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7/21/2019 Bahan Matrikulasi MM
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2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ra !air
"he #tu$ of Economics"he #tu$ of Economics
% EconomicsEconomicsis the stu$ ofis the stu$ of
ho& in$i'i$uals an$ societiesho& in$i'i$uals an$ societies
choose to use the scarcechoose to use the scarceresources that nature an$resources that nature an$
pre'ious generations ha'epre'ious generations ha'e
pro'i$e$(pro'i$e$(
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2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ra !air
"he #cope of Economics"he #cope of Economics
% MicroeconomicsMicroeconomicsis the branch of economicsis the branch of economics
that e)amines the functioning of in$i'i$ualthat e)amines the functioning of in$i'i$ual
in$ustries an$ the beha'ior of in$i'i$ualin$ustries an$ the beha'ior of in$i'i$ual
$ecision*ma+ing unitsthat is, business firms$ecision*ma+ing unitsthat is, business firmsan$ househol$s(an$ househol$s(
% MacroeconomicsMacroeconomicsis the branch of economicsis the branch of economics
that e)amines the economic beha'ior ofthat e)amines the economic beha'ior ofaggregatesaggregates income, output, emploment, an$ income, output, emploment, an$
so onon a national scale(so onon a national scale(
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2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ra !air
"he -i'erse !iel$s of Economics"he -i'erse !iel$s of Economics
Examples of microeconomic and macroeconomic concernsExamples of microeconomic and macroeconomic concerns
ProductionProduction PricesPrices IncomeIncome EmploymentEmployment
MicroeconomicsMicroeconomics Pro$uction/.utputPro$uction/.utputin n$i'i$ualin n$i'i$ualn$ustries an$n$ustries an$BusinessesBusinesses
Ho& much steelHo& much steelHo& man officesHo& man officesHo& man carsHo& man cars
Price of n$i'i$ualPrice of n$i'i$ualoo$s an$ #er'icesoo$s an$ #er'icesPrice of me$icalPrice of me$ical
carecarePrice of gasolinePrice of gasoline!oo$ prices!oo$ prices1partment rents1partment rents
-istribution of-istribution ofncome an$ ealthncome an$ ealthages in the autoages in the auto
in$ustrin$ustr3inimum &ages3inimum &agesE)ecuti'e salariesE)ecuti'e salariesPo'ertPo'ert
Emploment bEmploment bn$i'i$ualn$i'i$ualBusinesses 4Businesses 4n$ustriesn$ustries
5obs in the steel5obs in the steelin$ustrin$ustrumber ofumber ofemploees in aemploees in afirmfirm
MacroeconomicsMacroeconomics ationalationalPro$uction/.utputPro$uction/.ut
put
"otal n$ustrial"otal n$ustrial.utput.utputross -omesticross -omesticPro$uctPro$uctro&th of .utputro&th of .utput
1ggregate Price1
ggregate Price7e'el7e'el
Consumer pricesConsumer pricesPro$ucer PricesPro$ucer PricesRate of nflationRate of nflation
ational ncomeational ncome"otal &ages an$"otal &ages an$
salariessalaries
"otal corporate"otal corporateprofitsprofits
Emploment an$Emploment an$8nemploment in8nemploment in
thethe EconomEconom
"otal number of"otal number of9obs9obs8nemploment8nemplomentraterate
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2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ra !air
"he Circular !lo& of Economic 1cti'it"he Circular !lo& of Economic 1cti'it
% "he"he circular flow ofcircular flow of
economic activityeconomic activitysho&ssho&sthe connections bet&eenthe connections bet&een
firms an$ househol$s infirms an$ househol$s in
input an$ output mar+ets(input an$ output mar+ets(
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2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ra !air
nput 3ar+ets an$ .utput 3ar+etsnput 3ar+ets an$ .utput 3ar+ets
% Output, or product,Output, or product,
marketsmarketsare the mar+etsare the mar+ets
in &hich goo$s an$in &hich goo$s an$
ser'ices are e)change$(ser'ices are e)change$(
% Input marketsInput marketsare theare the
mar+ets in &hichmar+ets in &hich
resourceslabor, capital,resourceslabor, capital,an$ lan$use$ toan$ lan$use$ to
pro$uce pro$ucts, arepro$uce pro$ucts, are
e)change$(e)change$(
% Paments flo& in the oppositePaments flo& in the opposite
$irection as the phsical flo& of$irection as the phsical flo& of
resources, goo$s, an$ ser'icesresources, goo$s, an$ ser'ices
:countercloc+&ise;(:countercloc+&ise;(
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2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ra !air
Kara+teristi+ umum R" secara e+onomiKara+teristi+ umum R" secara e+onomi
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>uantit -eman$e$>uantit -eman$e$
% Quantity demandedQuantity demandedis the amountis the amount
:number of units; of a pro$uct that a:number of units; of a pro$uct that a
househol$ &oul$ bu in a gi'en timehousehol$ &oul$ bu in a gi'en time
perio$ at the current mar+et price(perio$ at the current mar+et price(
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"he -eman$ Cur'e"he -eman$ Cur'e
% "he"he demand curvedemand curveisisa graph illustratinga graph illustratingho& much of a gi'enho& much of a gi'en
pro$uct a househol$pro$uct a househol$&oul$ be &illing to&oul$ be &illing tobu at $ifferent prices(bu at $ifferent prices(
PRICE
(PER
CALL)
QUANI!
