asia pacific economic cooperation (apec) · asia pacific economic cooperation (apec) apec is an...

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ASIAPACIFICECONOMICCOOPERATION(APEC)APECisanintergovernmentalgroupingoperatingonthebasisofnon-bindingcommitments,opendialogueandequalrespectfortheviewsofallparticipants.Itwasestablishedin1989tofurtherenhanceeconomicgrowthandprosperityfortheregionandtostrengthentheAsia-Paci�iccommunity.

APEC’s21MemberEconomiesareAustralia;BruneiDarussalam;Canada;Chile;People’sRepublicofChina;HongKong,China;Indonesia;Japan;RepublicofKorea;Malaysia;Mexico;NewZealand;PapuaNewGuinea;Peru;TheRepublicofthePhilippines;TheRussianFederation;Singapore;ChineseTaipei;Thailand;TheUnitedStatesofAmerica;andVietNam.

Sinceitsinception,APEChasworkedtoreducetariffsandothertradebarriersacrosstheAsia-Paci�icregion,creatingef�icientdomesticeconomiesanddramaticallyincreasingexports.KeytoachievingAPEC’svisionarewhatarereferredtoasthe ’BogorGoals’of freeandopentradeandinvestment intheAsia-Paci�icby2010for industrialisedeconomies and2020 fordeveloping economies.Thesegoalswere adoptedbyLeaders attheir1994meetinginBogor,Indonesia.APEC’senergyissuesaretheresponsibilitiesoftheEnergyWorkingGroup(EWG),oneofits11workinggroups.ThedevelopmentandmaintenanceoftheAPECEnergyDatabaseisassignedtoEWG’sExpertGrouponEnergyDataandAnalysis(EGEDA)whohasappointedtheEnergyDataandModellingCentre(EDMC)oftheInstituteofEnergyEconomics,Japan(IEEJ)astheCoordinatingAgency.Oneof theobjectivesofEGEDAistocollectmonthlyoildataof theAPECeconomies insupportof theJointOrganisationsDataInitiative.

AsiaPaci�icEconomicCooperation(APEC)–www.ieej.or.jp/egedaINUI.BldgKachidoki,13-1,Kachidoki1-Chome,Chuo-Ku,Tokyo104-0054,Japan

EUROSTATEurostatistheStatisticalOf�iceoftheEuropeanCommunities.ItstaskistoprovidetheEuropeanUnionwithstatistics, ataEuropean level, thatallowcomparisons tobemadebetweencountriesandregions.Eurostatconsolidates and harmonises the data collected by theMember States. To ensure that the vast quantity ofaccessibledataismadewidelyavailableandtohelpeachusermakeproperuseoftheinformation,Eurostathassetupapublicationsandservicesprogramme.Thisprogrammemakesacleardistinctionbetweengeneralandspecialistusersandparticularcollectionshavebeendevelopedforthesedifferentgroups.Thecollections’Pressreleases,Statisticsinfocus,PanoramaoftheEuropeanUnion,PocketbooksandCataloguesareaimedatgeneralusers.Theygiveimmediatekeyinformationthroughanalyses,tables,graphsandmaps.Thecollections’methodsandnomenclaturesanddetailedtablessuittheneedsofthespecialistwhoispreparedtospendmoretimeanalysingandusingverydetailedinformationandtables.Aspartofthenewprogramme,Eurostathasdeveloped itswebsite. It includes a broad range of online information on Eurostat products and services,newsletters,catalogues,onlinepublicationsandindicatorsontheeurozone.

StatisticalOf�iceoftheEuropeanCommunities(EUROSTAT)–epp.eurostat.ec.europa.euBECHBuilding,5,rueAlphonseWeicker,L-2721Luxembourg

INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYTheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)workstoensurereliable,affordableandcleanenergyforits28membercountriesandbeyond.Founded in1974, the IEA’s initial rolewas tohelpcountriesco-ordinateacollectiveresponsetomajordisruptionsinoilsupplythroughthereleaseofemergencyoilstockstothemarkets.Whilethiscontinues tobeakeyaspectof itswork, the IEAhasevolvedandexpanded. It isat theheartofglobaldialogueonenergy,andnowworkscloselywithnon-membercountriesto�indsolutionstosharedenergyandenvironmentalconcerns.Itisoneoftheworld’smostauthoritativesourcesforenergystatistics,andproducesannualstudiesonoil,naturalgas,coal,electricityandrenewables.TheIEAalsoprovidesauthoritative,unbiasedresearchandanalysiswhichfocuseson:

• Energysecurity:Promotingdiversity,ef�iciencyand�lexibilitywithinallenergysectors.• Economicdevelopment:EnsuringthestablesupplyofenergytoIEAmembercountriesandpromoting

freemarketstofostereconomicgrowthandeliminateenergypoverty.• Environmentalawareness:Enhancinginternationalknowledgeofoptionsfortacklingclimatechange.

InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)–www.iea.org9,ruedelaFederation,75739ParisCedex15,France

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THELATIN-AMERICANENERGYORGANISATION(OLADE)TheLatin-AmericanEnergyOrganisation(OLADE)isaninternationalpublicentityofcooperation,coordinationand advising. Its fundamental purpose is integration, protection, conservation, defence and rational use ofenergyresourcesoftheRegion.Thefundamentalobjectivesoftheorganisationareasfollows:

• Politicalandtechnicaltoolforpromptingbetterregionalenergyintegration.• Manageof�icialstatistics,productsandservicesandregionalenergyplanning.• EncouragetraininginsidetheEnergyMinistriesoftheMemberCountries.• Promoteregionalenergycooperationamongcountries.

MemberCountries:Argentina,Barbados,Belize,Bolivia,Brazil,Colombia,CostaRica,Cuba,Chile,Ecuador,ElSalvador,Grenada,Guatemala,Guyana,Haiti,Honduras,Jamaica,Mexico,Nicaragua,Panama,Paraguay,Peru,DominicanRepublic,Suriname,Trinidad&Tobago,UruguayandVenezuela.

Latin-AmericanEnergyOrganisation(OLADE)-www.olade.orgAv.MariscalSucreNo.N58-63&FernandezSalvador,OLADEBldg,P.O.Box17-11-6413Quito,Ecuador

THEORGANIZATIONOFPETROLEUMEXPORTINGCOUNTRIES(OPEC)TheOrganizationofthePetroleumExportingCountries(OPEC)isapermanentintergovernmentalorganizationof oil-exporting developing nations that coordinates and uni�ies the petroleum policies of its MemberCountries. OPEC seeks to ensure the stabilization of oil prices in international oilmarkets,with a view toeliminatingharmfulandunnecessary�luctuations,dueregardbeinggivenatalltimestotheinterestsofoil-producingnationsandtothenecessityofsecuringasteadyincomeforthem.EquallyimportantisOPEC’sroleinoverseeinganef�icient,economicandregularsupplyofpetroleumtoconsumingnations,andafairreturnoncapitaltothoseinvestinginthepetroleumindustry.

OPECwasformedonSeptember14,1960,atameetinginBaghdad,theIraqicapital,attendedby�ivecountriesthatbecamethefoundingmembers.ItwasregisteredwiththeUnitedNationsSecretariatonNovember6,1962,followingUNResolutionNo.6363.AlsoinattendanceattheBaghdadmeetingwere-IslamicRepublicofIran,Iraq,Kuwait,SaudiArabiaandVenezuela.TheysignedtheoriginalagreementestablishingOPEC.Currently,theorganizationhastwelvemembers,namely:Algeria,Angola,Ecuador,IRIran,Iraq,Kuwait,Libya,Nigeria,Qatar,SaudiArabia,UnitedArabEmiratesandVenezuela.

OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries(OPEC)–www.opec.orgHelferstorferstrasse17,A-1010Vienna,Austria

UNITEDNATIONSSTATISTICSDIVISION(UNSD)The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) collects, processes and disseminates statistical informationcoveringabroadrangeofstatisticaldomains,suchasdemography,energy,environment,industry,internationaltrade,nationalaccounts,socialandhousingstatistics.

Inadditiontocompilinganddisseminatingglobalstatisticalinformation,theDivision’skeyactivitiesincludethedevelopmentofstandardsandnormsforstatisticalactivities,assistancetocountriesintheimplementationofthesestandardsandgeneralsupporttostrengthencountries’nationalstatisticalsystems.

UNSDservesasthecentralmechanismwithintheSecretariatof theUnitedNationstosatisfythestatisticalneedsandcoordinatingactivitiesoftheglobalstatisticalsystem.UNSDalsoprovidessupporttothefunctioningoftheUNStatisticalCommission,theapexentityoftheglobalstatisticalsystem,whichbringstogethertheChiefStatisticiansfromUnitedNationsmemberstatesfromaroundtheworld.

In the �ield of energy statistics, UNSD started its regular data collection in 1950. It now compiles anddisseminatesenergystatisticsformorethan190countries/territories,publishedintwoannualpublications,the Energy Statistics Yearbook and the Energy Balances and Electricity Pro�iles, as well as an electronicdatabase,whichcanalsobeaccessedthroughtheUNdataportal.

UNSDiscooperatingwithmanyinternational,regionalandsupranationalagenciesintheworkonstatisticalstandards,datacollectionandstatisticalcapacitybuilding,includinginthe�ieldofenergystatistics.

UnitedNationsStatisticsDevision(UNSD)–unstats.un.org2UNPlaza,DC2-1414,New-York,NY10017,USA

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INTERNATIONALENERGYFORUM(IEF)TheIEFaimstofostergreatermutualunderstandingandawarenessofcommonenergyinterestsamongits89membercountries.

Coveringallsixcontinentsandaccountingforaround90%ofglobalsupplyanddemandforoilandgas,theIEFisuniqueinthatitcomprisesnotonlyconsumingandproducingcountriesoftheIEAandOPEC,butalsoTransitStatesandmajorplayersoutsideoftheirmemberships,includingArgentina,Brazil,China,India,Mexico,Oman,Russia andSouthAfrica. Sittingalongsideother importantdevelopedanddevelopingeconomieson the31strongIEFExecutiveBoard,thesekeynationsareactivesupportersoftheglobalenergydialoguethroughtheIEF.

Recognisingtheirinterdependenceinthe�ieldofenergy,themembercountriesoftheIEFco-operateundertheneutralframeworkoftheForumtofostergreatermutualunderstandingandawarenessofcommonenergyinterestsinordertoensureglobalenergysecurity.TheForum’sbiennialMinisterialMeetingsaretheworld’slargestgatheringofEnergyMinisters.Themagnitudeanddiversityofthisengagementisatestamenttothepositionof the IEF as a neutral facilitator andhonest brokerof solutions in the common interest. The IEFandtheglobalenergydialoguearepromotedbyapermanentSecretariatof internationalstaffbased intheDiplomaticQuarterofRiyadh,SaudiArabia.

InternationalEnergyForum(IEF)–www.ief.orgDiplomaticQuarter,P.O.Box94736,Riyadh11614,SaudiArabia

Commentscanalsobesenttothefollowinge-mailaddress:[email protected]

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ListsofFiguresandTables .............................................................................................................................................8

Foreword .............................................................................................................................................................9

Preface ..........................................................................................................................................................11

Ackowledgements ..........................................................................................................................................................13

1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................15

2. TheJODIOilQuestionnaire ..................................................................................................................................172.1 Thequestionnaire............................................................................................................................................................. 172.2 Instructionsforcompletion.......................................................................................................................................... 172.3 Shortde�initions................................................................................................................................................................ 18

3. ProductDe�initions.................................................................................................................................................213.1 Crudeoil .............................................................................................................................................................................. 213.2 NGL .............................................................................................................................................................................. 223.3 Other .............................................................................................................................................................................. 233.4 Total .............................................................................................................................................................................. 253.5 LPG .............................................................................................................................................................................. 253.6 Naphtha .............................................................................................................................................................................. 273.7 Motorandaviationgasoline......................................................................................................................................... 283.8 Kerosenes ............................................................................................................................................................................. 303.9 Gas/Dieseloil...................................................................................................................................................................... 313.10 Fueloil .............................................................................................................................................................................. 333.11 Otheroilproducts............................................................................................................................................................. 343.12 Totaloilproducts .............................................................................................................................................................. 37

4. FlowDe�initions .......................................................................................................................................................394.1 Production(CrudeOil/NGL/Other).......................................................................................................................... 394.2 Fromothersources .......................................................................................................................................................... 414.3 ImportsandExports........................................................................................................................................................ 414.4 Productstransferred/Back�lows.............................................................................................................................. 434.5 Directuse.............................................................................................................................................................................. 434.6 Stockchange........................................................................................................................................................................ 444.7 Statisticaldifference ........................................................................................................................................................ 454.8 Re�ineryintake ................................................................................................................................................................... 454.9 Closingstocks ..................................................................................................................................................................... 46

4.9.1 Whatareprimary,secondaryandtertiarystocks?............................................................................... 464.9.2 Whatdatashouldbecollected?..................................................................................................................... 474.9.3 Locationofstocks................................................................................................................................................ 48

4.9.4 Timing/Cutoffdate.......................................................................................................................................... 48 4.9.5 Availabilityofstocksdata ................................................................................................................................ 48

4.10 Re�ineryoutput .................................................................................................................................................................. 494.11 Receipts .............................................................................................................................................................................. 514.12 Productstransferred ....................................................................................................................................................... 524.13 Interproducttransfers .................................................................................................................................................... 524.14 Demand .............................................................................................................................................................................. 52

Tableofcontents

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5. Veri�icationofDataQuality ..................................................................................................................................555.1 Dataqualityassessment................................................................................................................................................. 555.2 Focusondataaccuracy................................................................................................................................................... 55

5.2.1Balancecheck...................................................................................................................................................... 56 5.2.1.1Fuelbalance:sumofproductsversustotaloilproducts ....................................................... 57

5.2.1.2Stockscheck .............................................................................................................................................. 58 5.2.2Timeseriescheck .............................................................................................................................................. 59

5.2.3Re�ineryintake/outputcheck ...................................................................................................................... 60 5.2.4Visualchecks ....................................................................................................................................................... 62

5.3. Monthlyversusannualdata ......................................................................................................................................... 62 5.3.1 Monthlydata ......................................................................................................................................................... 62 5.3.1.1Datacollectionandcoverage ............................................................................................................. 62 5.3.1.2Estimatesorfullcoveragedata......................................................................................................... 63 5.3.1.3Missingmonthlydata ............................................................................................................................ 63 5.3.2 Annualdata............................................................................................................................................................ 63 5.3.2.1Annualdataisasimplysumofthe12consecutivemonthsoftheyear.......................... 63 5.3.2.2Monthlydataistobereconsolidated inordertoderiveannualdatafromthemonthlydata............................................................ 63

5.4. Commonreportingerrors ............................................................................................................................................. 63

6. EstimationsandRevisionsofdata .....................................................................................................................676.1 Estimations .......................................................................................................................................................................... 67

6.1.1 Dataarenotcollected........................................................................................................................................ 676.1.2 Dataareexceptionallynotavailable ........................................................................................................... 70

6.2 Revisions .............................................................................................................................................................................. 72

7. ExamplesofPracticesAfewExamplesofJODIOilDataCollectionandMethodologyinParticipatingCountries............................737.1 Exampleofpractice:Argentina................................................................................................................................... 737.2 Exampleofpractice:Croatia ........................................................................................................................................ 747.3 Exampleofpractice:Egypt............................................................................................................................................ 757.4 Exampleofpractice:France ......................................................................................................................................... 767.5 Exampleofpractice:Norway ....................................................................................................................................... 777.6 Exampleofpractice:Philippines ................................................................................................................................ 797.7 Exampleofpractice:SaudiArabia ............................................................................................................................. 82

8. TheJODIOilWorldDatabase...............................................................................................................................838.1 Background.......................................................................................................................................................................... 838.2 BuildingtheJODIOilWorldDatabase...................................................................................................................... 838.3 TheJODIOilWorldDatabase ....................................................................................................................................... 84

8.3.1 Howtoaccess?...................................................................................................................................................... 84 8.3.2 Whatisincluded? ................................................................................................................................................ 84 8.3.3 Somefeatures ....................................................................................................................................................... 85 8.3.4 Colourcoding........................................................................................................................................................ 85

Annex1:TheRe�ineryprocess ..................................................................................................................................87

Annex2:Unitsandconversionfactors ....................................................................................................................89

Listofabbreviations ......................................................................................................................................................93

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FiguresandTables

Listof�igures

Figure3.1 ProductionofLPG..............................................................................................................................................................26

Figure4.1 Wellheadversusmarketableproduction.................................................................................................................39

Figure4.2 Mainre�inery�lows ...........................................................................................................................................................50

Figure4.3 Demand�lows......................................................................................................................................................................53

Figure5.1 Re�ineryintakecomparisonintons...........................................................................................................................61

Figure5.2 Re�ineryintakecomparisonsinkbbl.........................................................................................................................61

Figure5.3 Re�ineryintakevolumes .................................................................................................................................................62

Figure7.1 Downstreamoilsector.....................................................................................................................................................79

Figure8.1 Data�lowtotheIEF............................................................................................................................................................84

Figure8.2 Aviewfromthedatabase...............................................................................................................................................85

FigureA1.1 Operationofatypicalre�inery .....................................................................................................................................87

FigureA2.1 Oilindustry�low.................................................................................................................................................................94

Listoftables

Table4.1 Example1ofreportingDirectuseofNGL...............................................................................................................51

Table5.1 Example1ofinternalbalancecheck .........................................................................................................................57

Table5.2 Example1offuelbalancecheck..................................................................................................................................57

Table5.3 Example2offuelbalancecheck..................................................................................................................................58

Table5.4 Exampleofcheckingconsistencyofstocksdata ..................................................................................................58

Table5.5 Comparinggrowthrateforthelatestmonthtothehistoricaltrend...........................................................59

Table6.1 AnnualbalanceforcountryZ........................................................................................................................................68

Table6.2 MonthlyJODIOildataforcountryZ...........................................................................................................................69

Table6.3 Re�ineryoutputofgas/dieseloilofcountryZ.......................................................................................................70

Table6.4 Howtoestimatemissingdata–example1.............................................................................................................70



TableA2.1 Mostcommonmultipleandsub-multiplepre�ixes .............................................................................................89

TableA2.2 Conversionequivalentsbetweenunitsofvolume...............................................................................................90

TableA2.3 Conversionequivalentsbetweenunitsofmass....................................................................................................90

TableA2.4 Conversionequivalentsbetweenunitsofenergy ................................................................................................90

TableA2.5 Typicaldensities,conversionfactorsandcalori�icvaluesforcrudeoilandpetroleumproducts ...... 92

TableA2.6 Exampleofconvertingvolumetomass....................................................................................................................92

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Foreword

The Joint Organisations Data Initiative is a concrete outcome of the producer-consumer energydialogue.Theimportanceofexchangingdataasameanstoenhancetransparencyofglobalenergycommodity markets is recognised by IEF Energy Ministers as bene�icial to energy security andin the interest ofproducers and consumers alike.The initiative relieson the combinedeffortsofproducingandconsumingcountriesandthesevenJODIpartnerorganisationstobuild thetimely,comprehensive,andsustainableenergydataprovisionarchitecturewhichisaprerequisiteforstableenergycommoditymarkets.Byhelpingtomitigatesomeoftheuncertaintiesthatmaybedetrimentaltomarket functionality, JODIaims tomoderateunduepricevolatility, thereby increasing investorcon�idenceandcontributingtogreaterstabilityinenergymarketsworldwide.

JODIhasbeensuccessfulindeliveringimprovedenergymarkettransparency.JODI’sdatacollectionarchitecture has demonstrated its ability to provide more timely oil market information, buttimeliness alone is not enough. Timeliness, accuracy and completeness must all be given equalweightingifthedataaretoyieldtheirfullpotential,butforsomecountriesthereisstillampleroomforimprovementinthelattertwomeasures.Astheinitiativemovestoanextendedformat,withthreetimesasmanydatapoints,evenhistoricallystrongJODIperformerswillhavetoworkhardtorisetothechallengeofmaintainingtheirperformance.Supportfromandco-operationamongtheJODIpartnersandanincreasedfocusoncapacitybuildingwillbekeydeterminantsofsuccessforthenextstageofJODI’sdevelopment.

Energy Ministers as well as world leaders have consistently expressed their strong support forJODIandcontinuetocall forimprovedenergymarketdatatransparency.Suchpoliticalsupport isessentialandJODIorganisationshavebeendiligentintheireffortstoprovidethemarketwithmorecomprehensivedata.

ThisManualwaspreparedjointlybytheIEFanditsJODIOilpartners(APEC,Eurostat,IEA,OLADE,OPECandUNSD).Ourobjectiveistohelpdatacollectorsandusersunderstandthemethodologyandde�initionsusedintheJODIOilquestionnaire.AlongwithtrainingsessionsonJODIconductedbyIEFandpartnerorganisations,thisManualwillhelpdatacollectorstoconductbasicveri�icationofdata,avoidcommonreportingerrorsandshareexamplesofbestpractices.

This second edition of the JODI OilManual is another importantmilestone on the road tomoretransparentenergymarketsthroughimproveddata.

AldoFloresQuirogaSecretaryGeneral

InternationalEnergyForum

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Preface

Sincetheendofthe1990stheworldhasfacedhighoilpricevolatility.Thelackoftransparentandreliableoilstatisticswasidenti�iedasacontributoryfactortothevolatility.Thisisinadditiontoexternalitiesincludingpoliticaltensionandeconomicshocks.Effortstoimprovetheavailabilityandreliabilityofoildatabeganamongproducersandconsumers,whorecognisedtheneedformoredatatransparencyintheoilmarket.Ministersatthe7thInternationalEnergyForuminRiyadhin2000madecleartheirsupportforbetterdataandurgedaglobalresponsetothechallenge.

Evolutionfromthe7thto10thInternationalEnergyForum:Fromanexercisetoaninitiativeandadatabase.

Sixinternationalorganisations–APEC,Eurostat,IEA,OLADE,OPECandUNSD–tookupthechallenge,combinedtheirefforts,involvedtheirMemberCountriesand,inApril2001launchedtheJointOilDataExercise(JODE).Theprimarygoalwasnottobuildadatabase,buttoraisetheawarenessofalloilmarketplayerstotheneedformoretransparencyofoilmarketdata.

The �irst priority of the six organisations was to assess the oil data situation in their respectivemembercountriesinordertobetterqualifyandquantifytheperceivedlackoftransparency.Theassessmentincludedthe collection of up-to-date monthly oil statistics from each organisation’s member countries through aharmonizedquestionnaireon42keyoildatapoints.

Progresswasimmediate:Withinsixmonths,55countrieswerealreadyparticipatingintheexercise.Sixmonthslatertherewereover70participatingcountries,representing90percentofglobaloilsupplyanddemand.Atthe8thInternationalEnergyForuminOsakain2002,Ministerscommendedthework,reaf�irmedtheirpoliticalsupportandurgedtheorganisationstoredoubletheirefforts.

Having obtained the political mandate to reinforce their work, the six organisations obtained agreementfromtheirMemberCountriestomaketheExerciseapermanentreportingmechanism;theExercisewasthenrenamedtheJointOilDataInitiative(JODI).

Astheprocessgatheredmomentum,morecountriesparticipatedandtheirsubmissionsbecamemoretimely,complete,andofhigherquality.Itbecame,therefore,desirabletoassemblealltheinformationinacompatibleform:TheJODIOilWorldDatabasewasborn.

Participantsinthe5thJODIConferenceinOctober2004stronglyrecommendedthatthisjointglobaldatabasebemadefreelyaccessibletoall–organisations,countries,industry,analystsandothers.

Fromconcepttolaunchandfurtherdevelopments

Transparencydoesnothappenovernightanddespitethesigni�icantprogressachievedsinceitsinception,thedatabaseisstillfarfromperfect.TheIEFSecretariat,whichtookovertheco-ordinationofJODIinJanuary2005,andthesixpartnerorganisationsarefullyawareofthelimitsandlimitationsofthedatabaseatthisstageofitsdevelopment.However,sincetransparencyiscentraltotheinitiative,theorganisationsrespondedpositivelytotherequestexpressedatthe5thJODIConferenceforthedatabasetobemadeaccessibletothepublic.

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InOctober2005,theorganisationsagreedtoopentheJODIOilWorldDatabase.Thedatabasewasof�iciallylaunchedontheoccasionoftheinaugurationoftheIEFHeadquartersbuildinginRiyadh,byKingAbdullahofSaudiArabiaon19November2005.

Asaresultofthe6thInternationalJODI(Oil)conferenceinRiyadh,JODIpartnerorganisationsconductedanextendedformatdatacollectiontrialovertwoyearsandconcludedthattheextensionwasfeasible.Followingitsendorsementatthe7thInternationalJODIConferenceinQuito,thesevenJODIorganisationsimplementedthe extended JODI questionnaire as a permanent activity. This extended format gives amore detailed andaccurateviewofthesupply-demandpicture.

The JODIpartners’ establishmentofaworldoildata collectionsystem inspired IEFMinisters to call foranextension of the Initiative to cover natural gas (JODI Gas) and annual data on upstream and downstreamcapacityandexpansionplans.Toaccommodateprogressonthesenewchallengesbeyondoildatatransparency,thesevenJODIpartnerorganisationshavenowre-brandedJODIastheJointOrganisationsDataInitiative.

Acontinuousprocess…

Thedatabaseisandalwayswillbeworkinprogress.Timeliness,sustainabilityandcompletenesscanalwaysbeimprovedupon,butthequalityofdataalsoconstitutesanessentialelementofagooddatabase.

Theorganisationsthereforejointlydecidedthatseveralmeasurescouldbetakentohelpnationaladministrationsfurtherenhancedataqualitywhencompleting the JODIOilquestionnaire.Asapointofdeparture, the �irsteditionof JODIOilmanual becameavailablewith thenecessary guidelines and technical instructions.Thissecondeditionwillincludede�initionsofnewlyaddedproductsand�lowsaswellasin-depthexplanationsandadditionaldiagramsoftheoilindustry’shighlycomplexvaluechain.TofurtherimprovethedatasubmittedtoJODI,andtobuildcapacityamongitsparticipants,theIEFandtheJODIpartnerorganisationshaveestablishedtheregionaltrainingworkshopprogrammewhichoffersstatisticiansandexpertsfromparticipatingcountriesanopportunity to improve theirknowledgeofde�initions,dataqualityassessmentandoildata issues.TheworkshopsalsoofferaplatformforJODIuserstosharetheirexperiencesandcommunicatebestpracticesforoildatamanagement.

Theultimategoalofthisinitiativeisfulldatatransparency-acompleteandcomprehensivedatabasewithgoodqualitydata,updatedonatimelybasisandprovidinganoverviewoftheglobaloilsituation.Wehopethatthepublicationofthismanualbringsusalittleclosertoachievingthisobjective.

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Acknowledgements

ThismanualwaspreparedbytheEnergyDivisionoftheInternationalEnergyForum(IEF)anditspartnersintheJointOrganisationsDataInitiative(JODI):theAsiaPaci�icEconomicCooperation(APEC),theStatisticalOf�iceof theEuropeanCommunities (Eurostat), the InternationalEnergyAgency (IEA), theLatinAmericanEnergyOrganisation (OLADE), theOrganisation forPetroleumExportingCountries (OPEC), and theUnitedNationsStatisticsDivision(UNSD).

Theongoing successof JODI relies on the sustained and activeparticipation and support of all key actors.Therefore special acknowledgement is due to Argentina, Croatia, Egypt, France, Norway, Philippines, andSaudiArabia,thecountrieswhosecasestudiesappearinthemanual.Thanksarealsoduetothemanyotherparticipatingcountriesthatvolunteeredmaterialforpublication:Algeria,Bulgaria,CostaRica,Cyprus,Estonia,Latvia, Lithuania, Mexico, Romania, Sweden and Uruguay. The depth of thematerial submitted has addedconsiderablevaluetothedevelopmentoftheJODIOiltrainingprogrammeaswellastothecomprehensivenessofthemanual.

JODIcontinuestoevolveandthispublicationisalivingdocument.FeedbackisanessentialelementinthedriveforprogressandcommentsontheInitiativeareactivelyencouraged.PleasesubmitquestionsorobservationsontheimplementationofJODIbyemailtojodi.info@ief.org.

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Chapter1:Introduction

Thepurposeofthismanualistoprovidedatacollectorsanduserswithafullexplanationofthemethodologyandde�initionsused in the JODIOil (JointOrganisationsData InitiativeOil)questionnaire.Moreover itwasdeemedusefultosupplysomebackgroundinformationonhowoilisproduced,re�ined,etc.

