asem outlook report_vol 1_asia europe relations at a glance
TRANSCRIPT
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ASEM OUTLOOK REPORT 2012
ASIA-EUROPE RELATIONS AT A GLANCE
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ASEM Outlook Report
Volume 1Asia-Europe Relations at a Glance
Singapre 2012
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Published by:AsiaEurpe Fundatin
31 Heng Mui Keng TerraceSingapre 119595
Designed and Printed by:Xpress Print Pte Ltd
N. 1 Kallang Way 2ASingapre 347495
Edited by Sl Iglesias and Luk Van LangenhveISBN: 9789810744229
Cpyright 2012. All rights reserved. N part this publicatin may be reprduced withut the prir permissin thepublisher.
The selectin and cmpilatin statistics and ther data cntained in the vlume are the respnsibilities the writers.
The analysis cntained in the vlume was carried ut by the writing teams, based n the views the participants several
cnsultative meetings held since 2010. It des nt necessarily reect the views ASEM, ASEF, UNUCRIS, the publishers r theeditrs this vlume.
ASEFs cntributin was made pssible with the nancial supprt the Eurpean Unin. The views expressed herein can under
n circumstances be regarded as reecting the psitin the Eurpean Unin.
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Table o Contents
I. Preace 1
II. Introduction 3
III. Facts and Figures 5
1. Population 5
Ppulatin Asia and Eurpe 5
Cuntries with the largest ppulatins 6
Ppulatin grwth rate in Asia and Eurpe 7
Human Develpment Index 9
Lie expectancy 10Crude birth rate 11
Death rate 12
Median age 13
Ageing ppulatin 15
Mrtality 17
Fertility rate 19
Urban ppulatin 21
2. Migration and Labour 22
Net migratin 22
Internatinal migrants 24
Labur migratin 25
Envirnmental migratin: natural disasters 26
Urbanisatin and migratin 27
Student mbility 29
GDP per persn emplyed 30
Female labur participatin 32
Unemplyment 33
Yuth unemplyment 34
Hurs wrked 35
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3. Research and Development, Inormation and
Communication Technology 36
Research and develpment expenditure 36
High technlgy exprters 38
Patent applicatins 38
Internet access 39
Internet penetratin 40
Bradband subscriptins 41
Inrmatin, cmmunicatin & technlgy exprt gds 42
Mbile cellular phnes 43
Facebk users 44
Facebk penetratin 44online security 46
Film prductin 47
4. Public Health 48
Health expenditure 48
Imprved sanitatin acilities 50
Water surce 51
Prevalence HIV 53
Tuberculsis 54
Immunisatin 55
5. Economy 57
Trade penness 57
Freign Direct Investment (FDI) penness 59
GDP based n purchasing pwer parity 60
Grss Natinal Incme (GNI) 61
Imprt and exprt gds and services 63Lcal cmpanies 66
Big Mac Index 67
General gvernment grss debt 68
Inatin 70
Tax revenue (% GDP) 71
Current accunt balance (% GDP) 73
Interest rates 75
Lngterm interest rate statistics r EU member states 76
Industry, value added (% GDP) 77
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6. Environment 78
Ppulatins in big urban areas 78
Cnsumers electric pwer 79Co2 emissins 80
Hazardus waste 82
Biuels prductin 83
Agriculture and arable land 84
Frestry 85
Fd scarcity 86
Natural disasters 88
7. Security and Conict 89
Armed cnicts 89
Glbal Peace Index 90
Military expenditure 92
Nuclear weapns 95
United Natins Peacekeeping operatins (UNPKo) 96
Reugee ppulatin 97
Plitical stability and nnvilence 100
Press Freedm Index 101
8. Social Issues 103
Physical activity 104
obesity 105
Smking 107
Middleclass ppulatin 108
Gender 109
Educatin 112
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IV. Perceptions Matter! Views rom Asia and Europe 116
Intrductin 116
Media (in)visibility 117
Lking ut r ASEM 123
Public perceptins 126
Asia and Eurpe imprtant partners r the uture 130
opinin leaders perceptins the EU in Asia 133
Reprting Asia in Eurpe the medias view Asias rise 135
Cnclusins 136
V. About the Contributors 137
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ASIA-EURoPE RELATIoNS AT A GLANCE 1
I. Preace
On the occasion o the 9th ASEM leaders summit in November 2012 in Vientiane, the ASEM process
connects 52% o the worlds GDP, almost 60% o the worlds population and 68% o global trade. As a
orum or dialogue, it is becoming increasingly important in addressing key global issues acing the
international community. Given the size and urther expansion o ASEM, it is evident that deepened Asia-
Europe co-operation is no longer a luxury but a necessity.
With this in mind, Asia and Europe need to rely on dierent dialogue rameworks, such as ASEM, to
deepen their co-operation, improve dialogue both inter- and intra-regionally, and share the burdens o
global responsibility.
ASEM outlk Reprt 2012 ocuses on the uture o Asia-Europe relations in our sectors (security and
conict management; economic and fnancial integration; environmental governance; and publichealth and pandemic preparedness). The report contains recommendations to address emerging global
and regional challenges.
ASEM outlk Reprt 2012 was made possible through the collaboration between the Asia-Europe
Foundation (ASEF) and the United Nations University Institute on Comparative Regional Integration
Studies (UNU-CRIS).
The idea behind the report was frst introduced by the ormer Director o the Intellectual Exchange
department o ASEF, Ms Sol Iglesias. The conceptualisation and coordination o the preparation othe report was carried out by ASEF and headed byMs Anjeli Narandran andMs Grazyna Pulawska,
supported byMr Thierry Schwarz, Director o the Intellectual Exchange department o ASEF, while UNU-
CRIS supported the endeavour through their team led by their DirectorPro. Luk Van Langenhove and
Ms Lonie Maes.
The publication was edited byMs Sol Iglesias andPro. Luk van Langenhove. Ms Leong Wenshan
assisted with the prooreading and fnal editing o the publication.
The report consists o two distinct volumes. Volume One, entitled Asia-Europe Relations At-A-Glance,
ocuses on the current state o aairs by providing key statistics to illustrate economic, social and
political developments in both regions. Volume Two, entitled Foresight is 20/20: Scenario Building or
Policy Analysis and Strategy Development, provides analysis and policy recommendations designed to
map out possible trends and shits in Asia-Europe relations and explores the changing role o the myriad
o actors involved in international relations. The outcomes are based on the fndings o ASEFs multi-
stakeholder consultations to develop strategic oresight scenarios across a number o policy areas as
well as UNU-CRIS analysis.
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AsiA-EuropE rElAtions At A GlAncE2
A number o ASEF sta contributed to the multiple aspects o the research and report. These include: Ms
Anjeli Narandran (Introductions to Volume One and Volume Two and o the frst section o Security and
Conict Management in Volume Two), Ms Grace Foo andMs Sumiko Hatakeyama (on the Facts and
Figures chapter in Volume One), Ms Sunkyoung Lee andMr Peter Lutz(on Public Health and Pandemic
Preparedness in Volume Two), Mr Ronan Lenihan (on Perceptions Matter! in Volume One and Economic
and Financial Integration in Volume Two), Ms Grazyna Pulawska (on Environmental Governance in
Volume Two), and Ms Ratna Mathai Luke (Conclusions and Security and Conict Management in
Volume two).
Pro. Luk Van Langenhove, Dr Philippe De Lombaerde, Ms Lonie Maes, Dr Hana Umezawa, Dr
Lurong Chen andDr Georgios Papanagnou o UNU-CRIS contributed to the section o Asia-Europe
2030: Key Actors in the Future o ASEM in Volume Two.
In addition, external researchers contributed to several chapters. Ms Claire Wilson contributed to the
Facts and Figures chapter in Volume One, Mr Simon Hiberg Olsen to the Environmental Governance
chapter in Volume Two, and Mr Andr Edelhofto the Economic and Financial Integration chapter in
Volume Two.
The publication could not have been achieved without the substantial support and co-operation o the
above-mentioned people. Their profles are available in the section About the Contributors.
I. Preace
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ASIA-EURoPE RELATIoNS AT A GLANCE 3
Asia and Eurpe exert a strng inuence arund the wrld and cntinue t leverage n each thers
strengths as they develp alng their wn trajectries.
In Asia, the sheer diversity its cnstituent natins, in terms culture, language, system
gvernance, gegraphy and wealth, are staggering. In this cntext, Asias present erts t
reginalise are nt nly ambitius but als unique. Strng ecnmic grwth in Asia has created
many pprtunities within the regin, making it mre attractive than ever as a destinatin r bth
reginal and reign migrants. Hwever, a huge incme disparity remains in many Asian cuntries
resulting in uneven access t educatin, and lw public health awareness. Increasingly urban and
mbile ppulatins in China and India, and aging ppulatins, as seen in Japan and Singapre, will
als eventually create challenges in the cming years.
