aragen: characterization of the gene at2g45570

8/3/2019 ARAGEN: Characterization of the Gene AT2G45570

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aragen-characterization-of-the-gene-at2g45570 1/11

2

KHBPBK]GPE[]EK[ AJ ]HG OGDG [GRWGDKG

]hg ogdg e{ cakb}gm ed }hg khpafa{afg 0# `g}ggd }hg~a{e}ead{ 28??5?5; bdm 28?82578# ed pgzgp{g

apegd}b}ead# bdm hb{ b cgdo}h aj 02:: `~$ ]hg {grwgdkg

kad}bed{ }a ed}padek pgoead{# ha{g cakbce|b}ead e{

{~gkejegm ed }hg jeowpg 2# ed bmme}ead }a }hg ~a{e}ead aj

}hg 7nW]P bdm ;½W]P pgoead{$@eaedjapfb}ek bdbcu{e{ aj }hg ogdg# kafèdgm e}h

}hg kaf~bpe{ad{ e}h a}hgp pgcb}gm ogdg{ hekh {hbpg

}hg {bfg gx~pg{{ead ~b}}gpd (B};o08?=># B]0O;=7>>#

B}=o;?;?> bdm B}0o0=28>% pgzgbc {afg ke{&bk}edo

pgowcb}apu {grwgdkg{ ~a}gd}ebccu ef~ap}bd} ed }hgkad}pac aj gx~pg{{ead# {wkh b Edp gcgfgd} (jpaf

28?8257= }a 28?825:2%# b OB]B èdmedo fa}ej

(~pa`b`cu jpaf 28?8502= }a 28?85025%# b _&àx(èdmedo {e}g jap }hg _PIU }pbd{kpe~}ead jbk}ap{%

~pa`b`cu `g}ggd }hg ~a{e}ead{ 28?85;27&28?85;0>

bdm adg ap fapg pgkaode}ead{ {e}g{ jap FU@ jbk}ap{#

~pa`b`cu cakb}gm `g}ggd }hg ~a{e}ead{ &57 bdm &205

w~{}pgbf aj awp ogdg# bc}hawoh da} zgpu gcc mgjedgm$

]hg ef~ap}bdkg aj }hg OB]B fa}ej e{ {w~~ap}gm ù }hg

gx~gpefgd}bc gzemgdkg{ }hb} {ha }hb} ed }hg odk fw}bd}

(bjjgk}gm ed }hg }pbd{kpe~}ead jbk}ap hekh pgkaode|g{

}hg OB]B fa}ej% }hg gx~pg{{ead aj awp ogdg e{pg~pg{{gm$

B{ }a e}{ pgcb}ezg ~a{e}ead e}h pg{~gk} }a a}hgp

ogdg{# e} e{ da}gap}hu }hb} e{ ~bp} aj b kcw{}gp }hb}edkcwmg }hg jawp fgf`gp{ aj }hg KU^?:K0 jbfecu# bcc

aj }hgf bpg apegd}gm ed bd}e{gd{g (jeowpg 2%<

B}0o=77:>< E} kamejeg{ }hg KU^?:K2 ~pa}ged9 e} e{

mad{}pgbf aj awp ogdg# e}h b cgdo}h aj 0=75 `~# bdm

jwdk}eadbccu hb{ `ggd mg{kpe`gm b{ ogpbdeac!dgpac

2>&humpaxucb{g$

B}0o=778>< E} kamejeg{ }hg KU^?:K; ~pa}ged9 e} e{

w~{}pgbf aj awp ogdg# e}h b cgdo}h aj 0>0; `~$

Jwdk}eadbccu# e} b~~gbp{ b{{akeb}gm e}h fbdu fg}bàcek~b}hbu{# ceig }hg b{kap`b}g bdm bcmbpb}g fg}bàce{f#

kawfbpedg bdm ~hgduc~pa~bdaem èa{ud}hg{e{ bdm

jcwapgdg mgopbmb}ead$

B}0o=775>< E} kamejeg{ }hg KU^?:K= ~pa}ged9 e} e{

w~{}pgbf aj ap ogdg# e}h b cgdo}h aj 022= `~9

jwdk}eadbccu e} e{ b{{akeb}gm e}h B}0o=778>$

]PBD[KPE^]EADBC KHBPBK]GPE[]EK[

E} hb{ `ggd emgd}ejegm b {edocg ~pefbpu }pbd{kpe~}#

pgkad{}pwk}gm jpaf ;? kMDB kcadg{# ha{g ~pg&fPDBhb{ b cgdo}h aj 0#2? i`~# bdm }hb}# bj}gp }hg ~a{}&}pbd{kpe~}eadbc ~pakg{{edo# pg{wc}{ ed b fb}wpg fPDB

e}h b cgdo}h aj 2?28 `~$

Gx~pg{{ead ~b}}gpd

]hg bdbcu{e{ aj }hg fekpabppbu mb}b a`}bedgm jpafKU^GMEB (Ku}akhpafg ^=7> Gx~pg{{ead Mb}b`b{g

w{edo Bpbèma~{e{% {ha{ b kaf~cgx ~b}}gpd# }biedo

~cbkg }hg edmwk}ead b} mezgp{g mgzgca~fgd}bc {}bog{ bdm

ed pg{~ad{g }a mejjgpgd} {}efwcw{$

]hw{# ej g bdbcu|g }hg }e{{wg gx~pg{{ead ~b}}gpd

(Jeowpg 0%# e} e{ ~a{{e`cg }a b~~pgkeb}g }hb} }hg fbxefwfcgzgc e{ bkhegzgm ed {g~bc{ (kadkpg}gcu ed }hg {}bog 27%#

edkpgb{edo }hg ogdg gx~pg{{ead 0: }efg{ pg{~gk} }a `b{bc

cgzgc$ Jwp}hgpfapg# e} bc{a b~~gbp{ edkpgb{gm }hg cgzgc{

aj a}hgp }a jcapbc hapc{# ~g}bc{ bdm {}bfgd# à}h ed

}hg 27 {}bog$ E} {hawcm `g ~aed}gm }hb} e{ ed }hg {}bog 2:

hgd }hg ~g}bc{ bdm {g~bc{ `goed }a e}hgp$

KHBPBK]GPE\B]EAD AJ ]HG OGDG B]0O=77?>Kpe{}û`bc Obccbpma Bc`b

Fg}ham{ bdm gx~gpefgd}bc }gkhdek{ ed ogdg}ek{# WFB

Jeowpg 2< [khgfg hekh mg}bec{ }hg me{~a{e}ead aj }hg ogdg B]0O=77?> ed }hg khpafa{afg



0

A}hgp }e{{wg{ bdm kgccwcbp {}b}g{ ed hekh gcgzb}gm

gx~pg{{ead cgzgc{ bpg mg}gk}gm bpg {gdg{kedo cgbzg{ bdmkgccwcbp {w{~gd{ead{# ~pa}a~cb{}{# bdm cgbj{ ed

mgmejjgpgd}eb}ead9 mgmejjgpgd}eb}ead kbd `g edmwkgm

mwpedo dapfbc mgzgca~fgd} bdm b{ pg{~ad{g }a zbpeaw{{}efwce# {wkh b{ ~b}haogd edjgk}ead bdm awdmedo# bdm

bc{a khbpbk}gpe|g{ }hg }pbd{e}ead aj mejjgpgd}eb}gm cgbj

kgcc{ ed}a ~pa}a~cb{}{ (~cbd} kgcc{ mgzaem aj kgcc bcc{%# b}pbd{e}ead bkkaf~bdegm ù emg{~pgbm khpafb}ed

mgkadmgd{b}ead$

]pbd{kpe~}afg ~pajecedo aj mgmejjgpgd}eb}edo }e{{wg{

pgzgbcgm {}peiedo {efecbpe}eg{ e}h {gdg{kedo kgcc{9 à}h

me{~cbu b cbpog edkpgb{g ed }hg gx~pg{{ead aj ogdg{ aj

{~gkejek }pbd{kpe~}ead jbk}ap (]J% jbfeceg{# edkcwmedoBDBK# _PIU# `\E^# bdm K0H0$ Jwp}hgp bdbcu{e{

hbzg {had }hb} cgbzg{ edmwkgm }a {gdg{kg ù gx~a{wpg

}a mbpi me{~cbu khbpbk}gpe{}ek jgb}wpg{ aj

mgmejjgpgd}eb}edo kgcc{# edkcwmedo khpafb}edmgkadmgd{b}ead# me{pw~}ead aj }hg dwkcgacw{# bdmkadmgd{b}ead aj pPDB ogdg{ (Mbfpe g} bc$#0>>5%

A}hgp }e{{wg{ bdm apobd{ hgpg e{ mg}gk}gm heoh

}pbd{kpe~}ead cgzgc{ bpg }hg {ecerwg{ ed mejjgpgd}

mgzgca~fgd}bc {}bog{ (fbedcu ed fb}wpg {ecerwg{%# bdm

{ggm{# (fbedcu `g}ggd }hg {}bog{ 8# 2> bdm fb}wpg

{ggm{%$ Ed bmme}ead# e} e{ bc{a mg}gk}gm b {}pado

kappgcb}ead `g}ggd }hg gx~pg{{ead aj awp ogdg bdm }hg

fgkhbdekbc mbfbog$

Ad }hg a}hgp hbdm# ej g bdbcu|g }hg gx~pg{{ead

~b}}gpd ed mejjgpgd} kadme}ead{ aj bèa}ek {}pg{{ (jeowpg

;%# g kbd {gg }hb} ed à}h paa}{ bdm cgbj{ }hg {}padog{}edmwk}ead b~~gbp b{{akeb}gm e}h {bcedg bdm a{fa}ek