AttheoutsetofJODIOil,whenthequestionnairewasdesigned,thesix internationalorganisationsinvolvedintheinitiativeatthattimeagreedtolimitthenumberofdatapointsrequestedintheJODIOilquestionnairetoaminimum.TheinitialobjectiveoftheJODIindeedwasnottostartanewdatacollectionsystem,buttodeterminehowmanycountriescouldsubmitmonthlydataonaregularbasis.JODIhasevolvedconsiderablysincethenandisnowapermanentfeatureforthesixorganisations.(moreinformationisavailableontheJODIwebsite:www.jodidata.org)

Only42keydatapointswereoriginallyrequested:sevenproductcategories(crudeoil,LPG,gasoline,kerosene,gas/dieseloil,fueloilandtotaloilproducts)andsix�lows(production,imports,exports,stockchanges,closingstocksanddemand).Theinformationrequesteddidnotconstituteabalance;foracompleteoilbalancetobereported,informationonseveralother�lowswouldberequired(e.g.transfers,directuse,etc.).

Inordertohaveasmallandeasilyunderstandablequestionnaire,thede�initionswerekepttoaminimum,andincludedonlytheabsoluteessentials.Moreover,asthesixinternationalorganisationswerealreadycollectingoilstatisticsforotherpurposes,eachofthemhaddevelopedde�initionsappropriatefortheirdatacollection.Theideawasthereforethatattheonset,de�initionswouldbekeptsimple,andthatmoreextensivede�initions(basedonharmonisedde�initionsofthesixorganisations)wouldbedevelopedastheinitiativeevolved.

UponrequestsfromdatausersfollowingthelaunchoftheJODIOilWorldDatabaseinNovember2005,JODIpartnerorganisationsintroducedanextendedformatwith126datapoints.Thisextendedformatincludes�iveadditionalproducts(NGL,Other[primaryproducts],Naphtha,KerosenetypejetfuelandOtheroilproducts)as well as 7 additional �lows (From other sources, Product transferred, Back�lows, Direct use, Statisticaldifference,Receipts,andInterproducttransfers).Thisextendedformatgivesamoredetailedandaccurateviewofthesupply-demandpicture.ThissecondeditionoftheJODIOilmanualisarevisedversionofits�irsteditionpublishedin2006withadditionofde�initionsforthesenewproductsand�lows.

Most of the de�initions used in this manual are aligned with those contained in the InternationalRecommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES)which have been adopted by the United Nations StatisticalCommission inFebruary2011.Thede�initionshavebeendevelopedby InterEnerStat throughanextensiveconsultationprocesswithinternationalandregionalorganisationsactiveinenergystatisticsand,aspartofthepreparationofIRES,theyhavebeensubjecttoaworldwideconsultationwithcountriesandinternational/regionalorganisations.

Thede�initionsusedbytheorganisationsmaybedifferentlyworded,butthedifferencesmaynotbesolargethattheyresultindramaticallydifferentreporting.Nonethelesseachnationaladministrationmustadheretothede�initionsoftheorganisationtheybelongtowhentheysubmitJODIOildata.

Thismanualcompriseseightchaptersandtwoannexes.Thischapterprovidesforanintroduction;theJODIOilquestionnaireisdescribedinChapter2andtheproductand�lowde�initionsareaddressedinChapters3and4,respectively.Dataveri�icationmethodologyisinChapter5toguidethedataprovidersintheireffortstoimprovedataquality.Chapter6providesinformationonestimationandrevisionofdata.Chapter7servesthedataprovidersbygivingrealexamplesofdatacollectionpracticestogetherwithassociatedproblemsandsolutionsinvariouscountries.Chapter8providesinformationontheJODIOilWorldDatabase.Abriefoverviewofthere�ineryprocessisgiveninAnnex1,whichcanserveasaquickreferenceforstudyingandcheckingthecomplicatedinterplayofproductsand�lowsinoilre�ineries.Annex2providesexplanationsaboutunitsandconversionfactorswhichmaybeneededwhensubmittingJODIOildata.

16 17

Chapter2:TheJODIOilQuestionnaire

TheJODIOilquestionnaireformat,de�initionsandinstructionsonhowtocompleteitareshownbelow.Thequestionnaireistobesubmittedonamonthlybasis.

2.1 Thequestionnaire

JOINT ORGANISATIONS DATA INITIATIVECountry __________________Month __________________ Unit: _________________

Crude oil

NGL Other Total(1)+(2)+(3)

(1) (2) (3) (4)

+ Production

+ From other sources

+ Imports

– Exports

+ Products transferred/ Backflows

– Direct use

– Stock change

– Statistical difference 0 0 0 0

= Refi nery intake

Closing stocks

Oil products

LPG NaphthaMotor/

aviation gasoline

KerosenesOf which Kerosene

type jet fuel

Gas/diesel

oilFuel oil

Other oil products

Total oil products (5)+(6)+(7)+(8)+(10)

+(11)+(12)

(5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)

+ Refi nery output

+ Receipts

+ Imports

– Exports

– Products transferred

+ Interproduct transfers

– Stock change

– Statistical difference 00 00 0 0 0 00 0 0 0

= Demand

Closing stocks

2.2 Instructionsforcompletion

Instructions

Deadlineforsubmission:25thofeachmonth

TheExcelformincludestwoworksheets:oneformonthM-1andoneformonthM-2.

1.PleasedonotchangetheformatoftheExcelform2.PleasemakesurethatyouindicatethecorrectdatamonthinthecellforMonth:3.Donotenterdecimalnumbers,butonlyincluderoundednumbers4.Forspeci�icdetails,pleaseseetheworksheetonDe�initionsinthisspreadsheet.

Whencompleted,pleasesavetheExcel�ileandsendto:…(organisation)Ifyouhaveotherquestionsorrequirefurthermoreinformation,pleasecontact:……(organisation)

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APEC/EUROSTAT/IEA/OLADE/OPEC/UNSDJODIOilShortDe�initions

Time: M-1isLastMonth,orthemonthprevioustothecurrentmonth. M-2istwomonthsprevioustothecurrentmonth.

DESCRIPTIONOFPRODUCTS

1. Crudeoil : Includingleasecondensate–excludingNGL.

2. NGL : Liquidorlique�iedhydrocarbonsrecoveredfromgasseparation plantsandgasprocessingfacilities.

3. Other : Re�ineryfeedstocks+additives/oxygenates+otherhydrocarbons.

4. Total : Sumofcategories(1)to(3)Total=Crudeoil+NGL+Other.

5. LPG : Comprisespropaneandbutane.

6. Naphtha : Comprisesnaphthausedasfeedstocksforproducinghighoctane gasolineandalsoasfeedstockforthechemical/petrochemical industries.7. Motorand aviationgasoline : Comprisesmotorgasolineandaviationgasoline.

8. Kerosenes : Compriseskerosenetypejetfuelandotherkerosene.

9. ofwhich:Kerosene typejetfuel : Aviationfuelusedforaviationturbinepowerunits. ThisamountisasubsetoftheamountreportedunderKerosenes.

10. Gas/dieseloil : Forautomotiveandotherpurposes.

11. Fueloil : Heavyresidualoil/boileroil,includingbunkeroil.

12. Otheroilproducts : Re�inerygas,ethane,petroleumcoke,lubricants,whitespirit&SPB, bitumen,paraf�inwaxesandotheroilproducts.

13. Totaloilproducts : Sumofcategories(5)to(12)excluding(9).DemandforTotal productsincludesdirectuseofCrudeoil,NGLandOther.

2.3 Shortde�initions

18 19

APEC/EUROSTAT/IEA/OLADE/OPEC/UNSDJODIOilShortDe�initions

Time: M-1isLastMonth,orthemonthprevioustothecurrentmonth. M-2istwomonthsprevioustothecurrentmonth.

DESCRIPTIONOFFLOW

Production : Marketableproduction,afterremovalofimpuritiesbutincluding quantitiesconsumedbytheproducerintheproductionprocess.Fromothersources : Inputsofadditives,biofuelsandotherhydrocarbonsthatare producedfromnon-oilsourcessuchas:coal,naturalgasor renewables.Imports/Exports : Goodshavingphysicallycrossedtheinternationalboundaries, excludingtransittrade,internationalmarineandaviationbunkers.Productstransferred/Back�lows : SumofProductstransferredandBack�lowsfromthepetrochemical industry.Directuse : Referstocrudeoil,NGLandOtherwhichareuseddirectly,without beingprocessedinoilre�ineries,forexample:crudeoilburnedfor electricitygeneration.Stockchange : Closingminusopeninglevel. Apositivenumberindicatesastockbuildduringtheperiod. Anegativenumberindicatesastockdrawduringtheperiod.Statisticaldifference : Differencesbetweenobservedsupply�lowsandRe�ineryintakeor Demand.Re�ineryintake : Observedre�inerythroughputs.Closingstocks : Representstheprimarystocklevelattheendofthemonthwithin nationalterritories;includesstocksheldbyimporters,re�iners, stockholdingorganisationsandgovernments.Re�ineryoutput : Grossoutput(includingre�ineryfuel).Receipts : Primaryproductreceipts(quantitiesofoiluseddirectlywithout processinginare�inery)+recycledproducts.ReceiptsforOtheroil productsincludedirectuseofcrudeoilandNGL.Productstransferred : Importedpetroleumproductswhicharereclassi�iedasfeedstocks forfurtherprocessinginthere�inery,withoutdeliveryto�inal consumers.Interproduct : Reclassi�icationofproducts,becausetheirspeci�icationhastransfers changed,orbecausetheyareblendedintoanotherproduct: anegativeindicatesaproductthatwillbereclassi�ied,apositive showsareclassi�iedproduct.InterproducttransfersforOtheroil productsincludesinterproducttransfersofCrudeoilandNGL.Demand : Deliveriesorsalestotheinlandmarket(domesticconsumption) plusRe�ineryfuelplusInternationalmarineandaviationbunkers. DemandforOtheroilproductsincludesdirectuseofCrudeoil, NGL,andOther.

20 21

Chapter3:Productde�initions

Thischapteronproductde�initionsandthefollowingoneon�lowde�initionsarestructuredasfollows:�irstlythede�inition intheJODIOilquestionnaire isshown,aswellassomeexplanatorynotes.Thenthedifferentde�initionsusedbythesixorganisationsinchargeofcollectingtheJODIOildatafromtheirmembercountriesparticipatingintheInitiativearelisted,followedbyasummaryofthedifferencesinthede�initions.

Although the differences in the de�initions among the organisations may not be signi�icant, nationaladministrations are required to follow the de�initions of the organisation towhich they belongwhen theysubmitJODIOildata.Consequently,duetothesedifferencesinthede�initions,subtotalsshownintheJODIOilWorldDatabasemayleadtosmallmisinterpretations.

3.1 Crudeoil

Includesleasecondensate

Petroleum is a complex mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, chemical compounds containing hydrogen andcarbon,occurringnaturallyinundergroundreservoirsinsedimentaryrock. Petroleumisnormallyfoundatconsiderabledepthsbeneaththeearth’ssurface,where,underpressureitisessentiallyliquid.Atthesurfaceandatmosphericpressure,petroleumcomprisesbothnaturalgasandcrudeoil.

The word petroleum comes from the Latin word petra, meaning rock, and oleum, meaning oil. The word"petroleum"isofteninterchangedwiththeword"oil".Broadlyde�ined,itincludesbothprimary(crudeoilorunre�ined)andsecondary(re�ined)products.

Crudeoilisthemostimportantoilfromwhichoilproductsaremanufacturedbutseveralotherfeedstockoilsarealsousedtomakeoilproducts.Thereisawiderangeofpetroleumproductsmanufacturedfromcrudeoil.Manyareforspeci�icpurposes,forexample,motorgasolineorlubricants;othersareforgeneralheat-raisingneeds,suchasgasoilorfueloil.

The quality of crude oil depends to a great extent on its density and sulphur content. The crude oils areclassi�iedaslight,mediumandheavyaccordingtotheirdensity.Crudeoilswithhighsulphurcontent(atleast2.5%sulphur)aresour,whilesweetcrudeshaveoftenlessthan0.5%sulphurcontent.

Thedifferentde�initionsusedbythesixinternationalorganisations:

APEC,EurostatandIEA:Crudeoil ismineraloil ofnaturalorigin comprisingamixtureofhydrocarbonsandassociated impurities,suchassulphur.Itexistsintheliquidphaseundernormalsurfacetemperatureandpressureanditsphysicalcharacteristics(density,viscosity,etc.)arehighlyvariable. Thiscategory includes �ieldor leasecondensaterecovered from associated and non-associated gas where it is co-mingled with the commercial crude oilstream.

OLADE:Crudeoilisacomplexmixtureofhydrocarbonsofdifferentmolecularweights,inwhichthereisagenerallysmallfractionofcompoundscontainingsulphurandnitrogen.Thecompositionoftheoilisvariableandcanbedividedintothreeclasses,accordingtothedistillationresidues,asparaf�ins,asphaltsoracombinationofboth.Oilisusedasarawmaterialinre�ineriesforprocessingandobtainingitsderivatives.Inspeci�iccasesitisalsousedfor�inalconsumptioningivenindustrialactivities.

22 23

OPEC:Amixtureofhydrocarbonsthatexist ina liquidphaseinnaturalundergroundreservoirsandremainliquidatatmosphericpressureafterpassingthroughsurfaceseparatingfacilities.Forstatisticalpurposes,volumesreportedascrudeoilinclude:

• liquidstechnicallyde�inedascrudeoil;• smallamountsofhydrocarbonsthatexistinthegaseousphaseinnaturalundergroundreservoirs,but

whichareliquidatatmosphericpressureafterbeingrecoveredfromoilwell(casinghead)gasinleaseseparators;

• smallamountsofnon-hydrocarbonsproducedwiththeoil;• very heavy and extra-heavy crude oil with viscosity less than 10.000, Pa.s (centipoises) at original

reservoirconditions.

UNSD:Conventional Crude Oil: Mineral oil of fossil origin extracted by conventional means from undergroundreservoirs,andcomprisesliquidornear-liquidhydrocarbonsandassociatedimpuritiessuchassulphurandmetals.Remark:Conventionalcrudeoilexistsintheliquidphaseundernormalsurfacetemperatureandpressure,andusually�lowstothesurfaceunderthepressureofthereservoir.Thisistermed"conventional"extraction.Crudeoilincludescondensatefromcondensate�ields,and"�ield"or"lease"condensateextractedwiththecrudeoil.

Thevariouscrudeoilsmaybeclassi�iedaccordingtotheirsulphurcontent("sweet"or"sour")andAPIgravity("heavy"or"light").Therearenorigorousspeci�icationsfortheclassi�icationsbutaheavycrudeoilmaybeassumedtohaveanAPIgravityoflessthan20oandasweetcrudeoilmaybeassumedtohavelessthan0.5%sulphurcontent.

One critical issue iswhether the volumes ofNGL, lease or �ield condensates and oils extracted frombituminousmineralsareincluded.AllorganisationsexcludeNGLfromcrudeoil.Ifcondensatesareabletobeexcluded,itshouldbenotedtotheJODIorganisation(s)ofwhichthecountry/economyisamember.MostOPECmembercountriesexcludecondensates.

3.2NGL[NaturalGasLiquids]

Liquidorlique�iedhydrocarbonsrecoveredfromgasseparationplantsandgasprocessingfacilities

Naturalgasliquidsareamixtureofethane,propane,butane(normalandiso),(iso)pentaneandafewhigheralkanescollectivelyreferredtoaspentanesplus.

NGLareproducedinassociationwithoilornaturalgas.Theyareremovedin�ieldfacilitiesorgasseparationplantsbeforesaleofthegas.AllofthecomponentsofNGLexceptethaneareeitherliquidatthesurfaceorarelique�iedfordisposal.

Thede�inition given above is themost commonlyused.However, there is someuseof termsbasedon thevapourpressureofthecomponentswhichareliquidatthesurfaceorcanbeeasilylique�ied.Thethreeresultinggroupsare,inorderofincreasingvapourpressure:condensates,naturalgasolineandlique�iedpetroleumgas.NGLmaybedistilledwithcrudeoilinre�ineries,blendedwithre�inedoilproductsoruseddirectly.NGLdiffersfromLNG(lique�iednaturalgas)which isobtainedby liquefyingnaturalgas fromwhich theNGLhasbeenremoved.

22 23


APEC,EurostatandIEA:NGLareliquidorlique�iedhydrocarbonsrecoveredfromnaturalgasinseparationfacilitiesorgasprocessingplants.Naturalgasliquidsincludeethane,propane,butane(normalandiso-),(iso)pentaneandpentanesplus(sometimesreferredtoasnaturalgasolineorplantcondensate).

OLADE:De�inition: NGL:Hydrocarbonsfoundinrawnaturalgasotherthanmethane.

Description:Description: Naturalgasliquidsarehydrocarbonsobtainedfromwetgasorassociatedgasinfractioningorseparationplants.Naturalgasliquidsincludepropane,butane,ethaneandpentane.

OPEC:Naturalgasliquids(NGL):thosereservoirgaseslique�iedatthesurfaceinleaseseparators,�ieldfacilitiesorgasprocessingplants.NGLsconsistof�ieldcondensatesandnaturalgasplantproductssuchasethane,pentane,propane,butaneandnaturalgasoline.

UNSD:Naturalgasliquidsareamixtureofethane,propane,butane(normalandiso),(iso)pentaneandafewhigheralkanescollectivelyreferredtoaspentanesplus.Remark:NGLareproduced inassociationwithoilornaturalgas.Theyareremoved in �ield facilitiesorgasseparationplantsbeforesaleofthegas.AllofthecomponentsofNGLexceptethaneareeitherliquidatthesurfaceorarelique�iedfordisposal.

Thede�initiongivenaboveisthemostcommonlyused.However,thereissomeuseoftermsbasedonthevapourpressureofthecomponentswhichareliquidatthesurfaceorcanbeeasilylique�ied.Thethreeresultinggroupsareinorderofincreasingvapourpressure:condensates,naturalgasolineandlique�iedpetroleumgas.NGLmaybedistilledwithcrudeoilinre�ineries,blendedwithre�inedoilproductsoruseddirectly.NGLdiffersfromLNG(lique�iednaturalgas)whichisobtainedbyliquefyingnaturalgasfromwhichtheNGLhasbeenremoved.

3.3 Other

Re�ineryfeedstocks+additives/oxygenates+otherhydrocarbons

Re�inery feedstocks are oils or gases from crude oil re�ining or the processing of hydrocarbons in thepetrochemicalindustrywhicharedestinedforfurtherprocessinginthere�ineryexcludingblending.Typicalfeedstocksincludenaphthas,middledistillates,pyrolysisgasolineandheavyoilsfromvacuumdistillationandpetrochemicalplants.

Additivesandoxygenatesarecompoundsaddedtoorblendedwithoilproductstomodifytheirproperties(octane,cetane,coldproperties,etc.).

Examplesare:• oxygenates,suchasalcohols(methanol,ethanol),ethers[suchasMTBE(methyltertiarybutylether),

ETBE(ethyltertiarybutylether),TAME(tertiaryamylmethylether)];• esters(e.g.rapeseedordimethylester,etc.);• chemicalcompounds(suchasTML,TELanddetergents).

Someadditives/oxygenatesmaybederivedfrombiomass,othersmaybeoffossilhydrocarbonorigin.

Otherhydrocarbonsincludenon-conventionaloilsandhydrogen.Althoughnotahydrocarbon,hydrogenisincludedunlessitisacomponentofanothergas.Nonconventionaloilsareobtainedbynon-conventionalproductiontechniques,thatisoilswhichareextractedfrom reservoirs containing extra heavy oils or oil sands which need heating or treatment (for example,emulsi�ication)insitubeforetheycanbebroughttothesurfaceforre�ining/processing.Theyalsoincludetheoilsextractedfromoilsands,extraheavyoils,coalsandoilshalewhichareat,orcanbebroughtto,thesurfacewithouttreatmentandrequireprocessingaftermining(exsituprocessing).Non-conventionaloilsmayalsobeproducedfromnaturalgas.

24 25


APEC,EurostatandIEA:Are�ineryfeedstockisaprocessedoildestinedforfurtherprocessing(e.g.straightrunfueloilorvacuumgasre�ineryfeedstockisaprocessedoildestinedforfurtherprocessing(e.g.straightrunfueloilorvacuumgasre�ineryfeedstockoil)excludingblending.Withfurtherprocessing,itwillbetransformedintooneormorecomponentsand/or�inishedproducts.Thisde�initionalsocoversreturnsfromthepetrochemicalindustrytothere�iningindustry(e.g.pyrolysisgasoline,C4fractions,gasoilandfueloilfractions).

Additives are non-hydrocarbon compounds added to or blendedwith a product tomodify fuel properties(octane,cetane,coldproperties,etc.):

• oxygenates,suchasalcohols(methanol,ethanol),ethers[(suchasMTBE(methyltertiarybutylether),ETBE(ethyltertiarybutylether),TAME(tertiaryamylmethylether)];

• esters(e.g.rapeseedordimethylester,etc.);• chemicalcompounds(suchasTML,TELanddetergents).

Note:Quantitiesofadditives/oxygenates(alcohols,ethers,estersandotherchemicalcompounds)reportedinthiscategoryshouldrelatetothequantitiesdestinedforblendingwithfuelsorforfueluse.

Biogasoline:Thiscategory includesbioethanol (ethanolproduced frombiomassand/or thebiodegradablefraction of waste), biomethanol (methanol produced from biomass and/or the biodegradable fraction ofwaste),bioETBE(ethyl-tertio-butyl-etherproducedonthebasisofbioethanol: thepercentagebyvolumeofbioETBEthatiscalculatedasbiofuelis37%)andbioMTBE(methyl-tertio-butyl-etherproducedonthebasisofbiomethanol:thepercentagebyvolumeofbioMTBEthatiscalculatedasbiofuelis22%).

Biojetkerosene:Thisisliquidbiofuelderivedfrombiomassandblendedwithjetkerosene.Biojetkerosenecanbeproducedbyarangeofthermalprocesses(includingforexamplegasi�icationfollowedbyFischerTropschsynthesis,pyrolysisfollowedbyhydrogenation,orconversionofsugartohydrocarbonsusingmicroorganisms(e.g.yeast).Awiderangeofbiomassfeedstocks,includingcellulosicmaterialsandalgalbiomasscouldbeusedinsuchprocesses.

Biodiesels: This category includes biodiesel (a methyl-ester produced from vegetable or animal oil, ofdieselquality),biodimethylether(dimethyletherproducedfrombiomass),FischerTropsch(FischerTropschproducedfrombiomass),coldpressedbiooil(oilproducedfromoilseedthroughmechanicalprocessingonly)andallotherliquidbiofuelswhichareaddedtoorblendedwithGas/dieseloil.

Other hydrocarbons: this includes synthetic crude oil from tar sands, shale oil, etc., liquids from coalliquefaction, outputof liquids fromnatural gas conversion intogasoline,hydrogenandemulsi�iedoils (e.g.Orimulsion).

OLADE:Additives/oxygenatesincludesalcoholwhichitselfcoversbothethanol(ethylalcohol)andmethanol(methylalcohol)usedasfuels.

Ethanolisacolorlessliquidthatcanbeproducedbyfermentationofplantmaterialswithahighsugarcontent,suchassugarcanejuiceormolasses;plantmaterialswithhighstarchcontent,suchascassava,corn,etc.;andmaterialswithhighcellulosecontent:�irewood,plantwastes.Itcanbeusedasanhydrousorhydratedalcohol,aloneormixedwithgasolineininternalcombustionengines.

Methanolisalsoacolorlessliquidthatcanbeproducedfromseveralrawmaterialssuchas�irewood,plantwastes,methane,naturalgas,coal,etc.Itisusedininternalcombustionengines.

24 25

UNSD:Re�inery feedstocks: Oils or gases from crude oil re�ining or the processing of hydrocarbons in thepetrochemicalindustrywhicharedestinedforfurtherprocessinginthere�ineryexcludingblending.Typicalfeedstocksincludenaphthas,middledistillates,pyrolysisgasolineandheavyoilsfromvacuumdistillationandpetrochemicalplants.

Additives and oxygenates: Compounds added to or blendedwith oil products tomodify their properties(octane,cetane,coldproperties,etc.).Remark:Examplesare:(a)oxygenatessuchasalcohols(methanol,ethanol)andethers[MTBE(methyltertiarybutylether),ETBE(ethyltertiarybutylether),TAME(tertiaryamylmethylether)];(b)esters(e.g.,rapeseedor dimethylester, etc.); and (c) chemical compounds (such as TML, TEL and detergents). Some additives/oxygenatesmaybederivedfrombiomasswhileothersmaybeoffossilhydrocarbonorigin.

Otherhydrocarbons:Thisdivisionincludesnon-conventionaloilsandhydrogen.Non-conventionaloilsrefertooilsobtainedbynon-conventionalproductiontechniques,thatisoilswhichareextractedfromreservoirscontainingextraheavyoilsoroilsandswhichneedheatingortreatment(e.g.,emulsi�ication) insitubeforetheycanbebroughttothesurfaceforre�ining/processing.Theyalsoincludetheoilsextractedfromoilsands,extraheavyoils,coalandoilshalewhichareat,orcanbebroughtto,thesurfacewithouttreatmentandrequireprocessingaftermining(exsituprocessing).Non-conventionaloilsmayalsobeproducedfromnaturalgas.Remark:Theoilsmaybedividedintotwogroups:(i)oilsfortransformation(e.g.,syntheticcrudesextractedfromextraheavyoils, oil sands, coal andoil shale); and (ii)oils fordirectuse (e.g., emulsi�iedoils suchasorimulsionandGTLliquids).Oilsandsarealsoknownastarsands.Extraheavyoilsarealsoknownasbitumen.Thisisnottheoilproductofthesamenamewhichismadefromvacuumdistillationresidue.Althoughnotahydrocarbon,hydrogenisincludedhereunlessitisacomponentofanothergas.

3.4Total

SumofCrudeoil,NGLandOther

TheTotalincludescrudeoil,NGL,re�ineryfeedstocks,additives/oxygenatesandotherhydrocarbons.

3.5LPG(Lique�iedPetroleumGases)

Comprisespropaneandbutane

Lique�iedpetroleumgas (LPG) is thegenericname for commercialpropaneandcommercialbutane. It canbeproducedfromnaturalgasprocessingplants,oilre�ineriesandinnaturalgasliquefactionplantsasaby-productoftheproductionoflique�iednaturalgas(LNG).(See�igure3.1overleaf)

LPG occurs naturally as gas at atmospheric pressure. It has the special property of becoming liquid atatmospherictemperatureifmoderatelycompressedandcaneasilybeconvertedfromliquidintogasbybeingreleasedtoatmosphericpressure.Inordertofacilitatetransportandstorage,LPGisusuallybottledinliquidstate(about250timesmoredensethaninitsgaseousform);propanehowevercanalsobesuppliedinbulkforstoragetanksatconsumers’premises.

LPGisuseddomestically,mainlyforheatingandcookingpurposesandindustriallyforexampleasfeedstocktothepetrochemicalindustry.Itisalsoincreasinglyusedinthetransportsectorasvehiclefuel,becauseofitscleanerburningpropertiesandoftenlowerend-useprice.

26 27

Figure3.1:ProductionofLPG

Whencrudeoilandnaturalgasareproducedfromthewell(eitherfromassociatedornon-associatedwells),theyareamixtureofoil,water,sedimentanddissolvedgases(methane,ethane,propane,butaneandpentanes).Inthe�irstinstance,allgasesareseparatedfromtheoil/gasmixtureinnaturalgasprocessingplantsandseparationplants.

Thegasesareextractedbecauseoftheirhighervalueandtheirreadilymarketablestate,suchaspropaneandbutanewhichareLPG.Inalaterstage,thesedimentandotherunwantedsubstancesareremovedintreatmentplants.

The gases are separated in awellhead separationplant fromonshore andoffshorewells respectively. Thishappensthroughaseparatorontheplatform.Themethanewillformtheconstituentofnaturalgas,whiletheothersformtheNaturalgasliquids(NGL).Naturalgasliquidshowevercanalsobeproducedinconjunctionwithnaturalgas.

LargeamountsofLPGarealsoproducedinpetroleumre�inerieswheretheyareseparatedfromcrudeoilinthedistillationprocess.

Itisalsoproducedasaby-productoftheproductionofLNGinnaturalgasliquefactionplants.

26 27


APEC,EurostatandIEA:LPGarelightparaf�inichydrocarbonsderivedfromthere�ineryprocesses,crudeoilstabilisationandnaturalgasprocessingplants.Theyconsistmainlyofpropane(C3H8)andbutane(C4Hl0)oracombinationofthetwo.Theycouldalsoincludepropylene,butylenesandisobutylene.LPGarenormallylique�iedunderpressurefortransportationandstorage.

OLADE:LPGconsistsofamixtureoflighthydrocarbonswhichareobtainedfrompetroleumdistillationand/ornaturalgastreatment.Thefollowingthreetypesareidenti�ied:

a. amixtureofhydrocarbonsoftheC3group(propane,propene,propylene);b. amixtureofhydrocarbonsoftheC4group(butane,butene,butylene);andc. amixtureofC3andC4inanyproportions.