In Eurpe, the Eurpean Unin (EU) cntinues t be the crnerstne and emblem the regin.Hwever, the nancial crisis has arguably shaken the cndence many supprters Eurpean
integratin and has led sceptics t questin i the weaker cuntries shuld break away rm the
Eurzne. Rising unemplyment rates have resulted in shits in migratin ws within Eurpe and
between Eurpe and Asia leading t a hst new scial and internal security issues r bth regins.
Eurpe nnetheless enjys cherence in addressing public health, trade, security, envirnment and
human rights issues.
This vlume seeks t capture the status qu the relatinship between Asia and Eurpe. It will
neither examine the past nr imagine the uture. It simply aims t prvide data that will enable the
reader t understand the plitical and sciecnmic cnditins in Asia and Eurpe as well as the
cmmnalities and dierences between the tw regins.
The themes that are cvered in Facts and Figures, the rst sectin this vlume, include ppulatin;
migratin and labur; research & develpment, inrmatin and cmmunicatin technlgy; public
health; the ecnmy; the envirnment; security and cnict; as well as scial issues.
In Perceptins Matter! Views rm Asia and Eurpe, we explre the perceived relatinship
between Asia and Eurpe. Perceptins matter, nt nly as a basis r understanding ne anther but
as a undatin upn which plicy decisins can be made. They prvide unique insights t allwplicy makers t determine the expectatins thers and thus allw r mre nuanced plicies
linked t external relatins and public diplmacy. In understanding the relatinship between Asia
and Eurpe, perceptins and quantitative indicatrs er separate but cmplementary sets
insights.
Perhaps mst imprtantly, this vlume will prvide the cntext within which t interpret the
analysis cntained within the vlume tw in this series, Foresight is 20/20, which examines three
pssible uture scenaris AsiaEurpe relatins.
II. Introduction
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II. Introduction
In the present vlume, when we mentin Asia, it includes: Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Cambdia,
China, India, Indnesia, Japan, Republic Krea, Las, Malaysia, Mnglia, Myanmar, New Zealand,
Pakistan, the Philippines, Russia, Singapre, Thailand and Vietnam. Eurpe includes: Austria,
Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estnia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta, the Netherlands, Pland, Prtugal,
Rmania, Slvakia, Slvenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdm. Thrughut, Asian cuntries
are indicated with red bars in the graphs and Eurpean cuntries with blue bars. Explanatins are
given when ther clurs are used.
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III. Facts and Figures
1. Population
Accrding t the United Natins Ppulatin Fund (UNFPA) reprt1, by late 2011 the wrlds
ppulatin wuld have surpassed seven billin. Many actrs have cntributed t the increase in
ppulatin ver the years, including lwer mrtality rates, lnger lie expectancy and large yuth
ppulatins in cuntries where ertility remains high.
Anther UN reprt estimates that the wrld ppulatin will exceed nine billin by 2050, where
the ppulatin in develping cuntries will increase by 2.3 billin inhabitants with 1.2 billin
inhabitants wh are wrking age and 1.1 billin aged ver sixty. 2 The reprt urther estimates
that by 2050, India will vertake China as the mst ppulus cuntry and the tw cuntries will
represent abut 50% the wrlds ppulatin. Ppulatin grwth will be highest in pr cuntries
already struggling t prvide d security r its peple. Develped cuntries will cntinue t
decline in birth rates with increase in birth planning and lw ertility rates. The UN predicts that tw
peple ut every nine in the wrld will be sixty years ld r lder with lie expectancy at birth
increased t ver seventysix years in 2050.
This sectin lks at the ppulatin status, birth rate, death rate, median age, ageing ppulatin
and urban ppulatin in Asia and Eurpe.
Population o Asia and Europe
Tday, Asia and Eurpe make up abut 60% the wrlds ppulatin, where Asia is the wrldslargest and mst ppulus cntinent with ver 50% the wrlds ppulatin (with a ttal
ppulatin ver 3.7 billin) and Eurpe being the third mst ppulus cntinent (with a ttal
ppulatin ver 500 millin).
ASEM population 2011
3,709,634,513
503,680,116
Europe includes: Austria. Belgium, Bulgaria,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany,Greece, Hungary,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Malta, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and
United Kingdom
Asia includes: Australia, Brunei Darussalam,
Cambodia, China,India, Indonesia, Japan, Republic
of Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, New
Zealand, Pakistan, The Philippines, Russia,
Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam
Source: World Bank
1 Reer t http://www.unpa.rg/pds/trends.htm.
2 Reer t http://www.un.rg/esa/ppulatin/publicatins/wpp2008/pressrelease.pd.
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III. Facts and Figures
Countries with the largest populations
China is the wrlds mst ppulus cuntry, with abut 1.344 billin peple in 2011. India llws
clsely with arund 1.241 billin peple and is expected t vertake China by the year 2030 due t
Chinas nechild plicy that was intrduced in 1978. The llwing graph shws the tp three ASEM
cuntries in bth Asia and Eurpe that have the largest ppulatins.
ASEM countries with the largest populations in Asia and Europe (millions) 2011
1,344
1,241
242
82 65 63
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
China India Indonesia Germany France United
Kingdom
Source: World Bank
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ASIA-EURoPE RELATIoNS AT A GLANCE 7
III. Facts and Figures
Population growth rate in Asia and Europe
Ppulatin grwth rate is the average annual percentage change in the ppulatin resulting
rm a surplus r decit births ver deaths and the balance migrants entering and leaving a
cuntry. Ppulatin grwth rates are psitive when mre individuals are added t a ppulatin than
remved, negative when mre individuals are remved than added. The llwing graphs shw the
ppulatin grwth in Asia and Eurpe.
Ppulatin grwth rates have nt increased in many cuntries due t lw birth rates, this is
especially bvius in Eurpean cuntries, althugh there are still sme cuntries that maintain
high birth rates. An increase in ppulatin grwth rate may pse prblems t a cuntry in terms
the changing needs its peple r inrastructure (e.g., schls, hspitals, husing, rads,
transprtatin), resurces (e.g., d, water, electricity) and jbs.
Population growth rate in Asia 2011
1.054
0.543
1.993
-0.48
1.873
1.551
0.863
1.07
1.469
1.542
1.655
0.204
-0.077
1.04
1.312
0.481
1.687
1.691
1.126
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Vietnam
Thailand
Singapore
Russia
The Philippines
Pakistan
New Zealand
Myanmar
Mongolia
Malaysia
Laos
Republic of Korea
Japan
Indonesia
India
China
Cambodia
Brunei Darussalam
Australia
Source: The World Factbook
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III. Facts and Figures
Population growth rate in Europe 2011
0.553
0.168
0.654
-0.185
0.104
-0.26
0.181
-0.075
0.452
0.359
1.135
-0.278
-0.598
0.38
1.112
-0.184
0.06
-0.02
0.497
0.065
-0.65
0.239
-0.134
1.571
-0.796
0.061
0.026
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
United KingdomSweden
Spain
Slovenia
Slovakia
Romania
Portugal
Poland
The Netherlands
Malta
Luxembourg
Lithuania
Latvia
Italy
Ireland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Estonia
Denmark
Czech Republic
Cyprus
Bulgaria
Belgium
Austria
Source: The World Factbook
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ASIA-EURoPE RELATIoNS AT A GLANCE 9
III. Facts and Figures
Human Development Index
The Human Develpment Index (HDI) is a cmpsite statistic used t rank cuntries by levels
human develpment. The HDI is a measure health, educatin and incme. It measures the average
achievements in a cuntry in these three basic dimensins human develpment, calculated int
an index. The llwing graphs shw the ten ASEM cuntries with the highest Human Develpment
Index and the ten ASEM cuntries with the lwest Human Develpment Index.
Interestingly, bth Asian and Eurpean cuntries are airly represented in the tp ten list r highest
HDI; hwever, the ten cuntries with the lwest HDI cmprise nly Asian cuntries.
Top 10 ASEM countries with the highest HDI 2011
0.929 0.91 0.908 0.908 0.905 0.904 0.901 0.897 0.895 0.886
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Source: UNDP
Top 10 ASEM countries with the lowest HDI 2011
0.483 0.504 0.523 0.524 0.547
0.593 0.6170.644 0.653
0.682
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Source: UNDP
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III. Facts and Figures
Lie expectancy
Lie expectancy reers t the number years that peple in a given cuntry r ppulatin can
expect t live. The llwing graphs shw cuntries in Asia and Eurpe with the highest and lwest
lie expectancy.
Highest lie expectancy in Asia (highest 5 countries) and Europe (highest 6 countries) 2011
83 82 82 82 82 81 81 81 81 81 81
0
20
40
60
80
100
Source: World Bank
Lowest lie expectancy in Asia and Europe (lowerst 5 countries) 2011
63 65 65 6567
73 73 73 74 74
0
20
40
60
80
100
Source: World Bank
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III. Facts and Figures
Crude birth rate
Crude birth rate indicates the number live births ccurring during the year r every 1,000 births,
estimated at midyear. Subtracting the crude death rate rm the crude birth rate prvides the rate
natural increase, which is equal t the rate ppulatin change in the absence migratin. The
llwing table shws the crude birth rate (per 1,000 births) ASEM cuntries in 2001 and 2011.