{}pg{{ {e}wb}ead{# hgpg }hg fbxefwf fbode}wmg{ aj

khbdog bpg 2; bdm 77½? }efg{ pg{~gk}ezgcu$

Bc{a heoh cgzgc{ hbzg `ggd mg}gk}gm ed kadme}ead{

}hb} ~pamwkg axemb}ezg {}pg{{ (~bpbrwb}# a|adg#

dapjcwb|adg bdm WZ&@ eppbmeb}ead# pgbkhedo cgzgc{ aj 2?#2 }efg{ ed }hg }pgb}fgd} e}h a|adg%# kacm {}pg{{

(pgbkhedo fbxefwf zbpeb}ead{ aj 2? }efg{% bdm

fg}bccek {}pg{{# gxe{}edo gx~gpefgd}bc gzemgdkg{ hekh~pazg }hb} awp ogdg e{ edmwkgm ù ka~~gp {wc~hb}g#

kg{ewf bdm cgbm de}pb}g$

_e}h pgobpm }a }hg edmwk}ead ù èa}ek jbk}ap{# }hgbdbcu{e{ kbppegm aw} ad Kac&> cedg{ heohceoh} }hpgg

fekpaapobde{f{ b{ pg{~ad{e`cg jap }peoogpedo }hg

gx~pg{{ead aj awp ogdg< @a}pu}e{ kedgpgb (fbxefwf

edmwk}ead aj ;0 }efg{ b} =8 hawp{%# ^hu}a~h}apb

edjg{}bd{ (ha{g gjjgk} azgp ogpfedb}ead ~pamwkg{ bd

edkpgb{g aj ;#0 }efg{ b} : h% bdm ^{gwmafadb {upedobg#hgpgaj hbzg `ggd mg}gk}gm fbdu {}pbed{ }hb} edmwkg

}hg gx~pg{{ead# heohceoh}edo ^$ {upedobg MK;>>>

(kaf~b}e`cg ed}gpbk}ead% u ^$ {upedobg bzpP~f2

(edkaf~b}e`cg ed}gpbk}ead%# hbzedo mg}gk}gm bd edkpgb{gaj := }efg{ ed }hg gx~pg{{ead cgzgc{$

Jeowpg ;< Opb~hek hekh mg}bec }hg gx~pg{{ead ~b}}gpd ed pg{~ad{g }a mejjgpgd} kadme}ead{

Jeowpg 0< Gx~pg{{ead ~b}}gpd ed mejjgpgd} }e{{wg{



;

Fw}bd} Fbode}wmg aj }hg khbdog

B`b2# jpg{h {ggm{ 0#7

Bo20# jcagp 2#0

BPP00a# {ggmcedo 7#?

Kae2# {gdg{kedo cgbj 2#0

Owd2&owd7# hacg ~cbd} 2#5

Iw8># hacg ~cbd}# `cgafuked 5#8

Cgbju&OP# {ggmcedo# kuk =

DbhO# {gdg{kedo cgbj 2#=^ha2# fb}wpg cgbj 22#;

^ha;# cgbj 0#7

[jp0&2# hacg pa{g}}g# =¾K =#5

Wja2# jcagp 2#0

Kb}0 2?#0

Fapgazgp# hbzg `ggd emgd}ejegm {~gkejek gceke}ap{

hekh mg}gpfedg edkpgb{g ed gx~pg{{ead# kadkpg}gcu

hp~\# O[]D^^2 bdm jco00$ E} {hawcm `g ~aed}gm }hb} }hg

}pbd{kpe~} bkkwfwcb}ead hb~~gd{ ad }hg gbpcegp {}bog{ ed

}hg kb{g aj kaf~b}e`cg ed}gpbk}ead{$

Jedbccu# a}hgp kadme}ead{ hgpg hbzg `ggd bc{a

mg}gk}gm {eodejekbd} edkpgb{g ed }pbd{kpe~}ead{ cgzgc{ bpg

B@B }pgb}fgd} mwpedo ogpfedb}ead (22½; }efg{%#

~a}b{{ewf mgjekegdku (? }efg{%# edjgk}ead{ e}h PDB

zepw{# bdm mejjgpgd} fw}bd}{ (Jeowpg 7%# gf~hb{e|edokb}0 (2?½0 }efg{%# ~ha2 (22½; }efg{%# iw8> (5½8 }efg{%bdm BPP00>$ Ceige{g# }hg fw}bd} kdo e} e{ bc{a rwe}g

ed}gpg{}edo# ad hekh }hg }pbd{kpe~}ead e{ pg~pg{{gm$

]PBD[CB]EADBC KHBPBK]GPE[]EK[

]he{ ogdg kamejeg{ jap }hg ~pa}ged KU^?:K0

(Ku}akhpafg ^=7># Jbfecu ?:# [w`jbfecu K#

âcu~g~}emg 0%# hekh e{ bc{a idad b{ U[C: bdmJ2?I0$2>9 e} e{ b {edocg&~b{{ }pbd{fgf`pbdg

hgfa~pa}ged# e}h b ~pgmek}gm cgdo}h aj 720 bfedabkem{

(`gkbw{g }hgpg bpg adcu gzemgdkg{ b} }pbd{kpe~}eadbc

cgzgc% bdm# bc}hawoh }hgpg e{ ce}}cg kad{gd{w{ bàw} e}{

cakb}ead# pgkgd} mb}b ~aed} }hb} e} e{ cakb}gm ed }hg~cb{fb}ek fgf`pbdg (Hgdo&H{wbd Khw # 0>2>%$

^hu{ekbc bdm khgfekbc khbpbk}gpe{}ek{

]hg ~pa}ged hb{ b facgkwcbp geoh} aj 7?07:½0 mbc}ad{#

bd e{agcgk}pek ~aed} :½57:5 bdm e}{ opbdm bzgpbog aj

humpa~haèke}u (OPBZU% {kapg e{ &>#20$]hg ku}akhpafg{ ~=7> gd|ufg{ kbd èdm kbpàd

fadaxemg ed{}gbm aj axuogd# pg{wc}edo ed }hg

me{~cbkgfgd} aj }hg fbxefwf b`{ap`bdkg aj }hg hgfa

opaw~ b} =7> df# ~hgdafgdad }hb} obzg e}{ dbfg }a

{wkh ~pa}ged{ b{ êofgd} b`{apèdo b} =7> df (^=7>%$]he{ ~pa~gp}u e{ khbpbk}gpe{}ek aj }hg ~=7> gd|ufg{#

ha{g bk}eze}u e{ {}padocu edheè}gm ù kbpàd

fadaxemg b{{akeb}ead# }hb} bzaem{ }hg b{{akeb}ead e}h

axuogd# `w} }he{ edheè}ead kbd `g pgzgp}gm hgd e{

gx~a{gm }a =7>df bzgcgdo}h ceoh}$

Jwdk}eadbc khbpbk}gpe{}ek{

]he{ gd|ufg hb{ adcu }a mafbed{ # b }pbd{fgf`pbdgmafbed hekh e{ gx}gdmgm `g}ggd }hg ~a{e}ead{ : }a

0=# bdm }hg kbccgm ^=7> mafbed ap hbgf mafbed#

`g}ggd }hg ~a{e}ead{ ;5 }a 7=> (jeowpg ;%$ ]he{ mafbede{ edzaczgm ed }hg bk}ezb}ead bdm hg}gpace}ek kcgbzbog aj

}hg axuogd facgkwcg# }pbd{jgppedo bd b}af }a }hg

{w`{}pb}g# bdm pgmwkedo }hg bda}hgp adg }a japf b}gp$

]a `g jwdk}eadbc# }he{ ~pa}ged{ dggm{ }a `g

b{{akeb}gm }a gcgk}pad }pbd{jgp ~pa}ged{# }hg ku}akhpafg

^=7> pgmwk}b{g{# b jbfecu aj fwc}emafbed ~pa}ged{

hekh hacm }hpgg kajbk}ap èdmedo mafbed{ (JFD# JBM

bdm DBM^H% bdm b cedigp mafbed {e}wb}gm `g}ggd }hg

JFD bdm JBM!DBM^H mafbed{$ Hagzgp# e} hbzgd½}

`ggd emgd}ejegm }hg gcgk}pad madb}ap{ jap }hg ~pa}ged{

hekh bpgd½} ~cbkgm ed }hg PG ad ~cbd}{$

Jeowpg =< [khgfg }hb} mg}bec{ }hg zbpeaw{ kaf~adgd}{ emgd}ejegm ed awp ~pa}ged# hekh heohceoh}{ }hg }pbd{fgf`pbdg mafbed b} }hg

bfeda }gpfedw{# bdm }hg èdmedo pgoead aj hgfg opaw~ ed }hg oca`wcbp mafbed$

Jeowpg 7< Emgd}ejegm fw}bd}{ }hb} bjjgk} awp ogdg gx~pg{{ead$



=

^PA]GED JWDK]EAD

]hg pgjgpgdkg{ bàw} }hg jwdk}ead aj }he{ ~pa}ged bpg

{kbpkg# `gedo cefe}gm }a {}wmeg{ bàw} gx~pg{{ead cgzgc{

ed mejjgpgd} kadme}ead{# hekh bcca edjgppedo e}{ pacg ed

{}pg{{ pg{~ad{g {e}wb}ead{# b{ {had ed }hg edkpgb{g aj

}pbd{kpe~}ead b{{akeb}gm e}h }hg hu~gp{gd{e}ezgpg{~ad{g edmwkgm ù ~b}haogd{# {gdg{kgdkg# fgkhbdekbc

mbfbog ap }hgpfbc {haki$

Ed apmgp }a }pu }a me{kazgp ed hekh fg}bàcek~b}hbu e{ edzaczgm awp ogdg# ede}ebccu }a mejjgpgd}

