over

these matters can now be obtained. A calculator witha stopwatch built in is now available from Cali-fornia Qualitron Corporation. This electronic timerallows the accumulation of time from 0.0 to 9,999,-999.0 sec. It can be started and stopped from the frontpanel as well as reset to zero. The instrument is alsocapable of counting down from nine million to zero

seconds. This lends itself nicely to limited holds. Thetime can be stored in memory (the unit has onememory location) so that an infinite number of dif-ferent response counts can be divided by time toyield rate of response.A small modification involving a mini-jack on the

side of the unit allows remote start/stop control (afoot switch is a good choice. The unit cost of thecalculator/timer is $16.50 and it can be obtainedthrough Formula International, Inc., Crenshaw Blvd.,Hawthorne, CA 90250.The unit has been found very useful in providing

individual instruction at a local elementary school.The foot-switch modification allows both of the in-structor's hands to be frea, which can be very im-portant in working with young children. It has alsoprovided time savings in rate computation whereseveral different response rates are involved.

Jeffrey R. FitzsimmonsDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of Florida

438

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