OPEC:LPGisalighthydrocarbonsfractionoftheparaf�inseriesproducedinre�ineriesandgasplants,comprisingpropane(C3H8)andbutane(C4H10)oramixtureofthesetwohydrocarbons.

UNSD:LPGreferstolique�iedpropane(C3H8)andbutane(C4H10)ormixturesofboth.Commercialgradesareusuallymixtures of the gaseswith small amounts of propylene, butylene, isobutene and isobutylene stored underpressureincontainers.Remark:Themixtureofpropaneandbutaneusedvariesaccordingtopurposeandseasonoftheyear.Thegasesmaybeextractedfromnaturalgasatgasseparationplantsoratplantsre-gasifyingimportedlique�iednaturalgas.Theyarealsoobtainedduringthere�iningofcrudeoil.LPGmaybeusedforheatingandasavehiclefuel.Seealsothede�initionfornaturalgasliquids.Certainoil�ieldpracticesalsousethetermLPGtodescribethehighvapourpressurecomponentsofnaturalgasliquids.

ForallorganisationsLPGcomprisesmainlypropaneandbutane.LPGfromgasplantsshouldbereportedtoall�lowsoftheJODIOilquestionnaireexceptre�ineryoutput.Forfurtherdetailpleaserefertotable4.1onpage51

3.6Naphtha

Comprisesnaphthausedasfeedstockforproducinghighoctanegasolineandalsoasfeedstockforthechemical/petrochemicalindustries

Naphtha is lightormediumoilsdistillingbetween30oCand210oCwhichdonotmeet thespeci�ication formotorgasoline.

Different naphthas are distinguished by their density and the content of paraf�ins, isoparaf�ins, ole�ins,naphthenes and aromatics. Themainuses fornaphthas are as feedstock forhighoctane gasolines and themanufactureofole�insinthepetrochemicalindustry.


APEC,EurostatandIEA:Naphthaisafeedstockdestinedforeitherthepetrochemicalindustry(e.g.ethylenemanufactureoraromaticsproduction)orforgasolineproductionbyreformingorisometrisationwithinthere�inery.Naphthacomprisesmaterialinthe30oCand2l0oCdistillationrangeorpartofthisrange.

OLADE:De�inition: Natural gasoline produced in gas plants and virgin naphtha imported or produced byre�ineries.

Description:Description: Itisobtainedfromthegastreatmentplants.Ingeneral,naturalgasolineisconsideredasanintermediateorun�inishedproduct,whichisusedasfeedstockfortheproductionofmotorgasoline.

28 29

Virginnaphtha: It is obtained in theprimarydistillationof oil re�ineries.Thevirginnaphtha is aproductwithoutchemicaltransformationsthatareusedasacomponentinthemixtureofgasoline,asinputinreformingunits,asfeedstockinpetrochemicalplantsorexportedasoilproduct.Somecountriesimportvirginnaphthatobeusedasfeedstockintheproductionofgasoline.

OPEC:Naphtha:Re�inedorpartlyre�inedlightdistillateswithanapproximateboilingpointrangeof27to221oC.Usedasfeedstockforcatalyticreformingorpetrochemicalfeedstock.

UNSD:Naphtha: Light ormediumoils distillingbetween30oC and210oCwhichdonotmeet the speci�ication formotorgasoline.Remark:Differentnaphthasaredistinguishedbytheirdensityandthecontentofparaf�ins,isoparaf�ins,ole�ins,naphthenes and aromatics. Themainuses fornaphthas are as feedstock forhighoctane gasolines and themanufactureofole�insinthepetrochemicalindustry.

3.7Motorandaviationgasoline

Comprisesmotorgasolineandaviationgasoline

Motorgasolineistheprincipalfuelusedinthetransport/roadsectorandaccountsforsome25%oftotaloiluseintheworld.Insomecountries,forexampleintheUS,motorgasolineconsumptionisalmosthalfoftotaloil consumption.Motorandaviationgasoline includesalsoMotorandaviationgasolineoilwhichhasbeenblendedwithbiogasoline.

Motor gasoline is a complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons used for spark-ignition internalcombustionengines.Gasoline isproduced inre�ineriesas theresultofprimarydistillationofcrudeoilandthenfurtherprocessing,includingchangingthemolecularstructure,untiltherequiredspeci�icationsaremet.Thecharacteristicsofthegasolineproduceddependonthetypeofcrudeoilthatisusedandthesetupofthere�ineryatwhichitisproduced.

Motorgasolinemayincludesomequantitiesofadditivesandblendingcomponentstoimprovefuelpropertiessuchasoctanenumber,stabilityanddepositformationinengines.

Gasolinecharacteristicsarealsoimpactedbyotheringredientsthatmaybeblendedintoit,suchasethanol.Theperformanceofthegasolinemustmeetindustrystandardsandenvironmentalregulationsthatmaydependonlocation.

Motorgasolinemayalsocontainbiogasolineproductsincludingbioethanol,biomethanol,biobutanol,bioETBE(ethyl-tertio-butyl-ether),orbioMTBE(methyl-tertio-butyl-ether).

Biogasolinemaybeblendedwithpetroleumgasolineoruseddirectlyinengines.Theblendingmaytakeplaceinre�ineriesoratornearthepointofsale.

TheJODIOilde�initionofgasolinealsoincludesaviationgasolinewhichisusedinaviationpistonengines.Aviation gasoline is a mixture of many different hydrocarbon compounds. The speci�ication requirementsforaviationgasoline,especiallyanti-knock,volatility,�luidity,stability,corrosiveness,andcleanlinessimposeseverelimitationsonthecompoundsthatcanbeused.


APEC,EurostatandIEA:Motorgasolineconsistsofamixtureoflighthydrocarbonsdistillingbetween35oCand215oC.Itisusedasa fuel for land-based spark ignition engines.Motor gasolinemay include additives, oxygenates and octaneenhancers,includingleadcompoundssuchasTEL(Tetraethyllead)andTML(tetramethyllead).Thiscategoryincludesmotorgasolineblendingcomponents(excludingadditives/oxygenates),e.g.alkylates,isometrate,reformate,crackedgasolinedestinedforuseas�inishedmotorgasoline.

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Aviationgasoline:Thisismotorspiritpreparedespeciallyforaviationpistonengines,withanoctanenumbersuitedtotheengine,afreezingpointof-60oCandadistillationrangeusuallywithinthelimitsof30oCand180oC.

Biogasoline:Thiscategory includesbioethanol (ethanolproduced frombiomassand/or thebiodegradablefraction of waste), biomethanol (methanol produced from biomass and/or the biodegradable fraction ofwaste),bioETBE(ethyl-tertio-butyl-etherproducedonthebasisofbioethanol: thepercentagebyvolumeofbioETBEthatiscalculatedasbiofuelis37%)andbioMTBE(methyl-tertio-butyl-etherproducedonthebasisofbiomethanol:thepercentagebyvolumeofbioMTBEthatiscalculatedasbiofuelis22%).

OLADE:Gasoline/Alcohol:Amixtureoflightliquidhydrocarbons,obtainedfrompetroleumdistillationand/ornaturalgastreatment,withinboilingpointrangeof30oCto200oC.Italsoincludesalcoholobtainedindistilleriesandusedasafuel.Thisgroupincludes:

Aviationgasoline:Thisisamixtureofreformedhigh-octanenaphthas,whichisveryvolatileandstable,withalowfreezingpoint,usedinpropelleraircraftwithpistonengines.

Motorgasoline:Thisisacomplexmixtureofrelativelyvolatilehydrocarbons,which,withorwithoutadditives(suchasleadtetraethyl),isusedasfuelbyinternalcombustionengines.

Natural gasoline: This is a product fromnatural gas processing. It is used as a rawmaterial for industrialprocesses(petrochemicals),inre�ineries,oritisdirectlymixedwithnaphthas.

Alcohol:Thisincludesbothethanol(ethylalcohol)andmethanol(methylalcohol)usedasfuels.

Ethanol is a colourless liquid thatmaybeproducedby the fermentationof plantmaterialswithhigh sugarcontent,suchassugar-canesyrupormolasses;plantmaterialswithhighstarchcontent,suchascassava,corn,etc.;andmaterialswithhighcellulosecontent,suchas�irewoodandplantwastes.Itmaybeusedinitsanhydrousorhydratedstate,aloneormixedwithgasolineininternalcombustionengines.

Methanolisalsoacolourlessliquidthatmaybeproducedonthebasisofavarietyofrawmaterials,e.g.wood,plantwastes,methane,naturalgas,coal.Itisusedininternalcombustionengines.

OPEC:Acomplexmixtureofrelativevolatilehydrocarbons,withorwithoutsmallquantitiesofadditivesthathavebeenblendedtoformafuelsuitableforuseininternalcombustionengines;includesgasolineusedinaviation.

UNSD:Gasoline:Complexmixturesofvolatilehydrocarbonsdistillingbetweenapproximately25°Cand220°CandconsistingofcompoundsintheC4toC12range.

Remark:Gasolinesmaycontainblendingcomponentsofbiomassorigin,especiallyoxygenates(mainlyethersandalcohols),andadditivesmaybeusedtoboostcertainperformancefeatures.

Motorgasoline:Amixtureofsomearomatics(e.g.benzeneandtoluene)andaliphatichydrocarbonsintheC5toC12range.Thedistillationrangeis25

oCto220oC.Remark:Additivesareblendedtoimproveoctanerating,improvecombustionperformance,reduceoxidationduringstorage,maintaincleanlinessoftheengineandimprovecaptureofpollutantsbycatalyticconvertersintheexhaustsystem.Motorgasolinemayalsocontainbiogasolineproducts.

Aviation gasoline: Gasoline prepared especially for aviation piston engines with additives which assureperformanceunder�lightconditions.Aviationgasolinesarepredominantlyalkylates(obtainedbycombiningC4andC5isoparaf�inswithC3,C4andC5ole�ins)withthepossibleadditionofmorearomaticcomponentsincludingtoluene.Thedistillationrangeis25oCto170oC.

ForAPEC,Eurostat,IEA,OPECandUNSDMotorandaviationgasolinecomprisesaviationgasolineandmotorgasoline(includingblendingcomponentssuchasbioethanol)–naturalgasolineisclassi�iedunderNGLs. ForOLADEgasoline comprisesaviationgasoline,motorgasoline,natural gasolineandalcohol(ethanol/methanol) used as fuel. JODI Oil de�inition does not include pure biofuels used directly inengines.

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3.8Kerosenes

Compriseskerosenetypejetfuelandotherkerosene

MixturesofhydrocarbonsintherangeC9toC16 distillingoverthetemperatureinterval145oCto300oC,but

notusuallyabove250oC,andwitha�lashpointabove38oC.Kerosenesalsoincludekeroseneswhichhavebeenblendedwithbiojetkerosene.

Thechemicalcompositionofkerosenesdependsonthenatureofthecrudeoilsfromwhichtheyarederivedand the re�inery processes that they have undergone. Kerosenes obtained from crude oil by atmosphericdistillationareknownas straight-runkerosenes. Such streamsmaybe treatedbyavarietyofprocesses toproducekerosenesthatareacceptableforblendingasjetfuels.

Kerosenes includeOther kerosene andKerosene type jet fuel. Kerosene type jet fuel needs to be reportedseparatelyinthecategorycolumn9(ofwhich:Kerosenetypejetfuel).

Breakdownofkerosenetypejetfuelandotherkerosene

Kerosenetypejetfuelisablendofkerosenessuitedto�lightconditionswithparticularspeci�ications,suchasfreezingpoint.Kerosenetypejetfuel isanaviationfuel.Theaviationfuelsincludethreetypes:aviationgasoline(seeaboveGasoline),gasoline(ornaphtha)typejetfuelandkerosenetypejetfuel.Kerosenetypejetfuelmayalsoincludebiojetkerosene.

Intermsofdemandforthedifferentproducts,Kerosenetypejetfuelhasashareof99%ofallaviationfuelsanditistheonlyonebasictypeofjetfuelinciviluseworld-wide.Thewide-cutgasolinetypeofjetfuelhasnotbeenusedbycivilaircraftformanyyears(lessthan0.05%ofworldaviationfueldemand)and,oncethefuelformanymilitaryorganisations,itsmilitaryusehasrapidlydecreasedoverthelastfewyears.Aviationgasoline(includedingasoline)accountsforslightlylessthan1%ofworldaviationfueldemand.

Kerosene type jet fuel is a middle-distillate fuel, generally produced to meet the stringent speci�icationsof international civil speci�ications, for use as civil aviation fuel. In recent years however, many militaryorganisations, including for example NATO now use fuels which are virtually identical to some of theinternationallyacceptedjetkerosene,mainlydifferingintheadditivesincluded.

Biojetkeroseneisaliquidbiofuelderivedfrombiomassandblendedwithorreplacingjetkerosene.

Biojetkerosenecanbeproducedbyarangeofthermalprocesses(includingforexamplegasi�icationfollowedbyFischerTropschsynthesis,pyrolysis followedbyhydrogenation,orconversionof sugar tohydrocarbonsusingmicroorganisms(e.g.yeast).Awiderangeofbiomassfeedstocks,includingcellulosicmaterialsandalgalbiomass,couldbeusedinsuchprocesses.

Other kerosene:Kerosene which is used for heating, cooking, lighting, solvents and internal combustionengines.Othernames for thisproduct areburningoil, vaporizingoil, powerkerosene and illuminatingoil.Lowerquality speci�icationkerosene (other kerosene)or a dual purpose grade is used in some regions asdomesticheatingoil,especiallyinAsia,notablyinJapanandKorea.

Pleasenotethatsomeorganisationscollectinformationforjetfuel.Jetfuelincludesbothkerosenetypeandnaphthaorgasoline type jet fuel.This isnotasubstantialproblemas the lattercategorybarelyrepresents0.05%ofworld-wideaviationfueldemand.


APEC,EurostatandIEA:Kerosenetypejetfuel:Thisisadistillateusedforaviationturbinepowerunits.Ithasthesamedistillationcharacteristics (between150oCand300oC, andgenerallynotabove250oC)and �lashpointaskerosene. Inaddition,ithasparticularspeci�ications(suchasfreezingpoint)whichareestablishedbytheInternationalAirTransportAssociation(IATA).

Otherkerosene:Kerosenecomprisesre�inedpetroleumdistillateandisusedinsectorsotherthanaircrafttransport.Itdistilsbetween150oCand300oC.

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OLADE:Kerosene:Aliquidfuelmadeupoftheoilfractionthatisdistilledbetween150and300degreesC.Itisusedasafuelforcookingfood,lighting,inmotors,inrefrigerationequipment,andasasolventfordomesticwaxesandinsecticides.

Jetfuel:De�inition: Thekeroseneusedasfuelinreactionmotorsandturbopropellers.

Description:Description: Kerosenewithaspecialdegreeofre�ining,withafreezingpointbelowthatofcommonkerosene.Itisusedinreactionmotorsandturbopropellers.

OPEC:ComprisesJetfuelandOtherKerosene.Jetfuel:Fuelofnaphthaandkerosenetypesuitableforcommercialormilitarypurposeonaircraftturbineengines.

Otherkerosene:Lighthydrocarbondistillatesinthe150oCto280oCdistillationrangeandusedasaheatingfuelandasfuelforcertaintypesofinternalcombustionengines.

UNSD:Kerosenes:MixturesofhydrocarbonsintherangeC9toC16anddistillingoverthetemperatureinterval145

oCto300oC,butnotusuallyabove250oCandwitha�lashpointabove38oC.Remark:The chemical compositions of kerosenes depend on the nature of the crude oils fromwhich theyare derived and the re�inery processes that they have undergone. Kerosenes obtained from crude oil byatmosphericdistillationareknownas straight-runkerosenes. Such streamsmaybe treatedbya varietyofprocessestoproducekerosenesthatareacceptableforblendingasjetfuels.Kerosenesareprimarilyusedas jet fuels.Theyarealsousedasdomesticheatingandcookingfuels,andassolvents.Kerosenesmayincludecomponentsoradditivesderivedfrombiomass.

Kerosene-typejetfuel:Ablendofkerosenessuitedto�lightconditionswithparticularspeci�ications,suchasfreezingpoint.

Otherkerosene:Kerosenewhichisusedforheating,cooking,lighting,solventsandinternalcombustionengines.Othernamesforthisproductareburningoil,vaporizingoil,powerkeroseneandilluminatingoil.

Kerosenecompriseskerosenetypejetfuelandotherkeroseneforallorganisations.Kerosenetypejetfuelneedstobereportedseparatelyinthecategorycolumn9(ofwhich:Kerosenetypejetfuel).JODIOilde�initiondoesnotincludepurebiofuelsuseddirectlyinengines.

3.9Gas/dieseloil

Forautomotiveandotherpurposes

Gas/diesel oil is a lighter fuel oil distilled off during the re�ining process and used primarily for heating,automotivepurposes indieselenginesandforpowergeneration.Gas/dieseloilalso includesGas/dieseloilwhichhasbeenblendedwithbiodiesel.

Twomaintypesaredistinguishedbytheiruses:Transportdiesel:Fuelusedforinternalcombustioninon-roaddieselengines,carsandtrucksetc.,usuallyoflowsulphurcontent.

Heatingoilandothergasoil:Thisisadistillatefueloilusedmainlyinstationaryormarinedieselengines.Itincludeslightheatingoilwhichisusedforresidentialorcommercialspaceheating,orinindustrialplants.Italsoincludesmarinedieselwhichisusedforbargeandboatenginesandotherheaviergasoilswhichmaybeusedaspetrochemicalfeedstocks.

DemandofGas/dieseloilalsoincludesallGas/dieseloilwhichisusedasinternationalmarinebunkerfuel.

Biodieselsareliquidbiofuelsderivedfrombiomassandusedindieselengines.

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Biodieselsobtainedbychemicalmodi�icationarealinearalkylestermadebytransesteri�icationofvegetableoilsoranimalfatswithmethanol.Thetransesteri�icationdistinguishesbiodieselfromstraightvegetableandwasteoils.Biodieselhasa�lashpointofaround150°Candadensityofabout0.88kg/litre.Biologicalsourcesofbiodieselinclude,butarenotlimitedto,vegetableoilsmadefromcanola(rapeseed),soybeans,corn,oilpalm,peanut,orsun�lower.Someliquidbiofuels(straightvegetableoils)maybeusedwithoutchemicalmodi�icationandtheiruseusuallyrequiresmodi�icationoftheengine.

A further categoryofdiesel fuels canbeproducedbya rangeof thermalprocesses (including for examplegasi�icationfollowedbyFischerTropschsynthesis,pyrolysisfollowedbyhydrogenation,orconversionofsugartohydrocarbonsusingmicroorganisms[e.g.yeast]).Awiderangeofbiomassfeedstocks,includingcellulosicmaterialsandalgalbiomasscouldbeusedinsuchprocesses.

Biodieselsmaybeblendedwithpetroleumdieseloruseddirectlyindieselengines.


APEC,EurostatandIEA:Gas/dieseloilisprimarilyamediumdistillatedistillingbetween180oCand380oC.Severalgradesareavailabledependingonuse:

• RoadDiesel:Onroaddieseloilfordieselcompressionignition(cars,trucksetc.),usuallyoflowsulphurcontent;

• Heatingandothergasoil:• Lightheatingoilforindustrialandcommercialuses;• Marinedieselanddieselusedinrailtraf�ic;• Othergasoilincludingheavygasoilswhichdistilbetween380oCand540oCandwhichareusedas

petrochemicalfeedstocks.

TheGas/dieseloilcategoryincludesblendingcomponents.

Biodiesel:Thiscategoryincludesbiodiesel(amethyl-esterproducedfromvegetableoranimaloil,ofdieselquality), biodimethylether (dimethylether produced from biomass), Fischer Tropsch (Fischer Tropschproducedfrombiomass),coldpressedbiooil(oilproducedfromoilseedthroughmechanicalprocessingonly)andallotherliquidbiofuelswhichareaddedto,orblended.

OLADE:Liquidfuelsobtainedfromatmosphericdistillationofpetroleumbetween200oCand380oC.Itisheavierthankeroseneandusedindieselandothercompression-ignitionengines.Dieseloil:Underthisterm,youcan�indthefollowingproducts:

• Industrialdieseloil;• Marinedieselforships;• Dieseloilforroadmotorvehicles;• Gasoilwhichisatoppingorcatalyticcrackingcutthatsomecountriesimportorexporttoachieveabetter

balancefortheirre�ineries.Insomecountries industrialormarinediesel iscalledgasoil.This termcanalsobeappliedtoa fuel that isslightlylighterthandieseloil,suitableforuseintractorsandagriculturalmachinery.

OPEC:Gas/diesel oil refers to heavy oils obtained from atmospheric distillation or vacuum redistillation. Theviscositydoesnotexceed115"Redwood1at38oC.

UNSD:Gasoil/dieseloil:Gasoilsaremiddledistillates,predominantlyofcarbonnumberrangeC11toC25andwithadistillationrangeof160oCto420oC.Remark:Theprincipalmarketedproductsarefuelsfordieselengines(dieseloil),heatingoilsandmarinefuel.Gasoilsarealsousedasmiddledistillatefeedstockforthepetrochemicalindustryandassolvents.

Gas/dieseloilforallorganisationsincludesdieselusedfortransportaswellasheatingoilandothergasoil.JODIOilde�initiondoesnotincludepurebiofuelsuseddirectlyinengines.

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3.10Fueloil

Heavyresidualoil/boileroil,includingbunkeroil

Fueloilisablendedproductbasedontheresiduesfromvariousre�inerydistillationandcrackingprocesses.Itisaviscousliquidwithacharacteristicodouranditrequiresheatingforstorageandcombustion.

Fueloil isusedinmediumtolargeindustrialplants,marineapplicationsandpowerstationsincombustionequipmentsuchasboilers,furnacesanddieselengines.

Fueloilisageneraltermandothernamescommonlyusedtodescribethisrangeofproductsinclude:residualfueloil,bunkerfuel,bunkerC,fueloilNo.6,industrialfueloil,marinefueloilandblackoil.Moreover,termssuchasheavyfueloil,mediumfueloilandlightfueloilareusedtodescribeproductsforindustrialapplicationstogiveageneralindicationoftheviscosityanddensityoftheproduct.

Twomaincategoriesoffueloilcanbedistinguishedaccordingtotheirsulphurcontent:• Lowsulphurfueloil:sulphurcontentislowerthan1%.• Highsulphurfueloil:sulphurcontentis1%orhigher.


APEC,EurostatandIEA:Thiscoversallresidual(heavy)fueloils(includingthoseobtainedbyblending).Kinematicviscosityisabove10cStat80oC.The�lashpointisalwaysabove50oCanddensityisalwaysmorethan0.90kg/l.

• Lowsulphurcontent:Heavyfueloilwithsulphurcontentlowerthan1%.• Highsulphurcontent:Heavyfueloilwithsulphurcontentof1%orhigher.

OLADE:Thisiswastefromre�iningoil,whichincludesallheavyproductsandisgenerallyusedinboilers,powerplantsandnavigation.Fueloil:Underthisterm,variousproductscanbeexportedorimported.Theyincludeamongothers:

• Industrialfueloil• Marinefueloilforships• Heavyfueloil• Reducedtoppingcrudeoil

OPEC:Fueloilisheavieroilsthatremainafterthedistillatefueloilsandlighterhydrocarbonsareboiledoffinre�ineryoperations.Theviscosityisabove115"Redwood1at38oC.Itisusedfortheproductionofelectricpower,spaceheating,vesselbunkering,andvariousindustrialpurposes.

UNSD:Fueloil:Comprisesresidualfueloilandheavyfueloil.Residualfueloilshaveadistillationrangeof350oCto650oCandakinematicviscosityintherange6to55cStat100oC.Their�lashpointisalwaysabove60oCandtheirspeci�icgravityisabove0.95.Heavyfueloilisageneraltermdescribingablendedproductbasedontheresiduesfromvariousre�ineryprocesses.Remark:Othernamescommonlyusedtodescribefueloilinclude:bunkerfuel,bunkerC,fueloilNo.6,industrialfueloil,marinefueloilandblackoil.Residualandheavyfueloilareusedinmediumtolargeindustrialplants,marineapplicationsandpowerstationsincombustionequipmentsuchasboilers,furnacesanddieselengines.Residualfueloilisalsousedasfuelwithinthere�inery.

De�initionsgivenaregenerallycomparableanduniformlyrefertoahighkinematicviscosity,�lashpointanddensityofthisproduct.APEC,EurostatandIEAdifferentiateadditionallyaccordingtothesulphurcontentofthisproduct,whereasOLADEandOPECdifferentiateinrelationtoitsuse.

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3.11Otheroilproducts

Re�inerygas,ethane,petroleumcoke,lubricants,whitespirit&SPB,bitumen,paraf�inwaxesandotheroilproducts

Re�inerygasincludesamixtureofnon-condensablegasesmainlyconsistingofhydrogen,methane,ethaneandole�insobtainedduringdistillationofcrudeoilortreatmentofoilproducts(e.g.cracking)inre�ineriesorfromnearbypetrochemicalplants.Itisusedmainlyasafuelwithinthere�inery.

Ethaneisanaturallygaseousstraight-chainhydrocarbon(C2H6).Itisobtainedatgasseparationplantsorfromthere�iningofcrudeoil.Itisavaluablefeedstockforpetrochemicalmanufacture.

GasolinetypeJetfuel iscomposedof lighthydrocarbonsforuse inaviationturbinepowerunits,distillingbetween100oCand250oC.Theyareobtainedbyblendingkerosenesandgasolineornaphthainsuchawaythatthearomaticcontentdoesnotexceed25%involume,andthevapourpressureisbetween13.7kPaand20.6kPa.

Petroleumcokeisablacksolidobtainedmainlybycrackingandcarbonisingheavyhydrocarbonoilsandtarsandpitches.Itconsistsmainlyofcarbon(90to95%)andhasalowashcontent.Thetwomostimportantcategoriesare"greencoke"and"calcinedcoke".

• Greencoke(rawcoke)istheprimarysolidcarbonisationproductfromhighboilinghydrocarbonfractionsobtainedattemperaturesbelow630oC. Itcontains4-15%byweightofmatterthatcanbereleasedasvolatilesduringsubsequentheattreatmentattemperaturesuptoapproximately1330oC.

• Calcinedcokeisapetroleumcokeorcoal-derivedpitchcokeobtainedbyheattreatmentofgreencoketoabout1330oC.Itwillnormallyhaveahydrogencontentoflessthan0.1%byweight.

Inmanycatalyticoperations(e.g.catalyticcracking)carbonorcatalyticcokeisdepositedonthecatalyst,thusdeactivatingit.Thecatalystisreactivatedbyburningoffthecokewhichisusedasafuelinthere�iningprocess.Thecokeisnotrecoverableinaconcentratedform.

Lubricantsareoilsproducedfromcrudeoil,forwhichtheprincipaluseistoreducefrictionbetweenslidingsurfacesandduringmetalcuttingoperations.Lubricantbasestocksareobtainedfromvacuumdistillateswhichresult from furtherdistillationof the residue fromatmosphericdistillationof crudeoil.The lubricantbasestocksarethenfurtherprocessedtoproducelubricantswiththedesiredproperties.

White spirit and SBP (special boiling point industrial spirits) are re�ined distillate intermediates with adistillationinthenaphtha/kerosenerange.Theyaremainlyusedfornon-fuelpurposesandsub-dividedas:

• Whitespirit:Anindustrialspiritwitha�lashpointabove30oC.Thedistillationrangeofwhitespiritis135oCto200oC.

• Industrialspirits(SBP):Lightoilsdistillingbetween30oCand200oC.• There are7 or 8 grades of industrial spirits, dependingon thepositionof the cut in thedistillation

range.Thegradesarede�inedaccordingtothetemperaturedifferencebetweenthe5%volumeand90%volumedistillationpoints(whichisnotmorethan60oC).Whitespiritandindustrialspiritsaremostlyusedasthinnersandsolvents.

Bitumenisasolid,semi-solidorviscoushydrocarbonwithacolloidalstructure,beingbrowntoblackincolour.Itisobtainedasaresidueinthedistillationofcrudeoilandbyvacuumdistillationofoilresiduesfromatmosphericdistillation. It shouldnotbeconfusedwith thenon-conventionalprimaryextraheavyoilswhichmayalsobereferredtoasbitumen.Inadditiontoitsmajoruseforroadpavements,bitumenisalsousedasanadhesive,awaterproo�ingagentforroofcoveringsandasabinderinthemanufactureofpatentfuel.Itmayalsobeusedforelectricitygenerationinspeciallydesignedpowerplants.Bitumenisalsoknowninsomecountriesasasphaltbutinothersasphaltdescribesthemixtureofbitumenandstoneaggregateusedforroadpavements.