{}pb}goeg{ gpg bmmpg{{gm< jep{}cu# kagx~pg{{ead ~b}}gpd

bdbcu{g{ gpg kbppegm aw}# bdm {gkadmcu# }hg fw}bd}{

}hb} {hagm }a khbdog }hg gx~pg{{ead ~b}}gp{ aj awp

ogdg b} }pbd{kpe~}eadbc cgzgc gpg mgg~cu bdbcu|gm$ @a}h

{}wmeg{ cgm }a ~pa~a{g bd apeoedbc jwdk}ead jap awp ogdg#hekh mad½} b~~gbp ed {kegd}ejek ce}gpb}wpg< }hg {ud}hg{e{

aj jcbzadaem{# ~pa`b`cu aj bd}hakubded{$ Adkg

emgd}ejegm }hg ~a{{e`cg jwdk}ead# e} gpg kad}pb{}gm e}h

e}{ ~a}gd}ebc pacg ed mejjgpgd} kepkwf{}bdkg{$[w`{grwgd}cu# bdbcu{e{ aj ap}hacaoaw{ ogdg{ gpg

kbppegm aw}# hekh ~pazemgm dg gzemgdkg{ bàw} }he{~pa~a{gm jwdk}ead bdm }hb} ecc `g mg}becgm cb}gp$

Kagx~pg{{ead ~b}}gpd bdbcu{e{

]he{ bdbcu{e{ b{ madg w{edo }hg mb}b`b{g{ aj }hpgg

mejjgpgd} ~cb}japf{< }hg Wdezgp{e}u aj Cggm{

( Bpbèma~{e{ Kagx~pg{{ead Mb}b Fededo ]aac{% hekh

ajjgp }a zgp{ead{ ! ~cb}japf{ kaf~pe{edo

aceoadwkcga}emg ~pa`g {g}{# }hg Bjjufg}pex B]H2 bdm

B}Ogdafg bppbu{ pg{~gk}ezgcu pgkaode|edo bpawdm

00>>> bdm 8>>> Bpbèma~{e{ ogdg{# B}}ggm&EE bdm

Kpg{{gx~pg{{$ Bcc kad}bed mb}b jpaf bd gx}pgfgcu emg

pbdog aj {bf~cg{# kazgpedo èa}ek bdm bèa}ek

}pgb}fgd}{# mejjgpgd} mgzgca~fgd}bc {}bog{ bdm fw}bd}bdbcu{e{ b} mejjgpgd} kadme}ead{$

Ed apmgp }a ma }hg bdbcu{e{# }hg ogdg{ gpg {ap}gm

bkkapmedo }hgep kappgcb}ead kagjjekegd} (p%# bdm }hg jep{}

jap}u ogdg{ aj gbkh {awpkg gpg {gcgk}gm$ ]hg ede}ebc {g}

edkcwmgm b }a}bc aj 2;> mejjgpgd} ogdg{# hekh b{

~pakg{{gm# kcw{}gpedo }hg kaffad ogdg{# bdm {gcgk}edo

}hg ogdg{ wha{g kappgcb}ead kagjjekegd} wgpg bàzg >―?

(jeowpg ?%$

]hw{# }hg jedbc {g} edkcwmgm =; ogdg{# aj hekh adcu

}hpgg aj }hgf# B]2O>57>># B]=O;?55> bdm

B]=O2858> b~~gbp pg~pg{gd}gm ad }hg jawp gx~pg{{ead

bppbu{# {haedo zgpu heoh kappgcb}ead kagjjekegd}{#

kadkpg}gcu zbcwg{ aj >½8;5?0:# >½80?57= bdm >#?805=8

pg{~gk}ezgcu (jeowpg ?%$ B]2O>57>> kameju jap }hg

~pa}ged J2=L5$2: # hecg }hb} B]=O;?55> kameju jap }hg

~pa}ged GCE;&0# à}h aj }hgf `gcadoedo }a }hg keddbfuc

bckahac mghumpaogdb{g jbfecu# edzaczgm b} }hg

~hgduc~pa~bdaem {ud}hg{e{ (Jeowpg :%$

B]=O2858># fgbdhecg# {ggf{ }a `g edzaczgm ed

{gdg{kgdkg pgowcb}ead9 e} kamejeg{ }hg ~pa}ged B}[=>&;#

hekh `gcado{ }a b opaw~ aj ogdg{ {hbpedo }hgkad{gpzgm MWJ7=8$

B}[=>&; e{ edmwkgm mwpedo {gdg{kgdkg bdm e{ bc{a

pgowcb}gm ed pg{~ad{g }a mbpi }pgb}fgd}# B@B# {bcekucek

bkem bdm ~b}haogd b}}bki$ ]hg {=>&;b fw}bd} e}h b ]&

MDB ed{gp}ead ed }hg ~pafa}gp pgoead aj }hg ogdg b{

a`{gpzgm }a hbzg {}buopggd ~hgda}u~g (Je{khgp&

Iecègd{ie g} bc$# 0>2>%$

Ad }hg a}hgp hbdm# adcu a}hgp }hpgg ogdg{ b~~gbp ad

}hpgg bppbu{# aj hekh adg aj }hgf# B}0o;???># e} e{

bc{a ef~cekb}gm ed }hg ~hgduc~pa~bdaem {ud}hg{e{9

kadkpg}gcu# }he{ ogdg kameju jap BIP=K5# b ~pa}ged }hb}{ha{ heoh hafacaou e}h khbckadg pgmwk}b{g#

{haedo b kappgcb}ead kagjjekegd} aj >/8=20# akkw~uedo

}hg jep{} ~a{e}ead ed }hg kagx~pg{{ead }b`cg (jeowpg ?%$

Jeowpg :< [kb}}gp mebopbf{9 B {ha{ }hg kappgcb}ead `g}ggd awpogdg bdm B]2O>57>># bdm @ e}h B]=O;?55># }hg {gkadm bdm

}hg }hepm aj }hg kappgcb}ead }b`cg# pg{~gk}ezgcu$



7

Jeowpg ?< ]b`cg }hb} edkcwmg{ }ha{g ogdg{ }hb} {ha {eodejekbd} kappgcb}ead zbcwg{# `b{gm ad mb}b jpaf mb}b`b{g{Bpb`ema~{e{$Cggm{# hekh ~pazemg }a {g}{# 00i (B% bdm 8i (@%#Kpg{{gx~pg{{ (K% bdm B]]GM&EE (M%$ ]hg fbpigm ogdg{ bpg

}ha{g ~a}gd}ebccu b{{akeb}gm e}h }hg {ud}hg{e{ aj bd}hakubded{$



:

Ed bmme}ead }a }ha{g mg{kpe`gm bàzg# }hg kappgcb}ead

bdbcu{e{ {ha a}hgp ogdg{ ~a}gd}ebccu edzaczgm ed

~hgduc~pa~bdaem ̀ ea{ud}hg{e{<

& B];O775?>< E} kamejeg{ jap }hg ~pa}ged LPO02# b

0AO&Jg (EE% axemappgmwk}b{g# hekh {ha{ hafacaou

e}h b cgwbd}hakebded meaxeogdb{g edzaczgm edbd}hakubded ̀ ea{ud}hg{e{$

& B]2O:8:0>< E} kamejeg{ b kbpàxucg{}gpb{g aj

wdidad jwdk}ead# bc}hawoh gxe{} gx~gpefgd}bcgzemgdkg{ bàw} }hg ef~cekb}ead aj {afg aj }hg{g

gd|ufg{ ed ~pefedo }hg ~cbd} `gjapg }hg axemb}ead bdm

mg~a{e}ead aj ~hgdacek{ (Ig~cbd * Iggd# 258>%$

& B]0O=?25>< ]he{ ogdg kamejeg{ jap }hg B}FU@0#

hekh kad}pac{ }hg B@B edmwk}ead aj {bc} bdmmghumpb}ead pg{~ad{ezg ogdg{# bc}hawoh e}{ bk}eze}u

gjjgk}{ e{ wdidad$ [gzgpbc P0P;&FU@{ bpg edzaczgm

ed }hg pgowcb}ead aj jcbzadaem èa{ud}hg{e{# bdmèaedjapfb}ek{ bdbcu{e{ ~gpjapfgm e}h mejjgpgd} }aac{

(LB[^G# Bc}hbfb~ bdm ^CBKG% ~pgmek} FU@ èdmedo

{grwgdkg{ ed awp ogdg$

& B]0O2858>< E} gdkamg{ }hg dwkcgbp&}bpog}gm ~pa}ged

B}[=>&;# }hb} famwcb}g{ {gdg{kgdkg b{{akeb}gm ogdg

gx~pg{{ead9 E} e{ b }pbd{kpe~}ead jbk}ap `gcadoedo }a }hg

_PIU jbfecu $]hgpg bpg gzemgdkg{ }hb} ~pazg }hb}

pb~em bdm fb{{ezg edmwk}ead aj _PIU ]J ogdg{ bpgkappgcb}gm e}h }hg edmwk}ead aj ogdg{ edzaczgm ed }hg

kgd}pbc ~hgduc~pa~bdaem ~b}hbu bdm }hg mad{}pgbf

{}g~{ ed }hg èa{ud}hg{e{ aj }hg jcbzadaem{ bdm {efecbp

kaf~awdm{$ (Dbawfiedb g} bc$#0>>8%$

& B]0O;5>;> ‛ ]he{ ogdg kamejeg{ jap ODB]# b

humpaxukeddbfauc& KaB< }upbfedg D&humpaxukeddb&

fauc}pbd{jgpb{g$

Ceige{g gxe{}{ a}hgp }hpgg ogdg{ hekh {ha

{}pado kappgcb}ead# bdm }hb} kameju jap gd|ufg{ e}hocuka{uc}pbd{jgpb{g bk}eze}u ha{g {w`{}pb}g{ bpg

wdidad# bdm }hb} kawcm `g edzaczgm ed }hg

~hgduc~pa~bdaem èa{ud}hg{e{# bk}edo b{ WM^&Ock<

~hgduc~pa~bdaem ocwka{uc}pbd{jgpb{g{ (WO]{%$

WO]{ kb}bcu|g }hg }pbd{jgp aj ocwka{g jpaf WM^&Ock

}a dwfgpaw{ {w`{}pb}g{ bdm pgowcb}g }hg bk}eze}u aj kaf~awdm{ }hb} ~cbu ef~ap}bd} pacg{ ed ~cbd} mgjgd{g

bobed{} ~b}haogd{$ Jwp}hgpfapg# }hg jpgg bkem{ pbpgcu

bkkwfwcb}g }a heoh cgzgc{ ed{emg ~cbd} kgcc{ ed jpgg japf9

ed{}gbm# }hgu bpg w{wbccu kadlwob}gm }a {wobp{ (g$o$#

{bcekucb}g&ocwka{g kadlwob}g{%# kgcc bcc kbpàhumpb}g{

(g$o$# jgpwcb}g g{}gp{%# ap apobdek bkem{ (g$o$# {edb~b}gg{}gp{# khcapaogdek bkem%$([khde}|cgp g} bc$# 2550%$

