avian diversity in and around ajoba fort, thane district ... · from maharashtra was 568 f rom 83...
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International Research Journal of
Vol. 5(2), 7-15, February (2016
International Science Community Association
Avian Diversity in and around Ajoba
Pritesh Ghadigaonkar1*
, PradnyaBandekar
Rovhin Todankar1Department of Zoology, Viva College,
5,6Department of Zoology, Kirti M. Doongursee College Dadar (W), Mumbai, 400028, MH, India2-4Department of Zoology, Institute of Science (IOS), Ma’am Cama
7Department of Zoology, M.D. College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Dr. S. S. Rao Road, Parel (E), Mumbai 400012, MH, India
Available online at: Received 2nd December
Abstract
This study deals with the diversity and status of the avifauna
zoogeography of the study area supports and flourishes a very rich biodiversity. It holds a great biodiversity of flora and
fauna due to its naturally rich habitat and food chain complex. The survey was conducted during September 2012 to August
2014. This survey reported total 85 species from 43 families which belong to 17 avifaunal orders. Order Passeriformes is
dominant in the study area, including 20 families and 36 species (42%), followed by order Ciconiiformes, Coraciiformes and
Accipitriformes (8% apiece). Like other protected
conservation challenges hence, more intensive studies will certainly help to control the impact of anthropogenic alteration o
the habitats in and around the present study location.
Keywords: Ajoba fort, Avian diversity, Western Ghat, Anthropogenic alteration.
Introduction
The avifauna shows maximum diversity amongst the all
vertebrate faunal taxa. Indian subcontinent contains about 1300
species of bird i.e. About13 % of the world’s bird (more than
9000 birds of the world1). But After Brazil and Indonesia,
Indiais third country having a largenumber of threatened and
rare species2. According to Pande et.al reported species number
from Maharashtra was 568 from 83 families and 20 orders
Many authors have contributed to avifaunal diversity and
distribution records in Maharashtra since few decades
I. stated that birds are pollinators, seed dispersal agents, a major
component of the food web and also play vital role in dormancy
of seeds14
. These qualities get them an indicator for assessment
of the natural surroundings. The present study reports the avian
diversity along with their resident, migratory status and
abundance.
Study area: The Ajoba or Ajaparvat (19°27'52"N
73°40'58"E) is a region of Western Ghats a biodiversity hot
spot. Western Ghats is one of the 34 biodiversity hotspots
also referred as backbone of Indian ecology
known to be one of the highest peak (4511ft) in its range in
Western Ghat. According to the local people Ajoba fort was the
ashram of Valmiki Rishi where a goddess Sita was said to be
staying after being separated from lord Rama and gave birth to
Luv-Kush. The place also consist temple of Wa
cradle of Sita .This historical background makes Ajoba fort a
Journal of Biological Sciences _________________________________
6)
Association
Avian Diversity in and around Ajoba fort, Thane district, Maharashtra,
India
, PradnyaBandekar2, Akshay Pandirkar
3, Aakash Kuwar
4, Prajal Jangam
Rovhin Todankar6 and Harshal Karve
7
Department of Zoology, Viva College, Virar (W), 401303, MH, India
Department of Zoology, Kirti M. Doongursee College Dadar (W), Mumbai, 400028, MH, India
Department of Zoology, Institute of Science (IOS), Ma’am Cama Raod (Fort), Mumbai 400032, MH, India
M.D. College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Dr. S. S. Rao Road, Parel (E), Mumbai 400012, MH, India
Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me December 2015, revised 17th December 2015, accepted 16th January 201
This study deals with the diversity and status of the avifauna of Ajoba fort. Ajoba fort is a part of Western Ghats. The overall
area supports and flourishes a very rich biodiversity. It holds a great biodiversity of flora and
fauna due to its naturally rich habitat and food chain complex. The survey was conducted during September 2012 to August
pecies from 43 families which belong to 17 avifaunal orders. Order Passeriformes is
dominant in the study area, including 20 families and 36 species (42%), followed by order Ciconiiformes, Coraciiformes and
Accipitriformes (8% apiece). Like other protected areas of the country the Ajoba fort and surrounding area is also facing
conservation challenges hence, more intensive studies will certainly help to control the impact of anthropogenic alteration o
the habitats in and around the present study location.
