ataturk - true nature of modern turkey

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TR NATUE OF ODRN TR



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AND H RE NUR

OF MEN RKY

By

GRRD TGS6 ES UTES ES L OO

S TOQ UES T OOQ UE

Translated fom th Fenc

by

MAJO

U & CO

46 GRE RU LL S , W.C 1

939



.he rench edon o hwork appeared beore he death oAark. i ha nceaed a e aleraons n he orgna ex.

f pr

r

0 " I . . .

Gr in t wn M l



mon tres ch ami Evr Z!a Karal, prfssu d'HistoiMod t Conmporain l Unvrs d'Isanbu qui 'pprs conr t am son pys, j di c r noi gna g d'amcal connazssanc.

R ONG.



SAO'S PEFA

H ece agreemen beteen Trkey ad Greatan for mal eence shold stress he need

fo a beer unersaning of recen events n hatountry among the Englsh people. hogh ienrimaily for rench reaes here s lile n tis bookhich s no o geeal iee. Moreover ha con-ers or rench llies shold alo concern oselves.is lile ork gives n a conense or he reltsacheve by the sh evolion n he mmeiateas an icsses he plans or the rther evelopmen of rke n he tre.

Monser Grard Tongas the ahor has or many years been a cloe ste o rih ais. Wilst scholar a he " acl es Letes e Lon he camento close assocaion ih may og ih stents.Throgh em ad as a rel o i on sies, edece o vii heir conry. Wil n Trey heved exlsivel i he peole she hei mil lieand neress an by ravellig exevel he contryame o kno he leaig peonliie n all als of e. Hs kolege o ih ais apeae sonmae ha Kaml a imel reae : " hsrenchan he only ienal ho has erstoodnd jge us ; he knos us beter than e knourselve.

In s rs chape the ahor eplores the gnorancef s ounrymen regarin Trkey and he preudced



TRANSLATOR' PREFACE

ews hey· entrtan bou the urkih oe Thsomlaint ay w nd an echo n ths ountry

hater V ontains n intrtng rum of urksheations wih Forign Powr Whe dtermned onc

for al to rd his country from nterfrence by the GreaPors n ts ntrna airs, th ate Kaml Atatrk wasea o entr nto frinl agreemnts ith them Instring contrat th the bllcoe ors and actions ohe Dctators of rmany and Itay he thetend State and orkd on for acic rations I asigna roof, too, of the statemanh of ths remarkabe

man that il maintaining an atttde of ineenence did not hitate to sk the atance of the WeterPor for th pacfl vlopnt of rke Frohs ok of rontrcton Gra Btan long hel aoo mtan olc both from the economc and oliticon of vew There was welcome darure frohs attitude, howver, when he aying dow of an ro

nd st lant t Karabuk was entrutd to a ritshr in 1937 Since thn his country has granedTurky a crit of 1 mllion oun for nutria deomnt an Brih expr ll at in orkng thmnig rouc of tat nation. l leting hsmall par Fr has pla n th acivities the authoos he wil now recovr ome of the aramoun

nence she ha exercied n Turkey n the astM orn rks ren an unua henomenonan Orenta naton loong to th Occien fo he eenerio ei ony

F F YD



S

l W OG DRSTAD D

FRNDL uRK 1

K TARK:

1 Bograph 162. Th Kmalt Phloop 24

ll KR YM H RKSHO 28

V H RLM W FR O RK

V LAD LCAL OPM uRK

V H S H L 5 V KY R CK

G uR 57V DSRAO 64

IX. FS MC s 70

X. OCLSO 74

X SORC HRLGY HY

9



W HY GH DRSD ND B NDLYH T uRKY

UCH gorance prevas in Frace on the subjeof Ture ; e have o vague ideas ad deeply

seatd prjudics rgardg thi coutr, as havfeque had occaion to rark. We no, vaguel,the geographical oition of this art of the ancienttoa Epire. Ma eople, again, hile elare that Tre exi n Aa ior, are qutgorat of th fact that the acetor of the Turfouded i that coutr oe of the ot anciet civiliza-os of the orld, that of the Hitite. Man agand this is the ot erious poit, are far fo supectnghat the prige of Frac, hich ud to be so grean the evat, s beig gradual exiguhed, thoughurey ould illigl ccept Frech inuece ccolihig revolution hich s withou eam hitor

No, itead of teretg theseves ths grnchieveet of he Tur the French cotiue to regarhe ith prjdice. The ver nae " Trk rouses their agination a picture of barbarm, destructopersecution, res n horror Tse are e m-

rr



12 RK

ressons t by ther rapd and parta study o Hstorywhch evoks only a fling o hatrd or the Turksthese dscndants o th Pillagng uns, these ndeswho, but or the glorous ntrvnton o the rusades

wuld have dstrod uropWat a grave rror ls n ths msconcpton How unfortunate t s that istory, whose prnpal roles to tac us that ach popl has ts ow natie gnusts good quais and fcts ts priods o glory anddecadnc, ts priods of civilizaton and barbars, andn a word to make us appreciate the qualites of other

eople and lp towards a general runon shouldsomets be so fasl ntrprtd ! or t s ndeed afalse ntrpretaton ariing rom a partial and suprcastudy o convnc us of ts t s only nessary tae u the study o tis story agan and t eant with care an without prjuce ne wil the dis-covr the trut, tat barbars was no conned to the

Turks anctors, but that our ancstors were alsbarbarous like tos o t Grks and omans Alsoat the tim o t grat Cruas t Cristians co-mitted as many crims as t uis oroverf thr hav bn brilliant civiizions suh as theEgyptan, the Grk and t oman, tre was anotherunrcognzd till toa but not lss worthy of intrest

snce it was t origin of th all, e that whchrecent discoveristy only dat fro 1938harvealed to usthe civilizatio of th itttes acesto the Turks

Why do we ersist in no iewin th Tur as they



HY W OUGH O UNDEND UY

ay ar ? Such for insanc a s Eis cus pcurs hm in his Unvrsal Go grap :

h ur h has no n corrup y poh pprssion ha no egad posssses man

aciv quaiis nv ceivs ing honsn ruhu is h in rision or piy y hiighs h G h Syran h Prsian hmnian oing his goods or h common h givs ingy mans nohingWhavr o ay sa h abus o ' akshish isuch grar in Europ han i is in h Eas xcpn hos ons hr h Lvanins ar numrous

hr ravr howvr prou an disrusuh has no n ouch y h coria cpiof h iag u ? mmay h prcivs himh ha f h famiy gos o hp hm ismounus him ih smi n ih charming gsurchs i h pac o honur his os vauau an invis him pos hi h chuppas h pas

Wh av forgon ha i as hrgh ury hac pay prominan o in h Lvan o nuris Th amica raions e u nris r orn in h aianc anois s ih Suiman sign o sav rancm a Grman invasion Sinc hn rancoursh

inship i no cas gro songr in spi of iisius n hn rnch inunc s high i h Lvan h rnch Amassao asninp ria vicEmpro f hn h rn izir h isi t



A A 0

no han h Suan hise hans o h onuas saishe a a poins of he Empire he causeth psig of rance o sprea oughou h NaEas Th onopoy of commec was nirey in hi

hans : Engish h Duch h Grmans hSpaniars an h aians w ony a o ae uns ag

n i in spi o a h psig o anc s i ga n uy s wing to thi ong an pofounpnaion

h inu o an on h civizaion o h

ouny is cnuris o h Turs ar hrefonauray friny owars us hey are sappont s ha we o no spon hus whs rancenr of a h gra vouions sou of a he graons of huay ngecs o hep is o frinn a capia an cisiv omn ofis isoy Gemanyh S S an Engan a ispacing us i

i h nivesiy h ans h puic wors an geat pa oganize y he Germans Th whonusriazaion of h counry is carri ou un hicion of Sovie ngins On heir pa h Engish nvst ag capia sums in urey Manwhi hnch conn hsvs wih saying Evyonpas nch in Pera ! ha is ru an is ir

fragi poo of ou ancin inunc ; u ha is noucin an sie he hear of uy is no ongth if anc coninus o inen o Turhi ha uny i ngag on is wo of novaion ot n fo anTuh at



Y OUGH O UNDE AND UKEY

ppa h urk n achng hmsvs from annfahfu frin i o ak ohr ho aro as an o hom hy i aach ong is Our nirnc no ony ispay a

ac of courag s aso a grav misak ; consiu ga angr fo u urky has a gra fuur hi oon com a porfu naion ih ho ncssay o ckon prhaps hn avsa on f hr frins urky n h hos has givn profoun sson o Europ : hn h ourishing h may poi a or formia on

o consoia rancourkish amy an o mak ruy cacious i mus mor han a r raiion ; us ransform n a pracica aiy ypoiica conomic an spiriua cion common oh o ga mocracs of ranc an urky Ls hn an o kno an apprcia his naion as itnsan an appcias us



ML RK

. HS BOGHY

no pp n n p iogaph o his an hs xain

a ou funish nough ma for hug ousis a h os hich ha n in n onoa uy ha a hs sujc a ngh hfo popos o giv h ony h man vnof his if Aa as on of an o uish fai

n as on n Saonia n i ohZuia as mo han yas hn s ah igh i is fo h h inhi his u hoinaing an osina nau an his su inis fah Ai iza as a on i n h usos ana n sa usinss as oo chan Nn h is of his pacfu housho iving os

n omoa hom suoun y auiu gana sahan asi as c h suggn o an mon ias hich as uia unmin h as of h Ooman Empi WhisZuia pofoun igious main faihfu h of sa z as incn i



\ \



S B O G A Y

as hs rgnc f t th than fah profundy nuncd h in f h yung usafa ho as dsind himsf o se nay hconict ariing from hese diverse ideoogis

Whn h as svn yars od and i cam ncessaryto snd him o schoo his parns found i dicu tagr as to he n t sc Aar himsf haa i rcctn of ths disagrmns hich crds hus

