PRESS SUMMIT

Highlights: November 17, 2005

Communications to promote the development BBC World Service Trust, an independent charity that uses

the media to promote development, and the BBC World

Service, began the meeting by asking the panelists and the

public to participate in the production of "Access for All" the

BBC radio broadcast on Friday 18 November. The theme of the meeting was the use of communications to promote the development and content generation from users. Representatives from public and private sectors and civil

society, an Egyptian government official, a representative of a

European telecommunications company and a professor of

South Africa. The BBC captured the interest of the audience when he demonstrated how to leverage the content generated by users

around the world will to carry out a collaborative project

called My Life. Through the project, young women in the Arab world have created visual narratives of their lives, they

moved to be presented to all participants. Through workshops in four Arab countries, many young people could

have their lives through records, pictures and paintings, and

while learning the basic concepts of broadcasting. The stories dealt with issues such as religion, tradition, education

and disability. The BBC introduced the world to these important and serious issues through programs on websites,

showing the lives and ambitions of women deprived of a very

genuine. In many countries, media arouse skepticism and

give the impression of distortion of reality. Being able to generate themselves the information presented, these women

have had a sense that they have a voice and the world listens

to them.

The official part of the summit During this session, several speakers reiterated their commitment to implement the terms and mechanisms of the

Geneva plan, and issues like the promotion and preservation

of cultural diversity, combating computer crime, the to

protect the right to information, respect for the liberation of

speech and the achievement of the Millennium Development

Goals in terms of ICT development, all in the general

framework of the efforts of countries to ensure their

integration into the information society. That was how the Prime Minister of Morocco, Driss Jettou,

said his country will promote the development of a veritable

industry of information and the liberalization of the media. The same approach has been adopted by China, which has

developed a strategy to promote information through

industrialization, and Bulgaria, which has liberalized the

telecommunications market. The Chancellor of the Government of Lithuania, Antanas Zenonas Kaminskas, stressed the need to protect the universal

right to information. This concern was shared by the

Secretary of State for Computerization of Belgium, Peter

Vanvelthoven, for whom "the advent of society information

will not be an excuse to censor and prevent access to

information. " On more than one occasion highlighted the issue of Internet governance. For example, the delegate of Singapore, Lee Boon

Yang said that such a task "is not the sole responsibility of

governments but also from public sector partners and private

", while the Minister of Information and Communication of

Korea, Jun-Hyong Roh said that" Internet governance should

be multilateral, transparent and democratic, and must

guarantee a fair distribution of resources. " The Minister of Communication of UAE, Sultan Al

Mansouri, referred to women's access to ICTs, and proceeded

to highlight the initiatives undertaken in your country to

facilitate this process. For the intestine of the Philippines, Virgilio L. Pena, ICT can be a key tool for job search and l for the computer trade. For its part, the Director General of UNESCO, Koichiro Matsuura, reaffirmed the commitment of his organization to

build a knowledge society, while the Secretary General of ITU,

Yoshio Utsumi, recalled that her organization works in the

interests of society information becomes a reality. On behalf of civil society, the president of the Centre Féminin pour la Promotion du Développement (CEFEPROD)

requested international agencies who care to integrate civil

society in the processes arising out of the Tunis Summit, and

the Secretary General of the International Federation of

Journalists called for firm commitments to include the media

in the information society and to ensure respect for

fundamental freedoms. The Vice President of Switzerland, Moritz Leuenberger,

called for preserving cultural identity. He referred to the "Anglo-Saxon linguistic" as a negative consequence of

globalization. He said that freedom of expression is not a tradable commodity and affirmed the right to speak the

mother tongue is a human right. In the same vein, the Assistant Secretary of Communications of Australia, Fay

Holthuyzen, and the delegate from New Zealand, Winston

Roberts, explained that their countries are making efforts to

digitize the intellectual property of Aboriginal and Maori

cultures, respectively, to counteract the "digital amnesia".

The Secretary of State of Austria, Franz Morak, said his

country was establishing "a special fund within the

framework of the WSIS to help update the content." The Minister of Communications of Colombia, Martha Hart

Pine said that Internet technology should not be used to

facilitate crime or abuse of human rights. Since his country was suffering the ravages of terrorism first hand, said "fully

support international efforts to secure electronic security." The Minister of Finance, Finance and Industry, Thierry

Breton, said his country had the resources to combat spam, or

spam, and was willing to share knowledge with other

countries. France supports the idea of the cancellation or exchange of debt for development projects for less developed

countries. The Jamaica Information Minister, Burchell Whiteman, and

the Secretary of the Ministry of Transport of the Marshall

Islands, Jorelik Tibon, noted the situation of small and remote

island. The Pacific Islands face the challenge of providing a "

digital opportunity "to its inhabitants. The best instrument

to finance the connectivity would be the Digital Solidarity

Fund. In the same vein, the Minister of Information and

Communication of Bhutan, Lyonpo Leki Dorji, requested

special assistance to mountainous states.

The ITU and the next-generation technology Will the day in which intelligent devices do serve as stewards

or secretaries? Can the car take us to our destination just say? "Science fiction is about to become reality," said Lara Srivastava, lead author of the report The Internet of Things,

published today. "As you are connecting, everyday objects form a network," explained Professor Nicholas Negroponte of

the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The report provides a technological revolution based on dynamic innovation in certain technological areas, namely

radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies that can

"sense" or "think" by sensors that detect environmental

change or physical, and Nanotechnology, which allows the

miniaturization of devices. The benefits of these advances for humanity can be enormous, but the ethical questions that are plated on the

privacy of individuals can prevent the adoption of technology. It will require significant mobilization of international efforts

to regulate these harmful effects within frameworks that have

into account the technical and ethical dimensions of the

revolution of the next generation Internet.

The information society from the perspective of companies Governments can encourage entrepreneurship in the ICT sector by supporting small and medium enterprises,

protecting intellectual property rights and providing citizens

with the basic skills to use technology. So the opinions can be summarized in a session organized by the Coordinating

Committee of Business Interlocutors Chamber of Commerce

(ICC), which analyzed various aspects of information society

from the point of view of businesses. Other topics stood out

were the good corporate governance and education and

training for, since, as noted by Lee Boon Yang, Minister for

Information and Communication, Singapore, after recent

corporate scandals, the administration of companies depends

on the integrity people who are in command and staff capacity

to respond to changes and not be left out of new processes and

modern.

InfoDev Forum: ICT in the lives of the poor In the first panel of infoDev forum on how to put the information society within reach of everyone considered the

degree of importance that ICT has on the lives of the poor.

The participants agreed that ICT itself relevant to the people

living below the poverty line, but only if they focus on their

specific needs. The technology alone will never be a priority

for the poor. "We must focus on needs and not problems,"

said Nyamai-Kisi of AfriAfya. The experiences of AfriAfya projects in Kenya, and Employed Women's Association

(SEWA) in India, are clear examples of how ICTs help fight

poverty, disease and illiteracy, giving communities access to

information and the means to go in search of better living

conditions and economic development. A serious obstacle that slows this process is the lack of qualified teachers. To overcome this, UNESCO has

undertaken a program to train "teaching assistants" from

community leaders and other interested persons. Once trained, these workers can make money providing operational

support to the program, creating incentives to encourage an

atmosphere of learning in their own villages. In terms of access, the case of postal service offices in Tunisia is an example of using existing infrastructure to provide

Internet access to large segments of the population. The services of interest to citizens, such as banking and electronic

remittances can facilitate financial transactions and rapidly

improve the economic conditions of the population.

Global standards for broadband Today, regulators and national authorities seek to ensure that all citizens have access to cheap broadband

communications. The technology and business models to achieve this objective. Its theme this year was the regulation of broadband. The 120

executives and members of the national standards bodies that

participated in the meeting recognized that wireless

broadband technologies can be very useful to help close the

digital divide and proposed to develop a set of guidelines on

best practices to be used to manage radio spectrum to

facilitate access to broadband. For more information see press release here .

UNESCO Round Table UNESCO organized a roundtable to discuss how to forge a future based on knowledge. Topics ranged from the importance of expanding access to information and knowledge

to developing ways to facilitate the creation and application of

knowledge for development purposes. The Director General of UNESCO, Koïchiro Matsuura,

outlined the four key principles of knowledge-based societies:

respect for human rights (especially freedom of expression),

universal access to information and knowledge, respect for

diversity cultural and linguistic capacity building through

access to quality education. The transition from an

information society towards a knowledge society is the central

theme of the report Towards Knowledge Societies ", prepared

by UNESCO and presented this month during the WSIS. During the discussion, participants agreed that mere access

to information does not automatically lead to a knowledge-

based society. There was a call for the adoption of mechanisms to safeguard and promote not only information

but also codified knowledge based on experience, local

practice and teachings. The importance of promoting local

content in several languages, and not to marginalize the

thousands of people worldwide who can not read or write. This is the only way to close the "digital divide" and the

"knowledge gap."

WSIS Round Table In the second panel of WSIS took stock of achievements and

challenges in relation to the goals and objectives of the Geneva

Action Plan. Participants stressed that the implementation of strategies and policies for ICT-liberalization and

privatization of public telecommunication operators,

combination of technologies used and partnerships, can not fit

a single model. Each country must develop strategies and solutions that take into account local characteristics and

resources available in each situation. However, some common strategies, such as multi-stakeholder partnerships,

South-South collaboration, e-government applications and the

use of telecenters to provide community access, have positive

results in many countries, no matter how development. Among specific cases, the Assistant Secretary of Communications of Mexico, Jorge Alvarez Roth, told the

measures taken in your country to encourage transparent

competition rules and at the same time promoting "social

insurance" in communities. To achieve mass propagation of ICT, was used directly to broadband and satellite to provide

coverage to 40% of underserved populations, including kiosks

connectivity and ICT community center. For its part, Moritz Leuenberger, Vice-President of

Switzerland, said that even in his country there was a digital

divide, marked by age, sex and social status. The representative added that rich countries CISCO Growing

numbers of people without basic skills to use technology,

"noted that some governments still" does not understand the

concept of ICT ", and therefore needed to further analyze the

correlation between ICT penetration and economic

development. Among other participants included heads of state and ministers of Argentina, Cuba, Jamaica, Lesotho, Pakistan, the

Republic of Guinea, Swaziland and Thailand as well as

representatives of international organizations (ITU, United

Nations, ECLAC and ESCWA), business (Cisco Systems and

Nokia) and civil society (Global Knowledge Partnership,

Association for Progressive Communications, Thailand

Association of the Blind and the Organisation Tunisienne des

Jeunes Medecins Sans Frontiers).

Initiative to help indigenous communities The International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the Observatory for Cultural and Audiovisual Communication

(OCCAM) and the Navajo Nation signed a memorandum of

understanding. Joe Shirley Jr., President of the Navajo Nation, said the first initiative to be undertaken will be a

collaboration agreement to create a global portal for

indigenous communities, whose purpose is to facilitate the

dialogue on values, traditions, history and languages, as well

as aspirations for the future of Internet.

Communications to promote the development BBC World Service Trust, an independent charity that uses the media to promote development, and

the BBC World Service, began the meeting by asking the panelists and the public to participate in the

production of "Access for All" the BBC radio broadcast on Friday 18 November. The theme of the meeting was the use of communications to promote the development and content

generation from users. Representatives from public and private sectors and civil society, an Egyptian government official, a representative of a European telecommunications company and a professor of

South Africa. The BBC captured the interest of the audience when he demonstrated how to leverage the content generated by users around the world will to carry out a collaborative project called My Life. Through the project, young women in the Arab world have created visual narratives of their lives, they moved to

be presented to all participants. Through workshops in four Arab countries, many young people could have their lives through records, pictures and paintings, and while learning the basic concepts of

broadcasting. The stories dealt with issues such as religion, tradition, education and disability. The BBC introduced the world to these important and serious issues through programs on websites,

showing the lives and ambitions of women deprived of a very genuine. In many countries, media arouse skepticism and give the impression of distortion of reality. Being able to generate themselves

the information presented, these women have had a sense that they have a voice and the world listens to

them.

WSF: Another communication is possible!