Paraf�inwaxesareresiduesextractedwhendewaxinglubricantoils.Thewaxeshaveacrystallinestructurewhichvariesin�inenessaccordingtothegradeandarecolourless,odourlessandtranslucent,withameltingpointabove45oC.Paraf�inwaxesarealsoknownaspetroleumwaxes.

Otherpetroleumproductsincludeproducts(includingpartlyre�inedproducts)fromthere�iningofcrudeoilandfeedstockswhicharenotspeci�iedabove.Theywillincludebasicchemicalsandorganicchemicalsdestinedforusewithinthere�ineryorforsaletoorprocessinginthechemicalindustrysuchaspropylene,benzene,toluene,andxylene.

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APEC,Eurostat,IEA:Re�inerygasincludesamixtureofnon-condensiblegasesmainlyconsistingofhydrogen,methane,ethaneandole�insobtainedduringdistillationofcrudeoilortreatmentofoilproducts(e.g.cracking)inre�ineries.Thisalsoincludesgaseswhicharereturnedfromthepetrochemicalindustry.

Ethaneisanaturallygaseousstraight-chainhydrocarbon,(C2H6)extractedfromnaturalgasandre�inerygasstreams.

WhitespiritandSBParede�inedasre�ineddistillateintermediateswithadistillationinthenaphtha/kerosenerange.Theyaresub-dividedas:

i.IndustrialSpirit(SBP):Lightoilsdistillingbetween30oCand200oC.Thereare7or8gradesofindustrialspirit,dependingonthepositionofthecutinthedistillationrange.Thegradesarede�inedaccordingtothetemperaturedifferencebetweenthe5%volumeand90%volumedistillationpoints(whichisnotmorethan60oC).ii.WhiteSpirit:Industrialspiritwitha�lashpointabove30oC.Thedistillationrangeofwhitespiritis135oCto200oC.

Lubricants arehydrocarbonsproduced fromdistillatebyproduct; they aremainlyused to reduce frictionbetween bearing surfaces. This category includes all �inished grades of lubricating oil, from spindle oil tocylinderoil,andthoseusedingreases,includingmotoroilsandallgradesoflubricatingoilbasestocks.

Petroleum coke is a black solid by-product, obtained mainly by cracking and carbonising petroleumderived feedstock, vacuum bottoms, tar and pitches in processes such as delayed coking or �luidcoking. It consists mainly of carbon (90 to 95%) and has a low ash content. It is used as a feedstockin coke ovens for the steel industry, for heating purposes, for electrode manufacture and forproduction of chemicals. The two most important qualities are "green coke" and "calcinated coke".Thiscategoryalsoincludes"catalystcoke"depositedonthecatalystduringre�iningprocesses;thiscokeisnotrecoverableandisusuallyburnedasre�ineryfuel.

Bitumenisasolid,semi-solidorviscoushydrocarbonwithacolloidalstructure,beingbrowntoblackincolour,obtainedasaresidueinthedistillationofcrudeoil,byvacuumdistillationofoilresiduesfromatmosphericdistillation.Bitumen is often referred to as asphalt and isprimarilyused for constructionof roads and forroo�ingmaterial.Thiscategoryincludes�luidizedandcutbackbitumen.

Paraf�inwax:Thesearesaturatedaliphatichydrocarbons.Thesewaxesareresiduesextractedwhendewaxinglubricantoils.Theyhaveacrystallinestructurewhichismore-or-less�ineaccordingtothegrade.Theirmaincharacteristicsareasfollows:theyarecolourless,odourlessandtranslucent,withameltingpointabove45oC.

Otherproducts:Allproductsnotspeci�icallymentionedabove, forexample:tarandsulphur.Thiscategoryalsoincludesaromatics(e.g.BTXorbenzene,tolueneandxylene)andole�ins(e.g.propylene)producedwithinre�ineries.

OLADE:Re�inery gas: Non–condensable gas obtained from re�ining crude oil. It consists primarily of hydrogen,methaneandethaneusedmostlyinre�iningprocesses.

Petroleumcoke(Oilcoke):Solidandporousfuel,generallyblackwithahighcarboncontent(90%-95%).Itisaresidualinoilre�ining.Itisusedasinputintocokeovensforthesteelindustry,intheproductionofelectrodesandintheproductionofchemicalsandfuelforheating.

Non–energyproducts:Productswithenergycontentthatarenotusedasfuelsuchasasphalt,solvents,oilsandlubricants.

OPEC:OtherProducts:Therestoftheproducts,includingwhitespirit,industrialspirit,paraf�inwaxes,petroleumcoke,etc.

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UNSD:Re�inerygas:Includesamixtureofnon-condensablegasesmainlyconsistingofhydrogen,methane,ethaneandole�insobtainedduringdistillationofcrudeoilortreatmentofoilproducts(e.g.,cracking)inre�ineriesorfromnearbypetrochemicalplants.Remark:Itisusedmainlyasafuelwithinthere�inery.

Ethane:Anaturallygaseousstraight-chainhydrocarbon(C2H6).Remark:Ethaneisobtainedatgasseparationplantsorfromthere�iningofcrudeoil.Itisavaluablefeedstockforpetrochemicalmanufacture.

Whitespiritandspecialboilingpointindustrialspirits:Whitespiritandspecialboilingpointindustrialspirits(SBP)arere�ineddistillateintermediateswithadistillationinthenaphtha/kerosenerange.Theyaremainlyusedfornon-fuelpurposesandsub-dividedas:(a)whitespirit-anindustrialspiritwitha�lashpointabove 30oC and a distillation range of 135oC to 200oC; and (b) industrial spirit (SBP) – light oils distillingbetween30oCand200oC.Remark:Thereare7or8gradesofindustrialspirits,dependingonthepositionofthecutinthedistillationrange. The grades are de�ined according to the temperature difference between the 5% and 90% volumedistillationpoints(whichisnotmorethan60oC).WhitespiritandIndustrialspiritsaremostlyusedasthinnersandsolvents.

Lubricants:Oils,producedfromcrudeoil, forwhichtheprincipaluse is toreduce frictionbetweenslidingsurfacesandduringmetalcuttingoperations.Remark:Lubricantbasestocksareobtainedfromvacuumdistillateswhichresultfromfurtherdistillationoftheresiduefromatmosphericdistillationofcrudeoil.Thelubricantbasestocksarethenfurtherprocessedtoproducelubricantswiththedesiredproperties.

Paraf�inwaxes: Residues extractedwhen dewaxing lubricant oils. Thewaxes have a crystalline structurewhichvariesin�inenessaccordingtothegrade,andarecolourless,odourlessandtranslucent,withameltingpointabove45oC.Remark:Paraf�inwaxesarealsoknownas"petroleumwaxes".

Petroleum coke: Petroleum coke is a black solid obtained mainly by cracking and carbonizing heavyhydrocarbonoils,tarsandpitches.Itconsistsmainlyofcarbon(90to95%)andhasalowashcontent.Thetwomostimportantcategoriesare"greencoke"and"calcinedcoke".Green coke (rawcoke) is theprimary solid carbonizationproduct fromhighboilinghydrocarbon fractionsobtainedattemperaturesbelow630oC.Itcontains4-15%byweightofmatterthatcanbereleasedasvolatilesduringsubsequentheattreatmentattemperaturesuptoapproximately1330oC.Calcinedcokeisapetroleumcokeorcoal-derivedpitchcokeobtainedbyheattreatmentofgreencoketoabout1330oC.Itwillnormallyhaveahydrogencontentoflessthan0.1%byweight.Remark: Inmany catalytic operations (e.g. catalytic cracking) carbon or catalytic coke is deposited on thecatalyst,thusdeactivatingit.Thecatalystisreactivatedbyburningoffthecokewhichisusedasafuelinthere�iningprocess.Thecokeisnotrecoverableinaconcentratedform.

Bitumen:Asolid,semi-solidorviscoushydrocarbonwithacolloidalstructure,beingbrowntoblackincolor.Remark: It isobtainedasaresidue in thedistillationofcrudeoilandbyvacuumdistillationofoil residuesfromatmosphericdistillation. Itshouldnotbeconfusedwiththenonconventionalprimaryextraheavyoilswhichmayalsobereferredtoasbitumen.Inadditiontoitsmajoruseforroadpavements,bitumenisalsousedasanadhesive,awaterproo�ingagentforroofcoveringsandasabinderinthemanufactureofpatentfuel.Itmayalsobeusedforelectricitygenerationinspeciallydesignedpowerplants.Bitumenisalsoknowninsomecountriesasasphaltbutinothersasphaltdescribesthemixtureofbitumenandstoneaggregateusedforroadpavements.

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3.12Totaloilproducts

SumofLPG,Naphtha,Motorandaviationgasoline,Kerosenes,Gas/dieseloil,Fueloil,andOtheroilproducts.

DemandforTotaloilproductsincludesdirectuseofcrudeoil,NGLandOther

Totaloilproductsincludesalloilproducts:thesixmainproductgroupsdescribedabove(LPGNaphtha,Motorandaviationgasoline,Kerosenes,Gas/dieseloilandFueloil)aswellasproductsunderOtheroilproducts:re�inery gas, ethane, gasoline type jet fuel, petroleum coke, white spirit & SBP, paraf�in waxes, bitumen,lubricantsandotherproducts.

Totaloilproductsisthesumoftheproducts.

Doublecountingshouldbeavoided.Forexample,ifadditivesandoxygenates(e.g.ethanolorbiofuels)areincludedwithgasoline(APEC,Eurostat/IEAandOLADE)thentheseproductsshouldnotbeaddedagain to theTotalOilProducts category.This is similar to the treatmentofnaturalgasoline, if itwasalreadyaccountedforundergasoline.

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Chapter4:FlowDe�initions

4.1 Production(Total:Crudeoil/NGL/Other)

Marketableproductionafterremovalofimpuritiesbutincludingquantitiesconsumedbytheproducerintheproductionprocess

CrudeoilproductionIntheJODIOilquestionnaire,productiononlyappliestoCrudeoil,NGL,OtherandTotal.Productionofre�ineryproductsisre�ineryoutput(see4.10Re�ineryoutput).

Productionistheremovalofoilfromthe�ield,whetherthroughprimaryorsecondaryrecovery.Althoughthisconceptsoundssimple,therearemanydifferentitemsthatcanbeincludedorexcludedwhenreportingcrudeoilproduction.Themaindifferenceshoweverarebetweenwellheadproductionandmarketableproduction.

Wellheadproductionisalloilwhichexitstheground(wellhead).Whenthecrudeoilisbroughttothesurface,itrequiresfurthertreatmentsothatitcanbesenttore�ineriesforprocessing.Theoilproducedatthewell-headvariesconsiderablyfrom�ieldto�ield,duenotonlytothephysicalcharacteristics,butalsototheamountofgasandwaterwhichitcontains.Beforetheoilcanbesold,theremaininggas,waterandotherimpuritiesneedtoberemoved.Oncethisisdone,theoilisstoredattheterminalbeforetransporttore�ineries.Itisatthispointthattheproducedoilbecomesmarketable(production).

Figure4.1:WellheadversusmarketableproductionFigure4.1:Wellheadversusmarketableproduction

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Note:Productionofsyntheticcrudeoilsfromextraheavyoils,oilsandsandoilshaleshouldbereportedhere.Productionofemulsi�iedoilssuchasorimulsionshouldalsobereportedasProductionwhiletheproductionofsyntheticoilsfromcoalandnaturalgasshouldbereportedin"Fromothersources".Seenextsection.


APEC,EurostatandIEA:Production within national boundaries including off-shore production. Production should only includemarketableproduction,excludingvolumesreturnedto formation.Suchproductionshould includeallcrudeoil,NGL,condensatesandoil fromshaleandtarsands,etc. Itshouldalso includethereceiptsofadditives/oxygenatesbyre�ineriesandblendingplantsfromoutsidethere�inerysector.

OLADE:Primaryenergyproduction:Allenergyextracted,exploited,harvested,etc.,isconsideredtobeofimportancetothecountryasevidentlyithasbeenproducedwithinthenationalterritory.

OPEC:Productionvolumesreportedascrudeoilincludetotalcrudeoilcomingoutofdegassingortreatmentplantsdirectlyreceivedormeasuredatstoragefacilitiesincludingsharesfromjoint�ields.

NaturalGasLiquidsProduction:NGLarethoseportionsofreservoirgaswhicharelique�iedatthesurfaceinleaseseparators,�ieldfacilitiesorgasprocessingplants.NGLincludebutarenotlimitedto:ethane,propane,butane,naturalgasolineandcondensate.Fieldorleasecondensateisanaturalgasliquidrecoveredfromgas-wellgas(associatedornon-associated)inleaseseparatorsor�ieldfacilities.Itconsistsprimarilyofpentanesandheavierhydrocarbons.Plantcondensates isoneof thenaturalgasplantproducts,mostlypentanesandheavier,recoveredandseparatedasliquidsatgasinletseparatorsorscrubbersinprocessingplantsor�ieldfacilities.GasplantLPGisthemixtureofC3andC4hydrocarbonswhichareextractedfromwetnaturalgasesandaremainlycomposedof:

• Propane(C3H8):Isagaseousparaf�iniccompound;• Butane(C4H10):Isamixtureoftwogaseousparaf�ins,normalbutaneandisobutene.

Other (Non-conventional oil production): Non-conventional oil includes synthetic crude oil from tarsands,oil shale, etc., liquidsderived fromcoal liquefaction (CTL)andgas liquefaction (GTL),hydrogenandemulsi�iedoils(e.g.Orimulsion),non-hydrocarboncompoundsaddedtoorblendedwithaproducttomodifyfuelproperties(octane,cetane,coldproperties,etc.)e.g.alcohols(methanol,ethanol),ethers(suchasMTBE(methyltertiarybutylether),ETBE(ethyltertiarybutylether),TAME(tertiaryamylmethylether)orethers(e.g.rapeseedordimethylester,etc.)andchemicalcompoundssuchasTML(tetramethylled)orTEL(tetraethyllead)anddetergents.

UNSD:Productionisde�inedasthecapture,extractionormanufactureoffuelsorenergyinformswhicharereadyforgeneraluse.Inenergystatistics,twotypesofproductionaredistinguished,primaryandsecondary.Primaryproductionisthecaptureorextractionoffuelsorenergyfromnaturalenergy�lows,thebiosphereandnaturalreservesoffossilfuelswithinthenationalterritoryinaformsuitableforuse.Inertmatterremovedfromtheextractedfuelsandquantitiesreinjected,�laredorventedarenotincluded.Theresultingproductsarereferredtoas"primary"products.

Secondaryproductionisthemanufactureofenergyproductsthroughtheprocessoftransformationofprimaryfuels or energy. The quantities of secondary fuels reported as production include quantities lost throughventingand�laringduringandafterproduction.Inthismanner,themass,energyandcarbonwithintheprimarysource(s)fromwhichthefuelsaremanufacturedmaybebalancedagainstthesecondaryfuelsproduced.Fuels,electricityandheatproducedareusuallysoldbutmaybepartlyorentirelyconsumedbytheproducer.

Thetermproductionisde�ineddifferentlybythe6organisationsaccordingtoeithermoregeneralormorespeci�icenergyor fuel reporting.APEC,Eurostatand IEAuse the termforall liquidproductioni.e.crudeoil,NGLcondensatesandoil fromshaleandtarsandsaswellasadditives/oxygenates.Thede�initionofproductioninOLADEisusedforallenergyproduction,forUNSDitisusedforallenergyaswellasmorespeci�icallyforcrudeoilandre�inedproducts.

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4.2Fromothersources

Inputsofadditives,biofuelsandotherhydrocarbonsthatareproducedfromnon-oilsourcessuchas:coal,naturalgasorrenewables

Additionstothesupplyofanenergyproductthathavealreadybeenaccountedforintheproductionofanotherenergyform.

Anexampleistheblendingofliquidbiofuelswithmotorgasoline,kerosene-typejetfuelandgasoil/dieseloil.

4.3 Importsandexports

Goodshavingphysicallycrossedthenationalboundariesexcludingtransittrade.Exportsshouldexcludeinternationalmarineandaviationbunkers.

Thetradingofoil(bothcrudeoilandoilproducts)raisesanumberofissuesforreportingstatisticsofimportsandexports:

• theconceptofnationalterritory;• thenotionofcustomsclearance;• transittrade;• internationalmarineandaviationbunkers.

Bothimportsandexportsshouldre�lectamountsofoilhavingcrossedthenationalterritorialboundaries.Itisthereforeessentialthatthereisaclearde�initionofwhatthestatisticalnationalboundaryofthecountryis.

Trade�iguresshouldreportphysical �lowsofoilandoilproducts.Tothatextent,customsclearancewhichsometimesisdeliveredlongafterthegoodshavecrossedthenationalfrontiershouldnotbetakenasthepointofregisteringtheimport.

Thetrade�igureshoweverareoftenderivedfromcustomsstatistics,whichtakethecustomsclearanceastheindicatorforimportorexport.Intheabsenceofothertradereportingsystemscustomsstatisticsshouldbeused.

Importsofcrudeoilandpetroleumproducts,inordertobeconsistentwithmajoreconomicindicators,shouldbeatleastpartlyfordomesticuse.Thisimpliesthatquantitiespassingthroughacountry"intransit"shouldnotbe included in the importandexport �igures.Pleasenotethat ifcrudeoil is importedtobere�ined inthe country, and theproducts resulting from this process are exported (processing agreement), this is notconsideredastransittrade.Therefore,thequantitiesofcrudeoilimportedforthispurposeshouldbereportedas an import and the resulting products which will be sold to another country should be reported as anexport.

Deliveriesofoiltoshipsforconsumptionduringinternationalvoyages(internationalmarinebunkers)oraviationfuelsdeliveredforinternational�lights(internationalaviationbunkers)shouldnotbeincludedintheexport�igures.Internationalbunkersarefuelswhicharedeliveredtovesselsoraircraft,irrespectiveofthecountryofregistration,whichareundertakinginternationalvoyages.Theoildeliveredasbunkersistobeusedasfuelbytheshiporaircraftandnotaspartofthecargo.

Althoughthefuelsdeliveredforthesepurposeswillbe leavingthenationalboundariesofthecountry, theyshouldnotbereportedasexports.ForthepurposeoftheJODIOilquestionnaire,theinternationalmarineand aviation bunkers are to be included in the demand �igures. The reason for this is that in the JODIOilquestionnaire,wetrytomonitorthetotaldemandforoilincludingre�ineryfuelandbunkers(seeSection4.14Demand).

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APEC:ImportsandExports:Quantityoffuelsobtainedfromorsuppliedtoothercountries.Amountsareconsideredas imported or exportedwhen they have crossed the political boundary of the country, whether customsclearancehastakenplaceornot.Theamountoffuelsintransit(thatis,onroutethroughthecountry)shouldnotbeincluded.

Eurostat/IEA:ImportsandExports:Datashouldre�lectamountshavingcrossedthenationalterritorialboundaries,whethercustomsclearancehastakenplaceornot.Quantitiesofcrudeoilandproducts importedorexportedunderprocessingagreements(i.e.re�iningonaccount)shouldbeincluded.

CrudeoilandNGL’sshouldbereportedascomingfromthecountryofultimateorigin;re�ineryfeedstockand�inishedproductsshouldbereportedascomingfromthecountryoflastconsignment.Anygasliquids(e.g.LPG)extractedduringtheregasi�icationofimportedlique�iednaturalgasshouldbeincludedasimports.

Petroleumproductsimportedorexporteddirectlybythepetrochemicalindustryshouldbeincluded.

Re-exportsofoilimportedforprocessingwithinbondedareasshouldbeincludedasanexportofproductfromtheprocessingcountrytothe�inaldestination.

Note:Importsorexportsofethanol(reportedasapartofAdditives/OxygenateundercategoryOther)shouldrelatetothequantitiesdestinedforfueluse.

OLADE:Imports:Includesallprimaryandsecondaryenergysourcesoriginatingfromoutsidethebordersandenteringthecountrytomakeupapartofthetotalenergysupplysystem.

Exports:Theamountofprimaryandsecondaryenergythatacountryallotstoforeigntrade.

Note: Some countries follow thepractice of considering the aviation gasoline and retrofuel sold to foreignaircraft,aswellasthebunkersoldtoforeignshipsasexports.OLADEdoesnotrecommendthisprocedure,because in order to be consistent, it would have to record what domestic ships and craft load abroad asimports.AccordingtoOLADE’sconception, theamountpurchasedbyaconsumerwithinacountry isassumedtobepartof�inalconsumptionalthoughthephysicalprocessofconsumptionmaytakeplaceininternationalspacesorwaters.Thesameoccurswhenavehicle loadsgasoline inonecountryand thencrosses theborderandconsumesitinaneighbouringcountry.

OPEC:Imports andExports comprise amounts having crossed thenational territorial boundaries of the countrywhetherornotcustomsclearancehastakenplace.Quantitiesofcrudeoilandoilproductsimportedorexportedunderprocessingagreements(i.e.re�iningonaccount)areincluded.Quantitiesofoilintransitareexcluded.

CrudeoilandNGLare reportedascoming fromthecountryoforigin; re�inery feedstocksandoilproductsarereportedascomingfromthecountryoflastconsignment.Reexportofoilimportedforprocessingwithinbondedareasareshownasanexportofproductfromtheprocessingcountrytothe�inaldestination.

UNSD:Importsofenergyproductscompriseallfuelandotherenergyproductsenteringthenationalterritory.Goodssimplybeingtransportedthroughacountry(goodsintransit)andgoodstemporarilyadmittedareexcludedbutre-imports,whicharedomesticgoodsexportedbutsubsequentlyreadmitted,areincluded.Thebunkeringof fueloutsidethereferenceterritorybynationalmerchantshipsandcivilaircraftengagedin internationaltravelisexcludedfromimports.Fuelsdeliveredtonationalmerchantshipsandcivilaircraftwhichareoutsideofthenationalterritoryandareengagedininternationaltravelshouldbeclassi�iedas"InternationalMarine"or"AviationBunkers",respectively,inthecountrywheresuchbunkeringiscarriedout.

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Exportsofenergyproductscompriseallfuelandotherenergyproductsleavingthenationalterritorywiththeexceptionthatexportsexcludequantitiesoffuelsdeliveredforusebymerchant(includingpassenger)shipsandcivil aircraft, of allnationalities,during international transportof goodsandpassengers.Goodssimplybeing transported throughacountry(goods in transit)andgoods temporarilywithdrawnareexcludedbutre-exports,foreigngoodsexportedinthesamestateaspreviouslyimported,areincluded.Fuelsdeliveredtoforeignmerchantshipsandcivilaircraftengagedininternationaltravelareclassi�iedas"InternationalMarine"or"AviationBunkers",respectively.

Trade de�initions are common to all organisations, and emphasise the crossing of national territorywhetherornotcustomsclearancehastakenplaceandtheexclusionofoilintransitquantities.CrudeoilandNGLarereportedascomingfromthecountryofultimateorigin.Re�ineryfeedstocksand�inishedproducts are reported as coming from the country of last consignment. International bunkers areexcludedfromexportsandarereportedinoildemand.

4.4Productstransferred/Back�lows

Sumofproductstransferredandback�lowsfromthepetrochemicalindustry

Back�lows from the petrochemical sector to re�ineries are �inished or semi-�inished products which arereturnedfrom�inalconsumerstore�ineriesforprocessing,blendingorsale.

Petrochemical plants convert hydrocarbon feedstock into organic chemicals, intermediate compounds and�inishedproductssuchasplastics,�ibres,solventsandsurfactants.

Feedstockusedbytheplantisusuallyobtainedfromthere�ineryandincludesnaphtha,ethane,propaneandmiddledistillateoils(forexample,gasoil).Thecarbonandhydrogeninthefeedstockislargelytransferredtothebasicchemicalsandproductssubsequentlymadefromthem.However,certainbyproductsarealsocreatedandreturnedtothere�inery(suchaspyrolysisgasoline).

Forintegratedpetrochemicalindustriesthis�lowshouldbeestimated.Transfersfromonere�inerytoanotherwithinthecountryshouldbeexcluded.

Productstransferredareusuallyimportedpetroleumproductswhicharereclassi�iedasfeedstocksforfurtherprocessinginthere�inery,withoutdeliveryto�inalconsumers.Forexample,Naphthaimportedforupgradingwouldbe�irstreportedasImportsofNaphtha,andthenappearedalsoasProductstransferredofNaphtha.

4.5 Directuse

Useofoilswithoutbeingprocessedinoilre�ineries,forexample:crudeoilburnedforelectricitygeneration

Crudeoil,NGLandOtherwhichareuseddirectlywithoutbeingprocessed inoil re�ineriesare reportedasdirectuse.Thisincludes,forexample,crudeoilburnedforelectricitygeneration.

TheamountreportedunderCrudeoil,NGLorOthershouldbealsoreportedtoReceiptsofotheroilproducts.

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4.6 Stockchange

ClosingminusopeninglevelApositivenumberindicatesastockbuildduringtheperiodAnegativenumberindicatesastockdrawduringtheperiod

Asforstocklevels,onlychangesinprimaryoilstocksofcrudeandproductsshouldbereported.

Stockchangeiscalculatedastheclosingstocklevelminustheopeningstocklevel.

Openingstocklevelistheamountofprimarystocksonnationalterritory,measuredonthe�irstdayofthemonthbeingreported(e.g.1stJune).

Closingstock istheamountofprimarystocksonnationalterritorymeasuredonthelastdayofthemonthClosingstock istheamountofprimarystocksonnationalterritorymeasuredonthelastdayofthemonthClosingstockbeingreported(e.g.30thJune).Stockchangesisclosing–openingstocklevel:therefore,astockbuildisshownasapositivenumber,andastockdrawasanegativenumber.

Pleasenotethatinsomeotherreportingsystems,thestockchangesareopeningminusclosinglevels.Astockbuildisthenshownasanegativenumberandastockdrawasapositivenumber.Thereisnounanimityaboutwhich calculation to use.However, the international oil industry is in general using the JODIOil de�initionmentionedabove.


APEC,Eurostat,andIEA:Stockchangesshouldre�lectthedifferencebetweenclosingstocklevelandopeningstocklevelforstocksheldonnationalterritory.Astockbuildisshownasapositivenumber,andastockdrawasanegativenumber.

OLADE:Inventoryvariationisthedifferencebetweeninitialstocksand�inalstocksinthestoragefacilitiesfordifferentproducts. Inventory variation is considered according to its nature. Thus, an inventory increase means areductioninthetotalsupplyandvice–versa.

OilandderivativesinventoryvariationThelocationofstoragetankswhereinventoryvariationsarecausedandarementionedbelowarevalidforoil,lique�iedgas,gasoline/alcohol,dieseloil,fueloil,othersecondaryproducts,andnon–energysources.

• Portsthatcontrolimportandexportmovements• Oilproducingreservoirs• Re�ineries,wherecrudeoilistransformedintoderivatives• Gastreatmentcentres,wherecondensablessuchasnaturalgasolineandlique�iedgasareextractedfrom

naturalgas• Powerplantsthatusedieseloilandfueloilasrawmaterials

OPEC:Stockchangesre�lectthedifferencebetweenclosinglevelsonthelastdayoftheperiodandopeningstocklevels on the �irst day of the period of stocks on national territory held by producers, importers, energytransformationindustriesandlargeconsumers.Astockbuildisshownasapositivenumber,andastockdrawasanegativenumber.

UNSD:Stockchangesarede�inedastheincrease(stockbuild)ordecrease(stockdraw)inthequantityofstockoverthereportingperiod.Theyarecalculatedasadifferencebetweentheclosingandopening.

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4.7 Statisticaldifference

Differencesbetweenobservedsupply�lowsandcalculatedRe�ineryintakeorDemand

PrimarysupplyStatisticalDifference=

+ Production+ Fromothersources+ Imports– Exports+ ProductsTransferred/Back�lows– Directuse– Stockchange– Re�ineryintake

SecondaryoilproductssupplyStatisticalDifference=

+ Re�ineryOutput+ Receipts+ Imports– Exports– ProductsTransferred+ InterproductTransfers– Stockchange– Demand

4.8 Re�ineryintake

Observedre�inerythroughputs

Inthis�lowthequantitiesofcrudeoilandseveralotherinputsincludingNaturalGasLiquids(NGL),re�ineryfeedstocks,additives,biofuelsandotherhydrocarbonsinputsenteringthere�ineryshouldbereported.Pleasenotethatthevolumeofcrudeoilandotherinputsreportedasre�ineryintakeshouldre�lecttherealquantitiesofinputstothere�ineryprocessandnotthedeliveriesofcrudeoiltothere�inery.Thedifferencebetweenthetwomeasuresisthestockchangesofcrudeoilatthere�inery.SeeFigure4.2onpage50forachartofthemainre�inery�lows.