Ajoba fort, Avian diversity, Western Ghat, Anthropogenic alteration.
The avifauna shows maximum diversity amongst the all
vertebrate faunal taxa. Indian subcontinent contains about 1300
i.e. About13 % of the world’s bird (more than
But After Brazil and Indonesia,
Indiais third country having a largenumber of threatened and
reported species number
rom 83 families and 20 orders3.
Many authors have contributed to avifaunal diversity and
distribution records in Maharashtra since few decades3-13
. Nason
I. stated that birds are pollinators, seed dispersal agents, a major
o play vital role in dormancy
. These qualities get them an indicator for assessment
of the natural surroundings. The present study reports the avian
diversity along with their resident, migratory status and
Ajaparvat (19°27'52"N and
73°40'58"E) is a region of Western Ghats a biodiversity hot
spot. Western Ghats is one of the 34 biodiversity hotspots15
. It is
also referred as backbone of Indian ecology16
. Ajoba fort is
(4511ft) in its range in
Western Ghat. According to the local people Ajoba fort was the
Rishi where a goddess Sita was said to be
staying after being separated from lord Rama and gave birth to
The place also consist temple of Walmiki Rishi and
cradle of Sita .This historical background makes Ajoba fort a
favorite destination for pilgrims and tourists. As it is only 114
kilometer off from Mumbai city. It is also popular for trekkers
and hikers. Ajoba fort and foothills provide var
Avifauna e.g. paddy fields, river, grasslands, villages, dense
forest. The Shahi River provides food for many aquatic birds
through the year. The present study aims to document avian
diversity in and around Ajoba fort.
Methodology
Survey was conducted by visiting study area each month and
observations were made mainly
August 2014. To survey nocturnal birds, night trail was
conducted in each month during 9 pm to 11 pm.
selected for the study from Sakurli village at the foot hills of
Ajoba fort till Fort and surrounding area.
habitats like Paddy fields, river, grasslands, villages, dense
forest. Percentage occurrence of families was calculated by the
following formula17
,
Percentage Occurrence
No of Species of Each family
Total no of Different species seen
Results and Discussion
During present investigation the study shows
species of birds from 43 different families and 17 orders. Status
of Birds were categorized as Common (C) 48 species, Fairly
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fort, Thane district, Maharashtra,
, Prajal Jangam5,
Department of Zoology, Kirti M. Doongursee College Dadar (W), Mumbai, 400028, MH, India
Mumbai 400032, MH, India
M.D. College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Dr. S. S. Rao Road, Parel (E), Mumbai 400012, MH, India
2016
of Ajoba fort. Ajoba fort is a part of Western Ghats. The overall
area supports and flourishes a very rich biodiversity. It holds a great biodiversity of flora and
fauna due to its naturally rich habitat and food chain complex. The survey was conducted during September 2012 to August
pecies from 43 families which belong to 17 avifaunal orders. Order Passeriformes is
dominant in the study area, including 20 families and 36 species (42%), followed by order Ciconiiformes, Coraciiformes and
areas of the country the Ajoba fort and surrounding area is also facing
conservation challenges hence, more intensive studies will certainly help to control the impact of anthropogenic alteration of
favorite destination for pilgrims and tourists. As it is only 114
kilometer off from Mumbai city. It is also popular for trekkers
and hikers. Ajoba fort and foothills provide various habitats for
Avifauna e.g. paddy fields, river, grasslands, villages, dense
River provides food for many aquatic birds
through the year. The present study aims to document avian
was conducted by visiting study area each month and
during September 2012 to
August 2014. To survey nocturnal birds, night trail was
conducted in each month during 9 pm to 11 pm. The area was
li village at the foot hills of
Ajoba fort till Fort and surrounding area. Study covers major
Paddy fields, river, grasslands, villages, dense
Percentage occurrence of families was calculated by the
No of Species of Each family
x 100
Total no of Different species seen
During present investigation the study shows occurrence of 85