Countries 2001 2011 Countries 2001 2011
Australia 12.7 12.28 Latvia 8.3 9.97
Austria 9.4 8.69 Lithuania 9.1 9.34
Belgium 11.1 10.03 Luxemburg 12.4 11.7
Brunei Darussalam 22.3 17.74 Malaysia 23.8 20.74
Bulgaria 8.5 9.2 Malta 10.1 10.31
Cambdia 26.1 25.17 Mnglia 19.5 20.7
China 13.4 12.31 Myanmar 20.1 19.11
Cyprus 12.8 11.44 The Netherlands 12.6 10.89
Czech Republic 8.9 8.62 New Zealand 14.4 13.57
Denmark 12.2 10.22 Pakistan 30.5 24.3
Estnia 9.3 10.43 The Philippines 29.4 24.98Finland 10.8 10.36 Pland 9.6 9.96
France 13.1 12.72 Prtugal 11 9.76
Germany 8.9 8.33 Rmania 10 9.49
Greece 9.3 9.08 Russia 9.1 10.94
Hungary 9.5 9.49 Singapre 11.8 7.72
India 25.4 20.6 Slvakia 9.5 10.38
Indnesia 19.4 17.76 Slvenia 8.8 8.76
Ireland 15 15.81 Spain 10 10.4
Italy 9.4 9.93 Sweden 10.3 10.24
Japan 9.3 8.39 Thailand 14.4 12.81
Republic Krea 11.6 8.42 United Kingdm 11.3 12.27
Las 29.4 25.68 Vietnam 17.2 16.83
Source: 2001 results rom World Bank; 2011 results rom The World Factbook
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III. Facts and Figures
Death rate
The death rate is the rati ttal deaths t ttal ppulatin in a specied cmmunity r area ver a
specied perid time. The death rate, als knwn as atality rate is ten expressed as the number
deaths per 1,000 persns each year. The llwing graphs shw the ten highest and ten lwest
death rates in ASEM cuntries.
ASEM countries with the highest death rates (per 1,000 persons) 2011 est.
14.3213.6 13.6
12.711.84 11.4
11.04 11 10.94
16.03
0
2
4
6
8
1012
14
16
18
Russia Bulgaria Latvia Estonia Hungary Romania Lithuania Germany Slovenia Czech
Republic
Source: The World Factbook
ASEM countries with lowest death rates (per 1,000 persons) 2011 est.
6.38 6.38 6.286.01 5.95
4.98 4.954.67
3.41 3.39
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Source: The World Factbook
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ASIA-EURoPE RELATIoNS AT A GLANCE 13
III. Facts and Figures
Median age
Median age is the age that divides a ppulatin int tw numerically equal grups; that is, hal the
peple are yunger than this age and the ther hal are lder. It is a single index that summarises
the age distributin a ppulatin. The llwing graphs shw the median age in Asia and Eurpe.
Females have a higher median age as cmpared t men in all ASEM cuntries. The verall average
median age r Eurpe is 40.5 and r Asia it is 30.8 with mre than hal Eurpean cuntries with
median age ver 40 and nly tw Asian cuntries with median age ver 40.
Median age in Asia 2011
26.8
33.3
39.6
35.5
22.4
21.5
36.2
26.3
25.8
26.7
20.7
37
43.2
27.7
25.6
34.9
22.2
28.3
37
28.9
35.2
40.6
41.9
23.4
21.6
37.8
27.5
26.6
27
21.3
39.8
46.7
28.7
26.9
36.2
23.7
28.6
38.4
0 20 40 60
Vietnam
Thailand
Singapore
Russia
The Philippines
Pakistan
New Zealand
Myanmar
Mongolia
Malaysia
Laos
Republic of Korea
Japan
Indonesia
India
China
Cambodia
BruneiDarussalam
Australia
Female
Male
Source: The World Factbook
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AsiA-EuropE rElAtions At A GlAncE14
III. Facts and Figures
Median age in Europe 2011
38.8
40.8
39.3
40.7
36.1
37.3
38
36.8
40.3
38.8
38.4
37.5
37.6
42.4
34.5
38.1
41.4
43.7
38.4
40.8
37
40
39.2
33.5
39.6
41
41.9
41.1
43.1
41.9
44.1
39.2
40.2
42.3
40.3
41.9
41.4
40.4
42.7
43.7
44.7
35.1
42.8
43.6
46
41.5
44.3
43.9
41.8
42.5
36.6
44
43.6
44
0 20 40 60
United Kingdom
Sweden
Spain
Slovenia
Slovakia
Romania
Portugal
Poland
The Netherlands
Malta
Luxembourg
Lithuania
Latvia
Italy
Ireland
Hungary
Greece
GermanyFrance
Finland
Estonia
Denmark
Czech Republic
Cyprus
Bulgaria
Belgium
Austria
Female
Male
Source: The World Factbook
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AsiA-EuropE rElAtions At A GlAncE16
III. Facts and Figures
Ageing population in Europe (% above 65) in 2011 and 2050
17%
20%
17%
17%
13%
15%
18%
14%
16%
16%
15%
17%
17%
20%
12%
17%
20%
21%
17%
18%
18%
17%
16%
10%
18%
18%
18%
27%
30%
38%
35%
29%
26%
30%
28%
27%
27%
20%
29%
28%
36%
22%
29%
34%
31%
27%
28%
27%
26%
33%
23%
30%
29%
34%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
United Kingdom
Sweden
Spain
Slovenia
Slovakia
Romania
Portugal
Poland
The Netherlands
Malta
Luxembourg
Lithuania
Latvia
Italy
Ireland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Estonia
Denmark
Czech Republic
Cyprus
Bulgaria
Belgium
Austria
Ageing population
(% above 65) in 2050
Ageing population
(% above 65) in 2011
Source: 2011 data rom The World Factbook
2050 data rom United Nations
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ASIA-EURoPE RELATIoNS AT A GLANCE 17
III. Facts and Figures
Mortality
1. Maternal mortality
The llwing graph shws the ten cuntries in ASEM with the highest maternal mrtality ratis.
Maternal mrtality rati is the number wmen wh die during pregnancy and childbirth, per
100,000 live births.3 The graph clearly shws that the ten cuntries with highest maternal mrtality
ratis are all Asian.
10 ASEM countries with the highest maternal mortality ratio 2010(modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births)
470
260250
220200 200
99
63 59 48
0
150
300
450
Source: Trends in Maternal Mortality:1990-2010 UNFPA
3 The data is estimated with a regressin mdel using inrmatin n ertility, birth attendants and HIV prevalence.
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III. Facts and Figures
2. Mortality rate (under-ve)
The next graph lks at the mrtality rate children under ve years age. Underve mrtality
rate is the prbability a newbrn baby dying bere reaching age ve, per 1,000 live births. Fr
inant mrtality as well, all the ten cuntries with highest mrtality rates are Asian.
10 ASEM countries with highest mortality rate o children under ve 2010(per 1,000 live births)
86.5
66.262.7
53.8 51.0
35.331.6 29.4
23.318.4
0.0
30.0
60.0
90.0
Source: Level & Trends in Child Mortality Report 2011,Estimates Developed by the UN Inter-agency Group or Child Mortality Estimation (UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA, UNPD)
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ASIA-EURoPE RELATIoNS AT A GLANCE 19
III. Facts and Figures
Fertility rate
1. Total ertility rate
This graph shws the cuntries with the highest and lwest ertility rates. Ttal ertility rate
represents the number children that wuld be brn t a wman i she were t live t the end
her childbearing years and bear children in accrdance with current agespecic ertility rates.
10 ASEM countries with highest total ertility rate (births per woman) 2010
3.423.14
2.75 2.64 2.63 2.58
2.502.16 2.12 2.07
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
Source: World Bank
10 ASEM countries with lowest total ertility rate (births per woman) 2010
1.391.391.381.381.381.321.251.221.171.15
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
JapanSpainMaltaPolandRomaniaPortugalHungaryRepublic
of Korea
LatviaSingapore
Source: World Bank
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III. Facts and Figures
2. Adolescent ertility rate
This next graph lks particularly at adlescent ertility. Adlescent ertility rate is the number
births per 1,000 wmen between the ages 1519. The data represent gures rm 2009.
10 ASEM countries with highest adolescent ertility rate(births per 1,000 women aged 1519) 2009
79.3
49.5
43.5 39.5 38.936.4
33.630.1 29.7 29.5
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
Source: United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects
10 ASEM countries with lowest adolescent ertility rate(births per 1,000 women aged 1519) 2009
6.56.35.95.9
5.65.55.1
4.74.64.4
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Source: United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects
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ASIA-EURoPE RELATIoNS AT A GLANCE 21
III. Facts and Figures
Urban population
Urban ppulatin reers t peple living in urban areas as dened by natinal statistical fces. Here,
it is calculated using Wrld Bank ppulatin estimates and urban ratis rm the United Natins
Wrld Urbanizatin Prspects. The llwing graphs shw the tp eleven ASEM cuntries with the
highest urban ppulatin and the tp ten ASEM cuntries with the lwest urban ppulatin.