"... Employment, education, health, freedom, food, social security, social rights, economic rights are fundamental to ensure the dignity of the existence of all human beings," stated in the Forum.

The World Social Forum ended on January 21 in Mumbai, India, with a march and a mass rally in the large field of Azad Maidan, which combined music, speeches and an endorsement to the hope of another possible world where justice prevails. For the

Americas spoke the native Ecuadorian, Blanca Chancoso, who noted that "The WSF has become a real organization of the united nations because here are people who had no voice." He noted the challenge of further strengthening the process of

society civil in each country and region of the world, and stressed that the participation of women and men in the Forum has demonstrated the feasibility of a world without inequalities and yet diverse. He also noted that the FSM convened who are

developing proposals for alternatives to globalization which

includes the rights of individuals.

The manifestation of closing of the Forum was the largest in the history of Mumbai. Between cars and buses, and amidst an area of intense commercial activity, tens of thousands of participants celebrated before the astonished gaze of the neighbors at the coronation of the fourth World Social Forum. Colored flags, claims of all kinds and collective singing together in a single message to the greater cultural and ethnic diversity than ever before, that this time, despite the criticism and fears of "wasting", he paid special attention to communication and information as fundamental rights of peoples.

With its complexity and richness, contradictions, and symbology, the WSF was more than a mere folklore and Asia became a geographical reference point and global justice. The diversity of the Forum, despite the notable absence of American (for economic reasons, of course), could be felt in 13 languages shouted the Better World Possible: Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, Bengali, Malayalam, Korean, Bahasa Indonesian , Thai, Japanese ... English, French and Spanish. Such a title which Wired magazine: " In the Social Forum, thirteen languages are spoken with one voice "

The organization played an important role in terms of translations, was the international network of volunteer interpreters Babels , which uses a Linux open source software start-ups. To run the software you need a computer term capacity, thereby reduce the high costs of translation associated with special high-speed computers, consoles and mixing equipment. "This is the first time we used a free software so innovative in that scale," said Sophie Gosselin, a member of Nomad , the organization that created the translation software . "And all the speeches and translations go through our computers, we archive all. This means that we publish on the site of the FSM to be shared by all who could not attend, which will be the forum for hundreds of thousands of people. "

The need for a movement for the right to communication was expresda to live voices of thousands of people. In this regard, some challenges of the event were making a map of the communication rights and the strengthening of the media produced by civil society organizations and social movements. The need to build a movement for the Right to Communicate, following the example of what was the environmental movement 20 years ago, was one of the findings fully agreed at the Forum. "Diversity in the communication must be defended like biodiversity," noted Steve Buckley, president of AMARC, World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters.

Another communication is possible!

Much of civil society gathered at the World Social Forum 2004 took the airwaves with the message "Another communication is possible!" Community radio journalists from around the world collaborated on a joint effort coordinated by transmitting a broadcast from AMARC WSF headquarters.

The broadcast team included producers and journalists from Radio Lora (Switzerland), Radio Tierra (Chile), Simbani Africa News

Service, AmmanNet (Jordan), Sri Lankan Associatonion of Community Broadcasters, Mass Line Media (Bangladesh), Sheffield Live! (RU ), Community Broadcasting Association of

Australia, Radio Sagarmatha and Radio Lumbini (Nepal) and Voices (India).

In addition to the five days of transmission, the World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters, AMARC, and other social organizations held a conference stressed the importance of media and civil society initiatives in information and communication alternatives .

The FSM adopted the theme "Media, culture and knowledge" as one of the central themes that focused on different conferences, workshops and participatory cultural events. Who spoke on the topic was the journalist and member of ATTAC , Bernard Cassen: "The reality of things is that we should not have the means to disseminate such information. Each one of us is a means, says the meetings, discussions, clubs, seminars and dinners to friends become media. The information is disseminated on the Internet today much better, and if the mainstream media do not cover an event that by definition must be addressed, but it must be said that not giving extraordinary weight. "

Cassen's position is extremely interesting and even massively impractical. The journalist argues that journalism should not require that we report, for commercial operations, politically and economically, according to private interests. Learn from this point of view, beginning to be understood as a more elaborate and collaborative activity, less passive, spontaneous, and more difficult but more guarantees. (Would not the new technologies essential tools to ensure access to information? Should we not launch right away, "as proposed by Ignacio Ramonet, a formidable technological Marshall Plan?)

Access to information and communication facilities should be secured like any other fundamental rights. But it happens. This is so clearly

today. The technological gap limits (and sometimes prevent) more than the instant transmission of a message. Limits the right to information, ergo, limits the ability of thought, expression and decision of the people. It also limits opportunities for education and preventive tools that have to do with health. The gap limits the cultural and political development of societies. The gap limits us as peoples.

Related Links www.wsfindia.org www.attac.info www.india.indymedia.org World Social Forum in Argentina

• Author: Pablo Mancini |

• 22/01/2004 |

• 1 comments

1 Comment

1. Francisco Hernandez Gomez. March 6, 2004 6:50

We can not say that the information society is equivalent to the knowledge society, as the S. Knowledge is a state higher than the S. information, that is, is to spend the amount of data and information quality and choice. In the final box plasmo the most significant differences. In short and in accordance with the above I can make a ranking of the three terms used: DATA ---> INFORMATION -> KNOWLEDGE. Where each level is built on the former, and on this basis a number of authors (Ackoff and Emery) who believe that after the knowledge society will come wisdom is the ability to apply knowledge to important facts of human life and not the possession of great knowledge. Then it seems that we are facing or will face another paradigm, the ability to apply the ability to recode the living material (Drucker, Castells and Ackoff - Information, knowledge and wisdom .)

ACIMED

Print ISSN 1024-9435

ACIMED v.13 n.3 Ciudad de La Habana Mayo-jun. 2005

Librarians on the Information Society

Ms. Claudia Silvera Iturrioz 1

Summary

It describes the changes brought about by new information technologies in the field of libraries, as well as new features adopted by the specialists to adapt to the information society. The importance of lifelong learning and information literacy to ensure that users become active receivers of the new media. It addresses the introduction of standards for the acquisition of information literacy and the need for the creation of national information policy consideration to achieve better opportunities in the equitable development of citizens. Keywords: Information Society, users of information, media, information services, librarians, user training.

Librarians in the Information Society

Abstract

The changes file info generated by new technologies in the field of libraries, as well as, the new Functions ADOPTED by the Specialists to Adapt Themselves to the information society, are described. The Significance of permanent education and literacy of the informational campaign to transform Into active users of the new media receivers is stressed. The introduction of Norms for the acquisition of an informational literacy, as well as the Need for the creation of National Information Policies to Achieve Better Opportunities in the Development of Citizens equitable, are dealt with.

Key words: Information Society, information users, communication media, information services, librarians, user's training.

Copyright: © IMTS. Contribution of open access, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0, which provides access, reproduce, distribute, and use the results of work in practice, and all its derivatives, without licensed commercial purposes identical, subject to properly cite the author or authors and their original source.

Citation (Vancouver): Iturrioz C. Silvera The librarians in the information society. Acimed 2005, 13 (). Available at:

http://bvs.sld.cu/revistas/aci/vol13_3_05/aci06305.htm Accessed: day / month / year.

Throughout history, and nuanced, libraries have created their structures and objectives around the needs of users. At first, frequented by a limited core of people, for example, those using the Library Alexandria (305-282 BC), as a school and research center, or scholars and authorities who had access to the library of Pergamum (197-159 BC) Also, during the Middle Ages was limited access to the collections and in general , guarded by monks of various orders, its use was limited to a circle of educated individuals. This situation began to change because, among other factors, to the Protestant Reformation, which promoted access to libraries through its doctrine of free examination of the Bible. Also, the French Revolution had its origins in the nineteenth century, its "principles of popular sovereignty and national ownership of cultural property," proclaimed in the Declaration of the Rights of Man (1798), propelled the work of public libraries " 1 The objectives librarians and the various service models have gone through different stages, according to the times. The history of the library that presents Torres Vargas is very interesting. The chronology lists several models of services provided by libraries since its inception and outlines. In principle, the library was established under the model of accumulation which was conceived as a collection of books to keep for the sake of their users potential, subsequently appeared in the register-based library of information, whose primary mission was to control the acquis to organize it in a systematic manner; later, came the library with free access that allowed public use of the funds and so on until today . 1 An interesting theory is the possibility that the libraries arose due to the educational needs of the first teachers - Sumerian scribes. "The basic characteristics of the libraries Persian, Jewish and Babylonian, Sumerian in identity with the shows that it did not have libraries, nor have, as ultimate function or purpose, conservation and preservation of culture, but its dynamic update, training the human being, the ideal to which they aspired, and the librarian, before a mediator liability, subject to these libraries, was essentially active and was aware of its purpose community forming "2

Therefore, beyond its profile, libraries were developed and supplemented their objectives, through constant transformation to provide a service that met the expectations of its users.

Current Libraries

To set the current model libraries, you can use the term "hybrid library", a high profile in recent times. The hybrid library information services include those that feed on a variety of tools and traditional elements - mostly represented by the media of printed and card catalogs - and incorporating new technologies to meet their goals-computers, networks and integrated systems information, new formats, electronic publications, etc.. The hybrid library includes new information technologies, with features including a common feature in all their services, but this added value is not a simple sum. The technology is an integrating element that managed to cross and transform all areas of the acquis and the management of the library service. The common goal of library activity is to provide information to the user and the incorporation of technology has enabled greater integration of services and tools aimed at this objective. They have transcended the physical boundaries of their own information service to enable cooperation between institutions and networks. These changes forced by the environment, are reflected as new concerns among users and librarians. The forms of documents and supports technologies introduced by the questions raised when processing the information with the techniques used traditionally. That is why the cataloging rules are reviewed on an ongoing basis and processing the electronic formats and exchange of bibliographic information. The continuing emergence of new means and channels of information implies, at times, a reclassification and redefinition of the documents as its structure and characteristics. Broader definitions emerge and new categories of document datos.3 Moreover, some compare the emergence of electronic publishing revolution meant the other time the invention of imprenta.4 Anyway, none of these innovations can really replace the other, and in any case, new media are complementary and valuable, while reflecting a stage of development of the library, communicator and promoter of the information on society.

The current state of media convergence, both for access to information management is a major challenge for professionals responsible for the technical processing documental.5 is necessary to work with a growing body more hybrid, where information is on paper as traditional media (print media), and also in electronic or digital form (in non-print media). You can talk, sometimes, from a single source of information and content on various media. Growing demand for decisions to process collections and to integrate the new and old. We agree with Torres Vargas, stating that "digital information and paper represent two totally different areas. No supplies to the other. The hybrid library should not be regarded as a transitional phase but harmonization between these two media." 6 This harmonization can be achieved through education and orientation to the again gradually. As for the modern library collections, C Rusbridge a description of the media to be included in any library that can be defined as a hybrid, and clarifies that it "adds different technologies, different sources and reflects the present state is not completely digital, or fully printed, where available technologies are used to unite in a single library, the best of both worlds (the printed and digital) "7.8 According to the classification of the author, in a modern library to coexist in the following ways: "OPAC (On line Public Access Catalogue), COPAC (Curl On line Public Access Catalogue) and the Unified Catalog (Telnet / Web). Participation in consortiums allows an academic community use the library resources of other institutions, local and regional (...), a unified virtual regional catalog, in addition to the CD-ROM and floppy drives off line, CD-ROM network, the providing access to full text, electronic booking systems, remote data groups at universities, groups of local data, web-based libraries and institutions, local resource portals on the web, remote web portals , remote electronic journals, books, local or remote electronic, print journals, special collections, maps, slides, audio and video. " 8 This combination of resources and supports that today's libraries offer many actually turn them into "hybrid." With regard to users of information technology presents significant advantages for those able to adapt to technological changes and soon were able to get out of your domain. But also, there are users who do not achieve a rapid adaptation, either because no have the means to do so, or because they do not venture to use the new formats of

information, and means for management. As can be seen, there is a new type of technological-social relationship. There are new needs among users of libraries in the framework of the Information Society, which gradually transforms and brings to the restatement of its main services. However, before discussing what changes should be defined are the implications of being part of this new society.

