as.-prof. volodymyr d. voloshyn
DESCRIPTION
Violation of blood circulation: hyperaemia , anaemia , stasis , bleeding, thromboses, embolisms, infarcts. As.-prof. Volodymyr D. Voloshyn. ( According to prof. Yaroslav Ya. Bodnar et al., V. Serov et al .). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Violation of blood circulation:
hyperaemia, anaemia, stasis, bleeding, thromboses,
embolisms, infarcts
As.-prof. Volodymyr D. Voloshyn
(According to prof. Yaroslav Ya. Bodnar et al., V. Serov et al.)
A pathological process is the appropriate reaction of organism as a reply to a damage factor.
Alteration (from a lat. alteratio is change) or damage – there are the changes of cells structure, intercellular matter, tissues and organs which are expressed in violation of their function. .
dystrophy >>>>> necrosi
Violation of blood circulation causes the damage of structures of cells and tissues, that is expressed in the change of tissue and cellular metabolism, and in development of different types of dystrophy up to necrosis. They can develop, both in separate and in all organs and to stipulate the decline of their function. Above all things these disorders are inherent by all disease of the cardiac-vessels system. Knowledge about these gives us the possibility right to estimate the dynamics of motion and foresee the consequences of illnesses.
Violation of blood circulation
Hyperaemia
Anaemia
Infarcts
Stasis
Thromboses
Embolisms
Bleeding
Plasmorrhagy
Arterial hyperaemia is an intensive increased fill up by
blood of organ or tissues through the surplus wave of arterial blood
ARTERIAL HYPERAEMIA
Physiological
Pathological
TOTAL LOCAL
Plethora
Erytremia
Angioneurotic
Collateral
Postanaemia
Vacate
Inflammatic
At arterio-venous canales
Acute
Chronic
Venous hyperaemia is increase of blood supplying of organ or tissue
through the deceleration (затрудненням) of outflow of blood, influxes of blood here not changed or diminished.
General venous hyperaemia
arises up at pathology of heart, which conduces to insufficiency of cardiac activity
At acute cardiac insufficiency (infarct of myocardium, acute decompensation of heart). There are the results of hypoxy and increase of capillary permeability lead to the plasmatic impregnation (plasmorrhage), swollen, spot diapedetic hemorrhages, dystrophic and necrotizing changes in the parenchimatic elements, for example, in lungs at the infarct of the left ventricle of heart.
Acute venous hyperaemia
At chronic cardiac (cardiac-vessels) insufficiency which are developed at the congenital and acquired defects of heart disease, miocarditis, cardiosclerosis there is a chronic venous hyperaemia. The latter Chronic hypoxia comes, and which conduces to development not only plasmorrhagy, edema and spot hemorrhages but also atrophy and sclerosis of tissues and organs.
Morphological signs of right ventricle cardiac insufficiency
SkinCyanosis Atrophy Sclerosis Swelling
Atrophic ulcers Dilatation of vein canal
Lungs
Nutmeg liver Cirrhosis Portal hypertension
Kidneys
Brown induration
Liver
Cyanotic indurationLien
Cyanotic induration
Gastrointestinal Atrophic catarrh
Nutmeg (Muscat) liver
The sclerotic changes are predefined by that the hypoxia stimulates the synthesis of collogen by fibroblasts; at the same time there is atrophy of parenchimatic elements. Thus the parenchima is replaced by connecting tissue, organs and tissues became dense – there is induration.
Brown induration of lungs
The local venous hyperemia
develops at the difficult tide off blood from organs or from parts of body because there is the corking of the vein by thrombi, emboli or vein press by
tumor or increased next (neighbouring) organ.
Anemia
Anaemia or ischemia (from a lat. ischo – to detain) is diminishing of blood supplying of organ, tissue, part of body as a result of insufficient of blood tide.