A sng fact rmans n h mmory of y aychihood ut rcoct t ry ary t as

cncrned h my going o schoo mar aouthich my parns had dernc o oinion yhr rmaind aacd h d customs ; aigous snimn ranqui an gn ut rsoutas at h as of h naur hus sh and pac m in n of hos schos irc y djahr h insrcon a n accord ih h srraiions o Iam Sh hd h vie aricuary

hink ecase he ry ino one o hes schas aned y a reous somniy his ayas o e dsinguishd rom hr y an specacnscraion hrogh hch h chd as mad aarh n ongd h communiy Birs anas und y s precps

y fah on h hr hand a a Lra asrahr hosi rion and as a srng parsanf Wern deas oud rahr n a nngios schoo hre he insrucion as as ntn h Coran u on moern scinc

y ahr rough s conic f concns a n y a i manuvr Prning t yito thr' sirs h agr shu pac



A A

t coo atma ola an t usualremoes

On te mornin o my entranc y moorned me in a we robe and a god rbbo ce roe round my ea in e om o a turban ;

y and e a goen bug en maser aHoja oowe by a is pups pesened imse aour doo coe i geen ; a paye was recie, epan e end o my nges on my beat and oeea I bowed o my paens and e mase an kssee ans o eac en, am ries o joy o myomaes we travesed e sree o own owardte soo suaed near a mosue Arived er

aer anoe payer, e maser ook by anand e me o a ae an vaue room, were teywere going to revea to m e acred spere of toan

About six mons aer my ae wre mrom e scoo Fama oa Kane and oo mto od Cemsi en wo onded i scool ouropean ins y moer made no objcion

beig sue tey we yeng o er wses and convicons ermony abov a a ear tr eart

Howeve, i Ra e soon a, ad young usaa was ob o eae e soo a go o himoe, wo isae ee e boe a aer

a aaan nea o aonika Musaa, aaping me apiy o s new e, was empoye in ceaing outte sabes, oong er e amas and guang eep a geese s rou wok and e fes airardened s pysque and he became aaced o t



I BIPY

t t t a prmt trgg r th dpdc ury

t as th tat ccurrd th vt tat s t pty th trumpha rad hch t yg Msta

as t trvrs resuty Hs mthr rturd taa d dcdd t t m ctu hs st prss strgy t aed t prpar r adrs carr At tv yars ag h ttedd thy sco at Saa ad or our yars h dstgushms y hs exceptoa tellgc h pssg th sccess th mos sever exams h spt tr yar

t th Cadet scol Moastr thre yars t thrych ta sch stau ad th t yarr h gv th ra Capta crt pssd thrugh l th grads t mltry hrarchpdy prssg l y hs per ra ad vrsecpacts

1 9 1 0 , tat s at 30 yeas ag h accmpa

eral Al Ra t Pas as a Sta Ocr Holled th dep teest t grad mauvrs th Frch army the Nort Returg t Sal as gv th dl cmma th Ocrs ch th th Rgmt

t as t g er gave practca pr mtary sll Octr 1 9 1 1 taly dsmare

trps at rpo ad attmpted t captur th tn th v t tag ts d Turks Prvce Mustama cmmadg th urksh sctor Deracarrd ut sme decsv assaults th taa l h Wr W a h te pt t



-ATAK

t gt mmd t 5t p5 t s th t jct tg t r vrs d pg t y t Csttp t-mptd t dsmr e sse t ArBur th

Suv t th ursh Gr St Lt -C Must m s trps ccpd t p hmsl t t th s d ttv r th rc th ld tt th August h ght vctrs trt prysd th ct th Als d tdmrt s th Hr t Drdls trgd

t s mprtt t oe tht Must m hprsg succssly hs mry crr s tg th tm ctv trst th ptcl stut f try. H rutd t rvtry ctrs S Mstr d Csttpl. H ths dp hms th ttt th uhrts . H rrstd y rdr t Sult Ad Hmd d

pprd r tru Ydz Pc v t judgmt gst hm d rd tmv hm rm plc uces h s st tmscus r h rrvd tm r xpdtgst th Druss. Durg ts tm t ptc st-t cm mr cut d t Yug urs ecmmr cmrus . Wthut prmss d dsgus

Must m rturd t S r h ud rch t scrt sct s Ctr Lrty " c hd rmd Smr.

Aftr urtr prd spt Syr h mg tg st hc td m th



H B O G A H Y

ente f the Rvouon Hs ptsns foce a onsttuon n the Sl he te secet socety Couny d bey " bece ocl It nueced te Suln n te dst o y vcssudes and sue

the nae f the Coee o no nd PogessBu in 1910 Musf Ke boke o etons wth h he heds f the Comttee wth the ntentin ivng y hself t ke ukey lbel an mean opleely nepedet

t the nd of he old gand wshng pt y the occupton of the sttegc pons of Asia

no y the les i ode to eted he uence ithe Nea s onceve the e of estabsng aeek mpe n the uns of the Otton pe

onsequence th 15th My 1919 the Geekane at Sna and touble boke out medtelyamng th Geek colons n Constople ebzan Ssun It ws then tht Mus Kel elze

that h Otton pe hd cese t est ut thhe ws st te to sv wht ened whch wulnstitu the e hetge of the uks and fom thueou f a Se eclusvely uk He detenehen seze Anoa fom th nvdng Geek whee nuge y the hep of the Engsh an thnieence f the Fench nd Is s s th

mdbl tsk he set u to ccopsh when he waent y tJ Sultn to Ssu s Inspeco of te myHe too th ppotunty f awkenng th ntna

timnt y mkng pssonte speeche as h taveseh ut Rapdy th nata spt w



ATATRK

uy 99 a ngess pene a zeum wiee Musf Ke Pede, nd dede efen nin so ss he 4h Sepeme 1 9 1 9a Nin Cngess fe f eeges fm

pvines ssee a Svs nd gin ee KemPesiden iny he 23d Ap 920 he s n Nin Assemy " nsng f ve epuiesm ech Sj k ws pene Ank On he ny he Assey dee i epesene he p-visn gvenen f key aways eeusf Kem Pesiden hus e em ee

f e esisne an pepe make esisneive Dung his i he ies ipse n hun e 1 Augus 920, he fous ey ves, unde w he sps f e On Empiwee e ived up Musf edued his ean pene a gene ensive Sky ng a fnf a 00 mies whih se fm 2 Augus h

Sepeme 1921 an ene in mpee viyve he eeks wh wee ven k f as Synaan he se As a esu f hs iup he Ganin Assey " nfee n usf Kem eran a s an he ie f Gzi he peainnue an y 20 Sepee 12 ter w a singe Gee sie in Ania

On e Oe 92 he amisi f Mudanap an n is enseess ngin iny pea nfeene pene n h 1s oveme 9an n he 2 uy, 1 9 a eay was sgne wih recozed te e sh State, henceforth ntirely



H B O G A H Y

fee t folw ts destnes hs lte went n t cmplete ts poltcl gnzon On the 2 9h Octbe192, the Republc ws pclmed nd usf Kemaws lected Pesdent unnmusly Snce then th

z wked cntnuusly t fm a uksh nn 14 yes, by a connuus pcess f efms, ukeyhas sen dy by dy twds the pspety and pweecessy t ts estenc

hs get tsk, ccmplshed n mj pt, is ffm beng copleted fo hs n end Letus nt foget tht t s nsped by ts fndment

pncple e e evutnes " Attk, thefe and su f ths cntnul evuon, set n emplday by day At 5 yes f ge, Atk, fl f vguwl and enegy, becme the Get Gde," as thuks justy cled hm, f he nn he foundedHe ttended pesny t the mtnt s f Stte he eceved enent pesonges n Septebe, 1 9

Kng dwd VIII, n h, 1937, the Pesdent fRun, Annesc, n y, 1937, te nste fFegn As n Ik, geAsl Attk eguay nspected the deent pvnces f ukey whle qute ecently he went t study the pstn n thlack Sea cst hen the f Aleandettabecame ccl he self gve nstuctns t th

uksh epesentves On the ccsn f the eeptn t Athens, the 25th My, 193, f Iset Innby Gene etes, he sent the flwng hstcaessge :

h f f th e Baka Stats ntitt



ATATK

nge fn n hse wh have egn n t tu y he unng a f the un

Fnally ak pede at lnguc, hoa nthe nfeenes and deced the ebes

he Geat Chef howed hsef as en pble t h peope wh alway epeed, wth nineable enthuam he pfun matn thmen him

HE EM HO OHY

gethe wth the Poltal an n s the wld undewent an aute Socal l nealy allthe hoe of he ueng laewken, peants an boue wee oune n theouny But, epeene o the lte d nt gveafatn On he the and any f he leaeught the uth n efeng t the pat an tune

twa eptm Nw ep ha een te fthuan f yeas and ha alway esuled n angunayatastopy fo hanty cal egesn wulny epeat htcal e n invve innenpeple n uhe wa

n the fce f th wl a s, the new ph-ophy f ak an play edatng e etween

mu and the d cl ege Keal singushe fo all he phlohe y t ult-pacal an ulapopula haace

t uccl becue s pnples e ney tey ut e t ne put int pactie



H E E M A L I H L H Y

utpopu ecuse l is eots t studyingev d cvng he people tht s he tsnsps d he boug clsses Kels endevous s f s possble to bdge the gulf whch

ees hese e fo the eecul cssKels cuces in the popu coscence totion tht cvon es bety nd tht hppese n f of ndepndence tht s to y n fithout subecto f a potc oci o eigiuue