The Information Society

The information society is a new form of social organization and productive around information technology and Redon comunicación.9 Rojas, defines this company as a web of social relations. "From a holistic approach is the set of social relationships in a social (institutional) highly dynamic, open, globalized, which support and carry through the information, that is equally dynamic, open, globalized, commodified addition technologised . Thus, individuals to exist, must be receivers, transmitters, consumer and creative elite of this type of information. "

10 There is talk of a society induced to adopt a new organization, characterized by the need for information as a basic element for operation in the new technological, social and productive. The environment of this new society, is, as noted, an advantage for Those who can embrace change and knowledge needed to adapt. But it means a major obstacle for those who can not so easily assimilated or access to new knowledge. Therefore, education of people is essential to achieve a fair and equitable integration into the new paradigm of society. The Information Society, as defined, suggests a commercial interest, or economic interventionism. In this sense, in direct reference to the influence of economic power in the libraries, Wals Magallán says that "while we can trace the existence of a thinking and library skills from the earliest urban societies of antiquity, these [Information Centre] have always been linked to political interventionism and the interests of pressure groups (economic, political, religious) each time most influential (...)." 11, "Today, the keen interest of the economic groups by pressure media and its control as a key factor for political propaganda and dissemination of specific social models, coincides with the diminishing role that states have the decisive power to subjugate their interests to supranational economic groups. " 11

It is undeniable that the information is a power that enables them to obtain various goals.

It is also true, that information can be handled by means of data or its failure to create in people a convenient interpretation for the purposes of the proposer. The quest for power and control over society is a component of the impact of globalized development of media and communication. Access to information is not something that just appeals as a legitimate right of individuals, today has become a constant struggle with the information market for open and fair access.

Faced with these facts and in consideration of the consumption of information is increasingly necessary in today's world is a clear need to develop criteria to differentiate between the information presented in different media with respect to its real content and utility. These reasons lead us to believe that education and information centers are key to guaranteeing the right to see and adequate information. On the other hand, does not help that libraries complement its services and transform their collections, according to new technologies, if these do not focus on the user as their primary objective. This user is the one librarians have always served. Today the user of the information is often lost or disoriented and, trained and new demands on the new information society. Thus, the librarian, in the information society, strives to be the user, because the fear of losing new and offers the user demanding new products and services, but this should have broad and constantly trained. Literate people in information and communication technologies, as well as intellectual and critical handling of information obtained through such technologies, is a fundamental need. It is very important to appeal to the user able to identify, from across the media, those sources of information more valuable and reliable for interest.

With regard to user attitudes and education against the media, it is noteworthy that "any proposal that passes articular spaces of communication and education must be based on the concept of an active receiver, which , according to Martinez of all is a "deconstructive / reconstructive of the meaning of the media, able to think critically about

them, but at the same time, entertain you and offer solutions to their problems." 12

Learning that enable the media, resulting in the experience of the "active subject" is an ideal of education in the beneficial use and critique of the media that should appeal to librarians. According to Pineda, the librarian in the information society, to achieve new technology and information literacy for the citizens, must "leverage technology and reduce the globalized world in some way, the gap between rich and informed informed poor, enable everyone to participate in the information society and creating a culture of individuals with ability to work with information, for personal and professional development. " 13

Need for information literacy

The proliferation of information technology, information sources and new possibilities for communication, it coexists with the growing need for information for making decisions and solving problems of daily life. Also, continuing education, as educational paradigm in the information society is a necessity manifest or latent in each individual. Every day, it is clearer constant change and the emergence of new demands for information needs. This need is so important that we are witnessing a new kind of illiteracy. Saragüeta a term used fairly representative: "neoanalfabetismo." 14 With him, refers to the gap that new information technology and communication have created between individuals familiar or alien to their implementation in society. The term is successful because it represents something new (neo), certainly, this class Illiteracy is new, involves more than knowing how to read and write properly, why UNESCO has worked for the past 20 years. But also, the notion of depth and distance that expresses, as it relates to the gap between the companies involved in the world and among its citizens. Moreover, at a time, there is talk of a new illiteracy, appeared with great force, since a few years, a specific términto to refer to literacy necessary to avoid economic and social gaps, which is capable of generating society information. This is "information literacy." Gradually, we will approach this concept but first we need to describe how this new literacy occurs in the current educational context and how it relates to the profession of the librarian.

Continuing Education

The increase of technological knowledge, communication and informational has generated a process of change around the education of people. Increased knowledge considered necessary for various activities has resulted in the need for lifelong learning. The media and formal levels so far used to transmit knowledge is not sufficient to meet the training needs, which involves knowing the world. Fontcuberta, warning about the new challenge at the level of education, twenty-first century, and specifically refers to the factors that determine "need for educational change to a new way of knowing, the demands of a society complex, in which social phenomena are increasingly interrelated and must accept contradiction and uncertainty as methods of access to knowledge, globalization, and the existence of a media culture that has occupied spaces, until recently, reserved for education system. The solution to these challenges is a crucial task for the future of our societies. " 12 Delacôte Goéry describes three great revolutions in progress that cause a significant change in education: the cognitive, interactivity and management of education systems. 15 Interactivity is linked to the changing relationship between transmitter / receiver, narrator / reader, teacher / student. In the words of the author, "is the user who builds the story teller will be no fully developed. The function of those who conceived the program is to provide the building blocks of stories." 15 On the cognitive revolution, "education must have a content, knowledge must be able to be used to solve problems, even new situations not explored and, finally, the individual must consciously and voluntarily control their own cognitive processes, their thoughts, how they learn, what happens in his memory and how it can strengthen its management to improve results. " 15 The revolution in the management of education systems, resulting in multiple crisis: crisis in the school curricula, crisis in teacher role, crisis in the language that establishes and uses school, technical resources crisis, crisis in values and socialization systems, crisis management and so forth. But beyond the problems of defining what is "known" can be identified

three key elements in the transformation of knowledge in society today: the need for further training and specialization in a specific field of knowledge-knowledge that in several areas, rapidly becomes obsolete, demand for training in new disciplines in the academic and professional, as well as objects of study establish an interdisciplinary perspective. The various professions increasingly require greater knowledge update for daily practice as well as the integration of their knowledge with other disciplines. These are the bases where justified and sits lifelong learning. The current concept of lifelong learning is related to "the continued development of the individual, their knowledge and their skills, their critical faculty, their attitudes and their ability to act, to enable us to develop a critical awareness of ourselves and encourage full participation in our work and in society. " 16 Almada share the view of Ascencio, who believes it is important to address the educational plans for a "teacher and educated society" for the next century. But still, we believe that it will not be achieved without expanding the supply of education quality, equity and with the support of new information technologies.

The change in libraries

The introduction of information technology has influenced the goals and direction of libraries. The right to know and the right of access to information are two key principles at the turn of the libraries. During the last years there has been some important changes in the library field, including:

• The emergence of new forms of reporting, as well as new ways of looking, to access it and process it.

• The emergence of new needs for decision making regarding the collections of libraries. It has established a new relationship with the librarian's information industry, publishers, librarians and information officers. Consortia have been created to defend the rights of libraries with suppliers of information and for an interlibrary loan cooperative activity or access to databases and documents.

• The establishment of better systems for exchanging documents at the regional and global levels.

• The beginning of the academic movement dirigdos to promote open access to electronic publications and free software.

• The emergence of new requirements for decision making in acquiring new technologies and information carriers. To this

are added the decisions and constant changes to be considered in the procurement of software and computer support.

• The rapid growth and constant flow of information and publications, as a result of the facilities offered by new technologies.

• The establishment of new challenges among information professionals, new features in their field of work, every day, more related to teaching and education support to users of information.

• Finally, the librarian, as a professional, now requires lifelong learning, often without having to do so, other resources and themselves as well as adaptability to your working environment. It is necessary to make quick decisions and participate actively in the process of changing work tools, for example, rules of cataloging or bibliographic formats, and the adoption of new standards.

These changes represent major challenges, difficult for those without sufficient resources to monitor the development of technology and the market, be they individuals or institutions. Those who need to know to approach today's society, must necessarily face training as a tool to achieve this. It is very important that people learn to identify and select information, and how to handle the technological tools to inform and educate permanently. The answer to these needs begins with an appropriate informational afabetización. For information literacy can be understood: "the ability to face new situations and questions about the basis of being well equipped [able] ... to find and use information" 17 The current situation shows that both the user and the librarian himself require such training on an ongoing basis in order to deal effectively carry out their daily professional activities. "To develop good user training programs to help students learn and improve their skills in information, the library and information should properly prepare their teaching skills" 18 but it is also important to extend the scope of these training programs to all users of libraries and information centers, ie not only to libraries outside the field of education. A few years ago, joined the continuing education activity, the intention to train librarians in certain teaching skills for their profession, in this

regard, there are several experiences in various European universities, 19 have desarrolladodiversos teacher training centers for librarians For example, in France, the Unité Régionale de Formation et de Promotion pour l'Information Scientifique et Technique (URFIST) founded Unité Régionale de Formation et de Promotion pour l'Information Scientifique et Technique, United States, the American Libraries Association ( ALA),) established in 1997, the Institute for Information Literacy. The incorporation of the training and education of users, the librarian uses the services of user education and have established a number of priorities for their own information centers to incorporate into its goals, new ideas for training of users, from the use of various methods of education information.

Education in the context of libraries

The library is a link to knowledge and education in society, hence it:

• It acts as an intermediary between information and user, acquires, conserves, processes and provides information, ie easy access to information for its transformation into knowledge.

• It provides users, through its information services and consultation, the possibility of finding the necessary information directly.

• Develop training courses and training of users, which represent a real form of education in the library environment and approach that allow the user to the library and its collection.

• Taught in different ways, the concept and importance of information, techniques and procedures for information.

In this way, it guides the user to easily unfold in any institution for information. User education, a common and necessary activity in every library, has changed gradually expanded its methods and contents. The traditional training of the user in finding information and management of library resources is not sufficient for it to get the information you need. The reality today is required to possess certain skills and knowledge to gain the large volume of information available, regardless of medium or format. This brings us back to the need for information literacy.

And precisely one of the edges of an information literacy is the mastery of the processes necessary for the user of a library get access to information, analyze it and understand its characteristics, good content and presentation, in order to obtain and manage knowledge of interest. "Information literacy is a global goal that involves and engages both the educational system at all levels and the institutions required documentation. The documentary, as providers and organizers of information for their use should facilitate understanding of the methodologies that allow documentary the best use, teach and simplify information retrieval systems based on needs and characteristics of the process of acquisition of knowledge of users. " 18

Interdisciplinary involvement

Another possible educational intervention of the librarian is their participation in interdisciplinary teams to support teaching, especially at university level. According to Bruce, 17 the concept of information literacy is a process of searching and finding the right information, which will depend, to be effective, and can actually solve a problem or assist in making decisions, the experience of those who seek information. In this sense, the librarian, used to process information and the information, sometimes specializing in the processing of an area of knowledge or type of library, is identified as a suitable agent to make finding relevant information efficiently and qualified because it is a great connoisseur of the means for these purposes. Moreover, the librarian is the ideal professional knowledge on policy and methodology for the presentation of academic papers, whatever its nature, on the most important sources for the preparation of lists of references and so on. For this reason, training and experience of the librarian is often claimed for the execution of tasks in interdisciplinary teaching and support continuing education for different groups of information users. As for the teaching profession in general, technologies have changed the variety of teaching methods and incorporated new ways of knowing and updated, and today are common virtual conferences, teleconferences, virtual courses, educational forums, discussion lists , online educational videos, interactive web pages, tutorials, etc.. Have also changed the media, in a way that information can be

presented in print, on CD, DVD, electronic formats such as html, xml, pdf, tif, among others. To assist in this new context, librarians must be trained and constantly solid.