species of birds from 43 different families and 17 orders. Status
of Birds were categorized as Common (C) 48 species, Fairly
Research Journal of Biological Sciences ______________________
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International Science Community Association
Common (FC) 9 species, Un Common (UC)13 species, Rare
(R)13 species, Irregular(I) 2 species, Resident (Re), Migr
(M), Regional Migrant (RM) shown in Table
species of birds, 75% are Resident, 4% Migrant and
Local Migrant. Order Passeriformes is dominant in the study
area, including 20 families and 36 species (42%), followed by
order Ciconiiformes, Coraciiformes and Accipitriformes (8%
apiece), order Galliformes 6%, Order Cuculiformes,
Columbiformes, Piciformes and Psittaciformes
Order Suliformes, Apodiformes and Strigiformes with 2% each,
order Falconiformes, Caprimulgiformes,
Represantation of Abundance Category of Birds
48
Common
________________________________________________________
Association
Common (FC) 9 species, Un Common (UC)13 species, Rare
Resident (Re), Migrant
able-1. Out of total 86
Migrant and 21% are
Order Passeriformes is dominant in the study
area, including 20 families and 36 species (42%), followed by
niiformes, Coraciiformes and Accipitriformes (8%
Order Cuculiformes,
Piciformes and Psittaciformes with 4% each,
Apodiformes and Strigiformes with 2% each,
Trogoniformes,
Turniciformes and Charadriiformes with 1% of the avian
species observed during the study. Family
Accipipridae are dominant families
followed by family Pycnonotidae with 4 species, remaining 10
families with 3 species and 8 families with 2 species ,
families represented by single species.
and Psittaculaeupatria are Near Threatened
Red Data Book of IUCN, remaining all other species found
during this survey are Least Concerned
Accipipridae has highest percentage occurrence in the study
area i.e. 8.24 % (Figure-5).
Figure-1
Study area
Figure-2
Represantation of Abundance Category of Birds
913 13
2
Fairly
common
Uncommon Rare Irregular
Species abundance
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and Charadriiformes with 1% of the avian
species observed during the study. Family Ardeidae and
dominant families with 7 species each
followed by family Pycnonotidae with 4 species, remaining 10
with 3 species and 8 families with 2 species , 22
families represented by single species. Anthracoceroscoronatus
Near Threatened species as per the
Red Data Book of IUCN, remaining all other species found
east Concerned18
. Family Ardeidae and
Accipipridae has highest percentage occurrence in the study
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Table-1
A classified chart of various bird species in the study area
Family Common name Scientific name1,19,20
Population
status
Abundance
status
Iucn
status18
Seasonal
status
Order: Passeriformes
Muscicaspidae
White Rumped Shama Copsycous malbaricus D FC LC R
Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata S C LC RM
Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis S C LC R
Monarchidae Asian Paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi S UC LC RM
Dicruridae
Forked Tailed Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis S FC LC R
Greter Racket tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus D UC LC R
Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus U UC LC R
Oriolidae
Indian Golden Oriole Oriolus kondoo U C LC RM
Black hooded oriole Oriolus xanthornus U C LC R
Black Naped oriole Oriolus chinensis U UC LC RM
Cisticolidae Tailor bird Orthotomus sutorius S C LC R
Campephagidae Scarlet Minivet Pericrocotus speciosus S FC LC R
Pycnonotidae
Red Vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer I C LC R
Red Whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocus D C LC R
White chicked Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys D FC LC R
Black Bulbul Hypsipetes leucocephalus I UC LC R
Sturnidae
Common Myana Acridotheres tristis I C LC R
Jungle Myana Acridotheres fuscus D C LC R
Rosy starling Sturnus roseus U FC LC M
Dicaeidae
Thick Billed flower picker Dicaeum agile S C LC R
Tickell's flower picker Dicaeum erythrorhynchos S C LC R
Nictarinidae
Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica S C LC R
Purple Rumple Sunbird Nectarinia zeylonica S C LC R
Crimson Backed Sunbird Nectarinia minima S FC LC R