Top 11 ASEM countries with highest urban population (% o total) 2010
100 97 9590 89 87 87 85 83 82 82
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Source: World Bank
Top 10 ASEM countries with lowest urban population (% o total) 2010
2329 30
33 34 3437
4548
54
0
20
40
60
80
100
Source: World Bank
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AsiA-EuropE rElAtions At A GlAncE22
III. Facts and Figures
2. Migration and Labour
This sectin utlines the current state activity in Asia and Eurpe in the cntext migratin and
labur. Accrding t the Internatinal organizatin r Migratin (IoM), there are currently abut
200 millin peple, r apprximately 3% the wrlds ppulatin, living utside their place
birth. This means that abut ne every thirtyve persns in the wrld is a migrant.4
In the cntext Asia and Eurpe, we are currently seeing changes in trends that are aecting
many ASEM cuntries, psing challenges especially in terms integratin migrants. Accrding
t the IoM 2010 World Migration Report, cuntries that have been predminantly rigin cuntries
will begin t experience mre emigratin, in Eastern Eurpe and Suth Asia r example. New
challenges will als arise r cuntries already accepting immigrants, such as increased diversity
migrants and increased cncentratin in urban centres. This wuld in turn put pressure n systemssuch as schling, husing and health care.5
With this in mind, this sectin builds a picture migratin in Asia and Eurpe tday. Where d
peple migrate t and where rm? What is the ecnmic impact? What are sme the reasns
r migratin?
Ater an verview migratin patterns, the sectin will then cus n labur trends in Asia and
Eurpe. Accrding t the Global Employment Trends 2012 reprt by the Internatinal Labur
organisatin (ILo), since the beginning the 2007 nancial crisis, glbal unemplyment has
risen rm 27 millin t 200 millin in 2012. It is estimated that ver 400 millin new jbs will
be needed ver the next ten years t avid a urther increase in unemplyment. The yuth have
been particularly hardhit in this equatin.6 Hw is this reected in the current situatin in Asia
and Eurpe? What are the current gures behind the relative stability in Asia as ppsed t the
uncertainties in the Eurpean market?
All data represented are rm 2008 r later. In sme cases, data was nt available r all ASEM
cuntries, which is indicated in each the graphs.
Net migration
one way t measure the eect the mvement peple is thrugh net migratin rates. Net
migratin is the net ttal migrants during the perid, that is, the ttal number immigrants
less the annual number emigrants, including bth citizens and nncitizens. Data are reected
as veyear estimates. The higher the number, the mre peple there are entering a cuntry with
ewer peple leaving it. The net migratin rate indicates the cntributin migratin t the verall
level ppulatin change.
4 Fr urther details, see Internatinal organizatin r Migratin, Abut Migratin, http://www.im.int/jahia/Jahia/abut
migratin/lang/en.5 Fr the ull reprt, see Internatinal organizatin r Migratins 2010 Wrld Migratin Reprt, The Future Migratin: Capacity
Building r Change, http://www.im.int/jahia/Jahia/plicyresearch/migratinresearch/wrldmigratinreprt/wmr2010.
6 Fr the ull reprt, see Internatinal Labur organisatins Glbal Emplyment Trends 2012 Preventing a deeper jbs crisis,http://www.il.rg/glbal/research/glbalreprts/glbalemplymenttrends/WCMS_171571/langen/index.htm.
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ASIA-EURoPE RELATIoNS AT A GLANCE 23
III. Facts and Figures
Net migration in ASEM countries (000) 2010
2250.0051998.926
1135.737
1124.639
1020.211
721.738
550.001
500.001
492.252
270
265.649
240.466
200
160
154.004
150.002
100
90.316
84.494
75
72.634
65.004
55.644
50.00644.166
42.469
36.684
22
5
3.5
0
-10
-15.001
-30
-35.495
-50
-74.998
-100
-254.942
-430.692
-500
-1233.365
-1293.089
-1884.102
-1999.998
-2999.998
-3500 -2500 -1500 -500 500 1500 2500 3500
SpainItaly
Russia
Australia
United Kingdom
Singapore
Germany
France
Thailand
Japan
Sweden
Czech Republic
Belgium
Austria
Greece
Portugal
Ireland
Denmark
Malaysia
Hungary
Finland
New Zealand
Poland
The NetherlandsCyprus
Luxembourg
Slovakia
Slovenia
Malta
Brunei Darussalam
Estonia
Latvia
Mongolia
Republic of Korea
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Laos
Romania
Cambodia
Vietnam
Myanmar
The Philippines
Indonesia
China
Pakistan
India
Source: World Bank
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III. Facts and Figures
International migrants
A urther analysis the actuality migratin patterns can be seen in the number internatinal
migrants in a given cuntry. The llwing graph highlights the tp ten ASEM cuntries with highest
percentage internatinal migrants within their ppulatins.
Top 10 ASEM countries with international migrants (% o population) 2010
41
36 35
22 2220
18
16 15 14
-
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
Source: United Nations Population Division.
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ASIA-EURoPE RELATIoNS AT A GLANCE 25
III. Facts and Figures
Labour migration
As mentined abve in IoMs 2010 World Migration Report, it is pssible t see new patterns
mbility arising, particularly as emerging ecnmies Asia becme even mre imprtant cuntries
destinatin r labur migrant. The llwing graphs demnstrate the ecnmic impact these
mvements in the rm remittance inws (the tp ten ASEM cuntries t which migrant wrkers
send their earnings) and utws (the tp ASEM destinatin cuntries r migrant wrkers).
Top 10 ASEM countries or migrant remittance inows (US$ million) 2010
54,035
53,038
21,423
15,629
11,338 10,507 10,264 9,690 8,708 8,260
-
20,000
40,000
60,000
Source: World Bank
Top 10 ASEM countries or migrant remittance outows (US$ million) 2010
18,796
15,908
12,923 12,227 12,20111,385
10,432
5,2644,474 4,051
-
4,000
8,000
12,000
16,000
20,000
Source: World Bank
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AsiA-EuropE rElAtions At A GlAncE26
III. Facts and Figures
Environmental migration: natural disasters
The available data n migratin as a result envirnmental impact has nt been develped
extensively. It is in act difcult t measure the exact impact envirnmental change n migratin
patterns given that there are ten multiple reasns r migratin in these circumstances, such as
scial and ecnmic reasns, and migratin is ten nt the result climate change.
Hwever, there is data related t the mvement peples due t natural disasters. Accrding t IoMs
2010 World Migration Report, 20 millin peple were displaced in 2008 as a result sudden nset
climaterelated weather events, cmpared t 4.6 millin internally displaced by cnict and vilence.
Hwever, migratin as a result natural disasters is mre likely t be internal rather than internatinal,
given that the disasters are temprary and that many aected by it d nt have the resurces tmigrate internatinally. The llwing map shws the number peple aected by natural disasters
in 2010. As can be seen, ASEM Asia has been mre widely impacted by natural disasters.
Number o persons reported aected by natural disasters in 2010
Source: EM-DAT International Disaster Database
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ASIA-EURoPE RELATIoNS AT A GLANCE 27
III. Facts and Figures
Althugh natural disasters are smetimes the result climate change, it is actually the gradual
envirnmental changes that will have greater impact n the mvement peples. Fr example,
the IoM 2010 World Migration Report states that ver the last thirty years, twice as many peple
wrldwide have been aected by persistent drughts as by vilent strms (1.6 billin cmpared
with apprximately 718 millin, respectively). These gradual envirnmental changes will have the
eect rcing peple t relcate, within their cuntry r internatinally, in rder t nd wrk r
mre stability.
Urbanisation and migration
A tpic that has raised much debate is the rate urbanisatin. The mvement peple rm the
cuntry t the city has many scial, ecnmic and envirnmental impacts. The llwing graph
utlines the rate urbanisatin within ASEM cuntries. In the llwing graph, 0% means thatthere was n change in the mvement peples rm rural t urban centres between 2005 and
2010. Psitive gures shw the percentage increased numbers t urban centres between 2005
and 2010 and negative percentage gures shw that there was mre mvement the ppulatin
twards rural living. As can be seen, there is a grwth in urbanisatin in all ASEM cuntries except
six. The tp nine ASEM cuntries that have seen the highest rates urbanisatin are all lcated in
Asia: Las, China, Vietnam, Myanmar, Indnesia, Mnglia, Malaysia, India and Japan.