Changes in reference service

The referral service libraries is their main means for the direct satisfaction of the questions of its users. Basically, it deals with informing the user, through answers to specific questions or frequent or indication of appropriate sources to meet their needs or to evacuate their doubts. In addition, is responsible for conducting personal interviews to agree and determine the requirements for the literature searches requested by users. The information society has significantly influenced reference services mainly from the emergence and proliferation of data sources and the need for new and varied skills for handling emerging tools for searching information, as much has happened to the kinds of questions that are received in such services. Each time, the queries become more complex and diverse, and to answer is necessary to master the new context of information available, their types, structures, organiazicón, characteristics, forms of access, etc.. "As the librarians have to stay in an attitude of continuous learning to keep abreast of new trends and sources, should rethink how to do their work and how to provide their services. Traditionally, librarians have offered reference services and information in some way, and has been expected that users adhere to these terms. Now, however, librarians must begin to understand the desires and changing needs of their users in relation to the acquisition of knowledge and use of information. " 20 The library reference services are changing, for example: 20

• The help desks have become part of reference services. • Users need training for access, organization and use of

information so that information literacy is incorporated into the activity of reference services.

• The remote users need help, so electronic communication, including videoconferencing, integrates the work of reference.

• Users need to be assisted at the site where they are, so that the reference assistants often "run" to the library to meet these needs or access to professors' offices to provide necessary services. "

To complement this perception of a traditional reference service, the following classic questions or queries from users, can illustrate to the reader:

• How I can find books or magazines that have a library?

• How I can find information I need?

• What is a database, how it works?

• What are keywords?, What are they?, How do I look?

• Where I can find what you need?

• Who can advise me on this issue?

• What is a literature search?, • What are the works of reference?

• What are the references?, • Why, how and who makes the rules of the library?

However, in the present context, these questions have changed and could be:

• What is Internet?

• What is HTML or WWW?

• What is a link?

• What Internet addresses I can find the information you need?

• What are FAQs?

• What is a search engine, how it works?

• How I can find this item?

• How I can find images?

• What are the magazines / e-books?

• What is a PDF file?

• What is an online database?

• How does a software translation and how reliable is it?

• Why I can not access this information, which is a password?

• Do I pay for the information available on the Internet?

• Did this information is reliable, how I can be sure of that?

• If not get the information I need online, where else I can find?

• What is an e-book, where I can find?

• How do I access electronic journals?

• "I can save this information, how should I do?

• How should I cite in the bibliography of electronic resources?

The answer to these questions and many more common in current reference services, they require new knowledge about the details of a new level of learning. It is important to clarify that the new paradigm, involves being able to lead us to answer queries, when there is so much technology and facilities as when they are lacking. The information society is present for all, regardless of the fact that we touch. To enable all users to achieve human right to obtain information to their social life and personal development, 21 must be leveled knowledge, from an education in information, according to the possibilities of each situation.

Future prospects

Constant and necessary changes occur. In some countries, are matter resolved those issues that are beginning to emerge in the form of questions in others, such as the discussion on new possibilities for the technical processing of the information they provide bibliographic formats, as well as the construction of large information networks to support new information technologies. The library literature of the advanced countries, often refers to the importance of designing user-friendly interfaces, appropriate to the needs of the user in the electronic media, either with respect to graphic design, documentary, web pages, the network or online catalogs, always in accordance with the standards for the management of metadata, to facilitate access, search and information retrieval. The metadata is raised for some time in the library field as a challenging alternative to traditional cataloging standards. There are questions about which formats used for bibliographic records for the exchange and access to data in the electronic environment, MARC 21 , Dublin Core or other widely used today in many online catalogs and rapidly expanding. In this sense, Ortiz-Repiso, 22 calls to the library community to follow in the search objective and careful study of metadata standards and greater promise for the digital future. In addition, Gorman, 23 poses a very successful set of questions related to the concerns that provides storage of electronic information, the brief

duration of publications on the web, the relevant expertise of its contents, its conservation, etc.. These are complex issues to be resolved against the challenges of technology and information society. Technology, each day, allow a more adequate to satisfy the information needs. There is, in turn, a constant need to adapt to the changing workplace, technology investment and training librarian and she undoubtedly is the condition sine quanon to achieve real progress towards the future. In this sense, both from the perspective of the librarian and the user, information literacy is the medium that enables it to be an independent learner over a lifetime. And this does not mean that an information literate user will not need more of the services offered by librarians, because their theoretical and practical training, the permanent contact information, both for processing as search, experience in resolving Similar problems and needs, familiarity with the use of media information processing, knowledge of new sources and possibilities for searching, always provide benefits to librarians to act as a necessary intermediary between the user and the information you need . And finally, what can be achieved from libraries and other institutions of information and documentation, information literacy? As mentioned above, there are some leading countries in which, for some years, there have been some proposals to implement pedagogical education in the careers of library and documentation, this modality is increasingly spreading to other countries. To provide a practical overview of the subject, will show some of the alternatives: 18

• Educational programs and user orientation independently or combined with educational curricula.

• Oriented digital libraries offer tutorials and educational resources to learn to manage and search information.

• Digital libraries supporting teaching courses through the placement of educational materials on-line consultation.

• User training courses to satisfy their own needs for information, according to their characteristics.

Normalization

Part of information literacy skills are información.24 Refers to specific or measurable skills and work related information that an individual can

acquire. The powers are useful information to measure or diagnose the extent of a person's information literacy. Information literacy should be established based on certain common standards of what most consider bibiotecarios basic skills in information. It is very important to define certain common points in the criteria that determine the extent or the success of individuals in the acquisition of information literacy, this will ensure that everyone gets the same level in their training. The existence of standards for developing and assessing information skills in individuals is common in developed countries. In the words of Martial angle, "The information literacy standards calls generated by fellow librarians in the United States, England and Australia have had a strong impact at the national level, institutions of higher education in their countries and have been adopted and appropriate to different situations such as Canada, New Zealand, South Africa and some European countries. The graduates of educational institutions of these countries will, undoubtedly, an advantage over graduates of educational institutions in Latin America if we spend more time . 25 The author proposes a standard adapted to our regional reality and stresses that the lack of skills to identify information of value, we put at a disadvantage to the progress made by those countries who provide priority attention to developing information literacy standards. This makes us think and reminds us of the need for information policies in our countries. With respect to the search of solutions and common perspectives of educational work in the field of information literacy is important to emphasize research in Library and Information Science. The search for common solutions closely related to the adoption of information policies. The environment of the Information Society, to which reference has been made before, is an enabling environment to stimulate debate and research for the betterment or responding with consistency and fairness for the whole society on the new literacy required and information policy that points to it with clarity. There is talk, especially towards the establishment of common guidelines and regulations in order to support a firm stand against the current challenges of the informational field. In the words of Suaiden, "research in information science may be the thread that a disinformation and information society. A fairer, less elitist, where information becomes central to decision making and critical user training. "26 With regard to information policies, these are the ideal setting for implementation of

any literacy program. But to get them to consider the view from our professional perspective, it is essential to promoting a high level of awareness regarding the usefulness and value of information in the governmental, public and industrial. " 27

Conclusions

The information society, characterized by a strong technological, social and economic, has trasnformado to library services in an unprecedented way. People require new technological and informational assets to be recipients of information and communication media. Librarians have also been forced to adapt to new demands for knowledge and have expanded their functions to achieve better integration into the information society.'s New responsibilities include user training more intense and committed towards the development a critical mass of users. It also highlights the need to protect access to information and the right to objective knowledge. Information literacy is an appropriate measure to get people to actually reach the information they need. This is possible because it gives citizens the tools and resources necessary to seek answers to their concerns and allow the encounter with the information and the world around him. It also prepares the individual to draw their own conclusions, criticisms, or opinions from information, to make decisions as it considers are the most convenient, and thus facilitates their personal development. For information literacy possible in the environment of libraries and information institutions, it is necessary to promote training activities for different user communities, as well as continuing education of teachers and librarians dedicated to these tasks. The promotion and support they can receive from the national information policies, the creation and implementation is absolutely necessary in all countries, they are cornerstones for achieving learning and human development. Nothing can achieve the international development cooperation without the final decision of governments to implement policies for information on a schedule and committed to the welfare of its people and their country. In most countries of our region, these policies are a pending matter that can not refer only to training in the use of computadoras.28 But that does not mean that the players with information and education

is not aware of the importance of information literacy for citizens is through struggle and debate to establish information policies at the national level or the normalization or the creation of guidelines for work in the information institutions. The latter is a way to appeal to actual and potential actions to the awareness necessary to consider the real problems of development, equality and respect for human rights in our countries.

References

1. Torres Vargas GA. Library services and information in the context of the traditional library. Library Research 2001, 15 (31). Available at:

http://www.ejournal.unam.mx/iibiblio/vol15-31/IBI03106.pdf [Accessed: February 3, 2005]. [ Links ]

2. S. Sander The teaching function of the library and the librarian in the university academic context: a question of principle. American Journal of Librarianship 1991, 14 (2): 26-7. [ Links ]

3. García Pérez A. The management of electronic documents in response to new environmental conditions information. ACIMED 2001, 9 (3) :190-200. Available at:

http://www.bvs.sld.cu/revistas/aci/vol9_3_02/aci03301.pdf [Accessed: February 4, 2005]. [ Links ]

4. Tarragó Sánchez N, Rodríguez Acosta H. Electronic Publications: Experiences of an entity in the health sector. ACIMED 1998, 6 (2) :107-17. Available at:

http://www.bvs.sld.cu/revistas/aci/vol6_2_98/aci04298.pdf [Accessed: February 5, 2005]. [ Links ]

5. Perez Marinez A, Acosta Díaz H. Media convergence: an arena for information management. Acimed 2003, 11 (5) Available in:

http://www.bvs.sld.cu/revistas/aci/vol11_5_03/aci03503.htm

[Accessed: February 8, 2005] [ Links ]

6. Torres Vargas GA. The hybrid library: a step towards universal access to information? Library Research 1999, 13 (27). Available at:

http://www.ejournal.unam.mx/iibiblio/vol13-27/IBI02707.pdf [Accessed: February 8, 2005] [ Links ]

7. C. Rusbridge Towards the Hyb library. D-Lib Magazine 1998. Available at: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july98/rusbridge/07rusbridge.html [Accessed: February 10, 2005]. [ Links ] 8. Stuart Garcez E, Rados

Varvakis GJ. Hybrid Library: um novo à educação approach does not support a distância. Da informação Sciences 2002 31 (2), :44-51. Available at: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ci/v31n2/12907.pdf [Accessed: February 10, 2005]. [ Links ]

8. Stuart Garcez E, Rados Varvakis GJ. Hybrid Library: um novo approach does not support à educação a distância. Ciência da Informação 2002, 31 (2) :44-51. Available at:

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ci/v31n2/12907.pdf [Accessed: February 10, 2005].

9. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). The roads to an information society in Latin America and the Caribbean. Santiago de Chile: United Nations, 2003.

10. Huarte MA Rojas. An analysis of the concept of information society from a holistic approach. Information, Culture and Society 2001; (4): 16.

11. Wals Magallán JA (eds). Basic Treaty of librarianship. 4th. ed. Madrid: Complutence, 2002. p.24.

12. M. Fontcuberta Media and knowledge management. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación 2003, (32. Available at:

http://www.campus-oei.org/revista/rie32a05.htm [Accessed: February 11, 2005].

13. Pineda JM. The role of the librarian in the information society. Available at: http://www.eprints.rclis.org [Accessed: February 8, 2005].

14. Saragüeta M. Internet: the last great resource for users: a project to modernize the BPM Espinal, Navarra. Education and Library 1999, 11 (106): 80.

15. Delacôte G. Teaching and learning with new methods. The cultural revolution of the electronic age. Barcelona: Gedisa, 2000.

16. M. Ascencio Almada The flow of e-education and education of the future. Internet, metadata and access to information in libraries and networks in the electronic age. In: Martinez Arellano FF, Lina Escalona Ríos L (Eds). Internet, metadata and access to information in libraries and networks in the electronic age. Mexico City: UNAM, 2000. p.106.

17. Bruce CS. The seven faces of information literacy in higher education. Journal of Documentation 2003; (6): 291 Available at:

http://www.um.es/fccd/anales/ad06/ad0619.pdf [Accessed: February 15, 2005].

18. Gómez Hernández JA, Morales FB. Training of users in information literacy: suggestions for teaching information skills. Scirè 2001, 7 (2) :53-83.