It cks t the outset elgous fntics which i

onsdes phoocl elee ed n the huin y despos It supesses l the ostceeted y fntcs y pcng l elgons outsdhe w One cn u up n f d he popul vew on egons hey cn e cosdeed phosophe whch hve ong sought fo the uthhey hve pd he ethods feey wthou ngng

hppe o d O the cony ded theyhve dvded nkd by gvg e to soc nequite y denyng to woen n ctve soc lfe nd pvokng the jot of w Kels howevedoe no pevent ety of conscence : it ppecteelgio when pesened to the people in the otheongue Once feed fo fncs conscience e

eives fo the phosophy of Atk he foul of inependet esece o ele ths Kelsdelve the peope fo the slvey of Cpselh nd Cp e ccodng to tpopula pthooca s ociety It a



A A

anom eggeaon of peson nees he g cps e a dnge o he people fo hom heymen desposm and msey hus Kemlism appes sme " o cpl, o g indusy and commece

hs sme " s o ge dvnge o he kmnho oks n he fcoy as a Funcony of he Sedsposng of s whole esouces, fo he people whoo dec fom he moey hus dbued

Kemlsm esoes ll govenmen powe no hehands of he people y suppessg ll le, ll peogves an ll he g cplss who fom he pho

ogcl " elemen of socey Alo y poplzng eue d musc, ends o elevae he inellecuandd of he peole

he phlosoph o K Ak egds love of heople s he el epeson of humy Becuse hee mn of Nue s he mn of he People and lov ofh People nspes he ue senen of humny

he ese pcle of Kemsm depedenece f e people Ao duces pofounsp o pom d o ; fo only a poand noc people cn deed s dependenceBu hs pom ad nom does no peveninenonl hmony Fo f ech non adms hlapopul phlosophy i s olged o espec he in

depedence of ohe nos nd whou he selshnesof he cpl clses, he people cn elze an ine-aonl enene Fo he Kemls, he mn who doesno love hs couny s no ale o love humy haol cncepo ne a aa eqal



TH E K E M A L I H I L H Y

etween all a etween man and woman t pocamsndeed that woman s the qua f man

emalsm has dscoveed the way to a apd evolutonand ha poved that n a sngle geneaton y means f

splined tann ae deveop a a populavlzatonOne an pesen t manknd a a mode phoph

estd y peence Kemalsm ha amphed n ya the wok of ten entue



S H KS

H new ukey is ntmtey ssocte wth h

pesonlty of Attk t ws he who ete hRepul t ws he who nspe t it s he who oneivehe e of founng the ptl Anka n the vehe of Antol a stoke of genus He wshe hptl o e the symol of the enovton of ukeBy hu he ece to ll tt the pst ws e nshed the ntefeence of foene n Constntnople

as n the goo ol ys " Fnhe the etenl plentgues Fnhe the oupton Fnhe he e-olng nuee of eness he uksh ntous lst tke ts p n Hstoy on sue an solountons he Cptl epesentng he soul of thounty must hen hve ts founton stone l n ue poston k ws hosen o full ths ole

is hee nee th n the most tc hous thukey hs known he momen of etny Att onentte the ntonl eot n the stuggle oinepenence Ank now is e ptl o a uksh tate s oppose t Stmoul whh ws hne ov fegn ontol y he Sultn ws ttng hnk whh h pese ove he este h

uke ou e ts Cp28



, SBOL OF THE TUH NOVAO

v h a goiou ps ih imi h aeso h us th Httsha e up he ay ou housnd yes go on o h mos anint mpie o he wold e estament

ugusu i ngave he h ui of a empBu h o a he a othe pimy so

hy aa wa hsn Sttegil i positio ga ength i s a osdebe dsn fom ypoi whh ud v s a bs fo a hosil amys i is poteed sdes by a hn of mouni

hih om a tu efen hee heeed omaa a m iuee hostle o th mh -m h pia wi ab en by ge itivilizg iu

Hwv h ui w immens nough isoug th mst dent i tt by hs o wlhd o meited n moe he le of Gz he whoe

w h o be bult : Ank beg ony a smll vilgphe he steep and b sdes of a hll heuoung unty ws eset weless wihouvgti any i a nfeste wth mshe whih v i a magat mia veything hd o i dti u th hy emed insumoub w immedey stte with a

adou n deteminton whch nong ould dmp odne h a pn dwn up by a dsnguisheBel het And fo moe thn teen yes thidefigbl women hv been buldng a ow whhay ay i h amo h v



TT"RK

aaia ha een ampe u ae un veyheegetatin i pinging up, an a th f f he lnaa h ne Anaa ises with its jestic Gvenmences, its mbassies, its Banks, its Insttutes, its Schls,

Factis uune by cftabl hms hipen twn cnstucte accng t th st meniea f achitecte, a an hygene, is n the a tecme a ml captl It is nt pssble t at alhe intestng hings I ntice in my vists the tn il epes hem thu : eveyhee hee eis geamf with ga impliciy n n f

tiing gue :On the 29th Octbe 192, hen the Republic apclaime Anaa nly pssesse abut 5, inhabians In 1 92 the cptl aledy cntne ,peple By the 29 th Octbe, 1 95, welve yeas aet funati the ppultn amunte 1 2 ,

N my avel in Asa Mn pei me ay ha

he pgus et f Anaa was an eample fllwey the whl f uey In all h wns, in all hevillag even chls spensaes establshen f all, an ne welling lace wee ben bult Ran gaualy n he eset hee fe s ging ebn

hese f he Gazi : gn, <ali

gven u e pu, have cnnce)engaven n he nuen in Ana fm hfunameta pinciples f he ush envatin



V

HE PBEM OF WAE AND HE uTu OF uY

AMNG the numeus and deicate quetins which cnfnted the uksh Gvenment desius

raising a hady ace n teity which was ageydeset was ne f fundamenta imptance hquestin f wte On ths questin depends the futuf urkey and it meits seius study nt ny n accunf its imptance u as ecause f its igina natue N natin has had t ncen itsef in the same mannerwith its wate suppy N ntin, ethe in the pcessf gistin hs sueed s much fm the lack his lement Nw ts aius plem which nencuntes at each step in ukey is impefectlyndestd y us In my pinin the enegy which tk ispayed in attacking ths pem is evidencf the genius f the man wh se himslf a nce vecme this edutl stace f natue nd hiumphed whee n the wud have attempted hplem

undestand the ea ue f ths entepis i isnecessy t knw the an gegaphica and cimaindtin ukey te f Antia as ha is

1



TTR

h a pa pa ee

atla nt f a geat enta plateau uuen al e y han f ounta whose alttue

ee a ean hegh f fee he s elevateapeent nosng th pateau ae n he Nothhe whh teth fo ezo Casaunuatng M aat he hghes po sa fee hgh a in the South the gae f he ntauu an e auu wh uteah ha feet a eul athugh

uue a e y h ea a M ha aneta late a a fa patulay gav fh futue f the ounty thee eveywhe a pogeve yng up ausg a oss of eoo esoue ih vegetat an a age populton an ly e th uthe ank f the Bak Sea he e h egea an he eteaea he h i

aue a aunant anfal he est f th gea uny te eh hehgh uta wals wch se e he eaasan coec e whoe all s tune nt a esel ths ese tetoy whh sttute the lagesa ukey a eg f eppe thee a yittle sland f ultual a

But t s etan the zne f ultvat an gaually etende whe wate avalae n thpoe f nng wate nsolule ; fo thee a anfall n natola though y fo hot eaoN if a y eguai ainfall f



R OBEM OF AER D FUUR OF TUREY

esty is hy t e hped fo ne n t es eguathe deeny One n mke use f the stems whih dung the ny seson ow fm the eteme edges fthe pteu ms n e nstuted fm whh wte

n e ed t the ultvted ln the entes f poputin he plem f th nsevtn f wte sfundment t the gwh fpputn n nhe tnsfmton f the deset d in ntl intetle nd smlng dstts wl pemt t th sme tima nsdeble ncese in popultn

ttk shewe in n uncetn mnne hs ete

ntn t slve ths pblem he hs s t spekpyed the st d in foundn the pt f the Newukey in th het f ntl a egn f esetnk whh is t e the ente f ts get ntnw etend y degees its cle f ntelletu antu ltue nk wll e the lvng empe het nd su f the envn fTukey

Sne then l eots hve een deted twds thisend t nd wte nd these eots hve met wth suess it is sey ten yes sne the e t shpan aey an immense dm the uuk Bj ewhih hs st the venment m thn mllns wl sn pvde lteed wte f nka nd igtn y mens f ge ns fo the suundng

unty Menwe ne gets the neessy wtewhee ne n ; the dinkng wte mes fm Istnuy tin the the is leted n sml quntties eveywhee One nds t in unepected pes ; f instneh nse f Hy s ate sve e th

c



A A 0

unatn ee u Ltte y tte fe ganetse the ppulatn nceases apy vegetaton cveaeas hthet deset gaens pefue wth the oweshe geate pat f the puc estashets hey ae

ey ne n tha f the sty of Pubc Instuctnwhee une acacas aleay tal the wate uuamong the ses the e sages an a cw of platala southen Fance It was nt wthout a feeng f ea etn that I wtnesse one f the sle vcte tha man has eve wn By ean fpatence and detenatn lfe an ches epace eath

an seyhen ave n Istanu I was agan ae awaef ths queston f wate wch pesets tee a eenan vey cuous aspect st wakg n te steetsmy attentn was eatey attacted y nueouelectc es sa thse that wth us annunce thepesence f a cnea an ha a l aut

ene ke f the cnea n an anmy ush fen shewe e aughng a whtehop fn fm hch the sund pceee Ingue I questne hm an eant te sou peee spy fm a shp whee wate s so of wch hee ae any n ukey F ne paste that s foa tte me than su ne can k a gass of t

ced ate kept n a esev paced ehn then fnt the unte penng n t he teet must pn ut hee the penan playe yate n he ve f the nhatants One can say thathuh key atna n



R OBEM OF AE D FUU OF TURKEY

stnu wte ccults eveywhee thee amny shops fo ts se wt tnent vendos e stmoe nueous ; n the estuts wte s gven youn pce of wne It s sod n the seet, n th tn n

n the shps n the Bosphos A gls f wte nvy ccopnes cup of ukh coee, nd t wte tht you host oes you f you e tsty