APEC,EurostatandIEA:This is de�ined as the total amount of oil (including other hydrocarbons and additives) observed to haveenteredthere�ineryprocess.

OLADE:Amountofcrudeoilloadedintheprimarydistillingunitofre�ineries,fromwhich�lowintermediatecurrentsthatareprocessedintheconversionunits.Themainonesare:

a) Reforming:increasestheoctanesofgasolinesb) Cracking:increasesboththeoctanesandyieldofgasolinesc) Hydrocracking:increasestheyieldofdieselandimprovesitscetaneindexd) Vacuum: distilling at a very low pressure to separate into two fractions the reduced crude oil from

primarydistillinge) Viscosityreducer:improvestheviscosityoffueloilf) Coking:increasestheamountofgasolinebeyondwhatcrackingdoes,butastheoctanesareverylow,it

requiresreforming.g) Flexicoking:increasesevenmoretheyieldofgasolineandlique�iedgash) Isomerization/polymerization: increases the octanes of gasolines beyond reformation and cracking,

especiallyforaviation.

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OPEC:Totalinputofcrude,NGL,condensatesandfeedstockstoatmosphericcrudedistillationunit.

UNSD:Re�ineryintakereferstotheamountofoil(includingotherhydrocarbonsandadditives)thathasenteredthere�ineryprocess.

TheRe�inery Intakede�inition, according toall organisations, comprises crudeoil,NGL, condensates,feedstocksandadditives.

4.9 Closingstocks

Representstheprimarystocklevelattheendofthemonthwithinnationalterritories;includesstocksheldbyimporters,re�iners,stockholdingorganisationsandgovernments

Oil stocksarea criticalelementof information inanoilbalance.Themajorityofoil stocksareessential tokeeptheglobalsupplysystemoperating.There isoil inpipelinesgoing fromthewellheadproductionsitestore�ineries,fromre�ineriestoconsumers.Stocksarealsoheldintankers,railcarsandroadtankerslinkingproductionsites,re�ineriesandconsumers.

Nottoincludestockdatainanoilbalanceleadstoalackoftransparencyinthemarket.Thetrendinstocksisimportantformanyoilanalystswhenmakinganevaluationoftheoilmarketsituation.

Stocksarealeadingindicatorofpricemovements:thelevelofoilstocksoftendeterminestheprice,e.g.whenoilstocksarelowitmeansthattheremaybeashortageoraneedforreplenishing,whichindicatesthatpriceswillberising.Ontheotherhandiftheindustryisamplysuppliedwiththerightoil,theremaybeapricereductionexpected.Thisiswhyitisimportanttohaveinformationonthesituationofoilstocksintheworld.

Informationonproductstockscanbeasimportantascrudeoilstocks.Forexample,crudeoilstocksgiveanindicationoftheavailabilityofcrudetore�ineriesineachcountry,andtherefore,areevidenceofhowwellthere�ineriesmightprovidethedomesticmarket.Ontheotherhand,informationonlowgasolinestocksbeforethedrivingseason,orlowheatingoilstocksbeforethewintercanbeawarningsignaltore�ineries,oilcompaniesand governments that shortagesmight possibly occur (e.g. heating oil problems experienced in autumnof2000).

Anotherrelevantpointisthatdataonoilstockscanbeparticularlyimportantforstrategicdecisions,madebygovernmentsor largeroilcompanies.Theyneedaggregateandtimelystockinformationinorderto lookattheirlongertermplanning,toensureadequatesuppliestomeetprojecteddemand.Governmentsalsorequireextensivestockinformationsothattheycanreactappropriatelywhenoilsupplydisruptions(bothnationalandinternational)occur.

4.9.1Whatareprimary,secondaryandtertiarystocks?

Pleasenote thatwhen referring to stockdata, the termsprimaryand secondaryare oftenused inadifferentcontextfromwhentalkingaboutprimaryandsecondaryproductsproductsascommoditiesinanenergybalance.productsascommoditiesinanenergybalance.products

Primarystocksareheldbythevariouscompaniessupplyingthemarket:rangingfromproducerstore�inerstoimporters.Theyareheldinre�inerytanks,bulkterminals,pipelinetankage,bargesandcoastaltankers(iftheystayinthesamecountry),tankersinport(iftheyaretobedischargedatport)andininlandshipbunkers.Additionallystocksheldforstrategicpurposesbygovernments(e.g.USSPR)orbystockholdingorganisations(e.g.EBVinGermany)areincludedintheprimarystockcategory.

Secondarystocksarestocksinsmallbulkplants(marketingfacilitiesbelowacertaincapacitye.g.50,000blinUS,whichreceivetheirproductbyrailortruck)andretailestablishments.

Tertiary stocks are stocks held by �inal end-consumers. They can be power plants, industrial entities orconsumersintheresidential/commercialsector.

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4.9.2Whatdatashouldbecollected?

Only data on primary oil stocks (both crude oil and products) should be reported in the JODI Oilquestionnaire,forseveralreasons:

• Themostimportantdataonstocksareprimaryoilstocks.Thesearestocksheldbyproducers,re�iners,importers,stockholdingorganisationsandstrategicstocks.Theoilinpipelinesorinrailtankcars,inroadtankwagonsetc.whicharenecessarytokeepthesupplysystemoperationalareoflesserinterest–theycannotbeusedasotherwisethesupplysystemwouldbreakdown.

• Data on primary oil stocks is the easiest to collect. Data for secondary and tertiary stocks are rarelycollected, as theyareverydif�icult toobtain.The reason for this is that thereareoften toomany retailstations,orsmallbulkplantsinthecountry,andcertainlythenumberofend-usersfromwhichdatawouldneedtobecollectedisenormous.However,despitethelackofinformation,secondaryandtertiarystockscanbeveryimportantastheysometimesundergolarge�luctuations,e.g.householdheatingoiltanksarerapidlydepletedwhenweather is cold; retail stations stocks canbe considerably rundownwhena taxincreaseisexpected.Pleasenotethatterminologycandifferinsomecountries,wherenodistinctionismadebetweensecondaryandtertiarystocksandbothcategoriesareaggregatedintosecondarystocks.

• Informationonprimaryoilstocksisconsistentwiththede�initionof"consumption"ortobemoreprecise,isconsistentwiththede�initionof"consumption"ortobemoreprecise,isconsistent"sales",whichincludesonlysalesordeliveriesmadebyre�ineriesandimporters(i.e.primarysuppliers);secondaryandtertiarystocksshouldnotbeincluded.

• Primaryoilstocksalsorepresentstorageofoilatamorecentralisedpointinthesupplychain,whereitisfeasibleforthemtoberedirected.Thisisparticularlyimportantforoilimportingcountriesduringsupplydisruptions,astheyneedtoknowthepotentialvolumeofoilavailabletothem.Anexampleofthesestocksisoilheldatterminals,orinpartlyloadedtankers.

ThefollowingtableliststhemaincategoriestobeincludedorexcludedunderPrimaryOilStocks(bothcrudeoilandproducts):

Whatshouldbeincluded?* Whatshouldnotbeincluded?

ü Oil held at production facilities e.g. stockson platforms or in partly loaded tankersmooredatplatforms

ü Stocksheldforstrategicpurposesownedbygovernmentsorstockholdingorganisations

ü Oilinre�inerytanksü Inbulkterminalsü Pipelinetankage(bufferstocksatpipelines)ü Barges and coastal tankers (when port of

departure and destination are in the samecountry)

ü Tankersinport**ü Ininlandshipbunkers

û inpipelines

û inrailtankcars

û intrucktankcars

û insea-goingshipsbunkers

û inretailstoresandservicestations

û inbunkersatsea

û militarystocks

* Pleasenotethatthereisadistinctionbetweenoilstocksandreserves.Reservesofoil(oilnotyetproduced)arenotincluded.

** Stocks held on board incoming ocean vessels in port or atmooring should be included irrespective ofwhethertheyhavebeenclearedbycustomsornot.Excludestocksonboardvesselsathighsea.

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4.9.3Locationofstocks

Stocks are to be reported on a national territory basis:All oil heldwithin a country geographically istobe reported, irrespectiveof theownershipof theoil.Forexample,oilheld in theNetherlandsARAzone(Amsterdam–Rotterdam-Antwerp)forthebene�itofGermancompaniesistobeincludedintheNetherlandsreport,notintheGermanoilstocks.

Whetherthestocksareheldonshoreoroffshoredoesnotmakeadifferenceaslongastheyareheldonthenationalterritory.

4.9.4Timing/Cut-offdate

Stocksofcrudeoilandpetroleumproductsarevolumes instorageataparticular time.Foroilstockstobeconsistentdatawithotheroil�lows,amonthlybasisischosen.Asanexample,salesofoilproductsarereportedonamonthlycalendarbasis.Thatiswhyitisimportanttoalsomeasurestocksonamonthlybasis.Stocksarethereforeconsideredatthebeginningi.e.1stdayofthemonth(Openingstocks)andendofeachmonth,i.e.on28/29/30or31stofthemonth(Closingstocks).stofthemonth(Closingstocks).st

4.9.5Availabilityofstocksdata

Most JODI participating countries now make stock data freely available. They fully value the strategicimportance of all data gathered through the JODI Oil questionnaire on micro and macro levels. However,theyequallyrecognizetheimportanceoftheglobalefforttoenhanceenergycommoditytransparencyandtomitigatesomeofuncertaintiesthatmaybedetrimentaltomarketfunctionality.Nevertheless,somecountriesstillholdtheviewthatsuchdataisstrategicallyorcommerciallysensitive.

ThenatureofthestockdatarequestedintheJODIOilquestionnaireisdesignedtoavoidcommercialsensitivitieswithreportingbeinglimitedtothenationallevelandatanaggregatedegreeofdetail.AsthefocusofJODIisonoilstockscollectedatanationallevelthereislittlebasisforsuchconcern.

Theultimategoalof the JointOrganisationsData Initiative is full transparency.However, thishingesonthewillingnessofallcountriestosubmittimelyandaccuratedataforallproductsandall�lows,includingstockchangesand levels.Given that timelyandcompletedataonoil stock levelsandstockchangesareessentialelementsoftheaccurateanalysisnecessarytomitigateuncertainty,bothatnationalandinternationalmarketlevels,itisaJODIprioritytoencourageuniversaltransparencyofstockdata.

48 49


APEC,EurostatandIEA:Totalstocksonnationalterritory:Allstocksonnationalterritory,includingstocksheldbygovernments,bymajorconsumersorbystockholdingorganisations,stocksheldonboardincomingoceanvessels,stocksheldinbondedareasandstocksheldforothers,whetherunderbilateralgovernmentagreementornot.

OLADE:Stocks:quantities of energyproducts that canbeheld andused to: (a)maintain serviceunder conditionswheresupplyanddemandarevariableintheirtimingoramountduetonormalmarket�luctuations,or(b)supplementsupplyinthecaseofasupplydisruption.Stocksusedtomanageasupplydisruptionmaybecalled"strategic"or"emergency"stocksandareoftenheldseparatelyfromstocksdesignedtomeetnormalmarket�luctuations.

OPEC:Stocksincludeallnationallyownedcrudeoil,re�inedproductsandgasplantproductsheldwithinandoutsidenational boundaries (on shore aswell as �loating)heldby importers, governments, national oil companiesandmajornon-importing�inalconsumers inthe followingfacilities;bulkterminals,re�inerytanks,pipelinetankage,bargesandtankers.

UNSD:Stocks: quantities of energyproducts that canbeheld andused to: (a)maintain serviceunder conditionswheresupplyanddemandarevariableintheirtimingoramountduetonormalmarket�luctuations,or(b)supplementsupplyinthecaseofasupplydisruption.Stocksusedtomanageasupplydisruptionmaybecalled"strategic"or"emergency"stocksandareoftenheldseparatelyfromstocksdesignedtomeetnormalmarket�luctuations.

Foralltheorganisations,thede�initionforstocksisde�ined"geographically"or"byterritory"exceptforOPECwhereitischaracterisedbythe"ownership".

4.10Re�ineryoutput

Grossoutput(includingre�ineryfuel)

Re�ineryproductionThisistheproductionof�inishedpetroleumproductsatare�iningorblendingplant.ProductionequalstheInputintothere�ineryminustheRe�ineryLosses.

ThetermsNetandGrossproductionarefrequentlyusedwhenreferringtore�ineryoutput.Grossproductionincludestheamountoffuelwhichisusedinthere�ineryinsupportoftheoperationofthere�inery(re�ineryfuel).Netre�ineryproductionexcludesthere�ineryfuel.

If for any reason, interproduct transfer cannot be separated from the re�inery output data, data providersshouldindicatewhethertheinterproducttransfersareincludedinthere�ineryproductionornot.

50 51

Figure4.2:Mainre�inery�lows


APEC,EurostatandIEA:Grossre�ineryoutput:Thisisproductionof�inishedproductsatare�ineryorblendingplant.ThiscategoryexcludesRe�ineryLosses,butincludesRe�ineryFuel.ThetotalmustbeequaltoRe�ineryIntake(Observed)minusRe�ineryLosses.

Re�ineryFuel: Theseareallpetroleumproductsconsumedinsupportoftheoperationofare�inery. Thisshouldnotincludeproductsusedbyoilcompaniesoutsidethere�iningprocess,e.g.bunkersforoiltankers.foroiltankers.f

OLADE:Thisdescriptionisvalidforproductssuchasgases,lique�iedgas,gasoline/alcohol,kerosene,dieseloil,fueloil,coke,othersecondaryproductsandnonenergyproductsinre�ineries.

Foreachproduct,theamountproducedbyallre�ineries,inthenationalterritory,shouldberecorded.Ifanypartoftheproductsproducedinonere�ineryisrecycledinanother,thatamountshouldbesubtractedfromwhatwillbeconsideredproduction.

Theprimaryproductsobtainedfromare�ineryare:• gases:re�inerygas(C1–C2)andlique�iedgas(C3–C4)• light:motorgasoline,aviationgasoline,naphthasforpetrochemistry,solvents• medium:kerosene,jetfuel,gasoil,dieseloil• heavy:fueloil,asphalts,lubricants,greases,coke

50 51

OPEC:Thetotalamountofpetroleumproductsproducedfromre�ineryinputinagivenperiod,excludingre�ineryfuelandloss.

Re�ineryfuelandloss:Thetotalamountof�inishedorun�inishedproductsusedinre�ineriesasfuel,orlostduringre�ineryoperationthroughspillage,evaporationandventing.

UNSD:Re�ineryoutputreferstothemarketableend-productsofthere�ineryprocessexcludingre�inerylossesbutincludingthequantityoffuelsconsumedatre�ineries(re�ineryfuelusedintheactualre�iningprocessandthefuelsusedforotherancillarypurposes).

APEC,Eurostat,IEAandUNSDexcludere�inerylossbutincludere�ineryfuel.OPECexcludesboth.TheOLADE de�inition does not mention anything about re�inery fuel or loss. Interproduct transfers areexcludedbyallorganisationsexceptOLADE.

4.11Receipts

Receipts=PrimaryproductreceiptsandRecycledproducts

Primary product receipts: Quantities of indigenous or imported crude oil (including condensate) andindigenous NGL which are used directly without being processed in a petroleum re�inery. For example,crudeoilusedtogenerateelectricityshouldbebereportedasDirectuseofcrudeoilandReceiptsofOtherproducts.

Quantities of indigenous NGL which are not included in Re�inery intake, such as the amounts going to agasplant,shouldbe reportedasReceiptsofOtherproducts, and then transferred through the Interproducttransferslinetotheallocatedproducttype.

Table4.1:Example1ofreportingDirectuseofNGL

NGLOil products

LPG Other oilproducts

(2) (11) (12)

+ Production 100(of which 50)

+ Refi nery output 10

+ From other sources + Receipts 50

+ Imports 25 + Imports

– Exports – Exports 5

+ Products transferred /Backfl ows

– Products transferred

– Direct use 50 + Interproduct transfers 50 -50

– Stock change 6 – Stock change 2

– Statistical difference 4 – Statistical difference -2 0

= Refi nery intake 65 = Demand 55

Closing Stocks Closing stocks

Recycledproducts:Thereturnofadeliveredproducttosupplywithoutreclassi�icationasanotherproduct.Anexampleistherecoveryofusedlubricants.ThesequantitiesshouldbedistinguishedfrompetrochemicalBack�lows.

►

►

►

52 53

4.12Productstransferred

Petroleumproductswhicharereclassi�iedasfeedstocksforfurtherprocessinginthere�inery,withoutdeliveryto�inalconsumers

The reclassi�ication (renaming) of oil productswhich is necessarywhen �inished oil products are used asfeedstockinre�ineries.

Theseareusuallyimportedpetroleumproductswhicharereclassi�iedasfeedstocksforfurtherprocessinginthere�inery,withoutdeliveryto�inalconsumers.Forexample,Naphthaimportedforupgradingwouldbe�irstreportedasImportsofNaphtha,andthenappearsalsoasProductstransferredofNaphtha.

4.13Interproducttransfers

Reclassi�icationofproducts,becausetheirspeci�icationhaschanged,orbecausetheyareblendedintoanotherproduct:anegativeindicatesaproductthatwillbereclassi�ied,

apositiveshowsareclassi�iedproduct

Themovementsoffuelsbetweenproductcategoriesbecauseofreclassi�icationofaproductwhichnolongermeetsitsoriginalspeci�ication.Thetransferredproductisoftenblendedwithitshost.

Result fromreclassi�icationofproductseitherbecause theirspeci�icationhaschanged,orbecause theyareblendedintoanotherproduct.Forexample,quantitiesofKerosenemaybereclassi�iedasGasoilafterblendingwith the latter in order tomeet its winter diesel speci�ication. A negative entry for one productmust becompensatedbyapositiveentry(orseveralentries)foroneorseveralproductsandviceversa.Thetotalneteffectshouldbezero.

Pleasenote that InterproductTransfers forOtherproducts includes interproduct transfersofcrudeoilandNGL.PleaserefertoTable4.1onpage51

4.14Demand

Deliveriesorsalestotheinlandmarket(domesticconsumption),plusre�ineryfuel,plusinternationalmarineandaviationbunkers,

plusdirectuseofcrudeoilandNGL

Thetotaldemandofoil inacountryincludesthevolumeofoilrequired,ontheonehandtosupplyall�inalconsumers,energytransformationunits(includingre�ineries),energyproducerswithinthecountryandontheotherhandtoprovideallthenationalandforeigncustomerswithfuelswhichtheywilluseininternationalnavigationandaviation(e.g.internationalaviation,marinebunkers,�ishingetc.).

Total oil demand also includes volumes of crude oil,NGL and other hydrocarbonswhich are useddirectlywithout being processed in petroleum re�ineries (direct use). It concerns mainly oil which can be usedunprocessedbypowerplantstogenerateelectricityandheat.

Sinceinmostoilbalancestheinformationforsomeofthese�lowsisavailabletheequationlooksasfollows(seeFig4.3onpage53):

Pleasenotethatnon-energyconsumptionshouldbeincluded.

52 53

Figure4.3:Demand�lows

54 55

Chapter5:Veri�icationofdataquality

5.1Dataqualityassessment

Dataqualityencompassesmanyaspects.ForthedatasubmittedintheJODIOilquestionnaire,thefollowingitemshavebeentakenintoaccountwhenassessingacountry’sdataquality:

• Timeliness:TheJODIOildatabaseisexpectedtobeupdatedregularly.Timelinessindicateswhethersubmissionswere received by the expected deadline. Ratings over a sixmonth period ranging from"good"to"lesstimely"aregivenaccordingtothenumberofsubmissionsreceivedwithinthedeadline.

• Sustainability (of submission): Sustainability refers to the number of the JODI Oil submissionsreceivedwithinagivenperiod.Forexampleifacountryoverasixmonthperiodhassubmittedallsixquestionnaires, then it is given a "good" rating; if fewer questionnaireswere submitted then lowerratingsareassigned.

• Completeness:CompletenessmeasuresthenumberofexpecteddatapointsoutofthemaximumintheJODIOilquestionnairereceivedbytheexpecteddeadline.A"good"ratingisgivenwhenmorethan90%ofthedataareprovidedforproduction,stockchanges,closingstocklevelsanddemand.

• Accuracy:AccuracyofJODIOildataforacountryismuchmoredif�iculttomeasure,asthereisoftennorealbenchmarktomeasureagainst.Moreover,ifdataareaccurateforone�low,e.g.production,itdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatalltheother�lowsareaccuratelyreported.Itisthusalmostimpossibletogiveasingleratingconcerningthedataaccuracyofanindividualcountry.

Tobeable toestablishsome indicationofdataaccuracyhowever,severalveri�icationmethodscanbeusedforevaluationofdata,eitherbyinternationalorganisationsorbynationaladministrationsprovidingthedata.Thenextchapterwillbedealingwiththetypeofmeasuresnationaladministrationscantaketoensuredataaccuracy.

For more information and the latest update of JODI countries’ data quality, please consult the website:www.jodidata.org

5.2 Focusondataaccuracy

Accuracy is anessential characteristicof an idealdatabase.With it, users canbeassuredof thedatabase’sreliabilityandusability,whichareparamounttostatisticalanalysis.

AsJODIOilwasinitiatedinordertomeasurehowquicklynationaladministrationscouldprovideaccuratedataonamonthlybasis,timelinessandcompletenessbecamethefocusofattentionduringthe�irstyearsoftheInitiative.However,nowthatadatabaseisinplacewhereinformationisstored,itisessentialthataccuracybegiventhenecessaryattentionthatitdeserves.

InitiallythesixparticipatingorganisationsandtheIEFhadtakenadecisionthatthedatabasewouldonlybereleased if itwasproven tobeof suf�icientquality.Anextendedevaluationexercisewas carriedoutduring2005;theresultsofwhichshowedthatquality-althoughnotperfect-wassatisfactory,especiallyforthetop30producersandconsumers.ItwasthereforedecidedinNovember2005toopenupthedatabasetothepublic.Inanticipationofcriticismfromsomeusers,colourcodingwasaddedtoindicatedatacon�idence(SeeChapter8).

56 57

Nowthatthedatabaseisoperational, it is imperativethataccuracycontinuestoimprove.Accuracymusttobeevaluatedbyboththeinternationalorganisationstowhichcountriessubmittheirdataandbythenationaladministrationsubmittingthedata.Internationalorganisationseachhavetheirrespectivetechniquestoverifydataaccuracyandtheydosoonaregularbasis,contactingnationaladministrationsincaseofproblems.

Inorderto facilitatethetaskofdataaccuracyevaluationbynationaladministrations, thischapterprovidesasetofinstructionsandpossiblechecksforveri�icationofdataaccuracyfromthestandpointofthenationalstatisticians.

Somedataaccuracyveri�icationtechniquesthatcanbeappliedtoJODIOilsubmissionsareasfollows:

1. BalanceCheck2. InternalConsistencyCheck

2.1 FuelBalance:SumofProductsversusTotalOil2.2 StocksCheck

3. TimeSeriesCheck4. VisualCheck

Pleasenotethatsomeofthesechecksonlyprovideanindicationofaccuracy.Itisimportanttouseacombinationofchecksinordertoobtainthebestresults.

5.2.1Balancecheck

Primaryoil

CalculatedRe�ineryIntake=production+FromOtherSources+Imports-Exports+Productstransferred/Back�lows-Directuse-Stockchange

Oilproducts

Demand=Re�ineryoutput+Receipts+Imports–Exports–Productstransferred+Interproducttransfers–Stockchange

Thisisthesimplestformofaccuracycheck.Herein,thestatisticianshouldcheckthatthecalculatedsupplyisnotverydifferenttothereporteddemand.ThecalculatedRe�ineryintake/Demandisexpressedintheaboveformulas.

TheCalculatedRe�ineryIntake/DemandusingtheaboveformulashouldnotbeverydifferentfromthereportedRe�ineryIntake/Demand.ThedifferenceisautomaticallycalculatedintherowStatisticaldifferenceintheJODIOilquestionnaire.Ideally,thedeviationshouldbebetween-5.0and5.0%.Ifthedeviationisoutsidethisrange,thestatisticianshouldreviewthedataforallthe�lowsandmakecorrectionswherenecessary.However,ifafterdueveri�ication,thedeviationisstilllarge,thedatamaybesubmittedtotherespectiveorganisations.Ifmoreaccuratedataarereceivedinthefollowingmonththenarevisedandcorrectedbalanceshouldberesubmittedthefollowingmonth.

Thisdata check is applicableonly ifdata for the �lowsare completeand reliable.Moreover sometimes thedeviationbetweencalculatedsupplyandtheother�lowsisforsomevalidreasonlargerthan-5%and+5%.Thisbalancecheckcanthereforeonlybeconsideredasoneofthepossiblecheckswhichcanbecarriedouttoevaluateaccuracy.

Table5.1illustratesanexamplewherereportedre�ineryintakeismorethan5%lowerthanCalculatedRe�ineryIntake.Thereareseveralpossiblereasonsforthis.ThestatisticianmaysuspectthattheRe�ineryIntakeandDemandmaybeunderreported.Butitwouldalsobepossiblethattheother�lowsareover-reported.Thereforeitissuggestedthatallofthedatabereviewedforaccuracy.

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Table5.1:Example1ofinternalbalancecheck

Unit:1,000metrictonsCrude oil

+ Production 2

+ From Other Sources

+ Imports 3681

– Exports 0

+ Products transferred / Backflows

– Direct use 200

– Stock change -295

– Statistical difference 228

= Refi nery intake 3550

% Percentage statistical difference 6.4%

Internalconsistency check

5.2.1.1Oilproductsbalance:sumofproductsversustotaloilproducts

Totaloilproducts=LPG+Naphtha+Motor/aviationgasolines+Kerosenes+Gas/dieseloil+Fueloil+Otheroilproducts

Anothermeasureofaccuracy is consistency.ThecategoryTotaloilproducts shouldbeequal to thesumofthereportedproductsnamely:LPG,Naphtha,Motor/aviationgasoline,Kerosenes,Gas/dieseloil,FueloilandOtheroilproductsincludingre�inerygas,ethane,naphtha,petroleumcoke,whitespirit&SBP,paraf�inwaxes,lubricantsandotherproducts.(SeeChapter3).

Thestatisticianshouldensurethatthispropertyholds.Shouldthisnotbethecase,thenacarefulreviewandappropriatecorrectionsofthedataarenecessarybeforesubmittingthedatatotheirrespectiveorganisations.Automaticchecksareincorporatedinthequestionnairetopointoutwhenthetotalisnotequaltothesumoftheparts.

Table5.2:Example1offuelbalancecheck

Unit:1,000metrictons

LPG NaphthaMotor/

aviation gasoline

Kerosenes*Of which Kerosene

type jet fuel

Gas/diesel

oilFuel oil

Other oil products

Total oil products

(5)+(6)+(7)+(8)+(10)

+(11)+(12)(5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)

Refi nery output 126 160 866 334 331 1083 942 994 2338ReceiptsImports 59 60 2 121Exports 13 160 208 143 140 555 26 117 1222Products transferredInterproduct transfers 55 -55 0Stock change -2 -47 -10 -10 101 -92 -40 -90Statistical difference -2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 -2164Demand 176 700 201 201 482 1013 919 3491Closing stocks 95 884 317 317 1065 1154 511 4026

*Ofwhich:KerosenetypejetfuelshouldnotbecountedintheTotaloilproducts.

InTable5.2,thecolumnTotaloilproductsisthesumofalltheproducts,namely:LPG,Naphtha,Motor/aviationgasoline,Kerosenes,Gas/dieseloil,FueloilandOtherproducts.TheTotaloilproductsfor�iveoutoftheeight�lowsareequaltosumofLPG,Naphtha,Motor/aviationgasoline,Kerosenes,Gas/dieseloil,FueloilandOtherproductswhichshowsthatthese�lowsareinternallyconsistent.However,thesumofallproductsforRe�ineryoutput is larger than the corresponding Total oil products. As a result there is a considerable statisticaldifferenceobserved.Therefore,thereisanerrorinthedataforthatparticular�low.Thismethoddoesnotapplytostockchanges.

58 59

Table5.3:Example2offuelbalancecheck


LPG Naph-tha

Motor/aviation gasoline

Kerosenes*Of which Kerosene

type jet fuel

Gas/diesel

oilFuel oil

Other oil products

Total oil products

(5)+(6)+(7)+(8)+(10)

+(11)+(12)(5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)

Refi nery output 126 160 866 334 331 1083 942 994 4505ReceiptsImports 59 60 2 1021Exports 13 160 208 143 140 555 26 117 1222Products transferredInterproduct transfers 55 -55 0Stock change -2 -47 -10 -10 101 -92 -40 -90Statistical difference -2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 903Demand 176 700 201 201 482 1013 919 3491Closing stocks 95 884 317 317 1065 1154 511 4026

*Ofwhich:KerosenetypejetfuelshouldnotbecountedintheTotaloilproducts.

