atoms and elements. structure of an atom charges electron – negative proton – positive neutron -...
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Structure of an Atom
Charges•Electron – negative•Proton – positive•Neutron - neutral
Location in Atom•Electrons – in orbits•Protons & Neutrons – in nucleus
Orbits
Nucleus
Elements
• Pure chemical substances made up of one type of atom
• Building blocks of matter
• Over 115 elements known - and more being discovered
Elements – Symbol / Name
Symbol: one or two letter abbreviation
Examples: Latin
C Carbon Au Gold-aurum
O Oxygen Lb Lead-plumbum
Mg Magnesium K Potassium-kalium
Br Bromine Na Sodium-natrium
Elements – Atomic Number
DEFINES the element
• ALL atoms of the same element have the same number of protons.
• All neutral atoms have no overall (net) charge, so … have the same number of electrons as protons
• BUT… they can have different numbers of neutrons These are called isotopes of carbon
Atoms are neutral… so have same # electrons (-) as protons (+)
Elements – Atomic Mass
• MASS NUMBER = mass of all particles in one atom (protons, neutrons and electrons)
• Measured in “atomic mass units” (amu)
Calculated from Mass Number
Elements – Mass Number• MASS NUMBER = mass of all particles in one
atom (protons, neutrons and electrons)• Mass of 1 proton = 1 amu
Mass of 1 neutron = 1 amuMass of 1 electron = really, really tiny!
• SO… mass number = # protons + # neutrons
Carbon - 12•6 protons x 1 amu/proton = 6 amu•6 neutrons x 1 amu/neutron = 6 amu•6 electrons x really tiny mass = 0 amu
TOTAL = 6 amu + 6 amu + 0 amu = 12 amu
Elements – Mass Number
Helium - 4
Atomic Number =
Mass Number =
Nitrogen - 14
Atomic Number =
Mass Number =
2 (protons)
4 amu (p + n)
7 (protons)
14 amu (p + n)
Isotopes• Different versions of the same element• Same number of protons and electrons• Different number of neutrons• SO…. Mass number (# protons + # neutrons)
is different• Identified by writing mass number after
element nameex: Carbon-12, Carbon-13
Isotopes… • Explain why the atomic mass for Lithium
(atomic number 3; with 3 protons) is 6.94 ! !
Lithium-6 - 3 protons, 3 neutrons - mass number = 6 - 7.5% of all lithium
Lithium-7 - 3 protons, 4 neutrons - mass number = 7 - 92.5 % of all lithium
NOTE: Mass number is used to name isotope
Isotopes and Atomic Mass
• Why the atomic mass for Lithium (atomic number 3; with 3 protons) = 6.94…
• Calculation: Weighted Average (info. only):– 7.5 % Lithium-6 at 6 amu– 92.5 % Lithium-7 at 7 amu
• (0.075 x 6 amu) + (0.925 x 7 amu) = (0.45 amu) + (6.48 amu) = 6.93 amu
Elements – Atomic Mass
• The atomic mass of an element is calculated by doing a weighted average of the mass numbers of all naturally existing isotopes.
• If you round the atomic mass of an element to the nearest whole number, you get the mass number of the most common isotope.
7.0
Elements – Symbol / Name
Atomic Mass• “Average” for all carbon• Calculated from mass
numbers of isotopes• On the periodic table
Mass Number• Calculated for each
individual isotope• Used to name the
isotope• Averaged together to
represent all carbonAll have same # protons
Same # protons, different # neutrons
Structure of an Atom
• Outside the nucleuselectron– Electron
• Atomic mass 0• Charge (-)
nucleus(containing protonsand neutrons)
Structure of an Atom
• Electrons are arranged in orbits– Orbit 1 holds
2 electrons– Orbit 2 holds
8 electrons– Orbit 3 holds
8 electrons…
Structure of an Atom
• Nucleus – the center of an atom contains…– Protons
• Atomic mass 1• Charge (+)
– Neutrons• Atomic mass 1• Charge none
Symbols
• Either 1 or 2 letters symbols– First letter Capital, second lower case– Some based on Latin nameExample LatinC Carbon Au Gold-aurumO Oxygen Lb Lead-plumbumMg Magnesium K Potassium-kaliumBr Bromine Na Sodium-
natrium
The Periodic Table
• Elements are arranged by size and chemical properties.
• Rows – Period
• Size
• Columns – Group
• Properties