Fo whence comes ts wte, vsh eve nk ?

hd the cuosty to go to ts souce the tsouces ; they e nueous on the oukts of Itn

pncpy n the neghbouhood of te Bophous Inpcu Kocts " nd deen " e pce ofecuson uch ppected y the peope of Itnbuhey mke een pcncs o he ede of he Sweettes " nd bot wh juce of the benets theydeve fo the



V

ANNED CA OF UY

H pc fe f uke men pca the cmnn f the ve gntn hich

asue e fe f e cun, pc stc ce,inus, cmece, nnce, educton ; n wd ah csues he meod of fuheng e nanfeh, s fnnl bss, s cln fAk e Cones of he eole' ReulcnP el nk n 1927

e e Reublcn' e e Nnst ' e e Ppuse ' e e ses' e e c' e e Revoone

i vsbe t epn, s f l, ech f thee ipncpe eesened n e Kels nne haows wch spe u ke he y f the ng uehind he cel f Anka

e Reublcns he uksh Ste i epuli ch ws poclmed n he 29h Oce t cntun, pmugted n the 0th Ap



ANED OA DEVEO MEN OF URKE esblshes ht eveyhg poeeds fom thento he le hooe w e sgleAsembly f eue s s e G oAssemb eeced fu es T os e th

uks of boh ees who hve ece he ge of 1 (gf the cvl jy) he ebe e he eleoswho hve ed 30 yes who ed d wre uks he Aebl hooses om mo s memes a Pee of e Repub he duo f aplme he le pees o he ssembly thees of Ste he hs deged

ohg be doe whou he appova f thn Nol Assembly GNA) wh epesensetly the no

ay wies hve amed in omplee eo thatts is nohg but a de behd wch is the Kemlst cor ! Ad hey el hs by syn h ey evey emes om he sngle wil

f he Peset o he Republc s s a gosseggeo s ue deed ht Ak hmsel os hs olboos nd ht he GNA whh should ool hem he me o he o ossselusvely of depues om he Repubc Py ofwhch he ws the Pee I s vey eeyhoweve o eogze hs po c he Goven

ent mde e vod he bue pomulged helws d w oeed ude he egs ad impusio of Ak opee od wh thNA wh ws fee to suss hem ad eve opposes vet naly as we shl see e t is he el



38 A

an Paty he Pepe whih ette the piapge the Gvenent

Ke, heeoe, s a de ege wkng t a ene poge ntted b Kl Attk

he ate thus tced the whch e ukh nnut llw acng t the en whch t selfudge t be the bet adpte fo Atatk ected,adve, nd dee evehng an h ws aceptey al beng in the gene ineet he ukh peple elze tha s le depende n the enegy f iet Che an pu oplete nene in hm

tatk nt gven a a Dept, but wth thepee ssent h peple wh veneate hm a aatna He

n a wd, we nd he, cced by he pepe, theea age dcacy Kes, pabe t the ste, is an auhitve Republc, eekng i npon in the oula, by the peple fo the

peple " One ul nt jusy ntn that Atatkw a dc in the nne uson, Hle tln ! e ony eebe uelves," he declewh tuh He cete a om deocc gven-ent whee pee lbety egns, not ogetng,hweve, that bey lke e benecen cntoe abndned t iel t buns an dests"

h wh dcusn an ccs, absouly feeang ebes o e Repuban Py, nt pette utse ts l n cn t be ee agnst thePat ut the advese o the ege have appeae ap an te Kemsts ae aua



NNE OC EOMENT OF TUE

relaxig teir eto as the foudatios of th Neurke become cosoidated. Aread oe ca seaof roess i tis decio. us the reset GNAeected o te t Febuar, 93, as oeed its doors

o a osto. ut of te tota umber of cadiates u u b te eubca Part, tirtee seatshave bee e vacat or ideede deuties. isnecessa to ad tat tese atter ae subject to certairesticos te umbr ad te distbutio o eec-orates autoized to sed u ideede emberwere seced b the Peoe's Part, ad te cadidates

had to be atioa reubcas . t is aso irestig observe te G.N.A cota a eputs

We are Natioasts. n order o accois itreorgazatio Tuke required comete traqultyad ideedce. ow, its geograica positoexoses t to eve id of roagadaaacist,

fascists, marxst, ad iteratioastharml to itsreovatio. t is te b the assumpto ofoud natoast faith ta Turke ca rotec itsef froestructve iueces. A aticuar feature of thisnatioaism s a it is witout imeiastic aims.s is a er imotat trait. Whe oe speaks of natoasm " oe usua icats a desie to exted

oes ots. To coce s o ts oe as o oace at Euoea atoasm. ow the Kemasts, th cotar, ae ar fo wisg to itroducforeig elemets to te coutr they ai a hooeeity of t Turish pope s oe sa



A A 0K

tat urkey, trow back o itsel ad rid o all tacosttuted wt it te ttoma Emre, is redered troger ad ouder og is more true and temalsts are well aware of it

We are Poulstes. "Te oulsme " a tatoasm of e Turks are ierwove w eac otert is i oulsm " tat te Turks eole s itsty, ad ts egeders atoalsm. s ou-lsm " as for its fuametal ricle te cometabolo of te cls " srue. T ugacity ote worers, eeg o e ower of umbers, lkte arrogace o e catass, deeg o te owero moe, are se Te reaos betwee workmead emloers are isred w te armo ad concato ecessar for te roser o te coutryStrkes ad ockous are forbde te Stae is tsole arbter i case of coct. eter class orprvege or scto of sex xsts i Turkey Tregard for a real democrc, comsed of idvdualsequal rgs ad g, s goe so fr as to su-ress a ks o dcoraos tere does ot exst ure ag e aure o our go ooouro Turk s alowed o accet a oreg decoratote ol Turks wt decoratos are tose wo ossesste meda gve to te eroes of dedece ur ey, caacty, kowedge, ad wor, is te olypassport to a suerior status

We are atstes " tatsme " i Turkey a resembac to arxism wc decrees at eery



LANNE OLIIAL EVELO MENT OF TUKE

hn shou b on by h Stat an nothin lef nivual niaive. uit on th contra, accornto th u nse of Tuksh aisme," iitiaiv sfr o a but te State xecises a enea suevision

or a onomic enteises. Stat wi cratite an conto the industies wic t encourages anprotects Pivate indust cannot ensur th conomfutur f te coun. State itsef aws u a vaspa of industiaization i constructs factories anpacs h uner ski anaemn vrywrwhr s foun siab, sabishes onooies

which iv a our a nstiuions thno li

W r lac l rors n urky, politcalsocal, ntectual, conoic ar ofouny lac. woud be useess o numerat them h as ty ar twkown aray

W ar Revoluionaris. ar fro cosrher ask com, the leades of Reubic ar caryin u with incrib nery, ses of refos in-ene o kep h county in a ontinuous sta ofvolution til ts reoganization is cometed. orfoueen eas, vouion as succeee voutionn reform refor. Wi an iresistib an, Tukey

s nsensiby becomin t Nation tha Atatrsi. Th rvouion pursus is cours wih rular an sur rhyhm noin s aowe o ayfr an nsan any rfor ud indisensabe hrr v b Aa a ieiaey arre u



A A K

was e Grea Cie as e urks like o callim, wo eac da dctated is wil o te wole coury

How are tee fdametal otcal ciles u

ito ractice ? To uderstad s, atteio m bedirected to te foo wig oit Tuke ere exissol oe otca at ; te Peoe eubca Par,f wic Atatk was te Prede o oer aryca exst. ow te eica Par of te Peoleaembe i Coge for four ear o examie eprogres made i e reogazato of e cour a

o settle e ogramme for e ex sesio isprogramme, wc icudes e wole admiitratioecear for e atioa lfe, is etabied o epricies we ave j eumerated is rigorouslyaled b member of te Goverme, iers adeutie, a art of te eubca Pa Tis aris derived fom te Aociato for e Defece of e

rigts of Aatoia ad oumela ad was fouded iits ree form o te 9t Setember, 1 92 er Coe o te at wa eld at Siva, er eabovemetoed ame ; e secod ook ace iAkara i 192, te td ao a Akara i 191, aa, te ourt asembed i Setember, 195·

A regad foeg oc Tuke alo ursues a care

f studed ad igoros aed a i s cocered above a i maiti ts ideedecv--vs e Gea Power. B wtou lookig for aaace, wic migt eue i uteage, se oes nodisdai o see aid fom ose wo wis o hep hr



NND C DVEMN OF UY

She takes ad aies to her ow uroses, the best haeach modr Sae as to or her method of reoatio is, i a mae, a sis of te rogress of aoer eoe, aimad w k b Turks eoe,

who are ot ackg i brat uaies. Turkedemas te giu of eac oe fo coaboraio iits work of ogio e ks fom Frace ad Germa t Pofors for her Uirities, the scieiss for her boaoris, e arciecs for her imotabuidgs, docors d a crowd of oher seciaiss from te Soit ubic te egeers ad arisa

for hr dustriazaio. Fom tis coaboratio resutsthe soid etabished fiedsp betwee Turke ate Soiet

Whe oe coiders the fore olicy of ure questio at oce arises

Has te Treat of Lausae (24h u, 1 92deie cod he Easter Queio as far as Turkey

is cocered ?t seems oe ca re i the armatie the EasterQuestio as it meat thethe compete domiatioof Turke b the Euroea Powerscaot oexist i iew of the poitica stabit of the Turke ofAtark.

he urks hae at ast foud he right eograhicl

frame " for foudig a Turkih atio. " Throwback o Aia or ad Tace, o to a ad where theurks, comg fom Cea a, fouded thir truehome i dtat ad ee prhioic times, the Kemaists show themsees worth decedats of the Httites.



A A ' R K

Thy wish o rviv n all is gloy Tursh civilizaioon urkish soi.

