B ELL R INGER Read page 396 and answer the following questions: 1. How have leisure time activities changed over the years? 2. What type of leisure activities do people engage in now? Fifty years ago? 100 years ago? 3. How much time do students spend on leisure activities? How much time did people spend on leisure activities in the early 1900s? C ONEY I SLAND .T HEN & N OW T HE G ROWTH OF INDUSTRIAL P ROSPERITY 13-1 T HE S ECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ( ) In the Second Industrial Revolution, steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum led the way New methods for shaping steel made it more useful than iron. Steel could be used to produce smaller, faster, lighter machines. E LECTRICITY Electricity could be easily converted into other forms of energy and could pass through space easily with use of wires Electricity gave birth to a series of inventions Thomas Edison light bulb Alexander Graham Bell- telephone Guglielmo Marconi- radio waves across Atlantic in 1901. O THER I NVENTIONS Oil and gasoline allowed for the internal combustion to come about. As a result ships began using oil-fired engines. T HOMAS E DISON Thomas Edison patents over 1,000 inventions in research laboratory Most notable the light bulb and phonograph A LEXANDER GRAHAM BELL In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invents telephone F ORD S PARKS THE A UTOMOBILE I NDUSTRY In 1880s, Germans invent first automobile Henry Ford lowers cost with assembly line one task per worker A SSEMBLY L INE T HE W RIGHT B ROTHERS F LY In 1903, Wright brothers develop first working airplane E UROPE D IVIDED By 1900 Europe had two distinct economic zones Advanced Industrialized Nations: Great Britain, Belgium, France, The Netherlands, Germany, Northern Italy, and Austria Agricultural Nations: Spain, Portugal, Most of Austria-Hungary, Russia, Balkan nations, and southern Italy S OCIALISM The desire to improve working and living conditions for industrial workers led to creation of socialist political parties Karl Marx German journalist proposes a radical socialism, Marxism Friedrich EngelsGerman whose father owns a Manchester textile mill Together they wrote The Communist Manifesto in 1848 T HE C OMMUNIST M ANIFESTO Marx and Engels believe society is divided into warring classes Capitalism helps haves, the employers known as the bourgeoisie Hurts have-nots, the workers known as the proletariat Marx, Engels predict the workers will overthrow the owners T HE F UTURE A CCORDING TO M ARX Marx believes that capitalism will eventually destroy itself Inequality would cause workers to revolt, seize factories and mills Communismsociety where people own, share the means of production Marxs ideas later take root in Russia, China, Cuba T RADE U NIONS Unionsassociations formed by laborers to work for change Unions negotiate for better pay, conditions with employers Sometimes they strikecall a work stoppageto pressure owners Skilled workers are first to form unions Movement in Britain, U.S. must fight for right to form unions Union goals were higher wages, shorter hours, improved conditions