Fbdu ~hgduc~pa~bdaem{ hbzg `ggd {had }a

bkkwfwcb}g ed }hg zbkwacg# w{wbccu b{ ocuka{emg{ ap

a}hgp kadlwob}g{$

A}hgp ogdg{ hekh {ha {}pado kappgcb}ead bdm }hb}

~a}gd}ebccu kawcm `g b{{akeb}gm bpg B]2O;05=> bdm

B]7O008:># hekh kameju ogdg{ e}h heoh hafacaou

e}h {gpedg&~g~}emb{g{# bdm bc}hawoh b ~peape ma da}

{ggf }a `g pgcb}gm e}h ~hgduc~pa~bdaem ~b}hbu#

pgkgd} {}wmeg{ `pedo wdmgp }hg {~a}ceoh} }hb} }hg

jwdk}eadbc bdda}b}ead `b{gm ad {grwgdkg ajjgp fbduwdidad{# bdm hbzg mgfad{}pb}gm }hg gzacw}eadbpu

jcgxeèce}u aj ~cbd} ~hgduc~pa~bdaem èa{ud}hg{e{

}hpawoh }hg me{kazgpu }hb} bd bkuc}pbd{jgpb{g edzaczgm

ed }hg èa{ud}hg{e{ aj }hg fblap cgbj humpaxukeddbfb}gg{}gp# {edb~auc fbcb}g# e{ gdkamgm ed Bpbèma~{e{ ù b

ogdg e}h heoh {grwgdkg emgd}e}u }a {gpedg

kbpàxu~g~}emb{g{ (Cghjgcm} g} bc$# 0>>>%# aj hekh

}hgpg bpg dwfgpaw{ bdda}b}gm ug} da} jwdk}eadbccu

khbpbk}gpe|gm jbfecu fgf`gp{ ed }hg Bpbèma~{e{

ogdafg$

Gx~pg{{ead bdbcu{e{ aj fw}bd}{

]he{ hu~a}hg{e{ e{ bc{a {w~~ap}gm ù }hg gx~pg{{ead

cgzgc{ aj awp ogdg ed }hg ~ha2 fw}bd}# hekh hb{ `ggd

pgkgd}cu emgd}ejegm }a bjjgk} b ~pa}ged edzaczgm ed }hg

cabmedo aj edapobdek ~ha{~hb}g ed}a }hg xucgf aj paa}{

ed Bpbèma~{e{$ Ed }he{ fw}bd}# hekh hb{ `ggd {had }apg{~adm }a ~ha{~hb}g mgjekegdku ed }hg cgbzg{ ù

mgkpgb{edo }hg bfawd} aj ~ha{~hb}emucocukgpac (Ô%#

}hg gx~pg{{ead cgzgc{ aj B]0O=77?> bpg edkpgb{gm 22/;

}efg{# hekh e{ kad{e{}gd} e}h gx~gpefgd}bc

gzemgdkg edmekb}edo }hb} bkkwfwcb}ead aj bd}hakubded e{

adg aj }hg khbpbk}gpe{}ek pg{~ad{g{ aj ~cbd}{ }a ê{}bpzb}ead zeb b MGCCB&Mg~gdmgd} Fgkhbde{f (Mexad

g} ^bezb# 2557%$Edkpgb{g{ ed jacebp bd}hakubded{ hbzg

`ggd pg~ap}gm ed ~ha{~hapw{&mgjekegd} Bpbèma~{e{

(\bihcgdewi g} bc$#0>>2%$

Bda}hgp bpowfgd} }hb} lw{}ejeg{ }he{ hu~a}hg{e{ e{

KB]0H^0# b }pbd{ogdek B$ }hbcebdb cedg mgjekegd} ed

KB]0# b ~gpaxe{afbc kb}bcb{g# ha{g ~hgda}u~g e{

edkpgb{gm {gd{e}eze}u }abpm à}h a|adg bdm

~ha}apg{~epb}apu H0A0&edmwkgm kgcc mgb}h # {haedo

bc{a {eodejekbd} opa}h pg}bpmb}ead$ Gx~pg{{ead bdbcu{e{aj }he{ cedg{ {hagm bd edkpgb{g ed ogdg gx~pg{{ead

cgzgc{ aj awp ogdg aj 2?½0 }efg{ (Zbdmgdb`ggcg g}bc$#0>>=% # hekh e{ kad{e{}gd} e}h bd edkpgb{g ed

bd}hakubded cgzgc{ oezgd e}{ bd}eaxemb}ezg ~pa~gp}eg{#

ha{g ~pg{gdkg kawcm ~pa}gk} {gd{e}ezg {}pwk}wpg{ {wkhb{ fgf`pbdg{ (Cgdo g} bc$# 0>>>% ap khcapa~hucc jpaf

mgopbmb}ead$ E} e{ da}gap}hu }hb} bc{a b~~gbp }a edmwkg

gx~pg{{ead aj GCE;&0 (B}=o;?55>% 0; }efg{$

Jwdk}eadbc ef~cekb}ead{

Da# g {hbcc ~pakggm }a ~pa~a{g ~a{{e`cg jwdk}eadbc

ef~cekb}ead{ aj awp ogdg ed mejjgpgd} kad}gx}{$



?

& Gx~pg{{ead ed {ggm{ bdm {ecerwg{< ecm }u~g {ggm{

kad}bed fapg }hbd 0: mejjgpgd} jcbzadaem{ `gcadoedo }a

jcbzadac{ (fada bdm meocuka{ucb}gm rwgpkg}ed#

ibgf~jgpac bdm e{aphbfdg}ed mgpezb}ezg{% bdm jcbzbd&;&

ac{ (g~ekb}gkhed fadafgp{ bdm {acw`cg ~pakubdemed

~acufgp{ e}h mgopgg{ aj ~acufgpe|b}ead w~ }a 5%# fa{}

aj }hgf hbzg `ggd mg{kpe`gm jap }hg jep{} }efg ed Bpbèma~{e{# bdm b~~gbp ed fa{} aj }efg{ b{ ocwka{ec&

kadlwob}g{$ (Paw}bàwc g} bc$# 0>>:%$ Bc{a ed {ecerwg{

hbzg `ggd emgd}ejegm bkkwfwcb}ead{ aj e{a~pa~bdaem{$

Hagzgp# ed fa{} kb{g{# }hg jwdk}ead{ aj }hg{gkaf~awdm{ bpg wdidad$

& Gx~pg{{ead ed {g~bc{ bdm ~g}bc{< bc}hawoh

bd}hakubded{ bpg }hg fblap jcagp ~eofgd}{ ed heohgp

~cbd}{# }he{ e{ da} e}{ jwdk}ead ed Bpbèma~{e{$ _ge{{

(0>>>% da}gm }hb} bd}hakubded{ feoh} jbkece}b}g }hg}pbd{~ap} aj {wobp{ ed jcagp{ {edkg }hgu gxe{} bcfa{}

gxkcw{ezgcu b{ ocuka{emg{# ed awp kb{g ~pa`b`cu

b{{akeb}gm e}h ec}edo$ ^hgduc~pa~bdaem ~acubfedgkadlwob}g{ hbzg `ggd emgd}ejegm ed jcagp{ bdm ~accgd

opbed{ aj Bpbèma~{e{# hbzedo emgd}ejegm {gzgpbc ogdg{

bdm gd|ufg{ }hg èa{ud}hg}ek ~b}hbu cgbmedo }ajcagp bdm ~accgd {~gkejek ~hgduc~pa~bdaem kadlwob}g{

ed B$ }hbcebdb# `w} }hg {~gkejek jwdk}ead aj }hg{g

kadlwob}g{ jap jcagp ap ~accgd mgzgca~fgd} pgfbed{ b

fu{}gpu (Jgccgd`gpo g} bc$# 0>>5%$

& Gx~pg{{ead ed {}bfgd< Jcagp Jcbzadaem ]pbd{~ap}gp

(JJ] % gdkamg{ b fwc}empwo bdm }axed gjjcwx jbfecu

}pbd{~ap}gp ed Bpbèma~{e{ }hbcebdb$ JJ] (B}M]X;7% e{

heohcu }pbd{kpe`gm ed jcapbc }e{{wg{# `gedo cakbce|gm }a

g~emgpfbc owbpm kgcc{# edkcwmedo }ha{g aj }hg bd}hgp{#{}eofb# {ecerwg{ bdm dgk}bpeg{$ Fw}bd} bdbcu{e{mgfad{}pb}g{ }hb} }hg b`{gdkg aj JJ] }pbd{kpe~} bjjgk}{