19. Gómez Hernández JA, Licea J. Arena Information literacy in universities. Available at:

http://gti1.edu.um.es:8080/jgomez/publicaciones/alfinrie2002.PDF

[Accessed: December 10, 2004].

20. Rader HB. Information literacy in the reference service environment: preparing for the future. Journal of Documentation 2000, 3:209-16.

21. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Section 19 and 27.1 Available at: http://www.un.org/spanish/aboutun/hrights.htm

[Accessed: February 10, 2005].

22. V. Jimenez-Ortiz Repiso What do we teach after Marc? Knowledge Organization in Information Systems and Documentation. Zaragoza: se, 1998:217-25.

23. M. Gorman "Metadata or Cataloging? A wrong question. FF Arellano Martinez, Lina Escalona Ríos L (Eds). Internet, metadata and access to information in libraries and networks in the electronic age. Mexico City: UNAM, 2000. p.1-20.

24. Gómez Hernández JA, Licea de Arenas J. Information literacy in universities. Available at:

http://gti1.edu.um.es:8080/jgomez/publicaciones/alfinrie2002.PDF

[Accessed: February 10, 2005].

25. Angulo Marcial N. Competition rules in information. Library and Documentation, 2003, (11). Available at:

http://www2.ub.es/bid/consulta_articulos.php?fichero=11angul2.htm

[Accessed: December 17, 2004].

26. Suaiden EJ. A research inforamçâo em ciência da America Latina. 1999/2000 Library Journal, 23/24 (3): 332.

27. M Díaz Sánchez, JC Vega Valdés. Theoretical considerations and current status of the implementation of information policies in Latin America. ACIMED 2003, 11 (3). Available at:

http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1024-94352003000300005&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es [Accessed: December 17, 2004].

28. Menou MJ. Information literacy in national policies on information technology and communication (ICT): the cutlura of information, a dimension absent. Journal of Documentation 2004; (7) :241-61. Available at: http://www.um.es/fccd/anales/ad07/ad0716.pdf [Accessed: March 2, 2004].

Received: April 28, 2005. Approved: May 14, 2005. Ms. Claudia Silvera Iturrioz. Library and Documentation Centre of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Republic of Uruguay. Heras M ontevideo Uruguay.Las 1925, Uruguay. CP 11 200 Email: csilvera@odon.edu.uy

A degree in Librarianship. Library and Documentation Centre of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Republic of Uruguay. Uruguay.

Processing Tab

Rating: Article teachers.

Suggested terms for indexing

According DeCS 1 MEDIA, INFORMATION SERVICES; MEDIA COMMUNICATION, INFORMATION SERVICES;

As he said two INFORMATION SOCIETY, LIBRARY, USER INFORMATION; MEDIA, INFORMATION SERVICES, TRAINING OF USERS INFORMATION SOCIETY, Librarians, INFORMATION USERS; COMMUNICATION MEDIA; INFORMATION SERVICES, TRAINING USERS

1 BIREME. Descriptors in Health Sciences (DeCS). Sao Paulo: BIREME, 2004. Available at: http://decs.bvs.br/E/homepagee.htm 2 S. Díaz del Campo Proposed terms for indexing in information science. Descriptors Information Sciences (DECI). Available at:

http://cis.sld.cu/E/tesauro.pdf

TOPIC: Knowledge Management PUBLISHED: 18/07/2008

Achieving goals of productivity and competitiveness requires us to

reflect on our vision of Information Society and Knowledge. In each working day, many of us spend several hours at the computer, but is

not sure when the search, access to adequate information that will generate new knowledge useful and applicable in our professional

performance, however, the success in decisions and actions every day demand higher dose of knowledge.

Without questioning that we live in the Information Technology or Computer Science, who is still frowned on hearing of the Information Society, and even more when it comes to the knowledge society: not always find everything we seek, or to translate it well to find solid knowledge. Yes sometimes seems true that we live in the Virtual Society Relations, and it is true that so-called social networks are becoming a very significant dimension: Social Software is pointed at as something revolutionary. But despite possible reservations, we do need to be aware of the emerging knowledge economy and innovation. Early Reflections

We read that Redtel, an Association (perceived as lobbying) of telecom operators (Telefonica, Orange, Vodafone and Ono), born, according to its president, engineer, financial and winemaker Miguel Angel Canalejo, intending to put Spain into the head of the Information Society, but I fear that perhaps relates mainly to the Society of Communication or Telecommunications. In reality, pointing to the emerging economy, what characterizes it is knowledge and innovation, and, in short, come here several labels (information, knowledge, communication, innovation ...) should not melt or confuse. Some might think that this-place Spain at the head of the Information Society, can be a very ambitious goal (even though the government has already made plans), and that employers are often associated to defend

their business interests , the fact is that something be done to advance productivity and competitiveness, and will certainly need a synergy of efforts. In truth, Spain should be among the most advanced information technologies and communication, but also all depends on how we interpret the idea of Information Society, as they may often interpret it as "Information Society and Telecommunications . I think it was April 13, 1999, almost nine years ago when I was invited to a symposium under the theme "The Information Society for All", and although there were some speakers that, without going too far in the evolution of the economy, said he had gone from the "consumer society" to "consumer society of information" in general the role of the day fell on access to Internet and telecommunications networks. Miguel Angel Canalejo himself, then head of Alcatel Spain, spoke at a round table. From that day, what I remember most, however, was the final speech of the philosopher José Antonio Marina, who came to remind us that the information resides on media and knowledge in people, once they give-grant "due to the significant meaning. More recently, in May 2005, I attended another event called from the political arena under the buzzword "Information Society". The day was entitled "The Development of Information Society and Knowledge: a bet for progress the European Union. "It seemed, indeed, that the information was no longer primarily seen as something to consume, but as the main raw material in the knowledge economy, as raw material from which we extract the desired knowledge to properly apply it for prosperity. Informatics and Telecommunications are inexcusable, but valuable knowledge and apply it comes from a rigorous and appropriate information to which we can access easily. It is true that we handle a lot of information in enterprises is great, but perhaps not always enough and appropriate, nor is it sufficiently rigorous and easy to translate into valuable knowledge and its application. We may be doing wrong and false aprehendizajes learning, and perhaps wrong on the decisions, because the information is not reaching the proper quality, or properly evaluated. We have good networks and good media, but in some cases, poor information. Managing information

Les comment own anecdotal experience. I bought a department store in a cool-mist humidifier and told the lady that treated me that never had one (had used the hot water.) "Do not worry: is an instruction sheet," he said. Well believe me, even being an engineer, I was unable to follow the instructions on the sheet and, when he had decided to return to the stores, I

ended up doing work or using my intuition I guess ... Something similar used to happen when you try to tune in television ... clear that may also be why my wife and me to be something blockhead sometimes. But neither the information we use in business has always meant that appears, nor can we believe everything we read in print or electronic media. It is true that each of us perceives the realities in their own way, depending on their beliefs, feelings, values, concerns and desires, but we can also see us with incomplete information, confused, manipulated or inaccurate. So, if we add the possible lack of quality information with the tendency of the brain (for his many "filters") to deceive, the result could be unreliable. Note that, admitting the need for lifelong learning in the workplace, universities have been developing the idea of information literacy (IL), so that students learn to cope well with the information: access, consulting, training, integration and implementation. Already in the business world, would speak of skill-and even-informational excellence, no doubt, good management of information and knowledge is inexcusable in business knowledge. Three months ago I heard Robert Cencioni (European Commission / DG Information Society and Media) that we work with information as raw material spend about 27 hours a week searching and analyzing information, and lost three and a half because we did not find, I I feel part of that group, but I fear losing more time ... Of course I sometimes make discoveries "serendipitiously" (casual): I find very interesting things, but do not meet my search patterns. It has placed great emphasis on digital literacy and less on the informational, but the company's knowledge must be excellent not only on information that treasures and their access to existing outside, but on its operation, ie in his translation rigorous sound knowledge and application. In this translation, the individual must realize their critical thinking to the information available that can be rigorous and assertive, but we must ensure. In a recent book, Eduardo Punset says: "Probably the great evolutionary leap between hominids came the day when one of those people was able to intuit what was pondering another member of his group. Knowing what I was thinking allowed him to help her partner ... or handling. This tendency to convince others of our own views or try to manipulate it appears to have broken since then. " Punset therefore highlights the need for critical thinking in all of us, that is, reflective thinking, penetrating, meticulous and inquisitive, thorough and independent truth-seeking: something that is

essential to ensure the conversion of information available valuable knowledge . The knowledge worker

The new knowledge worker needs, of course, a good dose of "skill informational" ... but remember how quickly drew his profile Peter Drucker:

• Visible degree of personal and professional development. • Information and digital dexterity. • Autonomy in the performance and lifelong learning. • Creative and innovative attitude. • Loyalty to the profession and quality of work.

This worker is, for all that, a valuable asset to the knowledge economy straight, but let me also remember that the manual worker is not necessarily out of the profile, because there are crafts that require great deal of knowledge, without resorting to example of the dentist or surgeon. All work is needed in society, and most of them require a specialization to be updated regularly, probably without the assumption of new roles and responsibilities for workers. Neither identify the worker with university-based knowledge: most of us have to learn continuously and therefore suitable to handle information. It's worth out on the second feature noted: the skill driving information. A little over fifteen years, began to speak separately of two concepts related to information society: in business, knowledge management, and in universities, for the adequacy or informational skills. The first (knowledge management) seemed to assume a kind of conceptual reengineering of the traditional systems of information management in companies, taking more care of the technical, functional and relational business: know-what, know-how , know why, know who ... The second (information literacy) arose between documentary and some universities, in line with the growing concern for lifelong learning (self Directed lifelong learning). The idea of informational sufficiency-day in the company and as we said, we must think of excellence "and then pointed to access, use and exploitation of the growing information available, but still did not use Internet. From those 90 years, first the advance of knowledge management in enterprises has not always been successful (despite the powerful tools available), and secondly, the information has continued to multiply significantly and putting at our disposal through of ICT. Today, those

concepts, knowledge management and informational skills (Information Fluency) - very visibly have approached each other in the business world, to enter into synergy with the emerging figures of the new managers and new employees, especially also with the idea lifelong learning, and of course the need to innovate in short, to the evolution of the economy. In organizations, skill in the use and development of internal and external information available seems more than necessary, but not always possess the necessary degree. Perhaps the new generations come out of universities with solid preparation for lifelong learning, but companies today need higher doses and knowledge to better address its challenges of productivity and competitiveness in the new economy. The concept of business excellence has evolved with the new realities, and it seems questionable that we should also be excellent in the translation of information to knowledge, and the flow of it in business. Certainly everything points to the need to improve our information competence. (Interestingly, in a recent book editor changed my term "information literacy" by "information skills" and I found this surprising. The truth is that the experts talk about information literacy - "IL" - and I have joined the adjective but have chosen other nouns. Instead of talking about literacy or proficiency in the business prefer to speak of excellence, competence or skill). Lifelong learning