This idissoub bod wih a deie gogrhicargion is h rimr coiio of nio xisce

Thus, Akra, h ca of h oug eubc, ish smbo ad okn of h achm of he Turfor his coury.

Srug fom he commuiy of sa, he sou of hTuk deigs in h so soi of Asia Minor a Tac.ow his erior, h bridg which uis urop anAsia, is mos xacy i h geograca cnr of h

word. is h ur form for h irnaionarrsi ad aei roues . forms aso on of hsrogs sregica posiios on h gre marihighws.

Th Kmiss, w of h imoac of his pos-ion an h gra dagrs i igh nai for h lif ofh nion, hv done evrhing o assur, by a pocy

imeic oosd o h of h Sulas, h n-griy of heir soi . For h sm rasons, h wholfoeig poic ofTuke is bse o he rici of noniererec i heir is. The Turks cce wiigya coboio useu fo heir work o reovaion,bu he wi no on a accoun hear of h wor inunc."

h Sovi eubic is h rs Sa wih whicrkey has esishe goo reaions . Thr arsvr reasos for his. Firs of a, h ussian vo-io, fr from uig Tuksh ubic, arh n of h fa enace which her powrfu nm



NND O DON OF Y 5

he orth s og exercised. Further, he SovieReubic d Turke were a tis mome egaged ihe same strugge agais he este Powers. Thsamit has bee maitaie sice te. t is a t mo

oid, because a strog Tuke a the etace of heBack Sea ad o he Aatoia gacis rotecs someer uerabe ats of Soiet eito. As fo uke,er fiedshi with ussia saves he fom havig o face wo fots . Fia, it meas for he wo couties esibe icrease of tei stige i Asia.

Gema, b meas of geeost, ubicit ad

ueess, maiais ve cose reatios with uke.Like he Sovie Reubic, she a oce ecogie teas ro she coud a i a cout tha was beig comee reorgaid, b accoig he coaboatio.Thus, arge a of the iustiaizatio of Tuke, iseig accomishd wi ema egiees, aaatusad creits . e ae betwee the wo couties is

proseous . Fia, te hige istuctio, which iscreatig the iteectua ite chaged with ursuig heeais rogrmme, s etie i he hads of Grofessors, echicias ad scietiss.

The esabishme of fied reaios ewee Greecad urke is of o ess imotace. decisiveome for he ear East, Veieos ad Aatrk

rasformed h emt which had existe so og ewee tem, ito a m fiesi. his rid Tukof a aversar who, if he was ot dagerous i hisel hav ee used b oe o oher of he EuroeaPw g Blk



A A t

ist i 9 1 2 . esutig fom cosatio tLausa i 192 betwe Ismet Io ad Vio seale b te teat of Akaa i 190 the ucoGee tt gows me eac da. e does ot

ofte i mode doac suc a collaboatio.It s o geat imotace becase it oms te ucle of aew Balka wold i wc te eat Powes wll beuab to xecise a detemg iuce. Ae thfailue of the teat of Sves Ital was fo a log timet ol atio to t ito fiedl elaios with thyoug ublic . Folowig a seee cisis wch

meac the two Stes the cocled i 92 teat of eutalt wc l vo alo thTucoeek aochemet . Sce h a xcelletfeelg igs betwe ome a Akaa. owevTuke oes ot foget that Ial is te most damic ofhe geat eigbous ; te ol oe wic ude sue o xcs oulatio mght til ook o Aatolia

a a ossible a fo coozatio If this ag oenot xist for th momt it stil imoss o Tue thene fo igilac

Howev it aeas that ecet covesatios at Mlatwee ucht Aas a Cout Cao hae ute dsiate a misudestadig betwee ke atal e iiative o te at of Tuke to ceate a

raochemet betwee th two couties as eyoo chace of succeeg.The Kemalist evolutio has amag Face much

moe tha a othe cout i its cultua cooc cial itets ee the umac o Fac



PLANN POLCAL EVLONT O TURK 4

n e used to deed o those e eemets which the reouio has destoed. e eigious Poteoae, the Caituatios, the ieecu ad acialdoitio hae a diseaed wi the oman

mie. Thus a thousad soucs o iuece, secic-l Fech, ae ied u. Aso our cou as tken time in aig is at i the state o aasanctioed b the teat of Lsane . Face ignshese, not witout reges, to the oss o immeseiieges . Ad, wie eat Powes uesad the caia imoac o goo raios wi eaist

uke, ad, ie b ie, take ou ace i te eaFrace stil hsitates to tow oeboad is omeroncetions. Howee, the oenmet of Akaa, towhom the iedshi o Pais is ecious, asks o torearm this ancie amit. t deeds lmost etien Face to ceate o hesef a ace o hoour iuke. But ke, absoue ideedet, wil o

hae reatios wit othe ios o a eual ootiNo, Frech inuece has le dee taces in Tuke,where our outr, our icies, our cutue stilleo rea reeence. The Tuks, who hae with eFrench man aities in siit, ideoog, chaacter ad emerament, o as or ou sicee suort in thefomation of their cout. eaist Turke wishes

to coaboate cose wih Frace, ad moe tan anothe, this uio ca be a oweu iuece or wod eace. u reatios ae e coi ad, to makehem uite sicee, it is o necessa or us to sette nf spe b cord to the Hata the id



A T A T R K

dc whch h b log clg d bh las trc of our od iuc d doio oh Turkish eol.

t 29t a, 1 9 , rc d urk c o a

dit ccord wich sttd th dorb disprsutig fro h rcoSri trt cocudd Stmbr at. Th gotitios wr coducd wth rfc courts udr th scs of h Lguof Ntios, d, wis riforcg bs of fridshibtw h wo coutri, hwd a coicifsio th os or qustio c b qbly

ovd b t tratioa Tribu of Gva, o hgra beet of word ac. Tis ufortut aof t Sajak of xadrett d of tioch ws hol coud darkig t horizo of t xcracourkish rtios . T rguatio of t dittus of is rgio, i whic rk, rc d Si,hv rir trsts, h b lft l ow a ta

of vguss . rc dipoc, profod buwith h raditioal rcis of our poic i L,hs rated dead t stt of hs qustio.Howr, i cotitutd t focus of grv dgrFrc, rfsig o fac rtis, wi cotiuig oursu h traitios to whch s ows hr rstig,r t risk of rsforg th io a riciou

routi. tig is cr, howrw rcogizd i wh sigig grm i Akr i 1921h Sj k is ssti Turkish is rgo, wich h urk cl H, isoriclly rkis i fodd o of h r of i vz



A POTCA LOPT O TURK

r Ad toda, this proic, whch throusad ears beor th Cia ra had coomcratos wh the Sumera, cotai a arge mjortof autochhoous urks . Ter peroa has sur

ied iact ucceo o cacsm a courwhic has bee ubject to ao b a umber ofieret races . T a act hat cec equrersa alwas er at esur The Haa o charactrstica Turkh that e the mo sueca obererght judg t uee to coce hm b hocad hograc sues The Tukh guage s

oma i the Sadkk. Arabc i oke, but o th Alaouites ad th Chr. Te Aaoues,h Arias ad h Greks ar a ow urk.hs ar th words of Gral acquot, who is otact a Turcop

Now, rom a oraphica poit o iew aso, Haas urksh

s cogurao has o rembace to hat o Srad is formed b fods o the aurus rg. h ad th omoge of s srucur admrab tth pical cotour of Aatoia. Fa, thsoutr, whr all t geographica ames ar urksh,hr is t sam egeao as i Cica, th samcimat O ca sa rom a poits o ew Sria ad

Hata ar prooud dere.Nerhee, eher th FracoSria trt o thth Sptmbr, 19, or t FracoTurk agreemet ofAara o th 2oh October, 192 ha eed dete fa of th Sada O th cotrar, wthout co



A A K

dr t amt ury, rac cott im to uit th Sadja th w tat ofSria. udg tn o th fi of th Tur at thoucmt of th w ! ow do o imain

th Tur ca iv udr th ru of th Sia ? Howabov a, can o biv th urkih Rubic wouditrt itf i th fat of it brotr to th oint ofnot dmadig rct for th trm of th Fraco-urk agrmt of 92 1 , that i th givig of uaratfor th autoomy ofatay ?

Bt in iw of th ilc of th Turih pr, th

rnch Govrmt raizd Tury wa bt oobtai, at a cot, a quitab tmt of tquto, wich it had ad a atioal cau . Ao itworkd for an amicab arragmt a irit ofcociiatio . A dit agrmt, wch favour thtrt of both id a far a oib, ha rutdTh trm, on wich th Frch ad Turih g

to ar ard ad which ar rat y th ouncif th La of atio, tiuat bri

h trrtor of Alxaia ad Atoch bcoman autoomou rovic wit th cadr of thSra Stat.

i trritor udr th cotro of th Laguof ato.

· A FracoTrih traty uart it frotir

ialy, th at of th bi uroan Powr, andha rumd norma ratio with ury Grat

France ceded e Haay to Tukey sce ee word were wrien (Ta.)