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AsiA-EuropE rElAtions At A GlAncE28
III. Facts and Figures
Percentage o annual rate o change o urbanisation, 20052010
3.802.93
2.16
1.76
1.66
1.56
1.27
1.13
1.03
0.99
0.90
0.880.80
0.77
0.66
0.66
0.63
0.56
0.46
0.39
0.30
0.30
0.270.25
0.25
0.22
0.22
0.20
0.20
0.19
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.130.13
0.11
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.01
-0.06
-0.08
-0.17
-0.20-0.26
-0.50 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
LaosChina
Vietnam
Myanmar
Indonesia
Mongolia
Malaysia
India
Japan
Portugal
Thailand
FrancePakistan
Hungary
Bulgaria
Cambodia
The Netherlands
Brunei Darussalam
Ireland
Republic of Korea
Luxembourg
Greece
AustriaThe Philippines
Cyprus
Malta
Denmark
Russia
Australia
Italy
Sweden
Finland
Spain
United KingdomGermany
Lithuania
Belgium
New Zealand
Romania
Estonia
Singapore
Czech Republic
Latvia
Poland
SloveniaSlovakia
Source: United Nations Population Division Depar tment o Social and Economic Aairs
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ASIA-EURoPE RELATIoNS AT A GLANCE 29
III. Facts and Figures
Student mobility
Glbal mvement tertiary students, especially in Asia and Eurpe, is grwing, with Asia playing
an increasingly imprtant rle. Accrding t a 2010 reprt by the organisatin r Ecnmic C
peratin and Develpment (oECD), almst 3.7 millin tertiary students were enrlled utside
their cuntry citizenship.7 Asian students represent 52% reign students enrlled wrldwide,
with China, India and Republic Krea sending the mst number students. As a result, it is very
relevant r this study t lk at the mvement internatinal students. The llwing graphs
indicate where the students cme rm and which cuntries hst the mst number students.
Top 10 ASEM countries with tertiary students studying abroad 2011
510,314
195,107
125,16591,928
53,121 51,288 46,964 44,768 44,038 39,820
-
200,000
400,000
600,000
China India Republic
of Korea
Germany Malaysia France Russia Japan Vietnam Italy
Source: UNESCO Global Education Digest 2011
Fr the tp three natins sending tertiary students verseas, their tp destinatins are as llws:
l Tp ve study destinatins r students rm China: United States (124,225), Japan (79,394),
Australia (70,357), United Kingdm (47,033), Republic Krea (39,309)
l Tp ve study destinatins r students rm India: United States (101,563), United Kingdm
(34,065), Australia (26,573), New Zealand (5,710), Russia (4,314)
l Tp ve study destinatins r students rm Republic Krea: United States (73,832), Japan
(24,850), Australia (6,796), United Kingdm (4,277), Germany (4,105)
In terms receiving students, United Kingdm, Australia, France, Germany and Russia have the
highest percentages internatinal students amng their tertiary enrlments. The llwing graph
shws the tp ten ASEM cuntries that receive the highest number internatinal students.
7 Fr ull reprt, see oECD (2011), Education at a glance 2011: OECD Indicators, oECD Publishing. http://dx.di.rg/10.1787/eag2011en.
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AsiA-EuropE rElAtions At A GlAncE30
III. Facts and Figures
Top 10 ASEM countries with the highest number o international tertiary students 2011
368,968
257,637 249,143
197,895
136,791 131,599
68,306 61,211 59,705 50,030
-
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
United
Kingdom
Australia France Germany Russia Japan Italy China Austria Republic
of Korea
Source: UNESCO Global Education Digest 2011
GDP per person employed
As an verview the earnings emplyees, the llwing graph shws the GDP per persn
emplyed r all ASEM cuntries. Purchasing pwer parity (PPP) GDP is GDP cnverted t 1990
cnstant internatinal dllars using PPP rates. An internatinal dllar has the same purchasing
pwer ver GDP that a US dllar has in the United States. (Nte: there was n data available r
Brunei Darussalam, Mnglia r Las.)
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ASIA-EURoPE RELATIoNS AT A GLANCE 31
III. Facts and Figures
ASEM GDP per person employed (US$) 2010
57,47355,033
54,882
54,449
51,604
50,278
50,153
49,778
47,474
46,949
46,598
44,85544,804
44,568
44,524
44,278
43,050
41,641
36,752
35,787
34,767
32,911
32,67630,985
28,665
27,080
26,870
25,873
25,058
24,941
21,473
18,259
18,141
15,74312,593
11,019
10,587
8,525
8,401
8,354
5,898
5,235
3,988
- 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000
IrelandFrance
Belgium
Luxembourg
United Kingdom
Finland
Australia
Sweden
Austria
The Netherlands
Denmark
ItalyJapan
Estonia
Singapore
Republic of Korea
Germany
Spain
Slovenia
New Zealand
Greece
Slovakia
MaltaPortugal
Latvia
Cyprus
Lithuania
Poland
Malaysia
Czech Republic
Hungary
Russia
Bulgaria
ThailandChina
Romania
Indonesia
Pakistan
India
The Philippines
Vietnam
Myanmar *
Cambodia
* 2008 fgures
Source: International Labour Organization.
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AsiA-EuropE rElAtions At A GlAncE32
III. Facts and Figures
Female labour participation
T gain insight int the makeup the labur rce, the llwing graphs utline ASEM cuntries
with the mst and the least emale participatin in the labur rce. Labur rce participatin rate
is the prprtin the ppulatin aged teen and lder that is ecnmically active and reect
all persns wh supply labur r the prductin gds and services during a specied perid.
Top 10 ASEM countries with highest percentage o emale labour participation(ages 15 years and older) 2010
7977 75 73
68
64 62 60 59 59
0
20
40
60
80
100
Source: World Bank
Top 10 ASEM countries with lowest percentage o emale labour participation(ages 15 years and older) 2010
4848484544443835
2922
0
20
40
60
80
100
PolandRomaniaBelgiumGreeceHungaryMalaysiaItalyMaltaIndiaPakistan
Source: World Bank
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ASIA-EURoPE RELATIoNS AT A GLANCE 33
III. Facts and Figures
Unemployment
on the reverse side the cin, the llwing tw graphs that shw the unemplyment in Asia and
Eurpe. Unemplyment reers t the share the labur rce that is withut wrk but available r
and seeking emplyment. This includes yuth, hmemakers and selemplyed persns lking
r wrk. While this wuld seem t be straightrward, there are several cmplicatins in bth
measuring unemplyment within a cuntry and in cmparing unemplyment rates rm cuntry
t cuntry. Fr instance, emplyment in the inrmal sectr, as well as yung peple wh have
given up lking r jbs (recently als reerred t as NEET = Nt in Emplyment, Educatin r
Training), may remain unrecrded. one needs t be aware that the gures belw may therere nt
necessarily prvide hlistic pictures unemplyment. (Nte: there was n data available r Brunei
Darussalam, India, Las r Myanmar.)
Unemployment rate in Asia 2010
7.5 7.4 7.1 6.5 5.9 5.2 5.2 5.0 4.3 3.7 3.72.8 2.4 1.7 1.2
0
5
10
15
20
25
* 2008 fgures ** 2009 fgures
Source: World Bank, GFMag
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AsiA-EuropE rElAtions At A GlAncE34
III. Facts and Figures
Unemployment rate in Europe 2012
24.3
21.7
15.2
15.214.2
13.813.7
12.6
10.710.2
10.2
10.19.9
8.78.1 7.6 7.6 7.4 7.4 7.3
6.65.7 5.4 5.2 5.2
3.9
0
5
10
15
20
25
Spain
Greece
Latvia
Portugal
Ireland
Lithuania
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Hungary
France
Italy
Cyprus
Poland
Slovenia
UnitedKingdom
Denmark
Finland
Belgium
Romania
Sweden
CzechRepublic
Malta
Germany
Luxembourg
TheNetherlands
Austria
Source: Eurostat
Youth unemployment
As mentined in the intrductin t this sectin, the yuth have been hit particularly hard in thisrecent ecnmic crisis. The llwing graph shws the tp ten ASEM cuntries with the highest
yuth unemplyment. (Here, yuth is dened as aged 1524.)
Top 10 ASEM countries with the highest youth unemployment (%) 2010
43.2
38.435.4 35.4 34.7 33.7
27.926.8 26.7 26.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
Spain Lithuania Estonia Latvia Slovakia Ireland Hungary Italy Greece Sweden
Source: UN Millenium Development Goals statistics
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ASIA-EURoPE RELATIoNS AT A GLANCE 35
III. Facts and Figures
Hours worked
Aside rm the grim unemplyment gures, anther indicatin wrking cnditins in Asia and
Eurpe is the number hurs peple wrk. The llwing graph shws the number hurs wrkedper week. Nt all ASEM cuntries are listed due t inaccessibility data in sme cuntries. Statistics
rm oECD (prvided per annum), are divided by the number weeks per annum t cmpare with
ILo data. Fr the ILo data, number hurs is dened as the average wrking hurs acrss all sectrs
r bth men and wmen. The oECD data estimates the annual hurs wrked r the ttal ecnmy
based n the Eurpean Unin Labur Frce Survey (EULFS).8
Hours worked per week in selected ASEM countries (20082010)
4746
45
45
41
4140
40
40
40
4039
3938
38
38
3737
36
36
36
35
3535
3535
34
3434
34
34
32
30
30
26
0 10 20 30 40 50
MalaysiaSingapore
The Philippines
China
Indonesia
Japan
GreeceMyanmar
Republic of Korea
Poland
Romania
Lithuania
GermanyMalta
Hungary
France
Czech Republic
Latvia
IrelandSweden
Finland
Russia
Portugal
Slovenia
SpainItaly
Australia
Slovakia
Austria
Estonia
New Zealand
United KingdomDenmark
Belgium
The Netherlands
Source: ILO statistics database and OECD statistics
8 Fr ull details n the survey, see Eurpean Cmmissin, Eurstats website, http://epp.eurstat.ec.eurpa.eu/prtal/page/
prtal/micrdata/ls.