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Family Common name Scientific name1,19,20
Population
status
Abundance
status
Iucn
status18
Seasonal
status
Corvidae
Large-Billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos S C LC R
House Crow Corvus splendens S C LC R
Estrildidae Spotted Munia Lonchura punctulata S C LC R
Timalinae Common Babler Turdoides caudatus S C LC R
Hirudinidae
Wired Tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii I C LC R
Common Swallow Hirundo rustica D C LC RM
Motacillidae Yellow wagtail Motacilia flava D UC LC RM
Passeridae House Sparrow Passer domesticus D C LC R
Ploceidae Baya weavers Ploceus philippinus S FC LC R
Rhipiduridae White fan tail Rhipiduridae albicollis S C LC R
Irenidae Fairy blue bird Irena puella D R LC R
Daniidae Roufos Backed Shrike Lanius schach U C LC R
Order : Apodiformes
Apodidae
Common swift Apus affinis I C LC RM
Asian palm swift Cypsiurus balasiensis S C LC R
Order : Ciconiformes
Ardeidae
Little Egret Egretta garzetta I C LC RM
Median Egret Mesophoyx intermedia I C LC RM
Greater Egret Casmerodius albus U C LC RM
Pond Heron Ardeola Grayii U C LC R
Gray Heron Ardea cinerea U C LC RM
Night heron Nycticorax nycticorax U R LC R
Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis I C LC RM
Order : Accipitriformes
Accipipridae
Black Kite Milvus migrans U C LC R
Black Shoulder kite Elanus caeruleus S R LC R
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Family Common name Scientific name1,19,20
Population
status
Abundance
status
Iucn
status18
Seasonal
status
Bramhini kite Haliastur indus D I LC R
Crested serpent eagle Spilornis cheela S R LC R
Black Eagle Ictinaetus melaiensis D R LC R
Shikra Accipiter badius S C LC R
Common Bazzard Buteo buteo I UC LC M
Order : Falconiformes
Falconidae Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus S R LC M
Order : Suliformes
Phalicrocoracidae
little Cormorant Micro carboniger U C LC RM
Indian cormorant Phalacrocorax fuscicollis U FC LC RM
Order : Galliformes
Bucrotidae
Indian Grey Hornbill Ocyerosbirostris S UC LC R
Malbar pied hornbill Anthracoceros coronatus D R NT RM
Rallidae Water hen white breasted Amaurornis phoenicuruc U C LC R
Phasianidae
Peafowl Pavo cristatus S UC LC R
Grey jungle fowl Gallus gallus D UC LC R
Order : Cuculiformes
Cuculidae
Greater Coacal Centropus sinensis S C LC R
Pied crested cuckoo Clamator jacobinus S R LC RM
Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea S C LC R
Order : Columbiformes
Columbidae
Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis I C LC R
Laughing Dove Spilopelia senegalensis S C LC R
Blue Rock Pigeon Columba livia D C LC R
Order: Caprimulgiformes
Caprimulgidae Night Jar Caprimulgus asiaticus D C LC R
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Family Common name Scientific name1,19,20
Population
status
Abundance
status
Iucn
status18
Seasonal
status
Order: Piciformes
Picidae Common Flamebackwoodpcker Dinopium javanense D UC LC R
Megalaimidae
White chicked Barbet Megalaim aviridis S C LC R
Copper smith Barbet Megalaima haemacephala I C LC R
Order: Psittasciformes
Psittacidae
Rose Ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri I C LC R
Allkzandrin Parakeet Psittacula eupatria D R NT R
Plum headed Parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala D UC LC R
Order: Strigiformes
Strigidae Jungle owlet Glaucidium radiatum S R LC R
Tytoninae Barn owl Tyto alba S R LC R
Order: Trogoniformes
Trogonidae Malabar Trogon Harpactes fasciatus S R LC R
Order: Turniciformes
Turnicidae Common Button Quils Turnix sylvaticus D UC LC R
Order: Coraciiformes
Alcedinidae
Small Blue Kingfisher Acledoatthis I C LC RM
White breasted kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis I C LC R
Oriental Dwarf kingfisher Ceyx erithacus D I LC R
Cerylidae Pied kingfisher Ceryle rudis U R
R
Meropidae
Small Green Beeeater Merops orientalis S C LC R
Blue tailed Beeeater Merops philippinus S FC LC RM
Coraciidae Indian roller Coracias benghalensis I C LC R
Order : Charadriiformes
Charadriidae Red Wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus U C LC R
I- Increasing, D- Decreasing, S- Stable, U- Unknown; C- Common, FC, Fairly Common, UC- Un-Common, R- Rare, I- Irregular,
Re- Resident, RM- Regional Migrant, M- Migrant, LC- Least Concern, NT- Near Threaten.