Speaking of information and skill in its management, we refer to the concept of lifelong learning (lifelong learning), another key feature in the profile of the employee talked. In fact, we all have to meet the continuing development of our professional profile. Here we must remember that the technological advancement in Information Technology and Telecom brought in the previous decade, the concept of e-learning, ie online learning . It seemed that the courses came on line to replace the more expensive companies to classroom courses, and for nearly ten years large corporations spread their virtual-platforms-campus e-learning. At the time, seemed to put more emphasis on technology in their own educational information that the user should be translated into knowledge and behavior, and in fact, in 2004, a study of Santillana Training uncovered dissatisfaction of users with the content offered in the online training. A year later, the learning produced were considered very significant representatives of the Tripartite Foundation for Employment Training. As late as 2007, I noticed that some leading provider of e-learning was an emphasis on technology as a means to improve learning outcomes, and did not mention

the information contained in the courses, whose educational potential has to ensure properly. There is no underestimating the importance of technological support for the load multimedia courses and interactivity, but I insist here that knowledge comes from the information provided, and consolidated in the brain of the student. The Computer and Telecom do their work advantageously, but inexcusable is all the work of expert teachers creating educational information, such as translating the student apply knowledge appropriately, and even develop connections, inferences, and useful abstractions (the best learner is also creative). The reader may have had some experience of e-learning, including interactive and multimedia material. I have met with timely and intelligent user-computer dialogues, but also with information irrelevant and confusing questions that made me lose confidence in the course content. There are providers of e-learning which appear to qualify the importance of content for technology, but there are also many ready with their products and services, to catalyze the user learning to meet their expectations. Certainly we must talk about learning more training, and even learning skills that are so necessary to us. Among these skills and strengths to learning, and insisting that the worker is showcased in the process of learning, critical thinking and figure other cognitive abilities, but also intrapersonal elements such as tenacity, intuition or serendipity (sagacity to make chance discoveries). The professional expert and lifelong learner is capable of achieving maximum benefit from the information accessed, and not left confused. Innovation Beyond the mere renewal of technology, innovation features a special way to the emerging economy, and it is noted that involves the extension or modification of fields of knowledge: something that is difficult to achieve without mastering these areas. Indeed, penicillin and vaccines came to expand the field of medicine, railways and aviation at the time constituted an additional and advantageous transportation, telephony accounted for more than a half century more than communication, as well Internet guessed in the past decade. Sometimes the extension of a field originating outside of it, and so we say that surgery benefited from laser technology, the packaging is reconcibió with the advent of plastic and other advances, which benefited from mechanics and electricity electronics ..., and, in general, the fields of

knowledge meet, overlap, or at least related in its content, tools, etc.. It is, if we accept him as well, the systemic nature of the world as human beings is systemic in their anatomy and their resources. Sometimes it alters some new fields of knowledge and displace previous solutions. Aspirin came to displace salicylate, the electric light the oil or gas, spring mattresses to wool, latex and then those ... we also remember how, almost 20 centuries after Aristarchus, the heliocentric view the world was imposed on the geocentric worldview wrong, and sometimes have difficulty developments imposed. We thank the advancement of astronomy to people who, like Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler and Galileo, were characterized by critical thinking and alluded to his desire to know more. As I made clear in articles appearing on the Internet, some other innovations were the result of chance, even if this were specified and sagacious minds receptive, willing to offer new solutions to society. This is the case of a stethoscope, cyanoacrylate glue, Velcro, sucralose, the Sony Walkman, the microwave oven, etc.. So, as the reader knows and I wanted to emphasize in these paragraphs, the concept of innovation goes well beyond the mere advancement of information technology and communication (technological renovation). I like to check, by the way, and recently, in 2008 exports held in Madrid, the experts insist on it. Conclusion Despite the prominence that acquires technology (ICT) today, we see it, in effect, and if the reader agrees, as a means, as a means to communicate and to access the information we need. From there, it is to generate knowledge that allows us to develop our profession in the twenty-first century economy. Faced with possible deficiencies in the information gained, and to ensure sound learning, we must activate our critical thinking. Also, for optimization of solid knowledge acquired, we also display connections, analogies, inferences and abstractions, well targeted, desirable catalyze innovation in processes, products and services. As alter ego of the Information Society, called "Knowledge Economy and Innovation demands professionals who are permanent learners, with their individual competitiveness, contribute to the collective. We must develop our abilities and strengths of human beings, and here we have stressed the need to become valuable knowledge and apply the available information. But if there is a gap between knowledge and information, as there is between it and technology , we also found gaps between knowledge and high

performance, and between knowledge and innovation. Improve our productivity and competitiveness would, without ruling out other challenges to be resolved but these four hiatuses in each company.

Legal Information

This article is copyright by its author (a). The author (a) is responsible for the content and the opinions expressed, and the legitimacy of his own. The content can be included in publications or websites for information and educational (not commercial) if it satisfies the following conditions:

1) be published as is, without alteration

2) reference is made to the author (Enebral Jose Fernandez)

3) reference to the source (degerencia.com)

4) provide a link to the original article (http://www.degerencia.com/articulo/economia_del_conocimiento)

5) provide a data link to the author (http://www.degerencia.com/jenebral)

Author's other items

Experiences of a writer of e-learning Fifty years after McGregor After the quality of the so-called virtual training The Ember, sardines and management literature Hierarchical communication difficulties Deceptions and delusions After genuine innovation Epinicion premature bragging suspects Astronomers specimens, critical thinkers Competing innovating A rule, after the training quality "virtual" Relations, the hierarchical, very complicated

Teachers virtuous, virtual teachers Towards innovation, as the European Year Genuine intuition to see beyond And you, what do you think of e-learning? Handling hierarchical relations Beware of leadership, take care commitment Formulas for prosperity The boss asks me feedback

Related Articles

The Poverty of the Company of the Third World. And Where is

Microsoft's largest capital What are the Finance Knowledge The performance of knowledge Intangibles and management Intellectual Capital Is it possible to apply knowledge management to public

administration in the context of modernizing the management of

the state? Knowledge Management as an approach to leading change in

the new economy O Conhecimento intellectual uma força "With what I have, I guarantee success? The management of knowledge and skills as a major factor in

the direction of performance The democratization of knowledge Knowledge Management: fad or revolution? Conhecimento: UM ATIVA IMATERIAL (in Portuguese)

Send this article to a wellcome my friend

Use this form to send an article to up to three people. The (s) of person (s) you receive an email indicating inviting them to read it. Fields marked with * are required.

Press. In A. were published in 1966 more than 600 newspapers: 55 newspapers and 450 of them at various intervals, usually daily also published outside the capital. Metropolitan newspapers are printed in capitals, with an average circulation of a copy for every two inhabitants. There are 10 morning, six and seven Sunday evening. The large cities, Sydney and Melbourne, over two thirds of the total circulation. The only national daily, the immense distances of the country, The Australian, Morning, released in Canberra, the federal capital since 1964. It is printed simultaneously in Sydney and Melbourne and arrives on the day at Adelaide, Hobart, Brisbane and Perth. Most 'of the populations over 10,000 population. have a diary. It also

publishes 993 newspapers among weeklies, monthly magazines and journals, less bound to present. Journalists. The Queensland Univ of Melbourne and taught courses in journalism and diploma awarded, but in A. journalistic training, like English, is practical, working out for four-year veteran journalists and studying shorthand and typing. Some acquire university degrees. Associations and organization. The Australian Journalists Association, AJA, is the union of journalists, Constitutional Law of Conciliation and Arbitration. It has its own code of professional ethics governing relations between journalists and, by reconciliation. It is composed of all sections of the newspaper industry, 6:000 partners in 1966. Defending Australian companies and Australian Newspaper Daily Press Council. While some newspapers are family owned, most are organized in large societies, which, in turn, publish several magazines. Legislation. In A. There is no censorship or government control of the press, provided that it does not commit libel and not interfere in judicial processes, saving the freedom of the courts and the rights of the accused. It is forbidden to print on Sunday in the states of Victoria, A. And Southern Tasmania. So Truth is published Sunday as Sunday in Queensland and on weekdays as a journal, Truth, in those States. By the same Act, The Sunday Mail of Adelaide on Saturday printed and distributed on Sunday. Art. 3 AJA code of ethics says the journalist who always defend their professional secrecy, but no laws exempt them from the obligation to disclose to the court the sources of his information, although, in practice, courts generally respected this professional . History of the press. It can be said that the history of the Australian press begins with Sydney Gazette, four-page newspaper founded by George Howe in 1803 and markedly government. With the founding of The Australian (Sydney 1824), published for 26 years, displayed the independent press. The first truly national newspaper, Australian and implementation concerns was the Tasmanian (Launceston 1925) and the first body was a provincial journalist Hunter River Gazette (Maitland 1841). Today The Sydney Morning Herald (1831) is the oldest newspaper in the country. In A. and from the early history of journalism, the press, like what had been happening in England from s. XVII, has effectively contributed to the crystallization of public opinion, as an exponent of the various political parties and different groups of Australian opinion. Agencies. The Australian Associated Press AAP, founded in 1935, is the principal. Cooperative society owned by the Metropolitan since 1964 and one of the four co-owners of the global news agency Reuters. Its headquarters are in Sydney and has access to major world centers for ocean cables Compac, Cantat and Seacom. Each week we distribute over two million words of global information to newspapers, radio and TV partners. A team of correspondents in Asia AAPReuter get information. Exchange information with AP (Associated Press), UPI (United Press International), NZPA (Nachrichten Zeitung Presse

Agentur) and newspapers The New York Times (v.) and The Times (v.). The Australian United Press, AUP, founded in 1932, also cooperative, collecting and distributing national news, the newspapers from outside the Canberra metropolitan areas and foreign news submitted AAP. Is headquartered in Sydney, Melbourne and Canberra, with correspondents across the country and special services to newspapers, radio and TV stations in provincial capitals and towns. Six specialized agencies provide to the press in-depth articles on copyright. The metropolitan own correspondents traveling abroad. The AP and UPI have offices in Sydney, AFP (Agence France Presse) in Canberra, Melbourne Tass and Reuters. Radio. A. It began in in 1923. Since 1932, under the Australian Broadcasting Commission, ABC, the stations were organized 'A' national and state assigned to the Australian Broadcasting Company, and the stations 'B' commercial, private companies. In 1965, operating 180 medium wave stations, 69 commercial and 111 domestic and 10 short wave in remote areas of A. Western, Northern Territory, northern and central Queensland, Papua New Guinea. National stations broadcast in 1965 during 9819 hours per week, and commercial 14,362 hours. That same year had 2,525,951 licensed hearing listeners, 22% of the population. Radio Australia. It broadcasts on shortwave from overseas programs for eight transmitters located in. Sepparton and Lyndhurst (Victoria). Most of its programs are broadcast in English, but also uses the Indonesian, Mandarin, Japanese, Thai and French and can be tuned from almost every continent. Television. TV transmissions began in A. in 1956. In 1965, operating 73 stations, 34 national and 39 commercial, reaching its programs to 95% of the population. That same year were 2,225,674 recipients of TV licenses. The daily news bulletins on radio, TV and Radio Australia passed 200, making it one of the best global services. In the musical programs, is given great importance to orchestra concerts. In 1965-66, ABC gave 805 concerts. Since 1947, broadcasts programs from 24 rural schools. Participate in their school curricula 11 515 schools, 94% of the country. In the ABC employed 5,000 employees. The commercial radio stations and TV broadcasting license obtained from the Director General of Communications and pay a percentage share of advertising. The radio and TV services, government and commercial, are regulated either by the Radio and TV Act of 1942 and 1965. Movies. One of the most popular entertainment of A., with 1317 rooms, with 35 mm projectors., 162, 16 mm. and 127 mobile accom. The films are imported from U.S.. UU. and Great Britain. Some theaters specialize in European films. The Film Unit, state, produces about 40 documentary films per year and the Australian band Diary informative. The TV promotes Australian film production. For over 15 years, films have been screened on TV Film Unit of EE. UU. and Britain and now in Asia. Have won awards and honorable mentions at international festivals. Theatre. After World War II, the Australian public has taken a great love of the

theater. JC Williamson Theatres Ltd. gave life to the theatrical activity in A. In 1954 he formed the Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust, in collaboration with the Reserve Bank, the Federal Government and councils to promote the drama, opera and ballet in the country. Toured the capitals. In 1966, work accounted for six weeks with theater companies in Perth, Adelaide, Melbourne, Brisbane and Canberra. He has performed in Europe and North America. The Arts Council, founded in 1944, represents comedies, opera and ballet in retired villages, industrial centers and schools. The Festival of Arts, Adelaide, since 1960, the Australian Centre's most important theater and music. Publishing. The first printing press was brought to Sydney by Governor Phillip in 1788, but did not work until 1795, when it began to print George Hughes. Creole George Howe printed edicts of the Government until 1803, when it began printing the first Australian newspaper Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, which lasted until 1842. After World War II, the Australian publishing business has grown in quality and quantity, printing of books of general interest and cultural. The Melbourne University Press and the Univ of Brisbane in 1965 merged with the Univ of Sydney to edit scientific publications. The Commonwealth Literary Fund promotes Australian literary productions Australia. The Australian Society of Authors, founded in 1963, has 300 members and supports the publishing of books and articles Australians.

JI-Echebarri Lopátegui ORUE.