PLNN POLTCL VLOP O TURK

itai, who had bee the amator a ricial fact the strugge to dath betwee the ester States ad the ttoma mire, obtaie wat she wated atLausae the demiitarizatio of te S raits ad the

cessio of th osul iaet The otreux oferece havig t a ed to the rst of tese obigatios,h glour rarocheme soo resuted lad, i acctig the remiitarizatio of the Straits,as obtaied te riviege of suig the greater artof the requred armamts ad as ow a vast ed oxoitatio for her caita i ure he visi of

ig dward VIII, which seaed the reewa f friedleatios with ure, has bee foowe immediatlyby coomic ad acial issios set to urey iscover a a of cooeratio betwee the two Sate

o sm , mais Turey has etered ito rlatios with a the Great Powers, wthout formig ayaliace wich migt eai tuteag

Ira, Ira, ad Afaista, where h atioacosciousess has aso awaee, ar read to rec ayomiatio by the Euroea Powers e commuityf iteres wich urey a these three Powers hadecared, leads direc to a oitical soidarity betweehem i wich rey is the siritual Head eheraagdad, ad abul are rotig from the exriec

f Aara, whos cutural iuece o her hreighbours icreases ever day urish Professors ad Seciaists teac i Afghaista, ad the oug Afgar deaourig to erfect themsevs i the ursh a i f ral tr t



T T R K

ury ad ran has gin pac to a ral ntnt o Turcoraian fiedsi, tis has been recnt concrated, in Ju, 1937, b te sit of ajiEsil tnara ad t jourey of Djea Be ad ustu ra

o Bagaury s not ab, o does sh wis, to prnt hratial rsurrecio beig an xam to t Orinr o t urkish mioritis. But sh is carefu to aoid nuncig tem in tis matter . n no countrynithr in rabia, a, Bugaria, Grec, nor th Soipubiccan irrdentism b said to b couragd b

Tuy, who is cocerned soe, with nationaism inr own coutr Besides, a bg imgraion momnis aig Turks back to their moter cout.

n hort, ure, b meas of a rudet and adoforign poicy, can pursu in set te consoidtio of hroutry. Th gr of acquisition wich was t cau ofh astr uestion wi no oger preai against r.

n nding tis account of t foreig poicy ofury, is ssntia to ca to mind tat ts State, wic hascntribut in a arg masur to te cratio of t aan Entnt," ad o wic t is now th oardn uportr, is directig th ogazation and ion f th astern popes by its signatur to th astrn Pa. " ury, t mora and gograpical

lin btwn t Bakan ad siatic tnts," ithir ra ctre of grait

On no at te " Baan Eee ope aa Goaa and Tuey Te eent a Enene inue Ian Ia,faan and Tuey Bugaa, Sa d ypt wil pobab oo a jo oaato



A X K . .- " � F C ' " 4·: >; •' · . -�



HE NSUE OF HE EvoLUO

H ersty has to accoish urey uch ore iorta as th i ay oher cou

t devoves e eed of formig the itelecuai wic, ibued with Turs reotioary ideologyl sure te futur of he Reubic o hversity ha he coete success of th io rrizaio deeds suorts roags holutioar siri t coutry sr y hrcies of te Peoes Reubica Party for teectua yout wc, iregated wit te eals doctries, w sread is iuece l oais ioal activity Tus the circe of he discls efeders of the Reubic i graduay exad orer for th regi o be soiy estbished usly leadrs isired wih is fuaeal ricls us cou he Professor charge th he for f geeratio, o th Ocer wh fes curt o he Docor ad Advocat ho roag oogy, o the gieer ace at the head of so erse ay, o each of its fuctiores Agil h ital forces f h coutry ei oblize h otca ocia ecooic reorgazi

3



54 R K

idebe tht ech eber o the herrch workwih the our d ethum o iet, cociou o the iee imoce o h roe . Fo tht,the ukh iteectu ut be cuite wth the

oiic, oci, d ecoomc ho o the ewTurke d wih the Keit doctre . urkih Hitor, roe o ced, houd the y imott oe i hher educo. t i to be i thtthi tio Hto, eve t ti d e ukowr e, i ru be ed o the obcurti wch eveoed it, thk to the bou o the

Tk hi etkk Cemeti " Societ or the tudo Tukh to . ukh Htor i bo d tke it ce i Uve tor, ot witout verthrowi the od d e cocetio o eteritoi.

The Tukih cdemic rit h ed oic t theoudtio, i the Uvete o Akr d tbu,

o the Ititute o the Revouo, which occuie xtree iortt oto i hher educto d h o equvet i other cou. Thi tituteS :

. A cee o tud d o leture wee oe cd he book, jour d docuet cocerig the evouio.

2 A ueu o the Revouto. A cee o rod, which oze ubicecture d coeece.

4 A bue o obervtio, chre with foowig thlutio f revoutor icie.



I N S T T U T E 0 F T E R E V 0 L U T 0 N 55

5 · Last, ad aboe a, it is this stitutio which has to icucate the reoutioar ideoog i theiteectua te of the atio The hae chose asProfesso four seciaists, e of kow oitical wort,

direct coaborators with Atark, wo hae aed aactie roe i the rt as for estabishig te eubicThese e of actio are te Masters, aig al therequisite qualties for fuig their high issio aided b teir ersoa restige, te are iig exaeto teir discies Te diide istructio i thefoowig aer

ece Peker, forer Secretar Geeral of the epubica Part, exais i his ectures the oiticadeeoet witi te regie Makig a comarisobetwee the urkish reoutioar ideoog ad that ofoter regimes, Fascis, terism, Marxs, tc ., heakes cear the comete origait of Kemaism Ae cear demostrates it is the o sstem suitabe to

the eeds o oder Turkeiket Baurt, deut ad forer Secretar to thePresidet of the eubc, treats of te foreig oicof Turk durig the ar of deedece osses-io of origia a uubished documets, e describesthe a itrigues, articuar those of Veizeos,wic tried to reet the forg of the Turksh State

Aasig te treaties of Sres ad ausae, ueis detais of te deret stages of the doaticdiscussios, wic eded i te ideedece of Turke

Mahut Esat Bakurt, forer ister of Justicend author of the Turkih udicial codes, a e orator



A T A T t K

with a ethusiastc temeamet, ectures o the costtutioa deveomet o te cout.

Yuu ama, ome te o Ecoomcs aFoeg Aas, sevea tme chaged with diomati

o, has bee o a og tme Poeo o Politicalcoom. his lectues he exoes te ecoomicevoutio of Tuke. B a caeu stud o the ukish ve ea a, he emazes its value ad ecesit forhe atoa deveomet.

A tose wokig at the Uvesit ad he igh Schoos to obta te dom i te higher baces

o stu ae obiged to udego a ea's couse at thttute o evouto ad as a wtte examatio.Each o the ou Pofesos ated b a oug ma,

of ot oe ta tt eas o age wo, uder thtite of Docet " (i cage o the coue , himef setsthe examiato questos ad has u reoibito coect the awes. t is ve iteetg to ot

that out as a motat at i ituctio ; thoug studet a oo as te get tei dioma aretuted wt mot imotat dtie te Uivest.h istucto of out b out suc s te t ut mee fom ts tud.



V

u BL D Toc-DG ou

TURKY is esei a ld suibe for growicros ad riig sock Ai ior s bee

eseemed for is sice vey cie imes. Te icilcros are wet, bare d ize te come re d oats , i ver sm uiies, miet ad rice .eir cuivio is acive pusued i view of teecoomic a to mke Tuke, b degrees, seuor-i. As Turke is uie ideedet om e oiiclpoit of view, so se mus become i e ecoomisese se mut o loger eed o foeig urces,ad ece mst roduce suciet or er own eeds.is pa s ared give precibe resus . Beforete Word r e cour impored 8o oud os ofweat ad 70 oud tos of our per aum.ow, i 935, Turke s o eed of oreig imos ofweat o e cor, ideed, e exos more housad tos a er. Te regios roud Ada,rzeroum, Koia ad Sivas are e mot fvourbe foris cro.

e producio of oer cerels icreses raid te amout of bale gow, i pricuar, is double



A A

ever ea. Lastl o oor soi, beas, eas, letils and otatoes are cue.

Te vie ove ad aricot trees which exist igreat quatities on Aatoia soil, ourish roserous

idusies.I is i Wester Aatolia i the eios of zmir,Maesia ad Brusa ta the so ad cimate are articua vourabe to the roductio o raes . must o foret tat Aia ior is te oriia homef the vie. e ds here the famous Sutaas,"succuet aes wiout of whic o% are used for

te maki o arak ad dried raisis . A reat quattof e at two roducs ae set o Ea, Germa,oad ad Ita. Te viae o Sma is the bscetre or te cuivatio o s . ere a hu foresof trees exteds o wc ow ueds o mionsof s wc ae e o dr o te braces. he theare trasored to seia esabismets where e ar

xosed to te su . Afer a careu radi ad ackig,caried ou uder strct heic coditios te arread or cosumtio. Te eater art is exoredA the river baks o Turke are aed with oivrees te ut o wich is almost eel used for thmauacture o ol, arel cosumed i the coutrWe out to metio aso the haze ad itachio us

te rst row i reat umbers o the tora of the BlacSea i e reo wc tretces om rdu to Trebizod. Te us are sold abroad ieste is hericia urcaser te coms ambur aseles,Lodon ad ew Yor. Pistacio uts are grown in



URKE AN ARABLE AN OCKBREENG COUNR

te ooie regio o te oier o Sria Teequre_o i cro abou 5 touad to are exored to merica Face Eg ad Geece e mu otlo orge a uke oduce meo a rave

a o bee aoie a e icredibe quait o isuit ? e ae ee evewere ad eae everwere eve da i dicarge cargoe o e o te qua ofte Gode or ad Kaiy ierat edlr,carrig eav loa o em o eir back or odoke w i a e ow ad vige o Turkey

ube ee or e oducio o ik worm go

i Ture ad quaiie o coo obacco oiuoie ad iquoice are cuived Fore o ulbery ee grow i e iic o Brua e greatcee o Tuki ik iur Sma ad daaare e cie cere o coo cuure it Sma ti i udeake b ma roieor aAdaa ee are age eabime o e America

t ere coo i roduced o a ieive cale urke oud becoe oe o e grea word oducerso coo ; acier ad ded roior are awaeo he we wic wi accue o oi b deveo-ig ti cro oducio i coiua o teicreae I te regio o Adaa aoe ere are about miio acre devoed o it Poducio ma reac

15 be a ear A ree i i o 15ba but oe mu reember a i 9 7 i wa oy bae Sabii o rice i aued b a eraet udeaig bewee e coo boue atAda ad oe i Lieroo exadia, ad Bomba



A T A T R K

sed, platg, cutu ad adig of t crp srigoou cotoed b tict reguatios. Tus seecio o t bet gade o cotto ca b madstabliig t sueioit o Tuki cotto i t

word. Most of it is xpoted to Egad ad tayotto is ao oud o te fotie o E. Aia io t wo oti, about 15oo bae i set to ussia.