jcbzadaem cgzgc{ ed }hg ~cbd} bdm }hb} }hg bc}gpgm

jcbzadaem fg}bàce{f hb{ emg&pbdoedo kad{grwgdkg{#

bjjgk}edo mghe{kgdkg bdm ~accgd fb}wpb}ead$

& Gx~pg{{ead ed ~b}haogd pg{~ad{g< }hg jwdk}ead{ aj ~hgduc~pa~bdaem kaf~awdm{ ed ~cbd} mgjgdkg pbdog

jpaf ~pgjapfgm ap edmwke`cg ~hu{ekbc bdm khgfekbc

`bppegp{ bobed{} edjgk}ead }a {eodbc facgkwcg{ edzaczgm

ed cakbc bdm {u{}gfek {eodbccedo jap mgjgdkg ogdg

edmwk}ead$ Mgjgd{ezg jwdk}ead{ bpg da} pg{}pek}gm }a b

~bp}ekwcbp kcb{{ aj ~hgduc~pa~bdaem kaf~awdm# `w} bpgjawdm ed }hg {ef~cg humpaxukeddbfek bkem{ bdm

fadaceodac{ }hpawoh }a }hg fapg kaf~cgx jcbzadaem{#

e{ajcbzadaem{ bdm {}ec`gdg{$

& Gx~pg{{ead ed fgkhbdekbc mbfbog< fbdu

~hgduc~pa~bdaem kaf~awdm{ bpg edmwkgm ed pg{~ad{g }aawdmedo ap jggmedo ù hgpèzapg{$ cdkpgb{gm cgzgc{ aj

kawfg{}pac bdm kawfbped bpg }axek }a ~a}gd}ebc

hgpèzapg{# kbw{edo g{}paogdek bdm bd}ekabowcbd}

gjjgk}{# bdm ~{apbcgd{ kbd kbw{g ~ha}a&edmwkgm

`ce{}gpedo ([fe}h# 2580%$ _awdm&edmwkgm khcapaogdekbkem# bciuc jgpwcb}g g{}gp{# bdm kgcc bcc&àwdm ~hgdacek

g{}gp{ fbu bk} mepgk}cu b{ mgjgd{g kaf~awdm{ ap fbu{gpzg b{ ~pgkwp{ap{ jap }hg {ud}hg{e{ aj ceoded# {w`gped#

bdm a}hgp awdm&edmwkgm ~acu~hgdacek `bppegp{

(Hbhc`paki bdm [khggc# 25859 @gpdbpm{ bdm Cge{#

2550%$ ]hg bkkwfwcb}ead aj jcbzadac{ {wkh b{

ibgf~jgpac bdm e}{ ocuka{emg{ e{ edmwkgm ù awdmedo

ed ~g}wdeb (Fa g} bc$# 25509 zbd mgp Fggp g} bc$# 25509

Zao} g} bc$# 255=%$

& Gx~pg{{ead ed {bcedg bdm a{fa}ek {}pg{{<

Bd}hakubded{ bpg heohcu b}gp {acw`cg# g{~gkebccu b{

ocuka{emg{# bdm bpg w{wbccu jawdm ed zbkwacg{$ ]hg

edkpgb{gm bkkwfwcb}ead aj {acw}g ed bdu ~cbd} kgcc eccbcca e} }a fbed}bed }acgpb`cg b}gp kadme}ead{ gzgd

wdmgp heoh cgzgc{ aj gx}gpdbc a{fa}ekwf$ ]he{ hb{

~bp}ekwcbpcu ef~ap}bd} ef~cekb}ead{ jap ~cbd}{ pg{e{}bd}

}a {bcedg hbè}b}{$ [}wmeg{ e}h kgcc kwc}wpg{ aj zbpeaw{

{~gkeg{ jedm bd}hakubded bkkwfwcb}ead pg{wc}edo jpaf

a{fa}ek {}pg{{ edmwkgm ù fbdde}ac (]hacbibcb`bze g}bc$# 255?9 ]hacbibcb`bze g} bc$# 255=9 Ma bdm Kapfegp#

2552b9 Pblgdmpbd g} bc$# 25509 [w|wie# 2557% $

^pg{wfb`cu# }hg bkkwfwcb}ead aj bd}hakubded{mgkpgb{g{ a{fa}ek ~a}gd}ebc bdm }hgpgù ~pgzgd}{ }hg

ca{{ aj }wpoap# bk}edo b{ a{fapgowcb}ap{$ Gx~gpefgd}{ ed

hacg&~cbd} {u{}gf{ hbzg {had {efecbp pg{wc}{$

& Gx~pg{{ead ed pg{~ad{g }a axembd} bogd}{< oezgd }hg

bd}eaxemb}ezg ~pa~gp}eg{ aj bd}hakubded{# }hgep ~pg{gdkg

kawcm ~pa}gk} {gd{e}ezg {}pwk}wpg{ {wkh b{ fgf`pbdg{

(Cgdo g} bc$# 0>>>% ap khcapa~hucc jpaf mgopbmb}ead# bdm

bc{a edkpgb{g }hg ~gpkgd}bog aj àwdm b}gp e}hed }hg

kgcc{$ Fbdu {}wmeg{ {w~~ap} }hg hu~a}hg{e{ }hb}

bd}hakubded {ud}hg{e{ ed paa}# {}gf bdm g{~gkebccu cgbj }e{{wg{ fbu bcca }hg ~cbd} }a mgzgca~ pg{e{}bdkg

kad{grwgdkg aj ef~pazgm pg{e{}bdkg }a axemb}ezg {}pg{{#kbw{gm ù e}{ kad}pe`w}ead{ e}h ~gpaxemb{g bk}eze}u$

(GpuĲcfb| # 0>>:%$

& Gx~pg{{ead ed dw}pegd} mgjekegdku< < dw}pegd}# bdm~bp}ekwcbpcu de}paogd (D%# mgjeke}{ mg}pefgd}bccu bjjgk}

~ha}a{ud}hg}ek jwdk}ead bdm gjjekegdku bdm mgkpgb{g }hg

cgzgc{ aj Kbczed Kukcg gd|ufg{# hekh kaffadcu

edmwkg{ ap gdhbdkg{ }hg bkkwfwcb}ead aj jacebp

bd}hakubded ed cgbzg{ aj fbdu ~cbd} {~gkeg{$

^ha{~hapw{ (^% mgjeke}# hekh pg{}pek}{ ~ha{~hb}g cgzgc{

g{{gd}ebc }a gdgpou fg}bàce{f ([bce{`wpu * Pa{{#

2550%# edkpgb{gm bd}hakubded kad}gd} ed b pbdog aj

fadaka}ucgmadaw{ bdm meka}ucgmadaw{ ~cbd}{(B}ied{ad# 25?;%$ Fbxefwf cgzgc{ aj bd}hakubded

bkkwfwcb}ead ed \$ fbu{ akkwppgm bj}gp 7 mbu{ wdmgp

~a}b{{ewf (I% mgjekegdku (I mgjeke} ef~bep{

~ha}a{ud}hg}ek gd|ufg jwdk}ead9 @hbdmbc * Fbcei#

2588%# 2> mbu{ wdmgp ^ mgjekegdku# bdm 27 mbu{ wdmgp D

mgjekegdku (Cbbd{ad g} bc$# 25?0%$ [wkh gzemgdkg{ bpg

~gpjgk}cu kad{e{}gd} e}h }hg gx~pg{{ead cgzgc{ aj awp

ogdg# ha{g }pbd{kpe~}ead e{ edmwkgm ? }efg{ ed~a}b{{ewf mgjekegdku kadme}ead{# bdm# bc}hawoh ad

gx~pg{{ead fekpabppbu{ gpg da} bdbcu{gm }hg `ghbzeawp

ed pg{~ad{g }a de}paogd ap ~ha{~hapw{ mgjekegdku# }hg

gjjgk} ed pg{~ad{g }a ~ha{~hapw{ mgjekegdku kawcm `g

{}wmegm }hpawoh }hg ^ha2 fw}bd}# ed hekh }hggx~pg{{ead e{ edmwkgm 22#; }efg{$



8

Fapg }g{}{ bpg dggmgm }a {}wmu }hg gjjgk} bobed{}

de}paogd cefe}b}ead$

& Gx~pg{{ead ed jpgg|edo< ca }gf~gpb}wpg hb{ `ggd

{had }a edmwkg bd}hakubded {ud}hg{e{ bdm

bkkwfwcb}ead ed cgbzg{ aj b dwf`gp aj {~gkeg{$

Bd}hakubded{ awcm {gpzg }a mg~pg{{ }hg jpgg|edo ~aed}aj b}gp ed }hg{g }e{{wg{# pgmwkedo }hg ceigcehaam aj }hg

ed}gpdbc {~pgbm aj ekg jpaf dwkcgb}edo gzgd}{ ad }hg cgbj

{wpjbkg$ Bmme}eadbccu# }hg ~pg{gdkg aj kgccwcbp

bd}hakubded{ awcm mgkpgb{g }hg {acw}g ~a}gd}ebc bdmedheè} b}gp feopb}ead ed}a gx}pbkgccwcbp {~bkg{