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III. Facts and Figures
3. Research and Development, Inormation and CommunicationTechnology
Innvatin and investment int research and develpment (R&D) as well as inrmatin and
cmmunicatin technlgy are vital t the nging grwth in bth Asia and Eurpe. Furthermre,
it is evident that new technlgies and the internet are changing the dynamics glbal
cmmunicatin. There are seven billin peple in the wrld and ne third them use the internet.
Based n Internatinal Telecmmunicatin Unins The Wrld in 2011: ICT Facts and Figures, in
2011, 62% the ppulatin in the develped wrld were internet users. 9
The llwing graphs shw, thrugh varius indicatrs, the current status R&D and inrmatin,
cmmunicatins and technlgy. By utlining the research and develpment expenditure, high
technlgy exprts and patent applicatins, we can gain an insight int the investment intinnvatin in Asia and Eurpe. Fllwing this is an verview the use and accessibility the
internet, including the develpment highspeed technlgy such as bradband subscriptins.
In terms cmmunicatin, this sectin utlines the uses technlgy such as mbile phnes
(cmparing it t the nging use xed telephnes), Facebk, clud technlgy and nline
security.
Research and development expenditure
As an verview the investment int R&D, it is interesting t rst analyse the expenditure in
ASEM cuntries twards R&D. This expenditure shws a cmmitment twards innvatin. The
expenditures are capital expenditures (bth public and private) n creative wrk undertaken
systematically t increase knwledge, including knwledge humanity, culture and sciety,
and the use knwledge r new applicatins. R&D cvers basic research, applied research, and
experimental develpment. ASEM cuntries that are nt listed had n available r cmparable data.
9 See ull reprt at www.itu.int/ITUD/ict/acts/2011/material/ICTFactsFigures2011.pd.
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ASIA-EURoPE RELATIoNS AT A GLANCE 37
III. Facts and Figures
Expenditure or research and development in selected ASEM countries (% o GDP) 2009
4.03.6
3.4
3.4
3.0
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.3
2.2
2.01.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.1
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.50.2
0.1
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
FinlandSweden
Japan *
Republic of Korea *
Denmark
Germany
Austria
Singapore *
Australia *
France
BelgiumUnited Kingdom
Slovenia
The Netherlands
Ireland
Luxembourg
Portugal
Czech Republic
China *
Spain
Italy
Russia
Hungary
Lithuania
Poland
Malta
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Romania
Pakistan
Cyprus
LatviaMongolia
Indonesia
*2008 fgures
Source: UNESCO Institute or Statistics.
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III. Facts and Figures
High technology exporters
Anther way t mnitr R&D in ASEM is thrugh high technlgy exprts, which give an indicatin
the investment int prducts with high R&D intensity. This includes prducts in aerspace,cmputers, pharmaceuticals, scientic instruments and electrical machinery. The llwing graph
shws the tp ten ASEM exprters high technlgy prducts.
Top 10 ASEM high technology exporters (US$ billion) 2009
159
127 122100
60 59 59
34 32
0
200
400
Source: United Nations, Comtrade database.
Patent applications
A signal public and private investment int innvatin can als be measured thrugh patent
applicatins. These are wrldwide patent applicatins led thrugh prcedure the Patent
Cperatin Treaty r with a natinal patents fce r exclusive rights r an inventin a prduct
r prcess that prvides a new way ding smething r ers a new technical slutin t a
prblem. A patent prvides prtectin r the inventin t the wner the patent r a limited
perid, generally twenty years. The llwing graph shws the tp ten ASEM cuntries registering
patent applicatins.
Top 10 ASEM countries registering patent applications 2010
293066 290081
131805
4704728722
15490 14748 8814 7262 35660
100000
200000
300000
China Japan Republic
of Korea
Germany Russia United
Kingdom
France Italy* India* Spain
*2009 fgures
Source: World Bank
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ASIA-EURoPE RELATIoNS AT A GLANCE 39
III. Facts and Figures
Internet access
Access t the internet is smething many us take r granted in this glbally cnnected wrld.
But hw des this cmpare in reality between Asia and Eurpe? Wh uses the internet the mst?
The llwing tw charts shw the tp ten Asian and tp ten Eurpean internet users. China has by
ar the mst users, with mre than ur times the number users than India, the next cuntry with
the biggest number internet users. It is als signicant that while the tp ten Eurpean cuntries
have a ttal 301,274,791 users, the tp ten Asian cuntries ar exceed this with 1,001,030,796 users.
Top 5 Asian countries with the most internet users 2011
513,100,000
121,000,000 101,228,73661,472,011 55,000,000
0
200,000,000
400,000,000
600,000,000
China India Japan Russia Indonesia
Source: Internet World Stats
Top 5 European countries with the most internet users 2011
67,364,898
52,731,20950,290,226
35,800,000
30,654,678
0
20,000,000
40,000,000
60,000,000
Germany United Kingdom France Italy Spain
Source: Internet World Stats
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III. Facts and Figures
Broadband subscriptions
Investigating urther the tpic internet access, ne indicatin the develpment ast and
eective internet is the spread xed bradband subscriptins, allwing r enhanced capacity r
the average user. The llwing tw graphs shw the tp ten and bttm ten ASEM cuntries with
xed bradband subscriptins.
Top 10 ASEM countries with xed broadband subscriptions (per 100 inhabitants) 2010
38 3836
34 33 32 32 32 3129
0
10
20
30
40
50
Source: International Telecommunication Union
Bottom 10 ASEM countries with xed broadband subscriptions (per 100 inhabitants) 2010
4.64.1
2.61.9
0.90.80.30.30.20.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Source: International Telecommunication Union
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III. Facts and Figures
Inormation, communication and technology export goods
T gain an verview int the develpment inrmatin and cmmunicatin technlgy activity
in ASEM, is the llwing is a graph shwing exprt gds that include telecmmunicatins, audi
and vide, cmputer and related equipment, electrnic cmpnents and ther inrmatin and
cmmunicatin technlgy gds (excluding stware). Please nte that n data was available r
Brunei Darussalam, Myanmar, Mnglia r Las.
ICT Exports goods (% o total exports) 2010
49.135.6
34.334.0
29.125.6
21.419.318.9
15.012.5
10.79.89.59.1
8.4
7.87.5
6.45.95.85.8
5.15.1
4.44.03.93.6
2.9
2.72.52.52.32.22.22.12.0
1.21.0
0.20.20.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
MaltaThe Philippines
SingaporeMalaysia
ChinaHungary
Republic of KoreaSlovakia
ThailandCzech Republic
The NetherlandsJapan
SwedenPolandCyprus
Romania
EstoniaIrelandFinland
United KingdomVietnam *
LatviaGermany
IndonesiaFrance
PortugalAustria
DenmarkLuxembourg
LithuaniaGreeceBulgariaBelgium
SpainSlovenia
ItalyIndia
New ZealandAustralia
RussiaPakistan
Cambodia
*2009 fgures
Source: UNCTAD Statistics Database
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III. Facts and Figures
Mobile cellular phones
What wuld we d withut mbile phnes? It is cmmnplace t see mbile phnes wherever we g
and it seems increasingly difcult t nd anyne withut ne. But is this really the case? The llwing
tw graphs shw the tp ten and bttm ten ASEM cuntries with mbile cellular subscriptins.
Mbile cellular telephne subscriptins are subscriptins t a public mbile telephne service using
cellular technlgy, which prvide access t the public switched telephne netwrk. Pstpaid and
prepaid subscriptins are included. The gures are presented in number subscriptins per 100
peple. While the highest is Vietnam at ver 170 (mre than ne mbile phne per persn), Myanmar
still alls a lng way behind at just ne mbile phne subscriptin per 100 peple.