"EMAN"E"
(CALL# PER
M$N%)& ' '
'*' +*
*' ,
,''
-''' -
-*'' '
ANNA.# "EMAN"
#C%E"ULE /$R
ELEP%$NE CALL#
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9/28 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ra !air
"he 7a& of -eman$"he 7a& of -eman$
% "he"he law of demandlaw of demandstates that there is astates that there is anegati'e, or in'erse,negati'e, or in'erse,relationship bet&eenrelationship bet&een
price an$ the ?uantit ofprice an$ the ?uantit ofa goo$ $eman$e$ an$a goo$ $eman$e$ an$its price(its price(
% "his means that"his means that$eman$ cur'es slope$eman$ cur'es slope
$o&n&ar$($o&n&ar$(
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-eterminants of Househol$ -eman$-eterminants of Househol$ -eman$
% "he"heprice of the productprice of the productin ?uestion(in ?uestion(
% "he"he incomeincomea'ailable to the househol$(a'ailable to the househol$(
% "he househol$@s amount of"he househol$@s amount of accumulated wealthaccumulated wealth..
% "he"heprices of related productsprices of related productsa'ailable to thea'ailable to the
househol$(househol$(
% "he househol$@s"he househol$@s tastes and preferencestastes and preferences((
% "he househol$@s"he househol$@s expectationsexpectationsabout futureabout future
income, &ealth, an$ prices(income, &ealth, an$ prices(
1 househol$@s $ecision about the ?uantit of a particular1 househol$@s $ecision about the ?uantit of a particular
output to $eman$ $epen$s onAoutput to $eman$ $epen$s onA
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Relate$ oo$s an$ #er'icesRelate$ oo$s an$ #er'ices
% SubstitutesSubstitutesare goo$s that can ser'e asare goo$s that can ser'e as
replacements for one another &hen thereplacements for one another &hen the
price of one increases, $eman$ for theprice of one increases, $eman$ for the
other goes up(other goes up( erfect substituteserfect substitutesarearei$entical pro$ucts(i$entical pro$ucts(
% !omplementsare goo$s that go
togetherD a $ecrease in the price of oneresults in an increase in $eman$ for the
other, an$ 'ice 'ersa(
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KonsepKonsep DemandDemand untu+ Perencanaanuntu+ Perencanaan
Rumah #a+itRumah #a+it
% DemandDemand terha$ap pelaanan +esehatanterha$ap pelaanan +esehatan
merupa+an hal penting ang mempengaruhi masamerupa+an hal penting ang mempengaruhi masa
$epan ataupun$epan ataupun survivalsurvival suatu rumah sa+itsuatu rumah sa+it
% 7a+u+an analisis pasar atau peramalan7a+u+an analisis pasar atau peramalan
permintaan( 1nalisis pasar a$alah mene$ia+anpermintaan( 1nalisis pasar a$alah mene$ia+an
informasi mengenai +ea$aan pasar saat ini $aninformasi mengenai +ea$aan pasar saat ini $an
+emung+inan+emung+inan trendtrend pasar $i masa men$atang(pasar $i masa men$atang(
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Kara+teristi+ umumKara+teristi+ umum PerusahaanPerusahaan secarasecara
e+onomie+onomi
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!ungsi pro$u+si!ungsi pro$u+si
!ungsi Pro$u+siA!ungsi Pro$u+siA
Hubungan te+nis antara 9umlah input $an outputHubungan te+nis antara 9umlah input $an outputpa$a penggunaan ting+at te+nologi tertentu(pa$a penggunaan ting+at te+nologi tertentu(
%> f:) f:) ting+at pro$u+si/ouput/+eluaran> ting+at pro$u+si/ouput/+eluaran
%)