Tuki tobacco i eowed trougout t wori is due to it exceet uait, obtaied by careulprpaatio i t seecto o eed, ad coic of tmot uitabe goud Te cutu ad gateig of th

crop is caried out uder te diectio o te tobaccooopo wo execi cae coto SamsuSmra, Tebizod ad ua a te pricipa cetrsof poducio. t i i te egio oSamsu ad Smrtat te bet uai i gow, wi tat o usa pro-duce te geatet uatit, twet to twetv tos ear. Ameica ea t it o cosumer, t com

ta, ema, oad Scadiavia d g way at, Fac. te mo o ay te owers bloo i t vas

eds o poppies wic exted to te evios of zmirMaatia, Amaia, Aoum ad Kaaar, te amosopium ack ate wos citade, perced o to of bae rock about 4oo eet ig, domiates wit ts

somb mas a immee euptiv tract. or to,oo peaats ae devoted to t cutivatio of tpopp, wic poie, eac ear, about 400 tos ofopium. tabu ad zir t picip maktsfor t poduct p ti ect te t a



RY RBL D STOCKBRG COTRY

race, Gema ad Ead ve bee e cauers o s acoc. u e aes decos o eLeaue o os o is subjec ave u ou omo Euoea o . o e u mooo o

narcocs is see ew oud or e do o esocks o oum accumued e de o Izmirad sabul ; i oos muc a e e w reaceuoe as a buer o s roduc.

Fa, ure aves abou o,ooo os olquoce roos uzd mc, coecoe a e earao o ree ds e geaer

pa is se ade o exoao o Euoe.To sum u, u agcuue s o e wa oecomig ver roserous. Soo, o o wl iuce o eed e cou, bu wl ao ve rie oacve commerce wi oe coures . ow, roe o o vew o sock ra, uke is aso i aer avourabe oso ; e va aeaux o Aaoia

are admab adaed o .Turksh ve soc, wc sueed serious lossurig e War o Ideedece, s oruael o ewa o eig come ecoued. oeamas, oxe ad buoes, ubed 4,5oo,ooo i 92 5, i 1 95 s umbe was raed o ea 5,ooo,ooo.Focs o see ave ao ae icreaed, o

,ooo,ooo i 1 92 5 o 5oo,ooo 1 95 · Goas umeed ,2oo,ooo 1925, ad 4,oo,ooo 195 s ecessar o remar cu e goas

caled ara, wch ave o ai, oa, emoei he ele dusy early ,ooo os o moair



r btaied each year Egad absorbs equarters of tis, the rmair is xortd to thited Sats, Germay a Frac.

og te umerous brs of atoia see,

hose of Karamaia are fmos for te ss ofheir woo fom wich cars, coigs, ad kited bjects of grat au are ma Turkis wool iset riciay o te Uitd States, ad i uch mer quatitis, t Bugaria, Frace, tay agad

rse breedig, wich i the as wa a big sca,

has uc imiise i te last ty yars ; oy abou50o,oo are bred ow. ower, th ors is comig it faour agai ; measures are big take to imrohe strai ad icrease the umbers. he umber ofcaes is decig ad amout to about ,ooo. he oter had tere are as may as 1 ,2oo,ooo dokeyst is worth rearkig tha pigs hae bee itrduce

it Turkey.he stressig the imorta pace that agricuturis tag i urksh ecoomy oe must ot be iueced o uch by the sigt of the srab edars of aterwho, resse i rags, ifst the woe gth of riways he future of the urkish asat is assured today

he Goermet maks aube eorts to imroe i

ot his seech at te 4t Cogress of he ubicaParty o te Peope, hed at kara i Septeber, 195,Rece Pker said

The party has co o a decisio, to which hre atac gra orac, to dw



TRK RBLE TOCKBREG COUTR

eaa with lad. We ited o romote ecia lawfor t uoe. The Cotitutio ad othe aw wibe moied if ecea . uke, he citizewi oe hi ot, the culivator hi a." Aead

he reut obaie ae biiat i i a urke ofroperou farm ha wi be ee o a Stee irag."

Since March 1937, agicultual " Combnes ae bing crated. Thee eal vllage Co-opeatve Socetes fo te esans to gous for a moeatonal xpotat of te so Uncu tate as ae bogt fom terwnes a tute by ot to t paats o a ae wth t task oov t vale y mans of utaoe agcultual mlmets gveo ea ob



V

H DSTRLZTO OF R

E ow tat Turey is a rich agricultural country

We can now equre i se is aso an industriacoutry. We w rey Yes ! or, at east, tat se ison te wa to become so very rady. Turey pursuesi te idusta doma, as in a te otes, er pano natioa reovao o wch te st ce s Te weah o Tuey is or e Tursh eoe . "e te Govermet o te eubic assumed owery ourtee years ago, te idutria conditions werdsastrous. e oerece o Lausanne, i aboising te atuatos ad a number o gross ijustices, had devered te ew uey i geat part om er bondage to Euroe but se st remaied te vassa o tepoweru acers o several ester coutries.Euroea catast, wo ad aced ter yoe o tttoman Emre, were dsosed to contue teireteses commerce, baig, customs, nerawea, raways ad oter monopoes o ubicutt wee ter ads. Wat is more, Ture, auey agcutural coutry osessed no atonaidury ad was comeed to se its oducts o tsoi, at ow price to oregn couties an uy ro the

6



N T R A Z A T N T R K E Y 5

a god rices, teir anufactured articls asnecessar o do evertig to chang is deoraletate of ting if one wised Ture o gro sound anstrong and gain its indeedence t was indisena

o construct a large nuer of facorie wic coud or u te national raw aterials Tus Turwould ot ave to iort a te anufactured gooecessar for er needs and, oreover, b te rogressivdeveoen of er idustr se would e givng ulse to er agricuture.

Te ate Presiet of t Counci, se non,

ndertoo tis tas wit feveris activit he is trea isirer of Turis industr der is directione Trkis ve er a as conceived te State,puttig isef a te ead of te countr's ecooireorgazatio, d to costruct trougout te ad aneorous etwor of ftores aced and run underits irect cotro Te reaization of tis vst ro

grae of iustriaizatio cost near 550 iofacs it iced te textie, cotton, woo and estr te iig iustr, iro, seicoe, carbon,coer a sr ; te gass a orceai dustran, a, te istria cestr s. No,not a cetime s bee borrowe abroa Tetire Turs otio as ade eav sacris for

t te taxes are ver ig, iger tan in a otercoutr oias ad emoees ave gven u a trd f teir eolumets to te case s i not a n

But Turkey h ecentl been ganted age cedits, otabl in Engn1d Geman (Tn.)

E



66 A T A T U R K

ee ee e e webe e ee e weee w e e eee e ba w e ee e e be

o e eee ee eee ?ee e e e w e eee. ece e e e w w o e in1 93 7 e ee ee. A, e e e beg ee. A e e e e e

f bee ebe . uc e . e 6eebe 93 e e be w iae w o e e e e b e e w e w ean e e e , e o8o 33,000 e w

u e e5 c. bu 3,000 wen be ee ee w w beee 4,000 we e ee e wg ee. e bee f e e e e, b ebeg e we o a d a

o w e e w iin ad s e Kaei be ow e enSoe ee, a ce cbn beween ietu an e e iszon f eys beng ae caed ou by Soet egiee and



I N D U S T R I A Z A T I 0 N 0 F T R K E Y

s F i nin n ils b n n .

b jll a niero n inn e ves

u nn n : n we n e e ve o

nn w nn ev l ili bn b n lw wl n vn e r ? w be in n yov w el nv. eosv en ll lene n i bject v n n e cie icnn v b eie ev . ebh-n n bwn e n vy(le n in we e n o cin. e insiiiol e in ih . In i e e c n m-n le. evnes e Cunae n illn n. Yen llns . . In e s ee ve ene e ile o o we n e n in e ne will n e Cbne. In I 9 37 i ill be n ili . n ink mbioill e. e us ce eng o qua

te cnmin e cn

It i e, eni nin t embcall nie : lk, wi one ie veypoeus, b s no n ecline, ill be evv by



R

oundaion at Bua of an ian fc aaged by th Sae hn o e ebe o garatoies, is acle of die, g ag oiee u, i no ii eac f all Pe a, b

eed n ice e e fc a Sa oeed ll o aa i 50% f he ii, a ealsoug f e c : he c of a i e iso 6o !

al, Siva i beoig o of he icial ceesor een

But no cie o ouc fcie o a

ue efce I i ecea al, vere oee f eie fege e verby egee he ee e f e cai s hi hich e Se ha eae d i hoes ibe ie I bs o feig cces-sionai h he he of he aila i Aa Mran hace beg e Sae I acur-

ig he ecci, eee a ae e Do no fge e i eceece e ad oe ch ce a ecic ace he cil f e ee bece eso e f ee e wl cl o all iig eee

ue i c i iea ece hee icl

oal, g ce i le ecu aa oe e ee ece ich e fo beig eee wl oe ie a i-ng ind a ai f a lage eain sms the egi Eegogoula ll be ab o



I N D U S T R A L Z A T I O N O T R K E Y

l enog o e ol Meeanean Basnl, ee e n Anaola as man as ny po-eo egon, o oos o manganese, a une an as mn ome mnes. M o

al, enh, eman an elgin, s snk n usnes. owee, Cones a beng ogane w e el o e e, l buy upan elo mn o e mne.

, b mens o a n meol onompg, e ll son beoe as owe in as se s n agle, ble o valng

oe naons, an omleel neenen.