Fromtheprevioustable,thesumofImportsforindividualproductsislowerthanTotaloilproductsImports.ThissuggeststhattheImportsdataofTotaloilproductsismisreportedortherearemissingImportsdataforsomeproducts.As thestatisticaldifference isveryhigh, it is likely that the ImportsofTotaloilproducts ismisreported.

HencethereisaneedforstatisticianstocheckthevaluesofalltheproductsincludingTotaloilproducts.

5.2.1.2Stockscheck

Stockchange=ClosingstockforM-1–ClosingstockforM-2

ThedifferencebetweentheClosingstockofthelatestmonth(M-1)andtheClosingstockofthepreviousmonth(M-2)shouldbeequaltothereportedStockchangeofthelatestmonth.Ifforanyreasonthisisnotthecase,thestatisticianshouldinvestigateandmakethenecessarycorrection.ThedifferencebetweenthereportedstockchangeandcalculatedStockchangeshouldbe0.AreasonforadeviationcouldstemfromtheStockchangeforM-1beingobtainedusingpreliminaryClosingstockforM-2.IfM-2stocklevelshavesincebeenrevised,thenarevisionforthepreviousmonthsshouldbesubmitted.However, if this isnot thecasedespiteseriousefforts toachieveabalance, thestatisticiancouldsettle toamaximumdeviationofnotgreaterthan5.0%.

Table5.4:Exampleofcheckingconsistencyofstocksdata

Crudeoil

LPGMotor

/aviationgasoline

Kerosenes Gas/DieselOil

Fuel oil Total oilproducts

Closing stock level M-1 (Jan) 1637 181 660 259 533 214 2685

M-2 (Dec) 1618 192 778 213 676 260 2880

Stock change in M-1 (Jan) 19 -18 -118 54 -143 -48 -195

Calculated stock change(M-1 – M-2 or Jan – Dec) 19 -11 -118 46 -143 -46 -195

Difference(Calculated – Reported) 0 -7 0 8 0 -2 0

Percentage difference(Difference/Stock change) 0% 39% 0% 15% 0% 4% 0%

InTable5.4,thecalculatedStockchangeiscomputedusingtheabove-mentionedformula.ThiscalculatedStockchangeshouldbeequaltothereportedStockchange.Intheaboveexample,thereportedStockchangeforLPG,KerosenesandFuelOilarenotequaltothecalculatedStockchange.

58 59

When calculating thepercentagedifference it is noticeable that for LPG andKerosenes thedifferences arelargerthan5%,whereasforFueloilthedifferenceisonly4%.ThereforethestockdataforLPGandKerosenesneedinvestigation,whilethefueloildataseemswithinreasonableerrorlimits.

5.2.2Timeseriescheck

Percentagechange(%) =Currentmonthdata–Previousmonthdata

x100Previousmonthdata

Thisisanothermethodthatthestatisticiancouldusetochecktheaccuracyofsomeofthe�lows,forexampleProduction,Re�ineryoutput,ClosingstocksorDemand.Themethodislessusefulfortradeandstockchanges.Atimeseriescheckinvolvescomparingthedemanddataofthelatestmonthtothatofthepreviousmonthand/ortothedataofthesamemonthinthepreviousyear.

The underlying reason for checkingmonthly datawith previous data is that the percentage change, in forexampledemand,isusuallylimitedfromonemonthtothenext.Thestatisticianshouldcomputethemonthlygrowthratesandusethepastgrowthratesasanindicationofthetrendofthegrowthrateforthelatestmonth.IfDemandintheprevioussevenmonthshasbeengrowingat3%,thenitislikelytoexpectasimilargrowththismonth.Howeverthiscanonlybeconsideredasanindication,asmanytimestherearelogicalreasonsforlargerthanexpecteddeviations.

IncountrieswherethereisalargeseasonalpatterninDemand,acomparisonwiththesameamountofthepreviousyearismorerelevant.

Should the growth rate therefore exceed or go below the trend, the statistician should investigate. If thepercentagechangeseemscorrect,thenitisrecommendedthatthestatistician�indthecauseofsuchoccurrence.Ifthereasonisplausible,thenthedatamightbeaccuratedespitenotgoingwiththetrend.

Table5.5:Comparinggrowthrateforthelatestmonthtothehistoricaltrend

Monthly Growth Rate (Previous 12 months)March

Minimum Maximum AverageLPG -9.2% 11.1% 0.8% 15.0%Motor/aviation gasoline -10.1% 8.9% 0.0% 8.0%Kerosenes -10.3% 8.1% 0.5% -10.4%Gas/diesel oil -12.0% 9.4% -0.6% -3.0%Fuel oil -25.3% 23.0% 1.0% 5.0%Total oil products -7.1% 7.3% -0.5% 2.0%

InTable5.5,thecalculatedgrowthratesforthedemandinMarchusingtheaboveformulaarecomparedwiththemaximumandminimummonthlygrowthratesduringtheprevious12monthsoryear.ThegrowthratesofLPGandKerosenesforthemonthofMarcharehigherthanthemaximumgrowthratesandlowerthantheminimummonthlygrowthratesobservedintheprevious12-monthperiod,respectively.

Thereisnocertaintythatsuchdevelopmentscouldnothappenintheoilmarket,forexampleanexceptionallycold winter may make the Demand for Kerosenes much higher than the previous year, or adversely anexceptionally mild winter may result in much lower demand. However, seeing growth rates which aremuchhigheror lowerthanthoseseeninthelast12monthsmayprovideanindicationthatdatashouldbeinvestigated.

60 61

5.2.3Re�ineryintake/outputcheck

Thischeckiscarriedouttoverifytheconsistencyofthere�inerydatabycomparingre�ineryintakeandre�ineryoutput.

Tocheckconsistencyofre�ineryoperationeachmonth,theratiooftheRe�ineryoutputofTotaloilproductsand theRe�inery intakeof all primaryproducts (Crudeoil,NGL,Other) shouldbe calculated. This ratio isalsocalledre�ineryyield.Thischeckcanbeconductedineithermass(ton)orvolume(bbl,litre)unitsalthoughtherearedifferentcharacteristicsbetweenmassandvolumetriccomparisonsthatshouldbetakenintoaccount.

Re�ineryYield(%) =Re�ineryoutputofTotaloilproducts

x100Re�ineryintakeofTotalprimaryproducts

Inanormalre�ineryprocess,lossesoccurduringthedistillationprocessesduetoevaporation.Re�inerylossesaretheamountbywhichthere�ineryoutputissmallerthantheinput(i.e.re�ineryyield<100%).

Re�inery/processinggainsmayoccur if the total re�ineryoutputexceeds there�inery intake (re�ineryyield>100%)whentheamountismeasuredinvolume.

Therefore,dependingonwhetherthedataareexpressedinmassorvolumeunits,theratioshouldbeevaluateddifferently:

• Incaseofcomparing�iguresinmassunits(tons),theyieldshouldbesmallerthanbutcloseto100%.Inprinciplenogainsshouldoccur.Figure5.1showsasuggestedwayofcomparison.

60 61

Figure5.1Re�ineryintakev.s.re�ineryoutputcomparisoninktonsFigure5.1Re�ineryintakev.s.re�ineryoutputcomparisoninktons

• Ifthedataaremeasuredinvolumetricunits(bbls, litres)eithergainsorlossesarepossible.Re�ineryIfthedataaremeasuredinvolumetricunits(bbls, litres)eithergainsorlossesarepossible.Re�inerygainscanoccurduetothefactthattheoutput(processedoilproducts)intotaltakesahighervolume(lowerspeci�icgravity)thantheinput(crudeoilandfeedstocks).SeeFigure5.2.

Figure5.2Re�ineryintakev.s.re�ineryoutputcomparisoninkbbls

The re�inery yield of a country is usually consistent over time. A graph similar to the ones above usinghistoricaldataenablesonetochecktheconsistencyofre�ineryoperationsovertime.Anydataoutliershouldbeinvestigated.

62 63

5.2.4Visualchecks

Aneasymethodtorapidlyverifytimeseriesistographicallyrepresentthedataseries.Byusingthismethod,outliers,whicharedatapointsfarfromtherestofthedata,canbeeasilydetected.Tobeabletographicallyshow time series however, it is essential that the statistician has developed andmaintained a database ofhistoricaldata.

Themethodforvisuallycheckingtimeseriescanbeusedformostofthe�lows,althoughitislesseasytospotoutlyingdataforstockchanges,astheseare�luctuatingbetweenpositiveandnegativeandcanvarymorethantheotherdata.

An example of re�inery intake data is shownbelowwhere two values are clearly out of the normal range.Thelowvalueofre�ineryintake(April2005)couldindeedbevalid,asre�ineriesmighthavecloseddownforre�inerymaintenance,howeverthehighvalueinDecember2005seemsoutofline,asitisunlikelythatre�ineryintakecanhaveincreasedsubstantiallyforonemonth.

Ifsuchoccurrencesarevisible, thestatisticianshould investigatefurthertodeterminewhetherthevalue isvalidornot.

Figure5.3Re�ineryintakevolumes

5.3Monthlyversusannualdata

5.3.1Monthlydata

5.3.1.1Datacollectionandcoverage

Productionandstockdataarecollectedfromoilcompanieseverymonth.

Challenges/problems:• Reportingperiodisshort.• NotallthedataprovidersareabletosendthedatatothenationaladministrationinchargeofJODIOil.

Tradedata(Exports/Imports)iscollectedmainlyfromthecustomsof�ices.

Challenges/problems:• Longertimelagforgettingthetradedata(inmanydevelopingcountries).• Consolidationofvalueandphysicaldata.

Tradedata,whentheybecomeavailable,canbeconsideredascompletecoverage.

62 63

5.3.1.2Estimatesorfullcoveragedata

Whenmonthlydatacollectionfromdataprovidersisincomplete,thenationaladministrationmayestimatethemissingdataanduseitsmonitoringsystemtochecktheconsistencyoftheestimatesovermonths.Meanwhile,thenationaladministrationneedstoimprovesustainabledatasubmissionfromallthedataprovidersthroughexplainingbene�itoftheirparticipationinthedatagatheringatanationallevel.

Theestimationandconsistencycheckmethodologiesshouldbeclearlystatedincountrynotes(metadata).

5.3.1.3Missingmonthlydata

ThenationaladministrationinchargeofJODIOilisnotsendingdatatotheJODIOilOrganisation(s)towhichthecountryisamember.

Problem:• JODI organisations do not estimate data that has not been submitted by participating countries nor

changedatasubmittedbythemasthedataisof�iciallysanctioned.Therefore,themissingdatapointwillappearasemptycellsintheJODIOilWorldDatabase.

• The missing data is negatively affecting the comparability and completeness of the JODI Oil WorldDatabase,jeopardisingthereliabilityofthedatabase.

5.3.2Annualdata

Annualdatais,inprinciple,asimpleaggregationofthetwelveconsecutivemonths.However,giventhecoveragedescribedabovetherecouldbethefollowingcasesobserved:

5.3.2.1Annualdataisasimplesumofthe12consecutivemonthsoftheyear

ThenationaladministrationinchargeofJODIOilcollectedthenecessarydatafromallthedataprovidersanddatawasnotrevisedoverthe12monthperiod.Inthiscase,theannualdataisthesumofthe12months’dataregisteredintheJODIOilWorldDatabase.

5.3.2.2Monthlydataistobere-consolidatedinordertoderiveannualdatafromthemonthlydata

IfnationaladministrationinchargeofJODIOilmadeestimationsforsomeofthemonthsduetoincompletecoverage,aconsolidationofdataisrequired.Theconsolidationneedstoassurethecoverageandreliabilityofdata.Also,themonthlydatashouldbeadjustedtoassuretheconsistencybetweenmonthlyandannualdata.

Theestimationandconsolidationmethodologiesshouldbeclearlystatedincountrynotes(metadata).

5.4Commonreportingerrors

Anotherway to improve data accuracy is by preventing common errors in data collection, processing andreporting.Toensurethattheseerrorsareavoided,atableisprovidedshowingthemostfrequent"commonerrors"andacorrespondingsuggestiononhowtoavoidthem.Ifsucherrorsareunavoidableduetode�initionaldifferences,ithastobeindicatedincountrynotes(metadata).

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Products and Flows

Common Errors Suggested Preventive Measures

Crude oil Production

1. In some cases, the data exclude lease condensates.

2. In some cases, wellhead production instead of marketable data are reported.

3. Crude oil production of foreign companies operating within the country are reported as imports.

1. Ask data providers to report Crude oil, lease condensate and NGL separately, if the data are available, so that the statistician can follow the JODI Oil defi nition.

2. Statisticians should ask upstream oil companies to report the marketable production.

3. Crude oil production within the national boundaries of the country is indigenous production of that country, no matter the nationality of the producer.

Refi nery intake

Like in Crude oil Production, refi nery intake includes NGL and refi nery feedstocks or excludes lease condensate.

Ask data providers to report Crude oil, lease condensate and NGL separately, if the data are available, so that the statistician can follow the JODI Oil defi nition.

Refi nery output

1. In some cases, LPG output from gas separation plants are reported as refi nery output.

2. In some cases, there is double counting of fi nished products produced from intermediate products.

1. Report only the output of oil refi neries.

2. Only production of fi nished oil products should be reported in refi nery output. If some products are used for further processing to other products, then only the fi nal output should be reported to avoid double counting. An example is naphtha re-processed to produce other products. The re-processed naphtha should not be included as refi nery output. Only the amount exported or delivered to fi nal consumers should be reported.

Demand 1. In some cases, refi nery fuel and aviation/marine bunkers are not included.

2. In some cases, only inland sales are reported. Refi nery fuel and direct use of Crude oil are not included in Total oil products.

3. In some cases LPG from gas separation plants are not included.

4. The demand of Motor and Aviation gasoline includes the direct use of pure biogasoline. (This also applies to some other fuels)

1. Demand data should include refi nery fuel and aviation/marine Bunkers and direct use of Crude oil.

2. Demand data should include refi nery fuel and aviation/marine bunkers and direct use of Crude oil.

3. Practically, it is diffi cult to trace the source of LPG. All LPG sold should be reported.

4. The direct use of pure biogasoline should be excluded from demand. Demand should only include the use of Motor and Aviation gasoline as well as the gasoline blended with biogasoline, but not the direct use of pure biogasoline itself. (This also applies to some other fuels)

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Products and Flows

Common Errors Suggested Preventive Measures

Closing stock 1. In some cases, only industry or government stocks are included in the total and not the sum of both.

2. Some countries do not report stocks data due to confi dentiality.

1. By defi nition, the total national territory stocks should be the sum of government and industry stocks.

2. Data providers should be informed that individual stocks information will not be divulged. The national administration will only release the total stocks data.

Stock change 1. In some cases, a stock build is submitted with a negative sign while a stock draw is shown with a positive sign.

2. In some cases, stock change is estimated as the difference between supply and demand.

3. The difference in closing stock level of M-1 and M-2 is not equal to the reported stock change.

1. Stock change should be calculated as the difference between closing stocks – opening stocks, or of closing stocks (M-1) – closing (M-2) stocks.

2. National administrations should collect data for both the closing stock levels and the stock changes.

3. This may be true in some cases due to statistical discrepancy. In this regard, this difference should not be bigger than 5% or less than -5%.

Motor/aviation gasoline

1. In some cases, aviation gasoline and blending components are not included in the Motor/aviation gasoline data submitted.

2. In some cases, alcohol production is included in the reported Motor/aviation gasoline production.

3. In some cases, amount of pure biofuels used directly in engines is included in the reported Motor/aviation gasoline.

1. Please strictly follow JODI Oil defi nition.

2. Only Motor/aviation gasoline production, with or without alcohol blend, should be reported. The amount of alcohol production, especially if it is not blended with gasoline, should not be included.

3. The amount of pure biofuels used directly in engines should not be included under Motor/aviation gasoline.

Kerosenes 1. In some cases, the Kerosenes data submitted do not include Kerosene type jet fuel.

2. In some cases, other kerosene is included in Gas/diesel oil.

3. In some cases, amount of pure biofuels used directly in engines is included in the reported Kerosenes.

1. The JODI Oil defi nition for Kerosenes includes Kerosene type jet fuel and other kerosene.

2. The JODI Oil defi nition includes other kerosene under Kerosene and not in Gas/diesel oil.

3. The amount of pure biofuels used directly in engines should not be included under Kerosenes.

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Chapter6:Estimationsandrevisionsofdata

6.1 Estimations

ItispreferablethatallJODIOildataaresubmittedwithrealdata,withoutanyestimation.However,itisalsopossiblethatduetothesizeofcertain�lowsandcertainproducts,thedataareeithernotcollectedonaregularbasis,ortheymayexceptionallybemissingforacertaintimeperiod.

TheJODIdataaresubmittedbythenationalauthorityoftheparticipatingcountry.Thesedataareconsideredauthoritative and are not subject to alteration by any of the JODI partner organisations. The estimationmethodologiespresentedbelowareonlyaguidelinetoassistnationaladministrationsresponsiblefor�illingtheJODIOilquestionnaire.

6.1.1Dataarenotcollected

Estimatesshouldonlybeusedfor�lowsandproductswhichrepresentasmallproportionintheoilbalance,andwhichhavethevalueofcompletingthemajoroil�lows.

For example if your country is a small exporter of LPG and this represents less than10%of total exportsonanannualbasis,thenitisfeasibletoincludeamonthlyestimateforthis�lowandproductintheJODIOildata.Howeveritisessentialthattheestimatesarebenchmarkedperiodically.Thiscanbedonebycomparingmonthlydatatoannualdataorbycomparingmonthlydatawithinformationwhichbecomesavailablewithsometimedelay.

Pleasenotethatitisgoodpracticetoindicatewhichdatahavebeenestimated.

Howtoestimate?

• Establishtheimportanceofthe�lowandproducttobeestimated• Workoutifthis�low/productiscorrelatedwithanother�lowforwhichyouhavedatae.g.LPGexports

areprobablystronglycorrelatedtoeitherre�ineryproductionorNGLproduction• Investigateifthereisaseasonaltrendforthe�low/product• Regularveri�icationisessential

Anexample:CountryZdoesnotcollectdataforTotaloilproducts,buthasalltheinformationforall�lowsfortheproductsspeci�iedintheJODIOil.HowcanTotaloilproductsbederived?

ItisimportanttoestablishthesizeoftheOtheroilproductsintheoilbalance.Thiscanbedeterminedbylookingatafullbalanceofannualorquarterlydata.Thesumofthe�ivepetroleumproductsislowerthantheTotaloilproductstotal,as"Otheroilproducts"areconsumedinthecountry(e.g.lubricants,paraf�inwaxes,etc.).

BelowistheannualoilbalanceofCountryZ(Table6.1).Thelastfourcolumnsshowontheonehandthesub-totalofthesixmajorproductsandtheirpercentageshareintheTotaloilproducts,andontheotherhandthesizeandpercentageoftheOtheroilproducts.

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Table6.1:AnnualbalanceforcountryZ


Annual balance LPG NaphthaMotor/

aviation gasoline

Kerosenes Gas/diesel oil Fuel oil Total oil

products

Refi nery output 1050 2585 10152 6680 23457 9019 53790

Receipts 0 0 0 0 0 0 511

Imports 1024 640 753 1328 13217 4163 22539

Exports 228 162 2866 120 822 1461 5770

Products transferred 0 0 0 0 0 0 10

Interproduct transfers 0 -102 102 0 0 511 0

Stock change 0 -6 -9 79 875 -71 885

Statistical difference -22 12 180 426 627 420 1627

Demand 1859 2955 7970 7383 34350 11883 68548

Closing Level 309 530 1504 738 5570 1608 10608

Annual balanceSubtotal

sixproducts

% of Total Other oil products

% of Total

Refi nery output 52943 98.4% 847 1.6%

Receipts 0 0.0% 511 100.00%

Imports 21125 93.7% 1414 6.3%

Exports 5659 98.1% 111 1.9%

Products transferred 0 0.0% 10 10.0%

Interproduct transfers 511 -511

Stock change 877 8

Statistical difference 1643 -16

Demand 66400 96.9% 2148 3.1%

Closing Level 10259 96.7% 349 3.3%

Fromtheabovetable,itcanbederivedthatonanannualbasis,thesixmajorproductsaccountfor98.4%ofre�ineryoutputandfor96.9%ofDemand.

MeanwhiletheOtheroilproductsaccountfor1.6%ofre�ineryoutputandfor3.1%ofdemand.GiventhattheOtheroilproductscategoryaccountsforlessthan10%inall�lows,anestimatecanbederivedonamonthlybasisinordertoprovidethetotalforTotaloilproducts.

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Howtoderiveamonthlyestimate?

BelowisCountryZ’ssubmissionforJuly2012.ThereisnodatafortheOtherproductsDemand,whichwillbeestimatedusingTable6.1.

Table6.2:MonthlyJODIOildataforcountryZ


Monthly balance LPG NaphthaMotor/

aviation gasoline

Kerosenes Gas/diesel oil Fuel oil Total oil

products

Refi nery output 88 211 846 557 1955 752 4483

Receipts 0 0 0 0 0 0 60

Imports 85 82 63 111 1101 348 1878

Exports 19 15 239 10 69 125 481

Products transferred 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

Interproduct transfers 0 -5 5 0 0 60 0

Stock change 5 6 -12 7 73 -15 54

Statistical difference -6 2 23 35 52 60 ?

Demand 155 265 664 615 2863 990 ?

Closing Level 26 44 125 62 464 134 884

Monthly balanceSubtotal

sixproducts

% of Total Other oil products

% of Total

Refi nery output 4408 98.3% 75 1.7%

Receipts 0 0.0% 60 100.0%

Imports 1790 95.3% 88 4.7%

Exports 476 99.0% 5 1.0%

Products transferred 0 0.0% 2 100.0%

Interproduct transfers 60 -60

Stock change 64 -10

Statistical difference 167 ?

Demand 5552 96.9% ? 3.1%

Closing Level 855 96.7% 29 3.3%

Ifthemonthlydemandofthesixmajorproducts(sub-total)is5552thousandmetrictons,thentheTotaloilproductscanbecalculatedusingthepercentagewederivedfromtheannualbalance.

Wehavedeterminedthatonayearlybasisthesixmajorproductsaccountfor96.9%ofdemandinthecountry,thereforewecanestimateTotaloilproductsDemandforthismonthas:5552/0.969=5730.(i.e.Subtotalsixproducts/%ofTotal).

ThemissingOtheroilproductsaccountfor5730–5552=178thousandtons.

Itisessentialhowevertoestablishthatfornoneofthe�lowsoftheOtheroilproductsthereisastrongseasonaltrend;shouldtherebe,thentheseasonalityoftheproductneedstobetakenintoaccountwhenmakingtheestimate.

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6.1.2Dataareexceptionallynotavailable

Althoughdatamaybecollectedonaregularbasis,insometimeperiodsitispossiblethatacompanydoesnotreportitsdataeitheronatimelybasis,orforotherreasonssuchascomputerproblems,staffchangeover,etc.Unfortunatelytheseoccurrenceshappeninrealitymoreoftenthanhopedforandresultincomplicationsforthestatistician.

Howtoestimate?• Determinethedifferent�lowsandproductswhichthemissingcompanyusuallyreports• Workouttheaveragemarketshareofthecompanycomparedwiththatofothercompaniesforeach�low

andproduct• Estimatethecompany’sdataonthebasisoftheothercompanies• Alternatively,ifthecompany’ssharehasnotbeenmovingverymuchinthelastyear,usethesamedata

reportedforthecorrespondingmonthofthepreviousyear• Incasethereisnostrongseasonality,andthereisonlyonemonthmissing,thepreviousmonth’sdata

couldalsobeused• Usethetrendofthetotalmarketasameasuretoderivethecompany’sdata.

Anexample:CountryZcollectsdatafromthreedifferentcompanies(A,BandC).CompanyBislateinprovidingitsdataforthemonthofNovember,butalltheothercompanieshaveprovidedtheirdata.Thedataforexampleforgas/dieseloilismissing;inordertoobtainsomeestimatetherearevariousalternatives:

• theaverageshareofthecompanyinthetotalcanbedeterminedandused–seebelow

Table6.3:Re�ineryoutputofGas/dieseloilofcountryZ

Gas/DieselOil Unit1,000MetricTons

Sept-12 Oct-12 Nov-12Average

Company Share

Refi nery Output 2400 2750 ?Company A 720 880 775 31%Company B 480 481 ? 19%Company C 1200 1389 1300 50%

ToderiveCompanyB’soutput,thesharesofCompaniesAandCareused.TheoutputofCompaniesAandCinNov-12is2075thousandtonnes,andthisaccountsfor81%(seeTable6.4)basedonSeptemberandOctoberdata.Thereforetheestimatedtotalis2075/0.81=2562andCompanyB’soutputcanbecalculatedas2562-2075=487thousandtonnes.

Table6.4:Howtoestimatemissingdata–example1


Sept-12 Oct-12 Nov-12Average

Company Share

Refi nery Output 2400 2750 2562eCompany A 720 880 775 31%Company B 480 481 487e 19%Company C 1200 1389 1300 50%

Total A+C 2075 81%

• Thesamedataaspreviousmonthorassamemonthpreviousyear.

If thepreviousmonth’sdata isused, then theunderlyingassumption is that there isno strong seasonalitybetweenthetwomonths,andthatthereisnomajorchangeinthecompany’soutput(e.g.thereisnore�inerymaintenanceplaninNovember2012).SeeExample1inTable6.4.

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Ifseasonalityistobetakenintoaccount,thenitisprobablybettertousethesamemonthpreviousyear’sdata(SeeExample2inTable6.5).However,thismeansthatotherassumptionsaremade:thatthecompanyovertheyearhasnotincreasedorextendeditsre�inery.



Nov-12 Sep-12 Oct-12 Example 1Nov-12

Example 2Nov-12

Refi nery Output 2600 2400 2750 2556e 2525eCompany A 900 720 880 775 775Company B 450 480 481 481e 450eCompany C 1250 1200 1389 1300 1300

So in these examples above, different results are obtained, depending on the underlying assumptions. Thequalityoftheestimatesisofcourseonlyasgoodastheunderlyingassumptionsare.Intheabovetables,wheretotalre�ineryoutputvariesbetween2525and2562,thedifferenceinthetotalre�ineryoutputforgas/dieseloilonlydiffersby1.5%,whichismuchbelowthe5%errorusedasanacceptablestandardintheJODIOilqualityevaluation.

• Afourthpossibilityistoderivethecompany’sdatausingthetotaltrend.

Toapply thismeasure it is necessary to assesswhether themissing company in thepasthas followed themarket trend. If over thepast sixmonths there is a very strong correlationbetweenCompanyB’s re�ineryoutputandthetotalre�ineryoutput,thenthetrendcanbeappliedtocompanyB’soutput.


Gas/DieselOil Unit1,000MetricTonsNov-11 May-12 Jun-12 Jul-12 Aug-12 Sep-12 Oct-12 Nov-12

Refi nery Output 2670 2600 2585 2500 2520 2425 2750 2794Company A 860 900 885 875 865 800 880 900Company B 450 450 450 425 430 425 481 472Company C 1360 1250 1250 1200 1225 1200 1389 1422

% change versusprevious year

Company A+C -5.3% -5.0% -3.0% 2.5% 4.7% 5.2% 4.5% 4.8%Company B -4.7% -4.6% -4.0% 4.5% 5.0% 5.4% 4.0% ?

CompanyB’soutputhereisestimatedusingthemarkettrend,andapplyinga4.8%growthratetotheNovember2011data.Theresultis450x1.048=472.

Thesamemethodcanbeappliedtoother�lows,e.g.production,demandandstockleveldata,butislessusefulfortrade,asthevariabilityfrommonthtomonthismuchhigher.

Ithastobeborneinmindthattheabovemethodscouldnotbeusedwhenthecompany’smissingdatahasanoverridingmarketshareordominatesthemarket.

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6.2Revisions

Monthlydataareveryfrequentlyrevised,formanyreasons,someofwhichmaybethatthecompaniesworkwithprovisionaldataandtheymayprovide�inaldatalaterintheyear,ortheymayhavediscoveredmistakes,andcorrectedthem.Moreoveritispossiblethattherearenewcompaniesenteringthemarket,whichwerenottakenintoaccountin�irstsubmissions.

TheJODIOilquestionnairerequestsfordatatobesubmittedforM-1(lastmonth)andM-2(monthbeforelast).Thereisthereforealreadyapossibilitytorevisedataprovidedinthequestionnaire.Thishowevershouldnotpreventcountries/economiestosubmitrevisionstomonthlydataformuchearliertimeperiods.

Pleasenotethatwhensendingrevisionsforonemonth,thisimpactsthestockleveldataforthepreviousmonth(M-2).Forexample,whenstocklevelandchangesarerevisedforSeptember2011,thenitisverypossiblethattheclosinglevelforAugust2011wasalsorevised,necessitatingasubmissionforthatmonthaswell.