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Representation pf Persentage of Resid
Comparison of percentage of bird species belonging to different avian orders
Migrant
4%
Regional Migrant
8%1%
2%
6%
4%
4%
1%4%
4%
2%
1% 1%
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Association
Figure-3
Representation pf Persentage of Resident, Migrant and Regional Migrant Birds
Figure-4
Comparison of percentage of bird species belonging to different avian orders
Residant
75%
Regional Migrant
21%
Seasonal Status
42%
2%
8%8%
8%
1%Passeriformes
Apodiformes
Ciconiformes
Accipitriformes
Falconiformes
Suliformes
Galliformes
Cuculiformes
Columbiformes
Caprimulgiformes
Piciformes
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Regional Migrant Birds
Comparison of percentage of bird species belonging to different avian orders
Passeriformes
Apodiformes
Ciconiformes
Accipitriformes
Falconiformes
Suliformes
Galliformes
Cuculiformes
Columbiformes
Caprimulgiformes
Piciformes
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Figure-5
Percentage occurrence of avifauna represented in families
3.53
1.18
3.53
3.53
1.18
1.18
4.71
3.53
2.35
3.53
2.35
1.18
1.18
2.35
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
2.35
8.24
8.24
1.18
2.35
2.35
1.18
2.35
3.53
3.53
1.18
1.18
2.35
3.53
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
3.53
1.18
2.35
1.18
1.18
Muscicaspidae
Monarchidae
Dicruridae
Oriolidae
Cisticolidae
Campephagidae
pycnonotidae
Sturnidae
Dicaeidae
Nectarinidae
Corvidae
Estrildidae
Timalinae
Hirudinidae
Motacillidae
Passeridae
Ploceidae
Rhipiduridae
Irenidae
Daniidae
Apodidae
Ardeidae
Accipipridae
Falconidae
Phalicrocoracidae
Bucrotidae
Rallidae
Phasianidae
Cuculidae
Columbidae
Caprimulgidae
Picidae
Megalaimidae
Psittacidae
Strigidae
Tytoninae
Trogonidae
Turnicidae
Alcedinidae
Cerylidae
Meropidae
Coraciidae
Charadriidae
Percentage occurance
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Discussion: As per the observations and data, study area
presents moderately healthy avian diversity but anthropogenic
disturbances in the form of tourist pressure, livelihood
dependence and pollution are the major concern in the study
area. Previously there were only an Ashram and one hut (Made
up of wooden material) for tourist and pilgrims but they are now
developed into a concrete construction. Though this kind of
developments are created to flourish ecotourism and beneficial
for visitor but may affect biodiversity inversely. More intensive
study will surely reveal many species and deeper insight to the
impact of anthropogenic alteration of habitat.
Conclusion
As per the observations and data, study area presents moderately
healthy avian diversity but anthropogenic disturbances in the
form of tourist pressure, livelihood dependence and pollution
are the major concern in the study area. Previously there were
only an Ashram and one hut (Made up of wooden material) for
tourist and pilgrims but they are now developed into a concrete
construction. Though this kind of developments are created to
flourish ecotourism and beneficial for visitor but may affect
biodiversity inversely. More intensive study will surely reveal
many species and deeper insight to the impact of anthropogenic
alteration of habitat.
Acknowledgment
The authors are very thankful to Dr. Mrs. Nandini Deshmukh
(Mumbai) for encouragement and guidance. We are also
thankful to Ms. Shrutika Phopale, Mr. Kaustubh Pandirkar and
Mr. Johnson Varkifor participating in the survey.
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