BIBL.: H. Mayer, The Press in Australia, London 1964, Unesco, L'Information to travers le monde: Press, Radio, Television, Film, Paris 1966, Australia, Official Handbook, ed. Federal Government, Victoria 1967, International Press Institute (IPI), Professional Secrecy and the Journalist, Zurich 1962, The World of Learning, 196 768, London 1968.

THE TRAINING OF TEACHERS IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY.

Alfonso Gutiérrez Martín (coordinator).

The permanent change is

perhaps the most defining

characteristic of the

information society in which

we live. The continuing

development of new

technologies is instrumental

to set up a society and a

culture somewhat unstable,

where, paradoxically, the

constant is provisional status,

progress, change, often

abrupt and inevitable, their

characteristics and values.

In these circumstances, the

generation gap and

differences are accentuated

among older children and

young people are becoming

more apparent. From a

reductionist perspective has

defined education as the work

exerted by the older

generations to adapt to more

young people to live in society.

According to this traditional

approach to formal education

belongs primarily to provide

the minimum knowledge that

the individual needs to

function in society and

culture of which it forms

part.

However, in this rapidly

changing society, with the

rapid evolution of our

CONTRIBUTIONS AND AUTHORS:

• THE TEACHER TO THE NEW

MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGIES.

Alfonso Gutiérrez Martín (Universidad de

Valladolid. Spain)

• Media Education, Multiculturalism,

Democracy. Robert Ferguson (University

of London. England).

• MEDIA EDUCATION FOCUSING ON

THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRITICAL

THINKING. Jacques Piette (University

of Sherbrooke. Québec.Canadá)

• TEACHERS 'TV and formation. Agustín

García Matilla (Universidad Complutense

de Madrid. Spain)

• CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES FOR

customs, is growing more than

ever the question: We

prepare our students to live

in society that we have been

educated, in which we live or

which will be living with them

for adults?

Educational paradigms, not as

changing as the society in

which they operate, be

subject to ongoing review and

reassessment in order to

overcome the concept of

education as mere

reproductive work and

enhance their role more

productive, not to limit the objectives of education the

transfer of an inherited

culture, but to make the

educational action in

generating new ways of

thinking and action more

suited to the characteristics

of the times, and to serve the

citizens of the third

millennium to be free and

autonomous society

information.

The functions allocated to

education will determine the

models of teacher training

and teacher, in turn, will help

to redefine the world of

education and the

expectations around him are

THE TRAINING OF TEACHERS IN

MEDIA. Manuel Pinto (University of

Minho. Portugal)

• THE CONTENT ON NEW

TECHNOLOGIES IN EDUCATION

QUALIFICATIONS. Antonio Bautista

García-Vera (Universidad Complutense de

Madrid. Spain)

• THE EDUCATION OF THE MEDIA IN

THE INFORMATION AGE. Robyn Quin

(Edith Cowan University. Australia)

• THE TRAINING OF TEACHERS IN

EDUCATIONAL MEDIA. Alejandro

Garcia Alonso Cano and Aurora del Corral

(National Pedagogical University. Mexico)

• THE USE OF THE IMAGE IN THE

TEACHER TRAINING PROGRAMS.

Alicia Villagra de Burgos (Universidad

Nacional de Tucumán. Argentina)

• COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT

EDUCATION IN THE AREA. Ismar de

Oliveira Soares (University of São Paulo.

Brazil)

created in every age, every

society and each culture.

A logical concern in the

society that receives the

third millennium is teacher

training in new information

technologies and

communication. Training in

any way we can limit their

ability to optimize the use of

new devices, but should go

into the cultural and social

implications of new media for

educators.

From a model "transmitters"

and "players" in traditional

areas such as social science,

language or mathematics, the

concern of teachers, starting

from a better understanding

of the matter to their

students, focuses on select

content that may be more

convenient for them. In

regard to new technologies,

however, the teacher's

concern is not so much to

transmit knowledge that is

considered appropriate, such

as acquiring the knowledge

and skills needed to keep up

with the times; to the task,

ultimately of their students.

The insecurity of the teacher

is not considered with

sufficient knowledge about

new media and new ways of

processing information in the

background leaves school

courses and ideological

aspects of vital importance in

the study of new media

technologies, thus hindering

the development of critical

and responsible attitudes

needed by students of our

age.

In this volume, which gathers

contributions from experts

from different countries on

teacher training, we provide

some ideas on the model of

teacher in the Information

Age can make education a tool

for social transformation and

personal development

experience for students.

Some of these articles are

from its authors taught

lectures in the Congress of

training and resources , which

are regularly held in Segovia

(Spain).

SEE BOOK ON THE WEB

Time, Media and Information Society

A group of academics from schools of journalism and sociology at the Catholic University

measured the time of daily use of various information technologies and communication

between people. The multidisciplinary team that made this research have different opinions

about their projections. The author is not yet enough evidence to support the thesis that we

face the so-called information society: the media 'conventional' (open TV, radio and

newspapers) even monopolize a large percentage of human time.

Sergio Godoy E.

PhD in Communication Sciences from the University of Westminster, England, professor of the School of Journalism at the Catholic University of Chile

[sgodoye@puc.cl].

This article summarizes the main findings of the study "Use of Time and media consumption," conducted jointly by the Schools of Journalism and Sociology at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile in 1998 and 1999.1 The work for the project FONDECYT No. 1980857, headed by Carlos Catalan, with the assistance of the co-investigators Angelica Thumala by the School of Sociology and Sergio Godoy and Christopher Marin School of Journalism. The study, unprecedented in Latin America, also benefited from the collaboration of the Chilean specialists Alberto Cabezas, Dionisio Seissus and Eduardo Valenzuela, Argentina Heriberto Muraro, Russell Newman American and Italian Giuseppe Ricchieri.

This study has its origin in an attempt to gauge the changes that are happening in the field of communication and info technologies (ICTs, including the traditional mass media in addition to telephony, fax and so-called "new media" digital) and their subsequent impacts on the daily lives of people. The influential work of Spanish in the U.S. avencindado Manuel Castells calls this scenario in terms of the so-called Information Society. Among other factors, the term includes the growing importance of the sector of communications and information in the global economy, the centrality of the professions linked to knowledge and information and the explosion of symbolic content and communication that exists in society actual.2

However, despite the increasingly frequent use of the term, there is still no consensus definition. Moreover, as the British authors Nicholas Garnham not only are beginning to question the theoretical consistency and purported novelty of the phenomena usually labeled under the rubric of information society, but who denounce its use ideological, political and / or commercial:

"In the current environment of excess hyperbolic language [hype, in English] in which the term information society is used with such ease, an exercise in criticism is attempted very rarely. Indeed, this phrase operates as an ideology, precisely because its use avoids the argument and debate [...] The term Information Society is now used in the political arena, for example in the documents of the European Commission [...], although more like a mantra to justify decisions that a substantial analysis [...]. Here is a communication theory that presents itself as a way to understand both the present historical moment as the changes that are occurring in society. At the same time, is the favored ideology to legitimize those who hold economic and political power. "3

Not the place to enter the detail of these arguments. But in any case, even the most critical deny the magnitude of the revolutionary developments in the TCIs. What is more debatable is to group these phenomena more or less dispersed to proclaim a totalizing and absolute paradigm, in the style of the aforementioned end of history in Fukuyama or the inevitability of socialism announced by Marx in the nineteenth century. But, until then, a parameter of analysis, measurable and meaningful to try to understand what is happening around the time people spend on TCIs.

The time unit of analysis

Time, one of the most neglected dimension in social analysis, it becomes one of its central aspects. Not only because the whole social process occurs in time but because the way it is understood and experienced varies greatly from society and from one era to another. In particular, modernity is closely linked to the clock and how to define time of this fixture. It was then, and not before that time comes a concept based on the linearity, uniformity and consistency. The modern age is a time measurable and quantifiable. The organization of work in such societies is based on that concept, which allows employees to sell lots of time to employers and also accumulate and productivizarlo.4

Authors such as Castells highlights the role of new TCIs to alter radically the modern notion of time and, therefore, to define a new historical era. Under the global data networks, today we can mix the times of occurrence of events, making them or allowing simultaneous order has no relevance. This makes some talk of the "death of distance 'and is the author five Spanish to announce that we live in an Information Society.

Whether or not one agrees with this diagnosis, at the end of everyday life is essentially a temporal concept. All categories that relate and interact with her, routines, habits, practices, share a specific form of understanding. Because TCIs have changed profoundly in recent years, in their time of use can be seen daily at the changes they refer both Castells and its critics.

Main results of the study

Analyze the time variable is important because the use of TCIs is one of the main activities of contemporary societies. But in addition to new media (Internet in particular, but in general all on the computer) are consumed differently than the "old" media such as print, radio, TV and fixed telephony. With all these factors in mind, the study on uses of media time and raised four broad objectives:

1. Measure and analyze the use of the time of the Chilean and how they distribute in their daily activities.

2. Measure and analyze the time spent on communication and how it is distributed among the various media and information technologies. Measure and

analyze other variables associated with consumption of resources and time and time affect this consumption-oriented.

3. Compare the use of time communication of Chileans with data from other countries.

Then it outlines how these objectives were fulfilled through the study mentioned. This article concludes with a brief methodological review and a brief conclusion. 1. Measure and analyze the use of the time of the Chilean and how they distribute in their daily activities.

The main results of the study have to do with the time spent on different activities that people do. We identified four general types of everyday behavior, ie time:

• Time needed. It is the time devoted to inevitable physiological activities. This study identified six options: sleeping, grooming, feeding, lifting, rest and think / wander. For obvious reasons, these behaviors are common to all people without much distinction of sex, age, socioeconomic group (GSE) and other variables. The per capita average of 693 minutes a day a week, far the most prevalent.

• Time hired. It refers to the time devoted to paid work, to study at home or at a school, and move and feed in the workplace. Here they find significant differences by gender and age. Men, for example, spend a little more than twice as long as women into paid work. The average per day was 150 minutes a week.

• Time commitment. Time spent on housework, shopping, going to the doctor, doing paperwork and taking care of children. Here also important differences by sex, age and GSE. For example, women spend four times longer on housework than men. The average per person was 115 minutes per day during the week.

• Leisure and communication. Most of the consumer press, radio, TV and Internet occurs during leisure time of people. This concept stems from its opposition to negotium, which is etymologically the "negation of leisure" or time trabajo.6 For that reason, the use of TCIs vary depending on lifestyle, age, employment status and sex people.

This category of time was obviously of most interest to this study, which is a list with thirty-one activities, grouped into those of free time no communication (including sports, outdoor activities, hobbies, socialization) and Leisure those communications (dedicated to the use of ICTs).

The most frequent actions of the full repertoire of behaviors are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. The one that is common to 100% of people that took the most time is obviously sleeping. However, watching TV is open the second most time-consuming activity, and is common to almost 93% of respondents. The next most prevalent communication activity is to hear AM / FM though, as we shall see later,

much of this time of listening happens while doing other things (listen decentralized secondary). The use of internet is still too narrow as to appear on the tables of the most executed but, as noted below, is quite dominant in the few people today have access to such technology.

In any case, the importance of leisure activities such communication is clear to see that are almost universal, but also are the only ones who can stop doing. Instead, everyone needs sleep and all homes should be cleaned. 2. Measure and analyze the time spent on communication and how it is distributed among the various media and information technologies.

The second goal took a major part of the analysis of the main activities. As noted above, television viewing habits showed very high levels of penetration and use (second only to the act of sleeping). The radio, otherwise relatively universal, but consumption was significantly more bajo.7 The forms and so-called new media (internet, mobile) are concentrated in certain strata (high, especially) and generally showed other uses .

According to the typology of times detailed in the previous section, qualified the use of arms within the leisure activities. Thus, no distinction between free time communication (such as sports, hobbies, go to the theater) and free time communication (used in ICTs). As shown in Table 3, a first remarkable finding was that the latter monopolizes 204 the 306 minutes of leisure time the average person. That is, two thirds of the time. The specific activity is watching TV more prevalent open, with 112 minutes a day. With the addition of pay TV, bringing the total to 129 minutes.