Top 10 ASEM countries with highest mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 persons) 2010
177168
156 150 149 146 145 143 143 137
0
50
100
150
200
Source: World Bank
Bottom 10 ASEM countries with mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 person) 2010
94929186
6564615857
1
0
50
100
150
200
Source: World Bank
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III. Facts and Figures
Facebook users
An area increasing imprtance in tdays sciety is scial media and new technlgies. The rise
in the ppularity scial media netwrks is a phenmenn perhaps well reected in Facebk,
which has grwn expnentially since its establishment. The llwing is a quick verview the tp
ten Facebk users in ASEM.10
Top 10 ASEM Facebook users (millions) 2012
50
44
31
2824 24
22
16 1512
0
10
20
30
40
50
Source: Facebook
Facebook penetration
Hwever, althugh the tp ten Facebk users include large cuntries like India, the percentage
the ppulatin that accesses Facebk tells a dierent stry with regard t penetratin acrss the
ppulatin. Fr example, in the llwing graph which shws the percentage the ppulatin
accessing Facebk India actually has less than 10% its ppulatin using the scial media
website. In sme cases, lw access culd be a result gvernment restrictins (r example, in thecase China) r it culd reect the preerence ther scial media technlgies. When cmparing
Asia and Eurpe, the penetratin Facebk is nt that dierent between the tw regins
Eurpe has an average 38% while Asia has an average 22% its ppulatin using Facebk.
10 It is als interesting t nte that in China the use scial media website Renren (http://renreninc.cm/en/) is mre
prevalent, with ver 154 millin users. http://seekingalpha.cm/article/701751buyrenrentheacebkchina.
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III. Facts and Figures
Penetration o Facebook throughout ASEM 2012
61%56%
52%
52%
51%
51%
50%
50%
49%
48%
46%
45%41%
41%
41%
41%
39%
38%
38%
37%
36%
36%
35%35%
35%
34%
33%
30%
29%
28%
23%
22%
22%
18%
16%
15%
14%
8%
6%
4%
4%
4%
4%
3%
0.04%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Brunei DarussalamSingapore
Australia
Denmark
New Zealand
Sweden
Malta
Cyprus
United Kingdom
Malaysia
Ireland
BelgiumPortugal
Finland
Hungary
Luxembourg
The Netherlands
Italy
France
Estonia
Czech Republic
Slovakia
GreeceSlovenia
Spain
Austria
Bulgaria
Lithuania
Germany
The Philippines
Thailand
Poland
Romania
Indonesia
Latvia
Republic of Korea
Mongolia
Japan
Vietnam
Russia
India
Pakistan
Cambodia
Laos
China
Source: Social Bankers
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III. Facts and Figures
Online security
In an increasingly netwrked wrld, there is cncern r the security inrmatin that is given
ut n a regular basis, whether it is credit card inrmatin, persnal data r scial netwrking
preerences. Accrding t the 2012 Internet Security Threat Report by Symantec Crpratin,11 the
number malicius nline attacks12 rse t 5.5 billin in 2011, an increase 81% ver the previus
year. The reprt als highlights the rise advanced targeted attacks spreading t rganisatins
and an increase in data breaches. Scial netwrks als ace challenges as the structure netwrks
makes it easier r threats t mve rm ne persn t the next. Mbile vulnerabilities als increased
in 2011, the rst year that mbile malware presented a tangible threat t businesses and cnsumers.
These threats are designed r activities including data cllectin, the sending cntent and
tracking users.
There are several ways t breach nline security thrugh spyware, identity thet, spam mail,
phishing mail r rgue applicatins. These threats are ten measured by stware prtectin
cmpanies. The llwing is a map rm Kaspersky Lab, indicating the prevalence nline threats
accrding t their rigin.
Online threats (July 2012)
Source: Kaspersky Lab ZAO.
11 See ull reprt at http://www.symantec.cm/abut/news/resurces/press_kits/detail.jsp?pkid=threat_reprt_17.12 Data in the reprt is cllected n attacks, malicius cde activity, phishing, and spam can be und at http://www.symantec.
cm/cntent/en/us/enterprise/ther_resurces/bistr_main_reprt_2011_21239364.enus.pd?m_ext_cid=biz_
scmed_twitter_acebk_marketwire_linkedin_2012Apr_wrldwide_ISTR17.
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III. Facts and Figures
Film production
What abut the creative industries? While this study des nt have the scpe t investigate this area
in great depth, ne industry whse prevalence is signicant is the lm industry. With Bllywd ever
grwing, it is n surprise that India is the largest ASEM lm prducer. The llwing graph shws the
tp ve ASEM cuntries in terms lm prductins.
Top 5 lm producers in ASEM 2009
1288
475 448
253 230
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
India China Japan Russia * France* Partial data, does not include documentaries
Source: UNESCO Institute or Statistics
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III. Facts and Figures
4. Public Health
CharlesEdward Amry Winslw, ne the leading gures in the histry public health,
characterised public health practice as the science and art disease preventin, prlnging lie,
and prmting health and wellbeing thrugh rganised cmmunity ert r the sanitatin
the envirnment, the cntrl cmmunicable inectins, the rganisatin medical and nursing
services r the early diagnsis and preventin disease, the educatin the individual in
persnal health and the develpment the scial machinery t assure everyne a standard
living adequate r the maintenance r imprvement health13.
Because this interdisciplinary and multidimensinal nature public health, appraches
t public health a cuntry may take r the public health status a cuntry reect nt nly the
cuntrys nancial, technlgical, medical and scientic capacity but als its culture, values andlie style. It is therere imprtant and smetimes even suggestive t cmpare and cntrast public
health situatins acrss Asia and Eurpe.
This sectin prvides an verview public health status in the tw regins. It begins by lking
at statistics n cuntries health expenditure, llwed by public healthrelated inrastructure
(sanitatin acilities and water surce), current status n wellbeing and cmmunicable diseases
(mrtality, ertility, prevalence HIV and tuberculsis) and preventin (immunisatin).
Health expenditure
The llwing graph shws the ttal health expenditure ASEM cuntries in 2010, calculated
in terms percentage GDP. Ttal health expenditure is the sum public and private health
expenditure. It cvers the prvisin health services (preventive and curative), amily planning
activities, nutritin activities and emergency aid designated r health but des nt include prvisin
water and sanitatin. The tp thirteen cuntries are all Eurpean and the bttm twelve all Asian.
There is apprximately 10% gap between the cuntries with highest and lwest health expenditure.
13 CharlesEdward Amry Winslw, The Untilled Fields Public Health. Science 51 (1306), 1920: 2333.
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III. Facts and Figures
Total health expenditure (% o GDP) in ASEM countries 2010
11.911.9
11.6
11.4
11.0
11.0
10.7
10.2
10.1
9.6
9.6
9.5
9.59.5
9.4
9.2
9.0
8.8
8.7
8.6
7.9
7.8
7.5
7.3
7.0
6.9
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.0
6.0
5.6
5.6
5.4
5.1
5.14.5
4.4
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.6
2.8
2.6
2.2
2.0
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
The NetherlandsFrance
Germany
Denmark
Portugal
Austria
Belgium
Greece
New Zealand
United Kingdom
Sweden
Spain
ItalyJapan
Slovenia
Ireland
Finland
Slovakia
Australia
Malta
Czech Republic
Luxembourg
Poland
Hungary
Lithuania
Republic of Korea
Bulgaria
Vietnam
Latvia
Estonia
Cyprus
Cambodia
Romania
Mongolia
Russia
ChinaLaos
Malaysia
India
Singapore
Thailand
The Philippines
Brunei Darussalam
Indonesia
Pakistan
Myanmar
Source: World Health Organization National Health Account database
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III. Facts and Figures
Improved sanitation acilities
Access t imprved sanitatin acilities reers t the percentage the ppulatin with at least
adequate access t excreta dispsal acilities that can eectively prevent human, animal and insect
cntact with excreta. Imprved acilities range rm simple but prtected pit latrines t ush tilets
with a sewerage cnnectin. T be eective, acilities must be crrectly cnstructed and prperly
maintained.
The llwing graph demnstrates the gures r cuntries withut 100% access t sanitatin
acilities.14 The data present gures rm 2010, but n inrmatin was available r Brunei
Darussalam, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, New Zealand, Pland and Rmania.
Improved sanitation acilities in ASEM (% o population with access) 2010
99
98
98
96
96
95
76
76
74
70
64
63
54
51
48
34
31
0 20 40 60 80 100
Ireland
Czech Republic
Greece
Malaysia
Thailand
Estonia
Myanmar
Vietnam
The Philippines
Russia
China
Laos
Indonesia
MongoliaPakistan
India
Cambodia
Source: World Health Organization and United Nations Childrens Fund, Joint Measurement Programme (JMP)
14 In twentytw ut rtysix ASEM cuntries, 100% ppulatin have access t sanitatin acilities. These cuntriesinclude: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Republic
Krea, Luxemburg, Malta, the Netherlands, Prtugal, Singapre, Slvakia, Slvenia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdm.
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III. Facts and Figures
Water source
Access t an imprved water surce is measured here by the percentage the ppulatin with
reasnable access t an adequate amunt water rm an imprved surce, such as a husehld
cnnectin, public standpipe, brehle, prtected well r spring, and rainwater cllectin.
Unimprved surces include vendrs, tanker trucks, and unprtected wells and springs. Reasnable
access is dened as the availability at least 20 litres a persn each day rm a surce within ne
kilmetre the dwelling.