TheJODIOilWorldDatabaseaimstohavemonthlydataasaccurateaspossiblestartingfromJanuary2002.Thedatabaseisalivedatabaseandisupdatedmonthlywiththelatestmonthlysubmissionsincludingalsoalltherevisionsmembercountriesmayhavesubmitted.

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Chapter7:Examplesofpractices– AfewexamplesofJODIOildatacollection andmethodologyinmembercountries

Thesixinternationalorganisationsaskedsomeoftheirmembercountriestoprovidetheirmonthlyoildatacollection practices and to highlight their experience in dealing with bottlenecks and weaknesses in thedatasupplychain.Althoughitisrecognisedthateachcountrymayhaveuniqueandevolvingdatacollectionpractices,itisstillconsideredthatsomegeneralguidancemaybeusefultoothercountries.

Anunderstandingof thehistorybehind the establishmentofnewdata collection systemsor adaptationofexistingonesinsupportoftheJODIOilwillraiseawarenessofthesigni�icantlevelofgroundworkandongoingcommitment required to arrive atwhatmay at �irst seem to be a simple 42 point top-level questionnaireresponse.

7.1 Exampleofpractice:Argentina(datasubmittedtoOLADE)

Datacollection

Argentinaisanetoilimporter.Thelegalframeworkofthecountryallowsprivateinvestmentinthesectorandatpresent,explorationandexploitationactivitiesarebeingdevelopedbyprivateinvestors.Around50%ofthenationalre�iningcapacityismanagedbyRepsol-YPF.

InArgentina,thereexistsanationalregulationthatupholdsthemonthlyoilinformationcollection,relatedwithproduction,internalandexternalmarkets,stocks,transformationprocessesatre�ineries(input/outputs)anddemand.

Consideringthatseveralprivatecompaniesoperateinthecountry,thecollectionprocessforoildatabecomesalittlecomplex.Anyway,thepresenceofalegalenforcementforthisactivity,whichestablishessanctionsfortimeandformatfornoncompliances,promotessubmissionoftheinformationwithinshortdelays,whichdonotexceedthreemonths.

Oilcompaniesprovidetherequiredinformationthroughmagneticorgraphicsources.Theinformationrelatedto re�ining inputs is received as balance formats. The company operator �ills the form with "inputs" and"outputs"ofthere�ineryandincludesanautomaticloadbalance,onwhichlossescan notexceedadeterminedpercentage.Thebalanceisnotautomaticallydevelopedbyproduct.

InArgentina,alltheoperations-importsandexportscompaniesofoilandoilproducts-areobligedtoreporttheiractivities.Thereisnominimumoilvolumerestrictioninordertoreporttheinformation.Itisestimatedthatthedatarecievedarehigherthan95%.

Ifanerrororinconsistencyisdetectedwiththedataprovided,thesourceiscontactedandaskedtoclarifyanymisunderstanding.However,suchoccurencesarenotcommon.

Dataprocessingandoverallassessmentofcollectionsystem

ThemethodusedtoinsertthedataiselectronicforalltheitemsintheJODIformat,anditsstorageisdoneintheparticulardatabase.Thedatacollectionfromthesourcesisnotautomatic.

Theveri�icationofthevalidityofthedataconsistsonlyinassuringthattheinformationcomesstrictlyfromthesource.Anautomaticdataconsolidationisdevelopedonlyforevidentmisbalances.

Inthecaseofmissingdata,anestimationprocessisdevelopedwithacalculationthatcorrelatesthepercentagevariationofthesamemonthsofthepreviousyear.

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Normally,dataarecheckedonamonthlybasisandupdatedinthedatabaseeachtimeitisreceived.

Theinformationpublishedisintheunitsrequiredforinternalanalysis.Ifinformationoncalori�icvaluesanddensitiesarerequired,thesourcesarethemanualsandpublicationsoftheoilex-statecompanyandconversionfactorsofOLADE.

Ingeneralterms,thecollectionsystemformonthlydataforoilandproductsusedinArgentinacanbede�inedasacceptable.TheLegislationsupportsthedatarequirementsofthecompanies,butthedifferenceamongdatacollectionmethodsrequiredifferenttimeperiodsforitsprocessingandcompliancecontrol.

7.2Exampleofpractice:Croatia(datasubmittedtoEUROSTAT)

Datacollection

ThereislegislationinCroatiacoveringalldata�lowsinmonthlyoildatacollection.ThedataarecollectedbymeansofmonthlystatisticalsurveysandfromCustomstariff.Thesurveysareinabalanceformat.Differentsurveysareusedfordifferent�lows.

Thedatasourcesandtheirshareincollectingthecorrespondingdataarethefollowing:• Monthly Surveyon IndustrialProduction (IND-1/MPS form– thesedata areusedalso for industrial

productionvolumeindices)–100%.• MonthlyspecialSurveyonOilRe�ineries(ERG-1N)–100%.• MonthlySurveyonImports,ExportsandStocksChangeofCrudeOilandPetroleumProducts(ERG-2N)

–approximately95%.• Fromothersources-Customstariff–approximately5%.

Thedataprovidersarecontactedtoverifyifmistakes/inaccuraciesorsuspiciousnumbersarenoticed,buttherearenoregularmeetingswiththemtodiscussthemethodology.Meetingsareorganisedonlyasneeded.

Mandatorydataproviderscoverapproximately95%ofthedata.

OildataarenotcollectedforanyotherinternationalornationalpurposeswithdifferentmethodologythantheoneinJODIOil.


Thedataaremanuallyenteredintothesystem,butthereisnodatabase.

Theaccuracyoftheveri�icationofthedataiscarriedoutbycomparingthedatawithCustomstariffandwithpreviousmonths.Alsologicalcontrolofdataiscarriedoutagainstexpectedlowerandupperlimitsof�lowsofcertainenergy-generatingproducts.

UsuallyalldataarecollectedandestimatesarerarelymadeundertheCustomstariff.Revisionstothedataareaccepted,buttheyarerarelyincorporated.

Thedataarepublishedindifferentunitsasneeded.TheIEAconversionfactorsareused.

Theoverallassessmentofthedatacollectionsystemisgood.Thecoverageoftheimportsandexportsdatais95%,andthecoverageoftheproductiondataofoilderivativesis100%

Suggestedimprovementsincludethefollowingpoints:

Thesystemcouldbebetteriftherewereadatabaseinwhichallenergydata,notonlyJODIOildata,couldbestored.

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7.3 Exampleofpractice:Egypt(datasubmittedtoUNSD)

Datacollection

Egypt’s �irst participation in the JODI Oil project was in May 2002 in Mexico City. Since then, Egypt hasdevelopedandadapteditssystemandprocessestoassurereportingqualitydataontime(whichisM-1),andtoachievethebestlevelregardingthemaincriteriaforDataQualityAssessment,i.e.datacoverage,completeness,timelinessandaccessibility.

InorderforEgypttoachieveM-1,itwasessentialtomapitsdata�lowprocesses.Allunnecessarystepsandbottlenecksthatcauseddelayweremodi�iedandeliminated.Inthemodi�iedprocessitcurrentlytakes21daystosubmit thedataandtoevaluate it intheEgyptPetroleumCorporation(EGPC).Currently, thewholedatahandlingprocesstakesaboutonemonthtoreportM-1data.

Thefollowingpointssummarizethemainstepsforthecurrentdata�low:• Thedata�lowstartsfromthe�ieldsandthecompaniestotheconcerneddivisioninEGPC.Dailydata

checked,tabulatedandloadedonthemainframe.Dataarecheckedforcoverage,completenessandup-loadedinspeci�icformat;necessaryconversionismadetoastandardformat.

• Dataarechecked:theabsolutevalueisgraphicallydisplayed;datacomparisonrecognizesdeviations,gapsandde�inedreasonsforthesegaps.

• Dataarereportedanddeliveredintherequiredreporttotheconcernedhigherlevels.


Datacoverage:Datacoverage:95oilcompaniesarecurrentlyworkinginEgypt,withsomeofthemintheprivatesector.95%oftheoilmarketcurrentlyreportsdata.

Data completeness:Data completeness: About 90% of the required data, such as crude oil and petroleum product production,export,importanddemandarereportedonamonthlybasis.Stocklevelisnotavailableonamonthlybasis.

Dataaccuracy:Dataaccuracy: Qualitycontrolisdonethroughanalyzingtheactualversustargetvalues,andcomparingdata,includinghistoricaldata,withthesameperiodtheyearbefore.Alsoassessingtheaccuracyofthedataisdonethroughtheabsoluteandpercentagedeviationswith+5%tolerabledeviation,which isanacceptable levelofestimation.Inordertoacceleratethedataaccuracychecks,dataarerequiredtobesubmittedinabalanceformat and checkedwith internal consistency.Data are currently controlledby the least threehierarchicallevels.

DataAccessibilities: Throughtheexistingnetworkdatabecomeseasilyaccessiblebyusers.Itisalsoadequatelydocumentedandavailableintheformusersdesire.


Itisstillrecognisedthattherearesomecriteriawhichneedimprovementsuchascompleteness,raisedlevelofdataaccuracy,standardisedconversionfactorsmeasurement’sunitsbetweencompaniesandtheprovisionofadequatetrainingforstatisticalanalysis.

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7.4Exampleofpractice:France(datasubmittedtoIEA)

Datacollection

Francehasalegislationunderpinningitsmonthlyoildatacollection,whichcoversallJODIOildata�lows,i.e.production,imports,exports,stocks,re�ineryintake/outputanddemand.The1992Frenchlawonliberalizationof theoil sector includesanarticleonoil statistics, and the2005program lawsets theorientationsof theenergypolicy.Otherstatisticsstemfromprofessionallobbies,whichcollectdatafromtheirmembers(e.g.oildistributors) on thebasis of a gentleman’s agreement. Theseprofessional bodiespublishdata onmarkets,whichareofgreatinteresttotheirmembers.Thesebodiesalsoprovidemanymoreservicestotheirmembers.Overall,participationofcompaniesisgood.

Thesourcesofdataaresurveysonre�ineryactivities(balanceformat+consistencycontrol),crudeoilimport(consistencycontrol)anddeliveries(balanceformat).AportionofFrenchdataisestimated(e.g.externaltradeforJODIOilM-1).Acombinationofsurveysandothersourcescanalsobeusedif,forinstance,onlyannualdataareavailable(petrochemicalindustry,etc.).

Thereisathresholdof€150000intradeperyearor1tonnefromwhichitbecomesmandatoryforallimporterstoreporttheirdata.RegardingLPGdeliveries,thereisamonthlysurveyforthecompanies’membersoftheCFBP(professional lobby)aswellasanannualsurveyonnon-members(=1%of the totalLPGdeliveries).Othersurveysareexhaustive.

Oildataarecollected forother internationalornationalpurposeswithdifferentmethodologythantheoneinJODIOil.Thede�initionisdifferentforcrudeoilimportsandcompaniesusuallyuseadifferentdatabasetosubmittheJODIOilandtheMOS(MonthlyOilStatistics).MoreoverforJODIOil,deliveriesoperatedbystoragefacilitiesarereadilyavailablewhereasforMOS,itiscompanies’sales.

Onaverage,thereisnodifferencebetweensalesanddeliveries.Differencesoccureverymonthonlybecauseboth�lowsaremeasuredatdifferentstepsofthechain.Salesarepreferredbecausetheycanbesplitbyregionsandbecausetheycorrespondto�inancial�lows.

When mistakes/inaccuracies or suspicious numbers are noticed, the French Authorities contact the dataprovidertoverify.Regularmeetingswithdataproviders,users,andexpertstakeplace,andsurveysareruntogetherwiththeprofessionallobbyUFIP(UnionFrançaisedesIndustriesPétrolières).


Themethodof data entry ismainly electronic for all �lows anddata are stored in twodatabases:ORNOIRandPEGASE.Methods forverifyingdataaccuracyareverypreciseglobalcontrolsondemand,according toclimaticconditions,andotherindividualcontrols(controlsoncompaniesanswers,seeabove).Missingdataareestimatedusingtwodifferentmethods:• Toestimatesmall�igures,thepreviousdataavailable;• Forlarge�igures,estimationmaybemademoreprecisely,accordingtothepastevolution,thenumberof

daysofthemonth,etc.

Datarevisionsareincorporatedinthedatabaseatanytime,butonlyiftheyarefullyjusti�ied.Dataarepublishedintonnesandintoe,usingconventionalconversionfactors.

TheoverallassessmentoftheFrenchJODIOilmonthlydatacollectionsystemhasbeenclassi�iedasgood,themostimportantpositivepointbeingthatitswholesystemutilisesdatathatwerealreadyavailable.In95%ofthecases,fortheactivityofre�ineries,thereisaharmonizationbetweentheirreportingsystemsandthatofthecustomsof�ice.AnegativepointoftheFrenchJODIOilcollectingsystemisthatitreliesononlyoneperson.


• WorkingdataonforeigntradeofproductsearlyenoughforJODIOil.

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7.5 Exampleofpractice:Norway(datasubmittedtoIEA)

Datacollection

Norwayhasacentralisedsystem,where thenationalstatisticalof�ice (StatisticsNorway) is responsible forenergystatisticsingeneralandoilstatisticsinparticular.ThemandateofStatisticsNorwayisbroadandalsocoversenergystatistics.Energystatisticsisasectoralstatistics,similartoindustrialstatistics,tradestatisticsoragriculturalstatisticsetc.,whichallhavetheirroleandarepartofof�icialstatisticsontheirownwhiletheyalsohavetofeedintothenationalaccounts.StatisticsNorwayhasitsmandatede�inedbyaStatisticsAct,whichenables them to access all relevant data from providerswhom they �ind appropriate, including data fromgovernmental institutions.Thismeansthatcompilingoilandgasdataonproduction,trade,stocks,re�ineryintake/output,demand,etc.iscoveredbythelegislation.

The statistical of�ice is not a user of statistics itself, but ful�ils itsmandate based on the needs in society.However,therearesomeindirectinternalusesofoilstatisticsinproducingtheenergybalanceandthenationalaccounts.

Forinlandconsumptionofpetroleumproductsthestatisticalactisnotused,butStatisticsNorwayproducesthesestatisticsonbehalfoftheindustryasapartoftheirneeds.StatisticsNorwayischosenbecauseitisanindependentactorwithgoodproductionroutinesandsystems.Thisisanexampleofhowcompaniesmightbeconvincedtoprovidedataintheabsenceoflegislation.

The government regulates the oil business, and the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) carries outtheexercisingrole.Majorplayersare,besidestheNPD,relatively fewretailcompanies,re�ineriesandstockterminals.Thesystemconsistsmainlyoffewlargebodies,whichmakesagoodoverview,andshortdistancebetween thedata providers and the statistical of�ice.NPD collects all relevant data from the oil producingcompanies,which is forwardedtoStatisticsNorway.There isclosecooperationbetweenNPDandStatisticsNorway,whichisahugeadvantage,duetotheirexpertiseandknowledgeaboutthemarket.

AtthetimeoftheJODIOilreporting,neither�iguresforindigenousproductionfromNPDnorexport�iguresare�inal,andafewstock�iguresmaybemissingforcertain�ields.Thepreliminaryproduction�iguresfromNPDarehoweverquiteaccurate,andnotfarfromthe�inalreports.MissingcrudeoilandNGLstock�iguresfromtheNPDareestimated,bytakinganaverageofthelast5months.Thisisnotaveryaccuratemethod,butitdoesnotcausegreatdeviations,asanymissingstock�iguresusuallyarecausedbyminor�ields.CrudeoilandNGLexport�iguresarefortheJODIOilreportcollectedfromStatisticsNorway’sdivisionforexternaltrade,whichbasetheirstatisticsoncustombills.Inaddition,asmallerpartoftheNGLexport�iguresareonlyavailablefromtheNPDastheyarenotcoveredbythecustoms.This is fortheexportsofNorwegianNGLfromtheBritishsector.ThesehavetobeestimatedatM-1level,butastheyarerelativelystablefromonemonthtoanothertheyputthe�igurefromthepreviousmonth.

Allestimated�iguresarerevisedthenextmonth,fortheM-2period.

Forinlandconsumptionofre�inedpetroleumproductsasurveyisused.Theretailingcompaniesreport,bythe10thafterthereferencemonth,theirsalesofeachproduct,distributedbythedifferentconsumergroups.Thisisdonebyusingdata�ileswithapre-de�inedformat.

Re�ineriesandterminalsreportproduction,consumptionandstock�iguresbythe20thofeachmonthafterthereferencemonth.ThisisreportedinExcelspreadsheets,withformatsde�inedbyStatisticsNorway.

Import/exportdataforre�inedproductsarecollecteddirectlyfromthedatabaseoftheDivisionforexternaltrade(whichagaincomesfromcustombills).

Production,exportandstock�iguresforcrudeoil,NGLandnaturalgasfromtheupstreamsectorarereportedinExcelspreadsheetsfromtheNPD,andprocessedbyStatisticsNorway.

Allimportandexportdataarecollectedbythecustomsof�ices,andforwardedtoStatisticsNorway.

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Distributors report their salesvoluntarily,but theyget reports fromboth the largeactorsandsomeminorplayers,whichholdlessthanapercent.Loadsimportedbythesedistributioncompaniesaresubtractedfromthe import volumes to avoiddouble counting.Thenationaldistributors that report voluntarily covermorethan95%ofallinlandconsumption,whiletherestisnetimportfromtheforeigntradeandcannoteasilybedistributedonconsumergroups.

StatisticsNorwayalsoreportsMonthlyOilStatisticstoIEA,mainlyusingthesamemethodologyasforJODI.TheMOSreportcontainsmoredatathatwhatissubmittedtoJODI,astheMOSreportiscompiledonanM-2basis.

Norway,asamemberofEUROSTAT,reportsNationalAccount�igures.Theseincludeeconomicstatisticsforoilactivity,whichiscollectedbyusingadetailedsetofquestionnairesinanannualsurveyoftheoilcompaniesontheNorwegianContinentalShelf.

OildatafromtheNPDisalsocollectedbyStatisticsNorway’sdivisionforEnvironmentalstatisticsforuseintheEnvironmentalAccountsandintheEnergyAccounts/Balances,andbytheDivisionforEconomicIndicatorsforuseintheproductionindex.Thedifferentdivisionscollectdifferentdata,andusetosomeextentdifferenprocessingmethodsanddifferentde�initions,buttheykeepinternalconsistency.Theproductde�initionsintheJODIOil-reportsdeviatefromtheproductde�initionsintheNationalAccounts.Thiscreatessomeconfusionfor theirusers, as thepublished �igures arenot always comparable, and it also creates somedif�iculties ininternationalharmonization.

Incaseofmistakes,inaccuraciesorsuspiciousnumbersthedataprovidersarecontactedbytheIEA.StatisticsNorwayhas regularmeetingswith thebranchorganisation for the sales companieswheremethodology isdiscussed.Further,theyhaveacloserelationandregularcontactwiththeNPD.


The method of data entry is manual, with extensive use of formulas in Excel spreadsheets. For inlandconsumptionofproducts,dataarekeptinadatabase.Otherdataarekeptintheiroriginal�iles.

Accuracyofdataisveri�iedbycomparingwithpreviousmonth,andbyassessingreasonability.Furthermore,theinternalusersofoildataconstituteanimportantpartoftheveri�icationprocess,particularlyintheworkwiththeEnergyBalance.Tosomedegreetheyestimatemissingdata.Missingstock�iguresforcrudeoilareestimatedbyusinganaverageofthelast5months,whilemissingimport/exportdataforasmallerpartofthetotalofNGLareestimatedbyusingthe�igureforthepreviousmonth.Indigenousproduction�iguresfortheperiodM-1areestimatedbytheNPD,andisclosetothe�inallevel.

Ingeneral,StatisticsNorwaydoesnotrevisemonthlydata.JODIOildataforM-1arerevisedthenextmonthforperiodM-2andintheMOS.Final�iguresarereportedannuallyintheAOSandAGS(respectivelyAnnualOilStatisticsandAnnualGasStatistics),andmightdeviatefromthesumofMOS.Ifdeviationisduetoerrorsintheprocessing,reportsarerevised.Minordeviationsinconsumptionandproductionarenotrevised,astherewillalwaysbesomedisparity.Dataonre�inedpetroleumproductsarepublishedinlitres.Historicalconversionfactorsareusedtoconverttotons.Otherdataarereceivedintherequiredunits.

DuetothefactthatNorwayhasacentralisedadministrationforcollectionofnationaloilproductionstatistics,thereportingunitsaretoagreatextentcentralised.Thissituationgivesagoodoverviewoftheenergysector.ThefactthatthedataprovidersarefewcreatesgoodpossibilitiesforcontactbetweenStatisticsNorwayandtheindustry,aswellasforqualitycontrolsandcheckstobedone.ThissituationgivesStatisticsNorwaycon�idencethatthedataandthereportsareofhighquality.


StatisticsNorwayiscontinuouslyworkingonimprovingthereportsandtheirmethods,andtheyareconsideringthepossibilitiesof implementingahigherdegreeofautomation.Usingdatabasesandprogramapplicationswouldlightenthework,andincreasethecon�idence.Itwouldalsofacilitaterevisions,asthereportsaremademanuallytoday,withahighdegreeofseparatecalculations.

Reportingandmonthlyrevisionswouldbefacilitatedifthereportswerebuiltaccordingtotheannualreports’standards,thatistosaywiththepossibilityofreportingintimeseries.

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7.6 Exampleofpractice:Philippines(datasubmittedtoAPEC)

Datacollection

ThePhilippinedownstreamoilindustryhasbeenderegulatedbyvirtueofRepublicAct8479otherwiseknownasthe"DownstreamOilIndustryDeregulationActof1998".Thislawde�inedthepolicyoftheStatetoliberaliseandderegulatethePhilippinedownstreamoilindustryinordertoensureatrulycompetitivemarketunderaregimeof fairprices,adequateandcontinuoussupplyofenvironmentally-cleanandhighqualitypetroleumproducts.

ThelawanditsImplementingRulesandRegulations(IRRs)serveastheguidelinesforthevariouspetroleumdownstreamactivitiesinthecountry.Figure7.1showsthe�lowofactivitiesinthePhilippineDownstreamOilSector.

Figure7.1DownstreamoilsectorFigure7.1Downstreamoilsector

Downstreampetroleumstatisticsaresourceddirectlyfromtheparticipantsintheindustryandevenimportersforownuse,e.g.airlinecompanies.RuleII-Section7oftheIRRrequirestheindustryparticipantstosubmitvariousreportorialrequirementstotheOIMB(OilIndustryManagementBureau).

Themonthly and annual reportorial requirements are submitted on or before the 15th day of themonthfollowing themonthcoveredby themonthly reportandnot later than the15thdayof Januaryof theyearfollowingtheyearcoveredbytheannualreport.ThesereportsaresubmittedtoOIMBthroughelectronicmail,facsimileordirectlydeliveredbymessengerorviaordinarymail.

Ontheotherhand,upstreamdatasuchascrudeoil/condensateproductionandotherupstreamactivityreportsarecoveredbyPresidentialDecree87,otherwiseknownasthe"OilExplorationandDevelopmentActof1972".TheEnergyResourceDevelopmentBureauof theDOE (PhilippinesDepartmentofEnergy) is handling themonitoringactivityforthepetroleumupstreamsector.

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As part of its daily price monitoring functions, the DOE subscribes to oil-related information from anauthoritativeproviderofenergyinformationlikePlatts,whichisaninternet-basednewsandpriceassessmentservice.TheDOEsubscribestoMeanofPlattsSingapore(MOPS)spotpriceforcrudeoil(Dubai)andre�inedpetroleumproductstounderstandpriceandmarkettrendsintheinternationalmarket,andthenrelatethistothemovementsinthelocaloilindustry.

TheDOEseldomemployssurveytypeofreports.However, throughcollaborationwithanothergovernmentagency(NationalStatisticsOf�ice),theDOEconductstheHouseholdEnergyConsumptionSurvey(HECS)every�ive(5)years.TheprimaryobjectiveofHECSistogatherdataonhouseholdenergyconsumption,applicationandotherrelevantfactorsaffectingsuchconsumption.

TheOIMBcallstheattentionoftheplayertothelatesubmissionofreportsornon-complianceofthesame.FailuretocomplywithsubmissionofanyreportorialrequirementsasprovidedunderChapterIII-Section12oftheDeregulationActpenalizesanyperson,includingbutnotlimitedtothechiefoperatingof�icerorchiefexecutiveof�icerofthepartnership,corporationoranyentityinvolved,withimprisonmentfortwo(2)yearsand �ineranging fromTwoHundredFiftyThousandPesos (P250,000.00) toFiveHundredThousandPesos(P500,000.00).[OnePesowasaround2.4UScentsin2012.]

The Petroleum Institute of the Philippines conductsmonthlymeetings of itsmembers and assists DOE asnecessary.

In caseof inaccuraciesor suspiciousnumbers, theDOEasks thedataprovider to clarify and/or revise thequestionable�iguresasthecasemaybe.

ThereareotherDOEunitswhichsubmitreports(whichincludedatafromOIMB)tointernationalinstitutionssuchasAPECbutwithdifferent report format, coverage (includesotherenergysources)andunits (metrictons)thanthosesubmittedbyOIMBtoJODIOilwhichonlycoverdataonoil.Ontheotherhand,theDOEalsoprovidesdatatootherlocalgovernmentagenciese.g.BureauofCustoms(BOC),CentralBankofthePhilippines–DevelopmentBudgetCoordinationCommittee(DBCC)andtheNationalEconomicDevelopmentAuthority(NEDA)amongothers.

However,asamatterofpolicy,theDOEonlyprovidesindustrydataperSection15gofthe"DownstreamOilIndustryDeregulationActof1998"toobservecon�identialityofdata/informationsubmittedand/orprovidedtotheDOE,therebyencouragingthetrustandcon�idenceofdataproviders.


Processing/entryofdataisdonemanuallyandencodedinExcel-basedworksheetsforconsolidation.Database�ilesarenotyetavailable.However, theDOEthrough its InformationandTechnologyManagementServices(ITMS)iscurrentlystudyingon-linesubmissionofreportsoftheoilplayers.TheOIMBhasalsopreviouslyaskedtheITMStodesignadatabaseprogramfortheconsolidationandprocessingofdownstreamoilstatistics.

Uponreceiptofreports,theDOEveri�ies/evaluatestheveracityofthemonthlyandannualreportssubmittedby the data providers by comparing these reportswith their historical trends/records. Also, validation ofimportdatareportedvis-à-vissubmittedpostshippingdocumentsisalsobeingdone.Occasionally,theDOEalso conducts visual inspectionsof thedifferent crudes andpetroleumproducts facilities to verify existingstocks,importarrivalsandgatherotherrelevantinformationaswell. Withthederegulationoftheindustry,however,somereportscouldnotbevalidatedandperhapssomenumbersarenotcaptured.

Incaseofmissingdatabecauseoflateand/ornon-submissionofreportsofsomedataproviders,anestimated�igure is computed based on their yearly/monthly average data. Figures are revised with correctionsincorporateduponreceiptoftheactualdocuments(i.e.�inalinvoices)inthenextmonthlyupdate.

ThePhilippineEnergyPlan(PEP)which isregularlyupdated/publishedbytheDOEprovidesforconvertedenergy forms into a common unit, barrels of fuel oil equivalent (BFOE), based on fuel oil heating valueequivalentat18,600BTU/lb.ForOIMB’suse,however,conversionfactorsavailableinsuchrequireddocumentsasBillofLadingareused.

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Datacoverage:Datacoverage:WiththederegulationoftheDownstreamOilIndustrysince1996,186additionalnewplayers(invariousspeci�icdownstreamactivities)havejoinedtheindustry.Thismakesdatacollectionmorecomplicatedwiththeincreasednumberofreportingplayersascomparedtoonlythree(3)majoroilcompaniespreviouslyexistingduringtheregulatedregime.

Datatimeliness:Withnode�initivepenaltyforlatesubmissionofreports,someinformationproviderswouldoccasionallysubmitverylateforavarietyofreasons.Usually,thereisonemonthbackloginreportcollectionandtwomonthsbacklogfortheprocessingandreleaseofa�inalconsolidatedmonthlyreport.

Dataaccuracy:Dataaccuracy:Newplayerswouldnotinitiallyfullyunderstandsomeofthereports’requirementandwouldoftensubmitinaccurate�igures.Delayedavailabilityofsome�inaldocumentscausethedataprovidertosubmitestimated�iguresinsteadofactualjusttobeatthespeci�ieddeadline.