X

FNco-uRKSH EcoNOMIC LATON

OU eins i e e ci ee sning iies s e in ie

ene s sc e eenen eibite Bn P e status quo in i. Bt iseec cni ie s n ced ngibes in e ecnc see

e ecnges beween e cnies aeege b e ei e n eng geeen gne n n e 1 Jne 1937e ce s in ese negn e :

e ei ecnge beween e cniese nge in w s : b e censin na gene ceng geeen.

c in e ices i cnbe ie n ne wi be sbje ie cenin in e ce e nin . eeeless e ene w s ee tene ne e se ie be e egeceing ens . e cnenn gt193 wi j ee ie is en ainn beween ene ccng is ne.is ne nle n b nbe ceci en beween e nins

eene ses n cen es enc0



FRNCO-TURKSH CONOMC RLTONS 1

pef wll bee eeivel f e lf f eb e. e e e wll be ele i fee e p f 35 % w wll be le e pl

of e el f e Rebl.e e f e e i f wo e, wll be o-le ll f e e le i ene b e f e ig e wo osbefe i e ee.

ee ee e io e o e J, 3 . e i wll evve Fo e

Al e ble f e, w w fvo e befe 23 ele pl eie e g of e modu vivend. e sle Fe e eb lee we ll e f ie veeblea f ve le a e i o , w ve flle f b en

o e l a . Fe, weve, bei ae f e i ee i e eveof e eb b e ep. e Repbe e lbe e i e e I e f Ale vbee ee i fi a f e etof e Fe, e ble Fe

e w e el of e Rebl. fe l e ble l e ollo of .

I e eble te Fe ieseiblee e Rebli ve o eed to w ei goodwillld devor o lg



R

th cl transaons

by assrng or tm amum o deveopmen ih h maimum faciliest oud be vey regeable Fane e o desoyhough her on aul, e es and adiions

seveal cenuies business elains i ukeye oug no o ge ineed, a if Fance, uing he XVIh, XVII, XVIIIh an XIXh cenueshad ams a mnply f ade in he evan, i asue o uke I is quie ime ha Fance ecoveeher sepssession and fg e eible sock auseby he lss o he ivieges e mus decide o

ake p her task again not by ing o econsuha ich as bee dese bu b aapig esel to e ne ciins Keais ue es n aany oe pivieges, nefeece, ueage feignnuece bu se aces a a cabainic il assis e naial envain e vieeubic a ea ave g el a place f nur

n uke in e aid fuised b Eupe o e ug eubic ea iain, i e un, b a sudenhange in e iel ic, uesas i is i ernees o make veues o ue e negiaiono e ais Cnvenin ic assues o uke hegs n e aeeles, seas e esabise o iend nguk eains and pes e ay o

a peid f cpeain beee o cuiese visi of Edad VIII o ak in eebe6 has slemnly consecaed e esablisment o ese elaions he ne nglouk omeciaagreeent has arady given cllent resuls Geat



CURKS ECC RE 7

rtan is preparng t play ig role in urish conomy ; perhas ven, we ar soon goig o see iish, Gema and Rusian rivaly A missioompose of reresenaives of the ig ndusies ad

ace hs goe t Turkey t study th posbliesof collaboaion by the Brish in the execuion of theTuksh il lan

O he oher ad, Mr Sommerville, Pesident o the Bsh eegaion to the neraional Paiamntaryoeece, has made a long say at Ankaa, t sudyee he cosuc o ues o vlas wh gden

in he e owns of Tukey, by an Englh ancialgou I is also ia o noe that he ouneyof e evious Tukh Pesidet of he Coul oE, f the coronaion of Geoge V, s lke-we ee o cosolde loTuk fiely elaions

ew il Face conue o ren sulleypa ? Te owig able shows cealy how ranco

Tukh e is dshg 923 -93 6 (i hud f Lq.)Tear Impot Expo Dence 1 9 2 3 3 , 2 2 9 0,504 2 ,725 0 .8 .n92 ,302 8,76 + 44 0

26,95 1 6

9 2 5 24,040 2 ,9 o926 32,09 2 2 , 645 9 >452 2 9

9 2 2 9 , 7 3 6,9 4,242 2 2 · 928 2, 69 8,452 0 , 7 7 8 > 929 26,690 9 , 8 7,72 ' s

g " 930 5,49 ,45 2,58 3 9 3 2 , 7 8 2 , 5 6 6 3 2 9 ·8 93 2 7 , 90 ,820 630 8 [93 3 4,903 6 2 ,279 69 93 6,440 2 809 3,63 5 2 �93 5 4, 1 84 3,040 44 9 �

;·1936 2335 828 493 9/ :



X

ONCLSON

WE ae aeed o oay in s odes oat e Keass ae aceed oo bey

as ! tee s aea o a cosdeable n no ay aeced by esen ej dcese ae sot o udesand and sy e eal eelis cces ad asas c ae ores e ks In e cose o ees inTkey e ae essed e laeable dele ofFe ee ad e ae o adsable o callaen o oce aan ! e ae e o eaaeas as sbe e ase noos c ae cetin e a acaly in Fance abo Tkh Rebc I l be or bes eee l ale aen s ad o eaks e e byee a s a ts ow ak l be coee eed : e ae aeld o teleel o e ost seos and cied cony inte od"

4



XI

STORAL RONOLOGY O RKY O TARK

19h y, 199u Kel Su.23]uy, 199e ohe Eeou Coess4h eebe, 1 9 9 e o e S Coe.7h ebe, 1 9 9 Fou o e oey o

he o he o o oua." eebe, 199u K a 6h h, 1920ay ouao o Ibul

y e .3 , 1920Iuuo of e G

Nol eb 2h , 190 Kel eee ee

o e G ol eby9 Ju, 9 2 F bl o Ioou 9 1 oo o he Sue.8 Feby, 92 1 .e ow o yb ee

he e o yb. 6h , 1 92 Coluo o h ey of

oow bwee uey u3o , 92 .Seo be o Io u, 92 u Kel lee h

Sue o1 h ompri ony th rnpal v

75



A T A T 0 R K

3d ugu, ommencemen of e geaale of Sakaya.

9 Seemer, 2.Te Gad Naionaemly eow he ile of Gai (vicoiou) on

uaa Kemal and e gade of Maal. 3h Ocoe, 2 .Cocluion of he Teay o a ewen urkey, Amenia, Aeraijan an Georgia.

oh Ocoer, 2 .The FancoTuk Ageeme nkaa.

3 uly 2 .reaion of he Triunal ondeedenc.

26 ugu, 22.Gand Oenive on he yonon.30 Augu, 922.Bale of oumlouia. Seeme 922.Te Gai iue h hioic

oder o i amy Amie, you goal i heedieaea, Fowad !

9h Seeme, 922.Tuih amy ee Syna.

h Ocoe, 922.ice o Mia. Noveme, 922.olion o e Slaae. h Augu, 92 3 .eay of aue.4h uly, 2 3 .Fouio of e eole' y.h Augu, 23.}eeig of e 2d Gad

ely.2d Ocoe, 23.aul feed fom e llie

occaion.6 Ocoe, 2 3 .Tiumpan eny of e ukih rmy io Iaul.

3 Ocoe, 3.Ankaa made he Cail ofe kih Sae.



H I S T R I C A L C H R N L G 77

9h Ocober, 9Prclaaon of th Reublia Mua Keal lcted Pedent f th Reubli

h Ocober, 1 9 reaio of the ounl o Mnes, of wich h Pren takes th na of"

Fr Me1 Mach, 19h Sa cences th cucon rlw

n Mch, 19Abolon ofhe halfed Mch, 1 9 Aboion f the res

Meb of he Dna a xaaedoh Al, 1 9Eaborain f h as th

rganc aueh Augu, 9ndng f th orciaank (Ich Bankai

oveber, 9The Peole' Par ake hnae of e epubca Par of e Peole

h Augu, 95Adopon of h Europeaa

h oveber, 1 5 nauguraion of h Facult aw o ka 3o oveber 95 long of the Tekke, urbes

an Coven eebe, 95Aopon ofhe nenaonl

te cena 7h Februa, 9Adopon of h Tukh v

Coe13h Mrch, 9Adoion f th Turkh PenCoe

8h Ma, 19La for th ncourageent ndur



A T T R

28h Je, 1 92 . f he Th Cmml Ce.

3 be, 1 92 Ee f e e e h f e bl)

be, 1927.e Ce f e eles1h2oh be, 1927e l seeh f

he 28 oe, 1927Fs cess f he ele n

Te1 vembe, 1927eod d i

emb. J, 928.Phse f he lw

2h , 1928.i f he iees

3d Oobe, 92 . o of he nces

2 3 Mh, 1 9 1 .imy educi blof Th che1 l, 1 93 1 f he me ssem1 , 1 93 1 Fin f e ey of

h l es"1 oh My, 91 .id oess of he Peles

Py.

9h Feuay 9 2 .eg f he Pele sHoe"2Jly, 19Foudg ofhe Sociey fTush

Lus dyh Seemer .Gran Lgusc Cfeece



H S T R A L H R N L G Y 79

2 1933Selee of he esio offoe bs

1 s s 1 93 3 The foe flo " msb el b e Uiesi of Tke"

1934 s Kel foi e oltio of lw o e Tks o k fl' � ses h f k " fhe f he sa he o " f K e fes

20 obe 193Cess ies ol olionof Tk s 6 88 6

2oh Jl 1 936 i f e ew Sis Con

veio " oex whi ies Tke fll owesi e elles d e Bosos26h J 1 93 FcoTk eee sied

a ee coei he ss f h Feb 193The oes oitos

of e ic Se" iooi he sipiiles of e eoles

29 193he Col of e ee oNios ies he FcoTk eee wich reoies he ieeece of he Sjk ofexe ow foi he Se of

12h Je 193Ak peses ll hs coeses o he io

ataturk - true nature of modern turkey

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