1. Improved water source among urban population
Many urban ppulatins in ASEM cuntries enjy 100% access t imprved water surces. Amng
these thirty cuntries, twentythree are Eurpean and seven are Asian.15
The llwing graphdemnstrates the gures r cuntries withut 100% access t sanitatin acilities. All the data are
rm 2010 and inrmatin was nt available r Brunei Darussalam.
Improved sanitation acilities in ASEM (% o population with access) 2010
99
99
99
99
99
98
98
97
97
96
93
93
92
87
77
0 20 40 60 80 100
Estonia
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Vietnam
China
Lithuania
India
Thailand
Pakistan
Myanmar
The Philippines
IndonesiaCambodia
Laos
Source: WHO and UNICEF, Joint Measurement Programme (JMP)
15 Eurpean cuntries with 100% imprved water surce amng urban ppulatin: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, I taly, Latvia, Luxemburg, Malta, the Netherlands,Pland, Slvakia, Slvenia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdm. The Asian cuntries with the same gure are: Australia,
Japan, Republic Krea, Malaysia, Mnglia, New Zealand and Singapre.
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III. Facts and Figures
2. Improved water source among rural population
Cmpared t access amng urban ppulatins, ewer cuntries achieve 100% access t imprved
water surce amng rural ppulatins. Yet, twentythree ASEM cuntries were able t prvide 100%
rural ppulatin with access t imprved water surces. These cuntries are predminantly
Eurpean (20 cuntries).16 In Asia, nly Australia, Japan and New Zealand achieve 100% access t
imprved water surce amng urban ppulatin.
The llwing graph demnstrates the gures r cuntries where nt all rural ppulatins have
access t sanitatin acilities. The data cited are rm 2010 but inrmatin was nt available r
Brunei Darussalam, Lithuania, Pland, Rmania and Singapre.
Improved water source in rural areas (% o rural population with access) 2010
99
99
99
97
96
95
9392
92
90
89
88
85
78
74
62
58
53
0 20 40 60 80 100
Greece
Malaysia
Slovenia
Estonia
Latvia
Thailand
VietnamThe Philippines
Russia
India
Pakistan
Republic of Korea
China
Myanmar
Indonesia
Laos
Cambodia
Mongolia
Source: WHO and UNICEF, Joint Measurement Programme (JMP)
16 Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg,
Malta, the Netherlands, Prtugal, Slvakia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdm.
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III. Facts and Figures
Tuberculosis
Anther cmmunicable disease that is cncern in public health is tuberculsis. In the llwing
graph, incidence tuberculsis is the estimated number new pulmnary, smearpsitive, and
extrapulmnary tuberculsis cases in 2010. In cntrast t HIV, which was equally prevalent in Asia
and Eurpe, the incidence tuberculsis appears t be much mre cmmn in Asia than in Eurpe.
In act, Rmania was the nly Eurpean cuntry amng the ten ASEM cuntries with the highest
incidences tuberculsis.
10 ASEM with highest incidence o tuberculosis (per 100,000 people) 2010
437
384
275
231224
199189 185
137
116
0
100
200
300
400
Source: World Health Organization, Global Tuberculosis Control Report
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III. Facts and Figures
10 ASEM with highest immunisation rates against measles(% o children aged 1223 months) 2010
99
99
99
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
0 20 40 60 80 100
China
Greece
Hungary
Czech Republic
Finland
Republic of Korea
Poland
Russia
Slovakia
Thailand
Source: WHO and UNICEF
10 ASEM countries with lowest immunisation rates against measles(% o children aged 1223 months) 2010
89
88
88
87
86
85
76
74
73
64
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Indonesia
Myanmar
The Philippines
Cyprus
Pakistan
Denmark
Austria
India
Malta
Laos
Source: WHO and UNICEF
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III. Facts and Figures
5. Economy
In Asia, the large and astgrwing ecnmies Russia, India and China as demnstrated by
the rmatin BRICS have signicant inuence n reginal and glbal aairs. In Eurpe,
the prlnged Eurzne crisis presents severe challenge t a regin struggling t nd cmmn
Eurpean slutins. In the midst this crisis, sme claim that Eurpe risks lsing its glbal relevance.
Nnetheless, the eur remains the secnd mst cmmnly held reserve currency and the EU single
market has the largest GDP any ecnmy in the wrld. AsiaEurpe relatins evlve accrdingly.
In cntrast t the previus relatinship dminatin, trade and skill transers, which tended t
be rather unequal twway cmmunicatin and mutual learning as well as cllabratins are
becming mre prevalent.
In this sectin, we will cncentrate n thse key ecnmic indicatrs that are relevant tunderstanding the health the ecnmies Asia and Eurpe.
Trade openness
Trade t grss dmestic prduct (GDP) rati is estimated as an ecnmys ttal trade gds and
cmmercial services (exprts plus imprts, n a balance payments basis) divided by GDP, n the
basis available data r the three latest years. GDP is measured in nminal terms and with market
exchange rates. The llwing graph demnstrates the GDP rati in all rtysix ASEM cuntries.
The data cme rm Wrld Trade organisatin (WTo) rm 20082010, unless indicated therwise.
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AsiA-EuropE rElAtions At A GlAncE58
III. Facts and Figures
Trade to GDP ratio (%) in ASEM countries 20082010
420260
178
167
166
160
157
154
154
150
138
138
131128
127
127
120
115
107
104
104
97
97
93
91
86
84
82
74
70
68
59
58
56
55
55
54
53
52
50
50
48
44
39
38
31
0 100 200 300 400
SingaporeLuxembourg
Malaysia
Malta
Ireland
Hungary
Slovakia
Vietnam
Belgium
Estonia
Thailand
The Netherlands
Czech RepublicCambodia
Slovenia
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Mongolia
Republic of Korea
Brunei Darussalam*
Austria
Denmark
Latvia
Sweden
CyprusGermany
Poland
Finland
Romania
Portugal
The Philippines
United Kingdom
New Zealand*
Laos
China
Spain
Italy
France
Russia
Greece
Indonesia
India
Australia*
Myanmar*
Pakistan
Japan
*20072009 fgures
Source: WTO
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III. Facts and Figures
GDP based on purchasing power parity
GDP based n purchasing pwer parity (PPP) is calculated by dividing a cuntrys nminal GDP
in its wn currency by the PPP exchange rate. The PPP exchange rate cmes rm a calculatin
that starts with the PPP exchange reprted by the Internatinal Cmparisn Prgram (ICP) r years
200305, which is then extended backwards and rwards by the grwth in relative GDP deatrs
(the deatr a cuntry divided by the deatr the United States).
The tw llwing graphs demnstrate GDP based n PPP in 2011 reprted by the Internatinal
Mnetary Fund (IMF). The rst graph shws the ten ASEM cuntries with the highest GDPPPP
valuatin and the secnd the ten ASEM cuntries with the lwest GDPPPP valuatin.
10 ASEM countries with highest GDP based on PPP valuation o GDP (US$ billion) 2011
11,300
4,458 4,440
3,0992,383 2,261 2,218 1,847 1,554 1,413
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
China India Japan Germany Russia UnitedKingdom
France Italy Republicof Korea
Spain
Source: IMF
10 ASEM countries with lowest GDP based on PPP valuation o country GDP (US$ billion) 2011
58
41
3533
27
2421
17
1311
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Source: IMF
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III. Facts and Figures
Gross National Income (GNI)
GNI is the sum value added by all resident prducers plus any prduct taxes (less subsidies)
nt included in the valuatin utput plus net receipts primary incme (cmpensatin
emplyees and prperty incme) rm abrad. Data are in current US dllars. GNI, calculated in
the natinal currency, is usually cnverted t US dllars at fcial exchange rates r cmparisns
acrss ecnmies, althugh an alternative rate is used when the fcial exchange rate is judged t
diverge by an exceptinally large margin rm the rate actually applied in internatinal transactins.
T smth uctuatins in prices and exchange rates, a special Atlas methd cnversin is used
by the Wrld Bank. This applies a cnversin actr that averages the exchange rate r a given year
and the tw preceding years, adjusted r dierences in rates inatin between the cuntry, and
thrugh 2000, the G5 cuntries (France, Germany, Japan, United Kingdm, and the United States).
Frm 2001, these cuntries include the Eur zne, Japan, United Kingdm, and the United States.
1. GNI, Atlas method
GNI per capita (rmerly GNP r Grss Natinal Prduct per capita) is the grss natinal incme,
cnverted t US dllars using the Wrld Bank Atlas methd, divided by the midyear ppulatin.
The tw graphs shw the tp ten and bttm ten ASEM cuntries in terms the GNI. Hwever, the
data were nt available r Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Cyprus, Malta, Myanmar and New Zealand.
10 ASEM countries with hightest GNI (current US$ billion ) 2011
6628
5574
3594
27762367
21471746
1476 14331039
0
2000
4000
6000
China Japan Germany France United
Kingdom
Italy India Russia Spain Republic
of Korea
Source: World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data fles
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