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“September 11, 2001, dramatically marked this

shift. At the same time, the United States itself emerged preeminent – or“unipolar” – after the Cold War, although by the end of the 1990s its power

and position in the global system were widely contested.” (Kenberry, 2010)

“Driven by these

gathering developments, the old American-led international order thatsurvived

the end of the Cold War appears increasingly to be in crisis.” (Kenberry, 2010)

“First, the end of the Cold War was a conservative world-historical event, a

story of the triumph, continuity, and consolidation of the American-led

postwar order. It is now clear that the United States and its democratic allieshad in fact created a deeply rooted, dynamic, and historically unique political

order in the shadow of the Cold War.” (Kenberry, 2010)

A hegemonia norte-americana após a queda da União Soviética.



• Bolsa de Valores de Moscou.



• Chefe de estado da Lituânia na NATO. Um antigo estado do Pacto de Varsóviaaderido a NATO.

“The North American Free Trade

Agreement (NAFTA), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC),

and the World Trade Organization (WTO) were elements of this expansion

and deepening process.” (Kenberry, 2010)

“The expansion of NATO and the reaffirmation of

American alliances in East Asia also amounted to a consolidation of the

American-led postwar liberal international order.” (Kenberry, 2010)



• Ocupação norte-americana no Afeganistão, em 2001. Em virtude da doutrinade caça ao terror do presidente George W. Bush.

“The globalization of the world

economy set new players and issues into motion. Fragmentation and disorder

in the Middle East and Africa – and the rise of fundamentalism in Afghanistan, Iran, and

elsewhere – emerged, in part, as a legacy of policies and actions taken

during the Cold War.” (Kenberry, 2010)



• Ocupação do Afeganistão em 2001.



“Iran, and elsewhere – emerged, in part, as a legacy of policies and actions taken

during the Cold War.” (Kenberry, 2010)

• Presidente dos EUA, Reagan em reunião com guerrilheiros Mujahideens na Casa

Branca, para destacar as atrocidades soviéticas no Afeganistão.



“From 2001 to 2009, the United States appeared less

willing to play the liberal hegemonic leader. There

emerged a crisis of governance.” (Kenberry, 2010)

“The post-Cold War era of American-led order seems to

be giving way to a new pluralism of governance. Old

multilateral institutions – the United Nations, the

International Monetary Fund, the World Bank – are

competing with other modes of governance. Theseinclude less formal mechanisms – such as the G-20 and

other coalitions – and regional organizations. The

worldwide financial crisis and economic slowdown,

which began in 2008 with an American banking crisis,

will only add to this reworking of institutional

arrangements.” (Kenberry, 2010)

“Indeed, the Cold War ended as it did in large part because this Western order

was so integrated, dynamic, and cooperative. This liberal international order

did not come to life automatically. It was built around hegemonic bargains

that today seem to be eroding.” (Kenberry, 2010)



“It remains uncertain whether a new system of

governance and rule can emerge to guide and protect the evolving liberal

international order in an era of rising non-Western states and contested and

uncertain American leadership.” (Kenberry, 2010)



Bibliografia:

IKENBERRY, G. John «The restructuring of the international system after

the Cold War” in: Melvyn P. Leffler (et all). The Cambridge History of the Cold War 3.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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