Pgkgd}cu# FkIad g} bc$ (255:% mg{kpe`gm jawp

Bpbèma~{e{ fw}bd}{ mgjekegd} ed jpgg|edo }acgpbdkg

gpg wdb`cg }a bkkwfwcb}g bd}hakubded{# {woog{}edo

{afg kaffadbce}u `g}ggd bd}hakubded èa{ud}hg{e{

bdm jpgg|edo }acgpbdkg$

& Gx~pg{{ead ed {gdg{kgdkg< }hg bkkwfwcb}ead aj

bd}hakubded{ ed }gf~gpb}g# {gdg{kedo mgkemwaw{ cgbzg{hb{ `ggd ed}gd{ezgcu {}wmegm à}h mg{kpe~}ezgcu bdm

gx~gpefgd}bccu$ E} e{ idad }hb} bd}hakubded{ bpg

{ud}hg{e|gm mg daza ed pg{~ad{g }a }hg {hap}gp mbu{ bdmkaacgp deoh}{ aj bw}wfd$ ]hg bèce}u aj bd}hakubded{ }a

èdm e}h a}hgpe{g pgbk}ezg {wobp{ {wkh b{ ocwka{g

fbig{ }hg{g ~eofgd}{ caoekbc kbdmemb}g{ jap

kbpàhumpb}g }pbd{~ap} mwpedo {gdg{kgdkg$ Edmggm# }hg

~pg{gdkg aj jacebp {wobp{ hb{ `ggd {had }a edmwkg

bd}hakubded {ud}hg{e{ b{ me{kw{{gm gbpcegp$Bd}hakubded{ ed }hg{g }e{{wg{ kawcm bc{a mg~pg{{ }hg

a{fa}ek ~a}gd}ebc aj }hg cgbj {a b{ }a mgkpgb{g b}gp ca{{

bdm {w~~ap} }ha{g èakhgfekbc ~b}hbu{ b{{akeb}gm

e}h ~paopbffgm {gdg{kgdkg$

& Gx~pg{{ead ed pg{~ad{g }a B@B< }pgb}fgd} e}h B@B

{}efwcb}gm bkkwfwcb}ead aj bd}hakubded bdm ~hgdacek{

b{ gcc b{ edkpgb{gm g}hucgdg ~pamwk}ead$ ^bpbccgc

khbdog{ ed bd}hakubded bkkwfwcb}ead bdm ^BC bk}eze}u

b~~bpgd}cu pgjcgk} kad}pac aj bd}hakubded {ud}hg{e{ ù

^BC# ~pg{wfb`cu }hpawoh }hg {w~~cu aj kaf~adgd}keddbfek bkem facgkwcg{$ (Lebdo g} Laukg# 0>>;%$

& Gx~pg{{ead ed WZ gx~a{e}ead< jcbzadaem{ bdm a}hgp

~hgduc~pa~bdaem hbzg cado `ggd }hawoh} }a ~cbu b pacg

ed ~pa}gk}edo bobed{} WZ eppbmeb}ead# `gkbw{g }hgu

bkkwfwcb}g ~pefbpecu ed }hg g~emgpfbc bdm hu~amgpfbccbugp{ aj cgbzg{ bdm {}gf{ (}hg fa{} eccwfedb}gm cbugp{%

bdm {}padocu b`{ap` ceoh} ed }hg WZ&: bzgcgdo}h{$

Pgkgd} {}wmeg{ hbzg mgfad{}pb}gm }hb} ed

Bpbèma~{e{ cgbzg{# cgzgc{ aj jcbzadaem{ ({wkh b{

ibgf~jgpac kadlwob}g{% bdm {edb~b}g g{}gp{ edkpgb{g ed

pg{~ad{g }a WZ eppbmeb}ead (Ce g} bc$#255;9 Cae{# 255=%#{w~~ap}edo }he{ ~pa~a{gm ~pa}gk}ezg pacg$

& Gx~pg{{ead ed fg}bccek {}pg{{< gx~gpefgd}bc gjjap}{

hbzg cedigm bd}hakubded bkkwfwcb}ead }a gx~a{wpg }a

hgbzu fg}bc{# edkcwmedo ka`bc}# epad# fbdobdg{g#zbdbmewf# bdm |edk$ ]hg fgkhbde{f({% `ghedm hgbzu

fg}bc }acgpbdkg e{ da} kcgbpcu wdmgp{}aam$ B ~a{{e`cg~hu}akhgcb}edo gjjgk} e{ mg{kpe`gm ù Hbcg g} bc$ (0>>2%#

hgpgù bd}hakubded{ èdm }a facu`mgdwf bdm bpg

{grwg{}gpgm ed }hg zbkwacg{ aj ~gpe~hgpbc }e{{wg{$ Bd

edbèce}u }a japf ~hu}akhgcb}ap{ (edkcwmedo

bd}hakubded{% b{ jawdm ed Bpbèma~{e{ fw}bd}{ e}h

hu~gp{gd{e}eze}u }a kbmfewf gx~a{wpg (Xebdo g} bc$

0>>2%$ A}hgp gzemgdkg {woog{}{ }hb} hgbzu fg}bc{ bjjgk}

~cbd} b}gp pgcb}ead{$

^HECAOGDG]EK BDBCU[E[

Hafacaoaw{ ogdg{

Bj}gp {gbpkhedo jap ~pa}ged{ e}h {grwgdkg hafacaou#0?5 ~pa}ged{ {hagm {eodejekb}ezg zbcwg{ (jap β 6 >#>2%#

bcc `gcadoedo }a }hg ku}akhpafg ^=7> {w~gpjbfecu#

pgjcgk}edo }hg gdapfaw{ mezgp{e}u aj }he{ opaw~$ Edmggm#adg aj }hg {wp~pe{edo jedmedo{ hgd Bpbèma~{e{

ogdafg {grwgdkg b{ kaf~cg}gm b{ }hg gx}pbapmedbpu

mezgp{e}u aj }he{ {w~gpjbfecu$ ]hg jedbc ^=7> kawd} ed}hg kaf~cg}g ogdafg e{ 0== ogdg{# {afg aj hekh

~pamwkg mejjgpgd} ogdek ~pamwk}{ ù bc}gpdb}ezg {~cekedo#

bdm 08 ~{gwmaogdg{# hekh fbig{ ^=7>{ adg aj }hg

cbpog{} jbfeceg{ aj gd|ufg ~pa}ged{ ed ~cbd}{$

Bfado }hg ogdg{ }hb} {ha opgb}gp mgopgg aj

hafacaou bpg }ha{g `gcadoedo }a }hg KU^?: jbfecu#

hekh edkcwmg dedg ogdg{ ed }hg Bpbèma~{e{ ogdafg#

geoh} `gcado }a }hg KU^?:K {w`jbfecu (edkcwmedo adg

~{gwmaogdg% bdm b {edocg adg }a }hg {w`jbfecuKU^?:O$ ]hg jwdk}ead aj }hg{g ^=7>{ e{ da} idad#

gxkg~} jap b ~b}gd} kcbefedo ogpbdeac 2>&humpaxucb{g

bk}eze}u jap KU^?:K2 (A}bh bdm Fe|w}bde# 2558%$

KU^?:K2 }a K= japf b {fbcc kcw{}gp ad khpafa{afg 0#

bdm b~~gbp }a hbzg bpe{gd ù ogdg mw~cekb}ead$

KU^?:K2 b{ {had }a `g heohcu gx~pg{{gm ed

jcagp{# bdm b} cagp cgzgc{ ed {}gf{# {ecerwg{ bdmcgbzg{ (Fe|w}bde g} bc$# 2558%$ E}{ gx~pg{{ead e{

mgkpgb{gm ù awdmedo$ E} opbmwbccu edkpgb{g{ w~ad

eccwfedb}ead bdm mpa~{ hgd ~cbd}{ bpg pg}wpdgm }a }hg

mbpi$



5

Ap}hacaoaw{ ogdg{

^=7> ku}akhpafg{ hbzg `ggd emgd}ejegm ed bcc

mafbed{ aj cejg# }hb} e{# ed bdefbc{# ~cbd}{# jwdow{#

~pa}e{}{# bpkhgb{ bdm gzgd {afg zepw{# hbzedo `ggd

emgd}ejegm fapg }hbd 227>> mejjgpgd} KU^ ~pa}ged{9

`gkbw{g }he{ hwog mezgp{e}u# jap }hg bdbcu{e{ gpg

{gcgk}gm }hg jep{} ;5 ~pa}ged{ `gcadoedo }a mejjgpgd}

ogdw{$ ]hg {grwgdkg bceodfgd} {hagm }hpggkcw{}gp{ kcgbpcu mejjgpgd}9 B]0O=77?> e{ opaw~gm

e}h a}hgp : ogdg{ (pgm `pbdkh ed jeowpg 5B%#

bc}hawoh bpg bc{a wdkhbpbk}gpe|gm KU^ aj wdidad

jwdk}ead$

Ad }hg a}hgp hbdm# mg{~e}g }hg mezgp{e}u aj }bxb# }hg

bceodfgd} {ha{ 0: kaf~cg}gcu kad{gpzgm bfedabkem{

bfado bcc }hg {grwgdkg{# heohceoh}edo b pgoead bpawdm

}hg bk}ezg {e}g hekh edkcwmg{ 02 aj }hg{g pg{emwg{

(jeowpg 5K%$ Bmme}eadbc {}wmeg{ bàw} }hg jwdk}eadbc

ef~cekb}ead aj {wkh pg{emwg{ kawcm `g zgpu w{gjwc }a

b{{eod jwdk}ead{ }a }hg{g ~pa}ged{# `gkbw{g# oezgd }hg

gdapfaw{ jwdk}eadbc ~cb{}eke}u aj KU^ ed }hg db}wpg#

{afg aj }hg{g kad{gpzgm pg{emwg{ kawcm `g pg{~ad{e`cgaj {w`{}pb}g {~gkejeke}u ad hekh }hgu bk}$ ]he{