• StrengtheningenforcementauthorityofDOE.Thereisaproposedbillwhichseekstoaddressunjusti�iedand/or delinquent compliance to the reportorial requirements through de�initive penalties andrestorationofDOE’sauthorityandpolicepowertosuspendoperationsandrevokelicensesofviolatorsandtocorrecterringplayersintheindustry.Theexistingprovisiononlyprovidespenaltiesforthosewhorefusetocomply.

• Enhancingcommunicationwithdataprovidersthroughconstantcoordinationandcooperation,instillingtheimportanceandsigni�icanceofthegenerationandmaintenanceoftimely,reliableandaccurateoilstatistics.

• CoordinatingandcooperatingwiththeITMSto facilitate thedatabasedevelopmentandoperationtofurtherimprovedatacollection,validation,processing,andreportgeneration.

• Requestingadditionalbudgettoimprove/upgradetheexistingcomputernetworkcapability.

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7.7Exampleofpractice:SaudiArabia(datasubmittedtoOPEC)

Datacollection

SaudiArabiahaslegislationunderpinningitsmonthlyoildatacollectionwhichcoversallJODIOildata�lows,i.e.production,imports,exports,stocksre�ineryintake/outputanddemand.Thesourcesforalldata�lowsaresurveys.Saudi(JODIOil)dataarenotcollectedinabalanceformat.

OilexportersareobligedtoreporttheirdatatoSaudiAuthorities.Thisregulationappliesalsotosmallvolumesoftradedoil;hencethereisnominimumvolumefromwhichreportingbecomesmandatoryandall(100%)reporteddataarereceivedonamandatorybasis.Incasesofdatamistakesorinaccuraciesthecountrycontactsthedataproviderforclari�ication.Therearealsoregularmeetingswithdataproviders(onceayear),whichfocusonthediscussionofthedatamethodology.


Themethodofdataentryiselectronicforall�lowsandalldataarestoredinadatabase.

Methodsforverifyingdataaccuracyarebasiceditandrangechecks,comparisonstopreviousperiodsand�lagreportsif�iguresexceedaspeci�iedpercentagetolerance.Missingdataare(rarely)estimatedbyusingdifferentmethods,whichdependonthespeci�ic�lowandproduct.

Datarevisionsareregularlyreceivedandareincorporatedinthedatabaseonaveragefourtimesayear.Dataarealsopublished/orreceivedindifferentunits–conversiontakesplacebytheuseofstandardconversionfactorsatthecountrylevel.

IngeneraltheoverallassessmentoftheSaudi(JODIOil)oilmonthlydatacollectionsystemhasbeenclassi�iedasverygoodwiththemostimportantpositivepointsbeingitsreliability,timelinessanditshighlyautomaticfunctioningcapability.AnegativepointoftheSaudiJODIOilcollectingsystemisitscomplexity.

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Chapter8:TheJODIOilWorldDatabase

8.1 Background

The JODIOilWorldDatabase is thevisiblepartof the JointOrganisationsData Initiative,but JODI ismuchmorethancollectingandreleasingmonthlyoilstatistics.JODIhasplayedanimportantroleinraisingpoliticalawarenessof thedif�iculties encountered in improvingdata reliability and timeliness.Networkshavebeenestablishedandstatisticalsystemshavebeenimprovedinmanycountries.Attitudestowardscon�identialityandreliabilityhaveevolved.Contactsamongoilcompanies,countriesandorganisationshavemultiplied.JODIhasalsostrengthenedproducer-consumerdialoguebydemonstratingthatdialogueisnotonlyaconcept,butcanleadtoconcreteaction.

The release of the JODI Oil World Database was not the primary goal of the initiative; however, sincetransparencyiscentraltotheinitiative,theseveninternationalorganisationsbehindJODI:APEC,Eurostat,IEA,IEF,OLADE,OPECandUNSDagreedtoopentheJODIOilWorldDatabaseontheoccasionoftheinaugurationofthenewIEFheadquarterson19November2005.Thisdecisionwastakenwiththefullknowledgethatusersmightbedisappointed,asnotallthedataforallthe�lows,productsandcountriesarealwaysavailable,orofgoodquality.

The opening of the database is not the �inal goal of the initiative either. The database should improvecontinuouslyandseveralinitiativeswillsoonbelaunchedtofurtherstrengthenreportingexpertiseincountriesandtoraisepoliticalawareness.

8.2 BuildingtheJODIOilWorldDatabase

ThesixinternationalorganisationsresponsiblefortheJODIOildatacollectionassembletheirmembercountry’sdataeachmonthandsendittotheIEF.Dataqualityissuesrelatingtomembercountry’sdataarehandledbyeachorganisation,andeachorganisationisresponsibleforthedataqualityofitsmembercountry’sdata.

TheIEFgathersthedatafromthesixorganisationsandcarriesoutsomeadditionalchecks.Moreover,dataareconvertedintocommonunits,sothattheybecomecomparable,aseachorganisationiscollectingtheJODIOilquestionnairedataintheunittheyuseforotheroilquestionnaires.

Oncedataareveri�iedandconverted,theIEFthenupdatestheJODIOilWorldDatabaseonamonthlybasisandmakesitpubliclyavailableontheJODIwebsite.

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Figure8.1:Data�lowtotheIEF

8.3TheJODIOilWorldDatabase

8.3.1 Howtoaccess?

TheJODIOilWorldDatabaseisaccessibleontheJODIWebsite.Thewebsiteaddressisasfollows:http://www.jodidata.org

Extensivebackgroundinformationaswellasfullexplanationsareprovidedonthewebsite.

ThedataarepresentedusingtheBeyond20/20Tmbrowsersoftware,availablefordownloadingatthesite.

8.3.2 Whatisincluded?

• Thirteenproductcategories:Crudeoil,NGL,Other(re�ineryfeedstocks+additives/oxygenates+otherhydrocarbons),Total (primaryproducts),LPG,Naptha,Motor/aviationgasoline,Kerosenes,ofwhich:Kerosenetypejetfuel,Gas/dieseloil,Fueloil,OtheroilproductsandTotaloilproducts.

• Fourteen �lows: Production. FromOther sources, Trade, Products transferred/Back�lows,Direct use,Stockchange,Statisticaldifference,Re�ineryintake,Closingstocks,Re�ineryoutput,Receipts,Productstransferred,Interproducttransfers,Demand.Dataareavailableinthreedifferentunits:barrels,tonsandlitres.

• Conversionfactorsareavailable.• Dataareformorethan90participatingcountries.• HistoryfromJanuary2002:targetistoreleaseonemontholddataeverymonthfromallparticipating

countries.

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8.3.3 Somefeatures

TransparencyisthekeywordbehindJODI;thedatabasewasdesignedwiththegoaloftransparencysquarelyinfocus:

• Choicetobrowsedataonlineordownloaddata�ilesinBeyond20/20format• Colour coding has been given to data cells to indicate the con�idence evaluations of the datawhere

possible(seebelow)• Easygraphicrepresentation• Easymanipulationofproducts,�lowsandunits• Choiceoflanguage:English,French,GermanandSpanish• Datadownloadableindifferentformats,includingthecolourcodingwhendownloadingtoExcelfroma

Beyond20/20format

Figure8.2:Aviewfromthedatabase

8.3.4Colourcoding

Auniquecolourcellfeatureprovidestheuserwithsupplementaryinformationontheassessmentmade:

• BLUE:Abluebackgroundindicatesthatresultsoftheassessmentshowreasonablelevelsofcomparabilitywithothersources;

• YELLOW:ayellowbackgroundindicatesthattheMetadatashouldbeconsulted;

• WHITE:awhitebackgroundindicatesthatdatahasnotbeenassessed;

• PURPLE:dataunderveri�ication.

Howwasthecolourcodingderived?Theassessmentofthedatawascarriedoutondifferentlevels:

• Comparability of the JODI Oil data with other sources: monthly data from national and secondarysourceshasbeenassessed.

• JODIOildatahavealsobeencomparedwithannualdata(whenavailable)inordertocheckwhetherthelevelsandtrendsovertheyearscouldbecon�irmed.

• WhennoothersourceswereavailableforcomparisonwiththeJODIOildata,internalconsistencyandbalancecheckshavebeencarriedout.

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The IEF conducts internal data consistency checks in itsmonthly procedure to update the JODI OilWorldDatabase.AnyoutstandingissueswillbesharedwithJODIorganisations.IftheIEFidenti�iesobviouserrorswhichhavenotalreadybeen �laggedby the"Usewithcaution"colourcodeassetby the JODIorganisationresponsibleforthecountryinquestion,apurplecode"Dataunderveri�ication"willbeapplieduntilsuchtimeastheorganisationrespondstotheIEFwithasatisfactoryresponse.

Examplesofinternalconsistencychecks:thesumofallthereportedproductswithreported�iguresforTotalOilProductsiscompared.Whenbothclosingandstockchangesdatahavebeensubmitted,theconsistencyofthereportedchangeswiththecalculatedonesiscompared(SeeChapter5.2.1.2).

Exampleofbalancecheck:TheJODIOilquestionnairedoesnotcollectfullbalanceinformation.Howeversomebasicchecksforreasonablenesscanbecarriedoute.g.supply+import-export+stockchangeshouldhavearelationwithdemand(SeeChapter5.2.1).

Remark:ForIEA/OECDcountries,dataintheJODIOildatabasearetheMOSdataforallmonthsexceptdatashown forM-1. Comparability for the lastmonth has been derived from comparisonwithMOS data. Thismethodologyisappliedusingarolling12monthperiod.

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Annex1:There�ineryprocess

Crudeoilinthestateitisproducedisnotusableformostpurposes.Althoughitcanbeburneddirectlyinpowergenerationplants,itcannotbeusedincarsortrucks.

Tooptimisetheuseofcrudeoil,itneedstobeconvertedintoseveralotherproducts;thishappensinare�inery.Themarketdemandforoilproductswillnotonlydictatetheoptimaloutputofare�inery,butalsothetypeofcrudewhichwillbeusedandprocessedtoproducetherequiredoutput.

Crudeoil isamixtureofmanydifferenthydrocarbonsandsmallamountsofimpurities.Thecompositionofthoserawmaterialscanvarysigni�icantlydependingonitssource.Petroleumre�ineriesarecomplexplantswhere the combinationand sequenceofprocesses isusually very speci�ic to the characteristicsof the rawmaterials(crudeoil)andtheproductstobeproduced.Are�inerytakescrudeoilandseparatesitintodifferentfractions, then converts those fractions into useable products, and these products are �inallyblended toproducea�inishedproduct.These�inishedproductsarethefuelsandchemicalsusedeveryday.

In a re�inery, portionsof theoutputs from someprocesses are fedback into the sameprocess, fed tonewprocesses,fedbacktoapreviousprocessorblendedwithotheroutputstoform�inishedproducts.Oneexampleofthatcanbeseeninthechartbelow.However,re�ineriesaredifferentregardingtheircon�iguration,processintegration,feedstock,feedstock�lexibility,products,productmix,unitsizeanddesignandcontrolsystems.

FigureA1.1:Operationofatypicalre�inery

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In addition,differences in anowner’s strategy,market situation, locationandageof the re�inery,historicaldevelopment,availableinfrastructureandenvironmentalregulationareamongstotherreasonsforthewidevarietyinre�ineryconcepts,designsandmodesofoperation.Theenvironmentalperformancecanalsovaryfromre�inerytore�inery.

Theproductionofalargenumberoffuelsisbyfarthemostimportantfunctionofre�ineriesandwillgenerallydeterminetheoverallcon�igurationandoperation.Neverthelesssomere�ineriescanproducevaluablenon-fuelproductssuchasfeedstocksforthechemicalandpetrochemicalindustries.Examplesaremixednaphthafeedforasteamcracker,recoveredpropylene,butyleneforpolymerapplicationsandaromaticsmanufacture.Other specialtyproducts froma re�inery includebitumen, lubricatingoils,waxesand coke. In recentyearstheelectricityboards inmanycountrieshavebeenliberalisedallowingre�ineriesto feedsurpluselectricitygeneratedintothepublicgrid.

Re�iningcrudeoilintousablepetroleumproductscanbeseparatedintotwophasesandanumberofsupportingoperations.The�irstphaseisdesaltingofcrudeoilandthesubsequentdistillationintoitsvariouscomponentsor‘fractions’.Afurtherdistillationofthelightercomponentsandnaphthaiscarriedouttorecovermethaneandethaneforuseasre�ineryfuel,LPG(propaneandbutane),gasolineblendingcomponentsandpetrochemicalfeedstocks.Thislightproductseparationisdoneineveryre�inery.

The second phase is made up of three different types of ‘downstream’ processes: combining, breakingandreshaping fractions.Theseprocesseschange themolecularstructureofhydrocarbonmoleculeseitherby breaking them into smaller molecules, joining them to form larger molecules, or reshaping them intohigher quality molecules. The goal of those processes is to convert some of the distillation fractions intomarketablepetroleumproductsthroughanycombinationofdownstreamprocesses.Thoseprocessesde�inethevarious re�inery types, ofwhich the simplest is the ‘Hydroskimming’,whichmerelyde-sulphurises andcatalyticallyreformsselectedoutputsfromthedistillationunit.Theamountsofthevariousproductsobtainedaredeterminedalmostentirelybythecrudecomposition. If theproductmixno longermatchesthemarketrequirements,conversionunitshavetobeaddedtorestorethebalance.

Marketdemandhas formanyyearsobliged re�ineries to convertheavier fractions to lighter fractionswitha higher value. These re�ineries separate the atmospheric residue into vacuum gasoil and vacuum residuefractionsbydistillationunderhighvacuum,and then feedoneorbothof theseoutputs to theappropriateconversion units. Thus by inclusion of conversion units, the product slate can be altered to suit marketrequirementsirrespectiveofthecrudetype.Thenumberandthepossiblecombinationsofconversionunitsarelarge.

Thesimplestconversionunitisthethermalcrackerbywhichtheresidueissubjectedtosuchhightemperaturesthatthelargehydrocarbonmoleculesintheresidueconvertintosmallerones.Thermalcrackerscanhandlevirtually any feed, but produce relatively small quantities of light products. An improved type of thermalcrackeristhecoker,inwhichalltheresidueisconvertedintodistillatesandacokeproduct.Inordertoincreasethe degree of conversion and improve product quality, a number of different catalytic cracking processeshaveevolved,ofwhich �luidcatalyticcrackingandhydrocrackingare themostprominent.Recentlyresiduegasi�ication processes have been introduced within re�ineries, enabling them to eliminate heavy residuescompletelyandtoconvertthemintocleansyntheticgasforre�ineryuseandproductionofhydrogen,steamandelectricityviacombinedcycletechniques.

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Annex2:Unitsandconversionfactors

IntroductionThemostcommonunitsemployedtoexpressquantitiesoffuelsandenergyarethoserelatingtovolume,massandenergy.Theactualunitsemployedvaryaccordingtocountryand localconditionsandre�lecthistoricalpracticeinthecountry,sometimesadaptedtochangingfuelsupplyconditions.

Thisannexwill�irstlydescribethevariousunitsinuseandtheirinterrelationshipsingeneral,anditwillthenprovideformorespeci�icinformationonunitsandconversionfactorsforoil.

1UnitsandtheirinterrelationshipsingeneralTheinternationallyrecognisedunitswhichcoveralmostallofthemeasurementsoffuelandenergyquantitiesarethecubicmetre,tonne(metricton)andjoule.ThesearetheSIunits.1However,overmanyyearsotherunitshavebeenusedandthesectionsbelowwilllisttheirrelationshipswheretheyarewellde�ined.

1.1Decimalsystempre�ixes

Thefollowingtablegivesthemostcommonmultipleandsub-multiplepre�ixesusedinoilstatistics.Notethatthepre�ixesshouldbeusedexactlyasgiven.Inparticular,pre�ixesinlowercaseshouldneverbewrittenasuppercase.Forexample,a�igureexpressingxkilowattsshouldbewrittenasxkW,neverxKW.

TableA2.1Mostcommonmultipleandsub-multiplepre�ixes

101 deca (da) 10-1 deci (d)102 hecto (h) 10-2 centi (c)103 kilo (k) 10-3 milli (m)106 mega (M) 10-6 micro (µ)109 giga (G) 10-9 nano (n)1012 tera (T) 10-12 pico (p)1015 peta (P) 10-15 femto (f)1018 exa (E) 10-18 atto (a)

1Theyarederivedfromthemetre,kilogrammeandsecondincludedintheSystèmeInternationald’Unitésandserveasaninternationalbasisforscience,technologyandcommerce.

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1.2Conversionequivalents

Unitsofvolume

Theunitoflengthunderliestheunitofvolume.1inchisde�inedas25.4millimetres.The gallon and litrewere originally standards of liquidmeasure but are now formally de�ined in terms ofthecubicmetre.Intheoilbusiness,thebarrelisthemostfrequentlyusedunitofmeasureinNorthAmerica,whereasthecubicmetreismorefrequentlyusedintheAsiaPaci�icregion.

TableA2.2ConversionequivalentsbetweenunitsofvolumeTo: gal U.S. gal U.K. bbl ft3 l m3

From: Multiply by:U.S. gallon (gal) 1 0.8327 0.02381 0.1337 3.785 0.0038

U.K. gallon (gal) 1.201 1 0.02859 0.1605 4.546 0.0045

Barrel (bbl) 42.0 34.97 1 5.615 159.0 0.159

Cubic foot (ft3) 7.48 6.229 0.1781 1 28.3 0.0283

Litre (l) 0.2642 0.220 0.0063 0.0353 1 0.001

Cubic metre (m3) 264.2 220.0 6.289 35.3147 1000.0 1

UnitsofmassTheSIunitofmassisthekilogramme(kg)andthetonne(metricton),equalto1000kilogrammes,iswidelyusedasthesmallestunitinenergystatistics.Formostcountriesthenationalcommoditybalanceswillusethekilotonne(1000tonnes)astheunitforpresentationofcommoditiesexpressedinmassterms.

TableA2.3ConversionequivalentsbetweenunitsofmassTo: kg t lt st lb

From: Multiply by:kilogramme (kg) 1 0.001 9.84 x 10-4 1.102 x 10-3 2.2046

tonne (t) 1000 1 0.984 1.1023 2204.6

long ton (lt) 1016 1.016 1 1.120 2240.0

short ton (st) 907.2 0.9072 0.893 1 2000.0

pound (lb) 0.454 4.54 x 10-4 4.46 x 10-4 5.0 x 10-4 1

EnergyunitsTheSIunitofenergy is the Joule(J).Manyotherunits forenergyare inuse for thepracticalexpressionofenergyquantitiespartlyforhistoricalreasonsandpartlybecausethesmallsizeofthejouledemandstheuseofunfamiliar(fornonscientists)decimalpre�ixes.Historicallythetonofcoalequivalentwasusedbut,withtheascendanceofoil,thishasbeenlargelyreplacedbythetonneofoilequivalent(toe)de�inedas41.868gigajoules2.

Thereareseveralotherenergyunitsinuse;forexamplethecaloriewithaconversionequivalentbetweenthecalorieandthejoulegivenbytheInternationalSteamTable(IT)whichisde�inedtobe4.1868joules.Similarly,theinternationallyagreedvaluefortheBritishThermalUnit(Btu)isnow1055.06joules.TheBtuisthebasisfortheQuad(1015Btu)andtheTherm(105Btu).

TableA2.4ConversionequivalentsbetweenunitsofenergyTo: TJ Gcal Mtoe Mbtu GWh

From: Multiply by:TJ 1 238.8 2.388 x 10-5 947.8 0.2778

Gcal 4.1868 x 10-3 1 10-7 3.968 1.163 x 10-3

Mtoe 4.1868 x 104 107 1 3.968 x 107 11630

Mbtu 1.0551 x 10-3 0.252 2.52 x 10-8 1 2.931 x 10-4

GWh 3.6 860 8.6 x 10-5 3412 1

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2Unitsandtheirinterrelationshipsforoil

2.1Massandvolume

Oilismostlymeasuredbyitsmassorvolume.Withineachofthesemeasurements,severalunitsareusedintheoilindustry:

• Themostwidelyusedunitofmass(weight)tomeasureoilisthemetricton(ortonne).Forinstance,tankers in theoil industryareoftendescribedbasedon theircapacity in tons,whereanUltraLargeCrudeCarrier(ULCC)isde�inedasbeingabletocarryover320,000tons.

• Theoriginalunitformostliquidandgaseousfuelsisvolume.Oilcanbemeasuredbythelitre,thebarrel,orcubicmetre.Acommonexampleoftheuseofvolumeastheunitofmeasurementisinthepriceofoil,quotedindollarsperbarrel.

Becausecrudeoilcontainsawiderangeofhydrocarbonsfromthelightesttotheheaviest,thecharacteristicsincluding the density of individual crude oils vary greatly. Similarly, the density of the different petroleumproductsvariessubstantiallybetweentheproducts.

Thedensitycanbeusedtoclassifypetroleumproductsfromlighttoheavy,whereforexampleLPGisconsideredlightat520kg/m3whilefueloilisaheavyproductatover900kg/m3.

Toconvertfrommassintovolumeorviceversa,thespeci�icgravityordensityoftheoilmustbeknown.Withoutgoingintotoomuchtechnicaldetail,afewtermsneedtobeexplainedinordertounderstandoilconversionfactors.

Densityisde�inedasmassperunitvolume,i.e.ton/barrel.TheDensityisde�inedasmassperunitvolume,i.e.ton/barrel.TheDensity speci�icgravityistherelativeweightperunitspeci�icgravityistherelativeweightperunitspeci�icgravityvolume(ordensity)ofagivensubstancecomparedto thatofwater.Thedensityofwater is1g/cm3.Motorgasolineforexamplehasalowerdensityasitismuchlighterforthesamevolume.Thespeci�icgravityofmotorgasolineisthereforesmallerthan1.Sincevolumechangeswithchangesintemperature,dataonspeci�icgravityaremadewithareferencetoaspeci�ictemperature(forpetroleum,thereferenceisusually15degreesCelsius).Moreover,speci�icgravityisoftenquotedasapercentagee.g.aspeci�icgravityof0.89isshownas89.

ThetermAPIgravity(astandardadoptedbytheAmericanPetroleumInstitute)iscommonlyusedtoexpressAPIgravity(astandardadoptedbytheAmericanPetroleumInstitute)iscommonlyusedtoexpressAPIgravitythespeci�icgravityofpetroleum.

Forinformation,APIgravityisde�inedas:(141.5/60ospeci�icgravityat60oF)-131.5.

Theresultisanarbitraryscaleformeasuringgravity,expressedindegreesAPI,wherethelighteracompoundis,thehigheritsdegreesofAPIgravity.Forexample,whatareconsideredlightcrudesaregenerallygreaterthan38degreesAPI,whilethosewithlessthan22degreesAPIarelabelledasheavycrudeoils.

Speci�icgravityandAPIgravitymoveinoppositedirections.APIgravitymovesinthesamedirectionasenergycontentpertonne(metricton),i.e.thehighertheAPIgravity,thehighertheenergycontentpertonne,whereasspeci�icgravitymovesinthesamedirectionasenergycontentperunitvolume.

TheJODIOilQuestionnairerequiresoildatatobereportedintheunitwhichyourinternationalorganisationhasadopted,e.g.forOPECmembercountriesthisisinvolumeunits(barrels),forIEAthisisinmass(metrictons).

Thissometimesrequiresnationalstatisticianstoconvertvolumetricdataintometrictons(orconversely).Totheextentpossible,informationshouldbeobtainedfromthereportingenterprisesonhowquantitiesofcrudeoilandpetroleumproductshavetobeconvertedfromvolumetometrictons.

This isparticularly important forsomeof theoilproducts ingaseous form(e.g.Re�ineryGas,Ethane,LPG)whichhavetobeexpressedinmassterms.

2Thisisapproximatelythenetcalori�icvalueof1tonneofcrudeoil.

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Belowisatableshowingtypicaloraveragedensities,calori�icvaluesandderivedconversionfactorsforcrudeoilandthemainoilproducts.

Table A2.5 Typical densities, conversion factors and calori�ic values for crude oil and petroleumproducts(JODIOilproductsareinblue).

Product Densitykg/m3

litres per metric ton

Barrel per metric ton

Gross Calorifi cValue (GJ/t)

Net Calorifi c value (GJ/t)(3)

Crude oil 853 1172 7.37 47.37 45.00

Ethane 366 2730 17.17 51.90 47.51

Refi nery Gas 786 1272 8 52.00 47.60

Propane 508 1969 12.38 50.32 46.33

Butane 585 1709 10.75 49.51 45.72

LPG (1) 539 1856 11.67 50.08 46.15Naphtha 706 1416 8.91 47.73 45.34

Aviation gasoline 707 1414 8.90 47.40 45.03

Motor gasoline (2) 741 1350 8.49 47.10 44.75

Jet Kersosene 803 1246 7.84 46.93 44.58

Other Kerosene 810 1235 7.76 46.05 43.75

Gas/Diesel oil 844 1186 7.46 45.66 43.38

Fuel oil low suphur 925 1081 6.80 43.75 41.56

Fuel oil high sulphur 975 1026 6.45 42.00 39.90

Bunker Fuel oil 975 1026 6.45 42.60 40.47

Fuel Oil (Avg) 944 1059 6.66 42.82 40.68White Spirit 743 1346 8.46 46.32 44.00

Parrafi n Waxes 801 1248 7.85 42.00 39.90

Lubricants 887 1127 7.09 44.00 41.80

Bitumen 1035 966 6.08 42.10 40.00

Petroleum Coke 1150 870 5.47 34.80 33.06

Other Products 786 1273 8.00 42.30 40.19

(1)Assumesamixtureof60%propaneand40%butanebymass.(2)AnaverageformotorgasolineswithRONbetween91and95.(3)ForNaphthaandheavieroilsthenetcalori�icvalueisassumedtobe95%ofgross.

2.2Dailyversusmonthlydata

Oneotherproblem the statistician is facedwith sometimes is that theunit usedby theoil industry in thecountryisonadailybasise.g.barrelsperdayanddataneedtobeconvertedtoamonthlybasis.

Thefollowingtableoffersanexampleofconvertingvolume(inthiscasegiveninbarrelsperday)tomass(inmetrictons)fortwodifferentmonths,e.g.JanuaryandFebruary.

TableA2.6Exampleofconvertingvolumetomass

Imports Reported data in barrel per day (Volume)

Number of days in Month

Density: Mass/Volume

(ton/m3 Average)

Volume/MassBarrel per Ton

Conversion Factor

Conversion intometric Tons (Mass)

Crude Oil 1020 31 0.853 (1/0.853)/0.159*=7.37 (1020x31)/7.37=4290

Motor Gasoline 546 28 0.741 (1/0.741)/0.159*=8.49 (546x28)/8.49=1801

(*)1barrel=159litres

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Listofabbreviations

APEC .............................AsiaPaci�icEconomicCooperationAPIgravity..................AmericanPetroleumInstitutegravityARA................................Amsterdam-Rotterdam-Antwerpb/d.................................barrelsperdaybbl ..................................barrelbcm................................billioncubicmetersBFOE .............................BarrelofFuelOilEquivalentBTU/lb .........................BritishThermalUnitperpoundCFBP..............................ComitéFrançaisduButaneetduPropanecSt ..................................centistokeEBV................................GermanOilStorageAssociationEurostat.......................StatisticalOf�iceoftheEuropeanCommunitiesGcal................................GigacaloriesGWh...............................GigaWatthourIATA...............................InternationalAirTransportAssociationIEA .................................InternationalEnergyAgencyIEF..................................InternationalEnergyForumJ .......................................JouleJODI ...............................JointOrganisationsDataInitiativekg/l ................................kilogrammesperlitrekg/m3............................kilogrammespercubicmeterLNG................................Lique�iedNaturalGasLPG ................................Lique�iedPetroleumGasM-1 ................................ReadasMminusone:themonthprevioustothecurrentmonthM-2 ................................ReadasMminustwo:twomonthsprevioustothecurrentmonthMOS ...............................MonthlyOilStatisticsMtoe ..............................MilliontonnesofoilequivalentNATO.............................NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganisationNGL................................NaturalGasLiquidsNPD ...............................NorwegianPetroleumDirectorateOLADE..........................Latin-AmericanEnergyOrganisationOPEC .............................OrganisationofPetroleumExportingCountriesRON ...............................ResearchOctaneNumberSBP.................................IndustrialSpiritSEATO...........................SouthEastAsiaTreatyOrganisationSIUnits.........................SystèmeInternationald’UnitésSPR ................................StrategicPetroleumReserveTJ ....................................TeraJouletoe ..................................tonnesofoilequivalentUFIP...............................UnionFrançaisedesIndustriesPétrolièresULCC .............................UltraLargeCrudeCarrierUNSD.............................UnitedNationsStatisticsDivision

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FigureA2.1:OilIndustryFlow

FigureA2.1:OilIndustryFlow

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Notes

asia pacific economic cooperation (apec) · asia pacific economic cooperation (apec) apec is an...

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