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#ifat !a+tor Pro$u+si#ifat !a+tor Pro$u+si
% !a+tor ang mu$ah $iubah :bahan ba+u,!a+tor ang mu$ah $iubah :bahan ba+u,+ara&an lepas, bahan ba+ar;+ara&an lepas, bahan ba+ar;
%!a+tor ang ti$a+ mu$ah $iubah*ubah :ge$ung,!a+tor ang ti$a+ mu$ah $iubah*ubah :ge$ung,tanah, mesin, alat*alat besar;(tanah, mesin, alat*alat besar;(
5ang+a &a+tu ang ti$a+ memung+in+an pro$usen5ang+a &a+tu ang ti$a+ memung+in+an pro$usenuntu+ mengubah ubah besarna beberapauntu+ mengubah ubah besarna beberapafa+tor pro$u+si 9ang+a pen$e+fa+tor pro$u+si 9ang+a pen$e+
#e$ang+an 9ang+a pan9ang 5ang+a &a+tu ang#e$ang+an 9ang+a pan9ang 5ang+a &a+tu angmemung+in+an pro$usen untu+ mengubahmemung+in+an pro$usen untu+ mengubahubah besarna beberapa fa+tor pro$u+siubah besarna beberapa fa+tor pro$u+si
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16/28 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ra !air
"he Beha'ior of"he Beha'ior of
Profit*3a)imiFing !irmsProfit*3a)imiFing !irms
% "he three $ecisions that all firms"he three $ecisions that all firms
must ma+e inclu$eAmust ma+e inclu$eA
%o0 muc1 of%o0 muc1 of
eac1 input toeac1 input to
demanddemand
21ic121ic1
productionproduction
tec1nolo3y totec1nolo3y to
useuse
++
%o0 muc1%o0 muc1
output tooutput to
supplysupply
--
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17/28 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ra !air
"he #uppl Cur'e an$"he #uppl Cur'e an$
the #uppl #che$ulethe #uppl #che$ule
% 11 supply curvesupply curveis a graph illustrating ho& muchis a graph illustrating ho& much
of a pro$uct a firm &ill suppl at $ifferent prices(of a pro$uct a firm &ill suppl at $ifferent prices(
0
(merupa+an fungsi $ari 'ariabel ang sama aitu >(
7aba :7aba :; ; ""R *R * ""C , +arenaC , +arena ""R f:>; $anR f:>; $an ""C f:>; ma+aC f:>; ma+a
p f :>;( .ptimum $icapai apabila turunan pertama sama $engan nol(p f :>;( .ptimum $icapai apabila turunan pertama sama $engan nol(
""R *R * ""C ma+aC ma+a
$$/$>/$> $R/$> * $C/$> $R/$> * $C/$>
3R * 3C 3R * 3C.ptimum $.ptimum $/$>/$> 0 ma+a 3R * 3C 0 0 ma+a 3R * 3C 0
9a$i9a$i
3R3R 3C 3C
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2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ra !air
EfficiencEfficienc
% EfficiencyEfficiencyis the con$itionis the con$ition
in &hich the econom isin &hich the econom is
pro$ucing &hat peoplepro$ucing &hat people&ant at the least possible&ant at the least possible
cost(cost(
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2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ra !air 27
Cost*3inimiFing nput ChoicesCost*3inimiFing nput Choices
% 3athematicall, &e see+ to minimiFe total costs gi'en3athematicall, &e see+ to minimiFe total costs gi'en qq
ff::kk,,ll; ; qq00
% #etting up the 7agrangianA#etting up the 7agrangianA
LL $$llJJ vkvkJJ qq00** ff::kk,,ll;L;L
% !irst or$er con$itions are!irst or$er con$itions are
LL//ll $$** ::f/f/ll; 0; 0
LL//kk vv** ::f/f/kk; 0; 0
LL// qq00** ff::kk,,ll; 0; 0
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Cost*3inimiFing nput ChoicesCost*3inimiFing nput Choices
% -i'i$ing the first t&o con$itions &e get-i'i$ing the first t&o con$itions &e get% "he cost*minimiFing firm shoul$ e?uate
the R"# for the t&o inputs to the ratio of
their prices