Acute Chronic
Spastic
Obturatic
Compressible
Ischemia from at the
redistribution of blood
Types of anaemia (depending on reason)
Depending on reasons and terms of origin distinguish such types of anaemia:
Spastic (reflex) is spasm of arteries, for example at the pain irritation, at negative emotions.
Obturatic is partial or absolute closing of artery by a tromb, clot (embol), disattached atherosclerotic plate, connecting tissue which overgrew at artery wall inflammation.
Compressible is compression of artery by a tumour, liquid, ligature, bandage.
Ischemia from at the redistribution of blood. At emitting of ascytic liquid blood comes to the vessels of abdominal region and a cerebral ischemia develops. In the cases of stand up quickly the blood comes into the low areas of body, and cerebral ischemia and dizziness come, orthostatic shock develops, the consciousness loss.
Obturatic myocardial ischemia. Infarct
Stasis
Stasis (from a lat. stasis is stop) is stopping of blood motion in the
microcirculatory vessels, mainly in capillaries .
Bleeding
Bleeding (haemorrhagia) is the exit of blood from the road clearance of vessels or heart in an environment (external) or in the cavity of the body (internal).
Pipe pregnancy is broken
Hemorrhages are the blood accumulation in tissues and which follows from vessels
Morphological signs of blood outing from vessel canal
Bleeding Hemorrhages (in tissue)
External
Owing to rupture
Internal
Owing to corrode
Owing to increasing of vessels permeability
Petechiae
Bruise синець
Ecchymoses
Haematoma
Haemorrhagic infiltration
Petechial hemorrhage
Haematoma of cerebellum and hemorragic infiltration of pia
Thrombosis
A thrombosis is an aggregation of blood in the road clearance of vessels or heart in alive. Blood clot, which appeared is named a tromb. The intravessel clot of lymph is also named a tromb
To the local factors of trombformation belong: damage of endothelia, deceleration and violation of laminarity of blood flow.
To the general: unbalance between the convolutional and anticonvolutional systems of blood and the change of its composition .
Classification of the thrombus
According to structure
According to vessel’s canal
Specific forms
Red
White
Mixed
Hyaline
Ordinary (atwall)
Horseman thrombus Migratory
thrombus
Marantic
Delatic
Progressive
Spheroid
Obstructive (Obturative)
Red Obstructive thrombus of vein
Consequences of thrombosis
Embolism
Embolism is circulation in the blood or in the lymph of particles which does not meet in a norm in them .
Classification of Embolism
According to direction of move According to structure
Typical
Atypical
Paradoxical
Retrograde
Bacterial
Cell
Aerial
Gas
Lipid
Thrombemboli
By foreign bodies
Bacterial embolism
86
Infarct
A infarct is the hearth of necrosis, which arises up as a result of the stopping of blood supplying. Other name is ischemia.
Classification of infarcts
According to view According to form (shape)
White
Red Incorrect form
White infarct with red border
Triangular
White infarct White infarct – it is
good marked off from surrounding tissue area of necrosis of white-yellow color. Mainly arises up in organs with insufficient development of collaterals (spleen).
Ischemic stroke
White infarct with the hemorragic rim (border)
White infarct with the hemorragic rim is the area of necrosis of white-yellow color which is off from surrounding tissue by expanded collateral vessels and diapedetic hemorrhages. Framing (border) is the result of transition of spasm in paretic expansion of vessels and increasing their vascular permeability.
Infarct of myocardium
Hemorragic infarct
Hemorragic infarct is the area of necrosis which is saturated with blood. The development of him is predefined to the angiaarchitectinic of organ – double blood supplying with the presence of anastomoses (inosculations). .
A hemorragic infarct of lungs
Organ Kind of infarct Kind of necrosis
HEART White infarct with red border
Coagulative necrosis with secondary Colikvation
LUNGS Red Coagulative
KIDNEY White infarct with red border Coagulative
BRAIN White & red Colikvative
SPLEEN White Coagulative
INTESTINE Red Colikvative
Thank you for attention!