~pa~a{bc e{ {w~~ap}gm ù }hg jbk} }hb}# mg{~e}g }hg

wdidad jwdk}ead aj fa{} aj }hg{g ~pa}ged{# 2; aj }hgf

(;;'% hb{ `ggd emgd}ejegm b{ Jcbzadaem ;/#7/&

humpaxucb{g{# hekh bc{a {w~~ap}{ }hg hu~a}hg{e{ aj }hg

edzaczgfgd} aj awp ogdg ed bd}hakubded{ fg}bàce{f$ B@

K

Jeowpg 8< Bceodfgd} aj ogdg{ hekh {ha {}padog{} hafacaou mgopgg ed Bpbèma~{e{ }hbcebdb

Jeowpg 5< B% ^hucaogdg}ek }pgg aj }hg ;5 ~pa}ged{ e}h fapg hafacaou mgopgg$ @% Mg}bec{ aj }hg `pbdkh hekh edkcwmg{ awp ogdg$ K%Mg}bec{ aj }hg bceodfgd} pgoead{ hekh {ha heohgp kad{gpzb}ead mgopgg$ ]hg b{}gpe{i edmekb}g }hb} }hg{g ~pa}ged{ hbzgd½} `ggd

khbpbk}gpe|gm$



2>

]AAC[ JAP BDBCU[E[ AJ OGDG

_g hbzg jawp }aac{ jap }hg bdbcu{e{ aj awp ogdg< kMDB

kcadg{# fw}bd} cedg{# {ecgdkgm cedg{ ù ePDB bdm }hg

gf~cau aj }hg Axuogd @ea{gd{ap [u{}gf jap gd|ufb}ek

bdbcu{e{$

kMDB kcadg{

Ed }hg ]bep mb}b`b{g }hgpg bpg geoh} kMDB kcadg{ aj awp

ogdg# aj hekh }hpgg# W2:8;># O[C]C[;\J>= bdm

PBJC>8&25&K>? bpg rwe}g ed}gpg{}edo<

& W2:8;> Kcadg< E} e{ `g}ggd }hg ~a{e}ead{ 28??58?0

}a 28?825009 e} hb{ b cgdo}h aj 0>72 `~ bdm edkcwmg{ }hg

}pbd{cb}b`cg pgoead aj }hg }pbd{kpe~}# bdm b ;/W]P

jpbofgd}$ E} b{ kcadgm ed}a b ^GD]P![M&M]AÂ

zgk}ap$

& O[C]C[;\J>=< E} e{ `g}ggd }hg ~a{e}ead{ 28??5?5;

bdm 28?825059 e} hb{ b cgdo}h aj 02;? `~ bdm edkcwmg{

}hg whacg }pbd{kpe~} gxkg~} bd ede}ebc 7― W]P jpbofgd}$

& PBJC>8&25&K>?< E} e{ `g}ggd }hg ~a{e}ead{28??5827 ‛ 28?8>2?=9 e} hb{ b cgdo}h aj ;:> `~ bdm

edkcwmg{ }hg }hepm gxad bdm }hg ;½W]P# à}h

edkaf~cg}g$

Hagzgp# }hg adcu kwppgd}cu bzbecb`cg e{ W2:8;>$

Fw}bd} cedg{

]hgpg bpg jezg [BCI cedg{ g{~gkebccu ed}gpg{}edo jap }hg

{}wmu aj awp ogdg< [BCIQ>228:7K# hekh hb{ `ggd

ogdgpb}gm ù ]&MDB ed{gp}ead ed }hg ~a{e}ead

28?80>;0# w~{}pgbf aj }hg 7nW]P9 }he{ fw}bd} awcm

cg} w{ {}wmu }hg ~pafa}gp {grwgdkg aj }hg ogdg$ A}hgp

ed}gpg{}edo cedg{ bpg [I007>># [I007> (à}h pg{wc}gm aj

}hg ed{gp}ead aj ]&MDB ed }hg {gkadm gxad%#[BCIQ2>?8;7$;=$>7$x bdm [BCIQ2>?8;:$2:$?>$x#

(à}h ogdgpb}gm ù ]&MDB ed{gp}ead dgx} }a 7ngdm bdm

femmcg ~a{e}ead aj }hg }hepm gxad# pg{~gk}ezgcu%$

Hagzgp# mad½} gxe{} [BCI cedg{ }hb} bjjgk} }a }hg jep{}

gxad# bc}hawoh kawcm `g ~a{{e`cg }a gf~cau }hg fw}bd}O]28282$M{;$>?$05$0>>7$lu70$;=0# hekh b{

ogdgpb}gm ù ed{gp}ead ed }he{ pgoead aj b }pbd{~ade`cg

gcgfgd}$

Cedg{ e}h ogdg {ecgdkedo

A}hgp }aac }hb} kawcm cg} w{ {}wmu }he{ ogdg e{ }hg cedg

KB]FB0b=;5?># hekh hb{ B]0O=77?> {ecgdkgm ù

ePDB$

Mg}gpfedb}ead aj kb}bcu}ek bk}eze}u bdmiedg}ek ~bpbfg}gp{

]hg zb{} fblape}u aj }hg ^=7>&kb}bcu{gm pgbk}ead{ ef~cu

kad{wf~}ead aj adg facgkwcg aj DBM^H (ap aj

gcgk}pad{ jpaf b madap {awpkg% bdm aj adg facgkwcg aj

b}fa{~hgpek axuogd<

Bcgxbdmpg Acpu½{ opaw~ ~pa~a{gm ed 0>>? b dg

fg}ham `b{gm ad }hg mg}gk}ead aj axuogd kad{wfgmmwpedo ^=7>&kb}bcu{gm pgbk}ead{# `pabmcu b~~cekb`cg }a

bdu ^=7> gd|ufg bdm b emg bppbu aj {w`{}pb}g{$ ]he{

fg}ham e{ b fekpa~cb}g&`b{gm b{{bu }hb} w{g{ }hg

Axuogd @ea{gd{ap [u{}gf mgzgca~gm ù @M

@ea{kegdkg{ $E}{ jep{} b~~cekb}ead e{ }hg jwdk}eadbc

khbpbk}gpe|b}ead aj }hg ap~hbd ~cbd} ku}akhpafg{ ^=7>pgzgbcgm ù ogdafg bdbcu{g{$ A}hgp{ edkcwmg jb{}

mg}gpfedb}ead aj kb}bcu}ek ~bpbfg}gp{# {kpggdedo jap bdm

mg{eod aj ^=7> edheè}ap{# bdm {kpggdedo aj ~a}gd}ebc

bc}gpdb}ezg {w`{}pb}g{ jap edmw{}pebc b~~cekb}ead{

edkcwmedo èa}gkhdacaou# èakb}bcu{e{ bdm mpwo mg{eod$]hg fade}apedo aj axuogd kad{wf~}ead ed b fekpa~cb}g

b{{bu ajjgp{ b ~agpjwc b~~pabkh jap }hg mg}gk}ead aj

ku}akhpafg ^=7>&kb}bcu{gm pgbk}ead{ ed fgf`pbdg

jpbk}ead{ aj pgkafèdbd} apobde{f{$

@E@CEAOPB^HU

Cbwpgdkg Oamebpmb# Cbwpgd} [bwzebkb# Db}hbcegMbcèd# Cbwpgdkg Cebw`g}# Memegp Kbccbpm# êgppg K|gpdek#Uzg{ Fbpka (2558% KU^?:K0# bd Bpbèma~{e{ }hbcebdb

ku}akhpafg ^=7> ogdg gx~pg{{gm mwpedo hu~gp{gd{e}ezg bdm

mgzgca~fgd}bc kgcc mgb}h$JG@[

Cwmfecb Pe|h{iu# Hadolebd Cebdo# Lagc [hwfbd#Zcbmefep [hwcbgz# [hac~bd Mbzcg}azb# bdm Pad Fe}}cgp(0>>=% _hgd Mgjgd{g ^b}hbu{ Kaccemg$ ]hg Pg{~ad{g aj

Bpbèma~{e{ }a b Kafèdb}ead aj Mpawoh} bdm Hgb} [}pg{{$

^cbd} ^hu{eac$

Uado _bdo# Kg½kecg Peà}# Gdgb Pg||adeka0# bdmUzg{ âepegp (0>>=% [}pwk}wpg bdm Gx~pg{{ead ^pajecg aj

}hg Bpbèma~{e{ ^HA2 Ogdg Jbfecu Edmekb}g{ b @pabm Pacg

ed Edapobdek ^ha{~hb}g Hafga{}b{e{$ ^cbd} ^hu{eac$

Pekhbpm B$ Mexad/ bdm Dbdku C$ ^bezb (2557% [}pg{{&

cdmwkgm ^hgduc~pa~bdaem Fg}bàce{f$ ]hg ^cbd} Kgcc

Pekhbpm B$Mexad# Cbhakedg Bkhdedg# ^bpzb}he Ia}b#

Khbdo&Lwd Cew# F$[$ [pedezb{b Pgmmu bdm Cebdolebdo_bdo (0>>0% ]hg ~hgduc~pa~bdaem ~b}hbu bdm ~cbd}

mgjgdkg&b ogdafek{ ~gp{~gk}ezg$ Facgkwcbp ^cbd} ^b}hacaou$



22

Khpe{}a~h @a¨}}khgp# Gmmb zad Pag~gdbki&Cbhbug#

Lw¨ pogd [khfem}# Kad{}bd|g [khfa}|# [}gjjgd Dgwfbdd#Megpi [khggc# bdm [}g~hbd Kcgfgd{ (0>>8% Fg}bàcafg