Because much of the communication activities can be performed while doing something else, this study recorded the time that these behaviors were performed on a 'secondary', ie as a background to other work (see Table 4). However, for classification purposes only free time considered those executed as a main activity (eg, listen to radio while paid work is counted as a leisure activity, but was added to the total playing time on radio).

To do the test, there was little information in our country. The current measurement of media consumption (people meter television or radio tuning booklet) ignore that fact, which may affect the sale of avisaje. Thus, time could be found that consumption stated in the media varies greatly depending on the technology concerned. As shown in Table 4, see TV (open and paid), videos and games is what we demand more time of concentrated attention, with figures above 60% of airtime declarado.8 Reading print (newspapers, magazines and books) demand from just over 50% (a figure similar to surf the Internet) while talking on the phone varies between 38% (fixed) and 27% (cell phone). With lower levels is listening to music (26%), using the Internet to e-mail (24%) and listen to AM / FM (with just 16.8%).

In contrast to the almost universal use of TV, internet access yet few people (between 3.5% and 2.7%, predominantly in the ABC1 segment). For that reason the time of use of this technology appears close to zero for the total sample, one minutes daily per capita per day (see Table 4). However, when only considered those who are connected to the network, this figure increases to a range of 40-50 minutes a day depending on whether it is surfing or using e-mail, the two types of behavior associated with Internet identified in this study (see Table 5).

Another interesting aspect of the investigation was to determine the habitual consumption of TCIs. As seen in Table 6, the mainstream media, especially TV and radio secondly, have very high rates of daily use. The others have a more sporadic. The low internet penetration, at the moment, largely explained that 64% of the sample reported using it "never."

Confirming the literature, electronic media and internet mass appear as polar opposites in many ways. While the former are used in a more normal, but devoting less attention, internet consumption is relatively more sporadic (most of its users do not use it every day) but more dedicated or focused. There are also differences in the functions assigned to different media: radio and TV are used for entertainment, while internet is for information and educational nature. Finally, as can be seen below, those who use these new technologies are exposed to TCIs differently than others who, for example, just watching TV.

Multivariate analysis of these results allowed us to construct a typology of users of the time, consists of ten main types:

• Workaholics (focusing on paid work)

• Domestic (focusing on domestic work)

• Regulated (another group with high working times, although lower than the workaholics)

• Stationary (focusing on domestic work and personal care, sleeping, eating, washing, rest)

• Students (focusing on the study)

• Quiet (combining domestic work time spent with media)

• Hedonists (centered on recreation and entertainment)

• media coverage (focused his time in the media)

• anomic (who devote considerable time to activities not classified) and

• apathetic (who occupy almost two thirds of day care staff).

Table 7 shows the days of media consumption for different groups that make up this typology based on the use of people's time. Those who consume the most TV are the media, radio is preferred by workaholics, Internet by students, day for the hedonists and regulated by the phone.

Notwithstanding any of the above, also developed a typology of ten consumers second-rate. Instead of emphasizing the use of time, this characterization came from the multivariate analysis the level of use made of different TCIs, and consists of the following cases:

• Concentrates: people who binge all media.

• Electronics: binge only electronic media.

• Stakeholders: consumers concentrate only on certain aspects that interest them.

• Concentrates no TV: consume media intently, but shying away from television.

• Radio: consuming only concentrate radio.

• Concentrates without radio: a concentrated consume media, but shying away from the radio.

• Internerd: have strong consumer Internet.

• Tevita: focus on television consumption.

• Zapeadores without newspapers: zapping consume, but shying away from newspapers.

• Zapeadores: consumed in the form of zapping all media.

Except for "Tevita '(of binge drinking on television), most of the groups differed in terms of ways of consuming media and in the media mix they occupy. In that sense, description and interpretation of these groups is more complex than in the previous typology based on time use. Tables 8 and 9 summarize the main features of these groups in both its demographic and occupation. For example, internerd (focusing on the Internet) are predominantly ABC1 men aged 15 to 24 years, mostly students. The Tevita are people of both sexes aged 20-24 and seniors over 50, belonging mainly to the GSE more modest. Those who focus only on radial consumption, meanwhile, are mostly relatively young men, middle-class and lower middle-C2-C3, whose occupation is teaching predominant. Those who shun the TV are mainly ABC1 men (managers and entrepreneurs) and D (unemployed) of 25 to 49.

3. Measure and analyze other variables associated with consumption of resources and time and time affect this consumption-oriented.

The third objective examined various dimensions affecting the use of media and use of time and their mutual relationship. Much of this has to do with the definition of the two types of consumers just explained. In any case, the final analysis the mass of evidence generated by the study concluded that there were four types of variables are particularly relevant:

• Socio-demographic variables: normal variables of sex, age and GSE maintain its high power to differentiate between groups of users of the TCIs. Although insufficient to explain all aspects of the use of time and resources are still required. For example, the type of "students" and "zapeadores" corresponded to young people, while among the "quiet" women prevailed. Moreover, variables such as educational level and place of birth also showed significant relationships, although weaker than the more traditional variables.

• Variables of sociability: For example, groups such as' home 'are much more social than "zapeadores' or' media '. This variable, in addition to being strongly correlated with the more basic ones already mentioned, showed a significant potential to differentiate groups together.

• subjective ratings on the time available: The perception of scarcity or abundance of time (or "time pressure") was another very important variable. Other related variables were the flexibility of time use and satisfaction with time spent in the TCIs.

• Influence of cultural consumption: For example, groups such as 'home' or 'concentrated' had poor cultural consumption in contrast to the "students" and "workaholics."

Other variables that were examined but were not as relevant to explain patterns of consumption and time use TCIs were communications equipment (except in the specific case of internet and telephony), the valuation of the media, measurement or interest in technology and the degree of concentration by using the media. By contrasting the different variables, there were several conflicting behaviors between the different groups. For example, 'students' consumption patterns showed almost always dissimilar to the' apathetic 'or' zapeadores' for the 'Tevita. "

In this play of opposites can find a way, if desired, to reduce the number of groups.

The latest analysis was perhaps the most crucial: the relationship between the two types of users described above. Larelación was significant, and this significance was maintained despite being controlled by other variables such as age or sex. Partnerships between the different groups are interesting and can look into the daily lives of Chileans in a thorough way. Thus, the 'home' associated with 'Tevita' the 'hedonistic' and 'students' with' zapeadores (who were young), the "quiet" and "immobile" with more concentrated forms of consumption (because housewives

with time available privilege this way of approaching the media). In other words, the user type of time affects the media type of user, and vice versa. This relationship is not confined to classic demographic variables because, although important, are insufficient to examine the richness and variety of everyday life.

4. Compare the use of time communication of Chileans with data from other countries.

This fourth and final goal the use of time compared with other countries Chileans, especially the U.S., Germany, Australia and Japan. This study showed that, contrary to what many assume, the effective working time in Chile is not excessively long. It is even less than that of other comparable countries, both for the whole population and for whom they work. Moreover, the time devoted to domestic work is also lower because the Chilean men devote little time (about half that spent by men in Australia, for example). The leisure time is similar to other countries. The only type of activities in Chile spend more minutes than in other countries is the personal care, sleeping, resting, eating, washing. In that sense, the use of time in Chile does not seem too demanding compared to other parts of the world.

Methodology used in the study

Finally it is explained how these results were obtained. Based on previous studies budget9 time and with reference to a recent Italian study, 10 among other information, self-administered booklet was designed to record people's activities throughout the day. Given the complexity of variables involved, this instrument should be complemented by a face to face survey which asked about the following core dimensions of analysis:

• Sociodemographic

• Equipment in media

• Assessment of media

• Sociability

• Attention and concentration in media consumption

• Values to society and technology

• Time Ratings

• Lifestyles

• media consumption habits.

Was decided to define 48 categories of time use closed, 18 of which were specifically to give more accurate communication to the analysis of these variables.11 To facilitate responses, well defined registration closed intervals every 15 minutes, with the possibility of score more than any activity conducted at a time. The behaviors mentioned in second place (eg radio listening well paid work) were thus classified as secondary activities. Although the range of 15 minutes allowed a reasonable degree of detail to our interests (a shorter period would become too cumbersome the process, besides other problems), the risk was distorting the record of activities of shorter duration. The clearest case were telephone calls, usually a few minutes, so that the results of this study telephony are more inaccurate than the presentation of the data may suggest.

Both instruments were pretexts at different control groups in November and December 1998. The field study was implemented in mid 1999, after which they made the data analysis. The final investigation report was submitted in March 2000.

Like other time-use studies, extraction of results was very complex. Overall, it was quite limited descriptive analysis of the main interests of research and also an explanatory analysis. The latter is focused on seeing how each of the dimensions analyzed was related to the type of time use and consumption of media and how they related to each other. Among other things, this involved developing a typology of users of time and other users of the TCIs, and explained.

The study used a probability sample of 2000 cases representative of Greater Santiago, including the poorest group E, but with over-representation of ABC1 and C2 segments to attain more accurate data on consumption of TCIs (which by now concentrated mainly in those segments) 12

Conclusions

This study recognizes that the time of use is a key variable for understanding the current situation and the changes that are verified in contemporary communications sphere. It is an objective standard and easy to measure, applicable to different TCIs steady, despite the so-called convergence of media, are analyzed separately. I explained that the valuation and use of time varies historically.

Apart from delivering a rich flow of data very illustrative about the lifestyle of the respondents, the instrument investigates a primary and a secondary level of daily activities. This allowed us to detect the different concentration levels granted to each TCI, a fact that is often absent from conventional analysis of media.

The multidisciplinary team that participated in this research have different opinions with regard to more global implications of these results. The author of this is that, despite the wealth of information generated by this study, yet there is insufficient evidence to support the thesis that we face the so-called Information Society. The

media consumption patterns are still too 'conventional "if we understand the high prevalence of open TV, radio AM / FM and print media. Moreover, most of the time we use in physiologic functions and pretty immune to economic survival, in my opinion, most of technological innovations in the digital domain. We do not have enough data to know if, over the years new technologies have been altering those patterns of time use.

However, since the consumption of new technologies alter at least the time of exposure to other media, it is possible that the Information Society is a valid phenomenon for those who access them, very real and tangible, albeit partial and as an exclusive club. Hence the importance of promoting (or not) access the rest of the world population, today, is still restricted.

Notes

1. For details see the final report titled March 2000.

2. Castells, Manuel: The Information Age (three volumes), Alianza Editorial, Madrid, 1998.

3. Garnham, Nicholas: "The Information Society as an ideology. A critique ', in Challenges of Information Society in Latin America and Europe, Santiago de Chile, UNICOM / Lom 2000, pp. 69-104.

4. See Catalan, Carlos: "The use of time in the" old "and" new "media: The case of the internet in Chile", in Challenges of Information Society ..., op. cit., pp. 165-170.

5. See Cairncross, Frances: Death of the distance. How the Communications Revolution will change the life of the company, Polity Press Enterprise, Barcelona / Buenos Aires, 1998.

6. De Grazia, Sebastian: Time, Work, and Leisure, Doubleday & Co., New York, 1964.

7. The differences in the results of this study with other radio specific application (which would provide the most radio listening times daily) are due to the different samples, methodologies and questionnaires in each case. See in particular: Radio 2000, ARCHI / GESTRA / Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 1999, Manners and customs in the radio audience, ARCHI / DESUC, Santiago, 1996. The opinion of this author in particular (not necessarily shared by the research team) is that for the time to listen, our data are more accurate.

8. To detect the different levels of time consumption, respondents were asked what made principally engaged, and then if they had done something else.

9. Robinson & Godbey: Time for Life. The Surprising Ways Americans Use Their Time, The Pennsylvaina State University Press, Pennsylvania, 1997; Szalai, Alexander (Ed.): The Use of Time. Daily Activities of Urban and Suburban Populations in Twelve Countries, Mouton & Co., The Hague / Paris, 1972.

10. Manacorda, Paola: Tempo e Servizi, unpublished manuscript, Centro Studi San Salvador, 1996.

11. For example, watching TV open, watch cable TV, listen to AM / FM radio, read a newspaper, read a magazine, read a book, surf the Internet, using e-mail, talking on cell phone, talking on the phone.

12. For further methodological details, see Chapter 17 of the final report of this research.