background image: unit 9: classification
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit 9: ClassificationUnit 9: Classification
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IntroductionIntroduction
•Classification –is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities.
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TaxonomyTaxonomy• Scientists classify the diverse
number of organisms on the planet in order to learn and study from them.
• Taxonomy is the field of biology that identifies (gives organisms a name) and classifies organisms based on shared characteristics.
• Carolus Linnaeus– Swedish biologist who in the
mid-1700’s developed the biological system of classification with 7 taxonomic levels
• (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, & species).
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Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature• Genus species
– in Latin• They use Latin because it is universal (worldwide) and it
is not widely spoken and, therefore, the meanings of the word are not likely to change.
– italics. – Genus name is written first and is
capitalized.– Species name is written second and is NOT
capitalized.
• Correctly written scientific names– Homo sapien sapiens (modern man)– Felis domesticus (common housecat)
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Purpose for Purpose for ClassificationClassification
1. A Latin name eliminates confusion caused by common name differences.– EX: crayfish, crawdad, mudbug are all
common names for….– Cambarus bartoni
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Purpose for ClassificationPurpose for Classification2. Classification organizes large amounts of
information into manageable levels.3. Classification also reveals (or shows)
evolutionary relationships between organisms.
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Modern Levels of Modern Levels of ClassificationClassification• Domain is the most recently added 8th
taxonomic level, which is even more inclusive than a kingdom.
• Video
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Levels of ClassificationLevels of Classification
• Kingdom is the second level. (EX Plants or Animals)
• These organisms have similar characteristics such as: cell structure, level of specialization and method of obtaining nutrients.
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/139427_Five_Kingdoms.jpg
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Levels of ClassificationLevels of Classification• Species is the LAST, most specific unit of
classification where members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
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Dichotomous KeyDichotomous Key• special guides to help identify organisms. • consists of several pairs of descriptive
statements
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Review of Ecology - Energy Review of Ecology - Energy FlowFlow
• All life depends on energy in order to function and survive.
• The cells in your body are constantly using energy.
• The source of all energy on Earth is the sun. http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photos/pod-
sunrises-sunsets/victoria-coast-sunset_pod_image.html; Photograph by R. Ian Lloyd
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Producers/AutotrophsProducers/Autotrophs• Organisms that
capture energy from sunlight are called autotrophs (they automatically make their own food)– EX plants & bacteria
• All other organisms somehow depend on the producers for food.
ProducersProducershttp://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains.htm
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• Organisms that have to eat are• Types:
– Herbivores – obtain energy by eating plants. (manatee)
– Carnivores – obtain energy by eating animals. (sharks)
– Omnivores – obtain energy by eating both plants and animals (humans, bears)
– Detritvore – obtain energy by eating dead plants & animals
– Decomposers – obtain energy by breaking down organic matter (bacteria, fungi)
Consumers/Consumers/HeterotrophsHeterotrophs
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Feeding RelationshipsFeeding RelationshipsFood chains show the pathway for the transfer of
energy.A producer always starts a food chain.
Arrows show where the energy goes (from the grass, to
the grasshopper) Sketch the EX in your notes.
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• Food webs are the interconnected food chains in a community.
• They usually show more detailed relationships.
• Snakes eat how many types of organisms? (Follow Arrows)
• Many organisms in a food chain can eat more than one type of food.
• Many organisms are also food source for more than one organism.
Feeding RelationshipsFeeding Relationships
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Energy (Ecological) Energy (Ecological) PyramidsPyramids• show how energy
moves through an ecosystem.
• Producers are always at bottom (closest to the sun with the most energy).
• Animals gain only a partial amount of energy from the food they eat (10%)
• 90% is given off as heat.
http://www.etap.org/demo/biology_files/lesson6/kep26.jpg
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Kingdom MoneraKingdom Monera• Under Domains Bacteria and
Archaea• Prokaryotes
– no nucleus– No membrane organelles
• Unicellular • DNA in a plasmid (circular loop)• Three shapes: rod, speherical,
spiral• Reproduction = binary fission• Phyla
– Cyanobacteria– Archaebacteria– Eubacteria (E. coli)– Prochorobacteria
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BacteriaBacteria
• Unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus!)
• The microscopic bacteria live in the soil, in water, and in and on the human body!
• Some bacteria is used to convert milk to yogurt and another causes pneumonia.
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/6/6d/320px-Prokaryote_cell_diagram.svg.png
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ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria• Ancient unicellular prokaryotes
• autotrophs• live in very
extreme environments (hot volcanic springs, black organic mud, etc)
• some can only survive in the absence of oxygen!
• This Yellowstone spring is 194°F!
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Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista• Single and Multicellular
Eukaryotes (nucleus & organelles)
• Some autotrophs and some heterotrophs
• Phyla– Rhizopoda (amoeba)– Actinopoda (protozoan)– Foraminifera (plankton)– Apicomplexa (plasmodium)– Ciliophora (paramecium)– Zoomastigophora
(flagellate)
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Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi
• Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes • cell walls of chitin• Decomposing heterotrophs – they do not use
photosynthesis to create food!• Phyla
– Chytridiomycota– Zygomycota (black bread mold)– Ascomycota (yeast, molds)– Basidiomycota (mushrooms)
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Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae
• Plants are complex multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls and create their food using photosynthesis (thus the green color!).
• Non-motile (do not move)• Phyla
– Anthophyta (flowering plants)– Coniferophyta (cone-bearing plants)– Pteridophyta (ferns)– Bryophyta (moss)
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Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia• The kingdom Animalia contain multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs. • At the microscopic level, animal cells are different because they do NOT have cell walls.• Phyla
– Annelida (earthworms)– Nematoda (roundworms)– Platyhelminthes (flatworms)– Porifera (sponges)– Chordata
• Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: shark, sting rays)• Class Osteicthyes (bony fish: catfish, salmon)• Aves (birds)• Reptilia (reptiles)• Mammalia
– Mollusca• Class Gastropoda (snails)• Class Bivalva (clams, oysters)• Class Cephalopoda (squid, octopus)
– Arthropoda• Class Insecta• Class Crustacea (crab, lobster, shrimp, crawfish)• Class Arachnida (spiders)
– Echinodermata• Class Asteroidea (sea stars)• Class Echinoidea (sea urchin, sand dollar)• Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
– Cnidaria• Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish)• Class Anthozoa (coral, sea anemones)