Bdbcu{e{ aj @ea{ud}hg}ek Fw}bd}{ Pgzgbc{ b Mezgp{e}u aj

Fg}bàcek Khbdog{ bdm Bcca{ Emgd}ejekb}ead aj b Cbpog

Dwf`gp aj Dg Kaf~awdm{ ed Bpbèma~{e{$ ^cbd} ^hu{eac$

Uwgfedo Lebdo2 bdm Mbpuc K$ Laukg (0>>;% B@B

gjjgk}{ ad g}hucgdg ~pamwk}ead# ^BC bk}eze}u# bd}hakubded bdm

~hgdacek kad}gd}{ aj {}pb`gppu jpwe}$ ^cbd} Opa}h

Pgowcb}ead

Lgbd&Fbpk Paw}bàwc# Cwkegd Igphab{ E{b`gccgMg`gbwlad# Cwkeccg âwpkgc# Fekhgc Kbàkhg Lbkrwg{Gedhapd# CaĲ¨k Cg~edegk (0>>:%$ Jcbzadaem mezgp{e}u bdm

èa{ud}hg{e{ ed {ggm aj Bpbèma~{e{ }hbcebdb$^cbd}b

Khpe{}ebdg Ib}lb Icgedm}2# Pbcj [}pbkig2# JpbdiFghp}gd{# @gpdm _ge{{hbbp (0>2>% Gx~pg{{ead bdbcu{e{ aj

jcbzadaem èa{ud}hg{e{ ogdg{ mwpedo Bpbèma~{e{ }hbcebdb

{ecerwg bdm {ggm mgzgca~fgd} e}h b ~pefbpu jakw{ ad }hg~pabd}hakubdemed èa{ud}hg}ek ~b}hbu$ @FK pg{gbpkh

da}g{$

Efpg g$ [af{{ekh# ^g}pb _gpdgp}# [egopem Iegmpa{ie#bdm Icbw{ Hbhc`paki (255:% Bpbèma~{e{ }hbcebdb mgjgd{g&

pgcb}gm ~pa}ged GCE; e{ bd bpafb}ek bckahac<DBM^2

axemapgmwk}b{g$ ^cbd} @eacaou

[gbd M$O$ Fbp{hbcc# Labddb L$ ^w}}gpecc# Ief F$^cwffgp# Pekhbpm M$ Dgkaf` (0>>;% ]hg

Kbpàxucg{}gpb{g Ogdg Jbfecu jpaf Bpbèma~{e{ }hbcebdb$

Facgkwcbp gzacw}ead$

Fekhbgc H$ _bc}gp# Lbkrwgcedg Opefb&^g}}gdb}e}#

Kcbwmg Opbdm# Bcbed F$ @awmg}#bdm Khpe{}a~hgp L$ Cbf`(2588% Keddbfuc&bckahac mghumpaogdb{g# b facgkwcbp fbpigp

{~gkejek jap ceoded {ud}hg{e{< kMDB kcadedo bdm fPDB

edmwk}ead ù jwdobc gceke}ap$ ^pak$ Db}c$ Bkbm$ [ke$

[b}aia Ua{hemb# Fb{bie E}a# Eiwa De{hemb bdm Biepb_b}bdb`g (0>>2% E{acb}ead bdm PDB Ogc @ca} Bdbcu{e{ aj

Ogdg{ }hb} Kawcm [gpzg b{ â}gd}ebc Facgkwcbp Fbpigp{ jap

Cgbj [gdg{kgdkg ed Bpbèma~{e{ }hbcebdb$ ^cbd} Kgcc ^hu{eac$

Fbpedb B Dbawfiedb# Xebd\he Hg bdm Pekhbpm BMexad (0>>8% Gceke}ap&edmwkgm }pbd{kpe~}ead jbk}ap{ jap

fg}bàcek pg~paopbffedo aj {gkadmbpu fg}bàce{f ed

Fgmekboa }pwdkb}wcb$ @FK ^cbd} @eacaou

Fgu}bc Mbfpe# Oecb Opbda}# Hboe} @gd&Fgep# UeobcBzeze# Ed`bp ^cb{khig{# Zgpgm Khbcejb&Kb{~e# Fbpedb_ac{ad# Zcbmef Jpbejgcm bdm Oemgad Opbje (0>>5%[gdg{kedo kgcc{ {hbpg kaffad jgb}wpg{ e}h mgmejjgpgd}eb}edo

kgcc{$ Pglwzgdb}ead

@b{bd}e @e{bc bdm W$ K$ @e{bc$ Cgbj {gdg{kgdkg<

^hu{eacaou bdm facgkwcbp èacaou$ [khaac aj Cejg [kegdkg{#

[bf`bc~wp Wdezgp{e}u

Fbpebf Fbfmah Fbomu Db{hgm Obem (0>2>% @gd|aek

bkem fg}bàce{f ed [ap`w{ bwkw~bpeb kgcc {w{~gd{ead kwc}wpg{$

Bddg Pakhgp2# Khpe{}ebd Mwfb{# L$ Fbpi Kaki (0>>=% B _&àx e{ pgrwepgm jap jwcc gx~pg{{ead aj }hg [B&pg{~ad{ezg

ogdg [JP0$Ogdg$

Bddb Fbpeg ^pekg# Mbdeca J$ Bpa{ Apgccbdb# Jbg|bhFahm [bccgh# Pubd [}gzgd{# Pa{gfbpu Bkaki# Zekiu@wkhbdbd&_accb{}ad# Bd}hadu M$ [}gbm# bdm Hecbpu L$Paogp{ (0>>8% B Kaf~bpe{ad aj Cgbj bdm ^g}bc [gdg{kgdkg

ed _bccjcagp Pgzgbc{ Kaffad bdm Me{}edk} ^b}}gpd{ aj Ogdg

Gx~pg{{ead bdm ^hu{eacaou$ ^cbd} ^hu{eacaou$

Gpek zbd mgp Opbbjj0# Pbedgp [khbkig# Bdlb

[khdgemgp;# Fbpkgca Mg{efadg# Wcj&Edoa Jcw¨ oog# bdmPgedhbpm Iwd|g (0>>:% ]pbd{kpe~}ead Bdbcu{e{ aj

Bpbèma~{e{ Fgf`pbdg ]pbd{~ap}gp{ bdm Hapfadg ^b}hbu{

mwpedo

Mgzgca~fgd}bc bdm Edmwkgm Cgbj [gdg{kgdkg$ ^cbd}

^hu{eacaou$

Lebdce \haw# Khbdhwe Cgg# Pwered \hado# bdm \hgdo&Hwb Ug (0>>5% FU@78 bdm FU@:; Bpg ]pbd{kpe~}eadbc

Bk}ezb}ap{ aj }hg Ceoded @ea{ud}hg}ek ^b}hbu mwpedo

[gkadmbpu Kgcc _bcc Japfb}ead ed Bpbèma~{e{$]hg ^cbd}

Kgcc$

Acaj Gfbdwgc{{ad (0>>0% ^pgmek}edo ~pa}ged {w`kgccwcbp

cakbce{b}ead jpaf bfeda bkem {grwgdkg

edjapfb}ead$@pegjedo{ ed @eaedjapfb}ek$

Mwobcm K$ Kca{g bdm Khpe{}a~hgp c$ @gbmcg (0>>;% ]hg

Gka~hu{eacaou aj Jacebp Bd}hakubded$ ]hg @a}bdekbc Pgzeg$

Bcgxbdmpg Acpu# Jcapgdkg [khdgemgp&@gchbmmbm#Mefe}pe Hged}| bdm Mbdegn cg _gpki&Pgekhhbp} (0>>?% B

fgmewf&}hpawoh~w} {kpggdedo b{{bu }a mg}gpfedg kb}bcu}ek

bk}eze}eg{ aj axuogd&kad{wfedo gd|ufg{< b dg }aac jap

jwdk}eadbc khbpbk}gpe|b}ead aj ku}akhpafg ^=7> bdm a}hgp

axuogdb{g{$ ]hg ^cbd} Lawpdbc$

Uado&Fge @e# Uw \hbdo# ]bpb [eodapgcce# Pado \hba#]ado \hw0 bdm [}gzgd Pa}h{}ged (0>>7% Ogdg}ek bdbcu{e{ aj

Bpbèma~{e{ OB]B }pbd{kpe~}ead jbk}ap ogdg jbfecu pgzgbc{ b

de}pb}g&edmwke`cg fgf`gp ef~ap}bd} jap khcapa~hucc {ud}hg{e{

bdm ocwka{g {gd{e}eze}u$ ]hg ^cbd} Lawpdbc$

E{b`gcc Je{khgp&Iecègd{ie# Uedo Feba# ]hafb{ Pae}{kh_egìg \{kheg{kh# Icbw{ Hwf`gki bdm Ibped Ipw~ed{ib(0>2>% Dwkcgbp }bpog}gm B}[=> famwcb}g{ {gdg{kgdkg

b{{akeb}gm ogdg gx~pg{{ead ed Bpbèma~{e{ }hbcebdb mwpedo

db}wpbc mgzgca~fgd} bdm ed mbpidg{{$ ^cbd} Fac @eac$

Idw} Fgugp# Labddg k$ Kw{wfbda# Khpe{ [afgpzeccg}#bdm Kced} K$ [$ Khb~~cg (255:% Jgpwcb}g&7&humpaxucb{g jpaf

Bpbèma~{e{ }hbcebdb mgjedg{ b dg jbfecu aj ku}akhpafg^=7>&mg~gdmgd} fadaaxuogdb{g{$ ^pak$ Db}c$ Bkbm$ [ke$

Lahd F$ Hwf~hpgu{# Fb}}hg P$ Hgff# bdm Kced}Khb~~cg (2555% Dg paw}g{ jap ceoded èa{ud}hg{e{ mgjedgm

ù @eakhgfekbc khbpbk}gpe|b}ead aj pgkafèdbd} jgpwcb}g 7&

humpaxucb{g# b fwc}ejwdk}eadbc ku}akhpafg ^=7>&mg~gdmgd}

fadaaxuogdb{g$ ^pak$ Db}c$ Bkbm$ [ke$

aragen: characterization of the gene at2g45570

Documents