azerbaijani as one of the altaic languages
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AZERBAIJANI AS ONE OF THE ALTAIC LANGUAGES
Aytekin Aliyeva
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Words were monosyllabic.
Words could be formed by linking root words and suffixes. (agglutinative)
Made out of strong velar and dental consonants joined to 8 different vowels. The vowels were grouped into two groups of 4, according to an internal sound harmony. The thick vowels are a , ı, o, u. Thin vowels are e, i, ö, ü.
Vowels and consonants can be transferred: k => g, d => t, u => a etc.
Some Characteristics of Proto-Altaic Language:
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Examples
Okhuz is formed of a root “Okh” and a suffix –uz. “Ok” (h can be omitted) means an arrow. So Ok(g)uz means : “We are the arrow people and move as fast as an arrow”
Oghlan, meaning “acquire an arrow” or equivalently “become an adult” and that’s why “Oksuz” (öksüz-in Turkish) means an orphan, a young one who has no adult person for protection.
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Azeri Turkish
ayaq ayak
yarpaq yaprak
buynuz boynuz
ulduz yıldız
Turkmen
ayag
yaprag
buynuð
yïldïð
65-90% 72%
Gagauz
ayaq
yapraq
buynus
yïldïs
Mutual Intelligibility
Dialects of Azeri Turkic:1. Seljuk, Gashgai (both are spoken in Iran)2. Kumyk (spoken in Dagestan)
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Alphabetical Reform
• After Arabian Occupation till the end of 1920s (Arabian)
• From 1928 to 1939 (Old Latin)
• From 1940 to 1991 ( Cyrillic)
• From 1991- nowadays (New Latin)
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Changes in Language First Period (XIII-XVIII centuries)1. Vocabulary was rich with loan words: Persian and Arabic words Ottoman Turkish words (şu, şöyle, kendi etc.)
2. Changings in affixes: from -isər to -acaq, -əcək accusative case -yi, -yı, -yu, -yü to -ni, -nı, -nu, -nü
3. Defining word comes not first but last: (daxili-əhli-kamal, fəsli-gül) Example:
Gül-i ruxsârına qarşı gözümdən qanlı axar su,Həbîbim fəsli-güldür bu axar sular bulanmazmı? (M.Fuzuli)
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Second Period (XVIII- nowadays)
1. Nationalisation of language- (XVIII century)
2. Formation and development of the national language- (beginning of XIX-XX centuries) There were 3 movements from the beginning of XX till 1930:
Creating a simple, understandable language based on dialect. (Followers of the magazine “Molla Nasraddin”: J. Mammadguluzadeh- “The Postbox”, “Gurban Ali bey”, M.A.Sabir “Plougher”etc.)
Creating a complicated, literary language (Followers of the magazine “Fuyuzat”: A. Huseynzade- “Concern of Motherland”)
Creating a simple but dialect-free language (A.Shaig- “Undelivered Letter”, “Heroes of Our Century”, A.Sahhat- “Poverty is not Shameful”, J.Jabbarly- “Sevil”, “Almas”)
3. New period: Azerbaijani was an official language from 1969 till 1977 Official Language of The Republic of Azerbaijan from 1995 till now.
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National Minorities and the Languages They Use
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• Lezgins 2,2%• Talyshes 1,0%• Udis 0,05%• Tats 0,13%• Avars 0,6%• Khinalug People• Haputs• Jek
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Lezgis- Language Lezgian
Belongs to Northeast Caucasian language family, Dagestan group, Lezgin subgroup
784,000 speakersSpoken in- Kusar, Kuba,
Kabala, Oghuz, Ismailli and Khachmaz
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Locations of Lezgins Azerbaijan
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Talyshes-Talysh Language
• Belongs to Northwestern Iranian language family
• Spoken in Lankaran, Astara, Lerik and Masallı
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Haputs- Haput Language• Belongs to Northeast
Caucasian language family, Dagestan group, Lezgin subgroup (“Shahdagh Group”)
• Spoken in the village of Mollaisaglı (Kuba)
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Khinalug- Khinalug Language
• Northeast Caucasian language family, Dagestan group, Lezgin subgroup
• Users- more than 1500
• Spoken in the village Khinalug (Kuba)
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Khinalug People Now and Then
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Udis- Udi Language
• Northeast Caucasian language family, Dagestan group, Lezgin subgroup
• Users - about 5,000 people
• Spoken in the village of Nij (Kabala), Oghuz
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Jeks- Jek Language
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The Village of Jek (Kuba)
• Belongs to Northeast Caucasian language family, Dagestan group, Lezgin subgroup
• Users11,000 people
• Spoken in The Village
of Jek (Kuba)
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Avars- Avar Language
• Belongs to the Avar–Andic group of the Northeast Caucasian language family.
• Spoken in Balaken, Zaqatala
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Tats- Tat Language
• Belongs to Southwestern Iranian language family
• Three group- Moslem Tats, Christian Tats and Jewish Tats (or Mountain Jews)
• Users in Azerbaijan- 18,000 people
• Spoken in some villages of Absheron, Khızı, Siyezen, Devechi and Kuba
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References PhD. Haluk Berkmen, Diversification of Languages
Robert Lindsay, Mutual Intelligibility Among the Turkic Languages
The Turkic Languages in a Nutshell http://turkiclanguages.scienceontheweb.net
A Brief Exploration of the Altaic Hypothesis http://linguistics.byu.edu/classes/ling450ch
Presidental Library of the Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan National Encyclopedia. 25 volumes. "Azerbaijan". Baku, 2007, pages 147, 150, 151, 152.