basic gad concepts.pptx
TRANSCRIPT
SESSION 2: BASIC GAD CONCEPTSPresented by: DR. JHAMIE TETZ I. MATEO, Member, PCW-NGRP
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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SEX & GENDER: WHAT ARE THEY AND HOW THEY DIFFER
• SEX refers to:
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The biological characteristics that categorize someone as having either a female or male bodyThe act of mating between two organisms (COITUS)
This categorization is made according to reproductive functiono the female produces the egg cell, or ovum o the male provides the sperm that fertilizes itoa rare category exists - the INTERSEXED: people born
with both male and female, or incomplete genitalia – but these form a very small proportion of the human population
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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SEX & GENDER: WHAT ARE THEY AND HOW THEY DIFFER
• Gender refers to:
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The socially determined ideas and practices of what it is to be female or male, how a person’s biology is culturally valued and interpreted into locally accepted ideas of what it is to be a woman or manA term that implies the cultural roles expected of a person
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GENDER AND SEX
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SEX GENDER
Biologically determined Constructed by society
Universal for all human beings
Multi-faceted differs within and between
cultures
Unchanging Dynamic, changes over
time
Inborn Acquired
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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ATTRIBUTES OF SEX AND GENDER
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SEX GENDER
Maleness Masculinity
Femaleness Femininity
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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SEX & GENDER… AND MORE
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SEX
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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SEX & GENDER… AND MORE
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ORIENTATION
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SEXUAL ORIENTATION
Refers to each person’s capacity for profound emotional, affectional and sexual attraction to, and intimate and sexual relations with, individuals of a different gender or the same gender or more than one gender
Heterosexual—towards members of the opposite sex.Bisexual—towards members of both sexes.Homosexual—towards members of the same sex.
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Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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SEX & GENDER… AND MORE
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IDENTITY
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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GENDER IDENTITY
Defined by the INDIVIDUALRefers to each person’s deeply felt internal and individual experience of gender, which may or may not correspond with the sex assigned at birth, including the personal sense of the body (which may involve, if freely chosen, modification of bodily appearance or function by medical, surgical or other means) and other expressions of gender, including dress, speech and mannerisms.
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Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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SEX & GENDER… AND MORE
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EXPRESSION
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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IS GENDER ROLE INBORN???
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Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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GENDER ROLE IS LEARNED“Gender role is the behaviors,
attitudes values, beliefs and so on that a particular cultural group
considers appropriate for males and females on the basis of their
biological sex. Gender ROLES and EXPECTATIONS
are learned.”
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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THE PROCESS OF LEARNING AND INTERNALIZING
CULTURALLY APPROVED WAYS OF:
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Thinking Feeling andBehaving
according to one’s gender is...
Gender Role Socialization
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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GENDER ROLES
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Productive Reproductive
Community Managing
Community Politics
Activities needed to ensure the reproduction of society’s labor force, mostly done by women
Activities carried out by M/W in order to produce goods & services to meet the subsistence needs of the family
Activities primarily undertaken by women as an extension of their reproductive role; voluntary unpaid work in “free” time
Activities primarily undertaken by men at the community level; usually may be paid directly or result in increased power & status
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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Feminine Masculine
perception
roles
expectations
Weak, emotional,secondary, can’tthink
Strong, rational,primary, can’tfeel
No hard work,no leadership, not a boss, no decision-making
Hard work,leader, boss,no care-giving
Stay at home, justobey, don’t assert,don’t participatein deciding
Don’t make women do hard work, always be smart, get the best, don’t cry
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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THUS GENDER ROLES, EXPECTATIONS & PERCEPTIONS BOX MEN & WOMEN INTO SITUATIONS THAT CONSTRAINTS THEIR
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Capacity TO DO : ability or power to do productive and satisfying workto have control over one’s income and benefit from itto enjoy nature and the natural environment
Capacity TO BE : a right and opportunityto be knowledgeable and skillful, confident of own
abilities & comfortable with achievements, independence and power
well-nourished
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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SITUATIONS WHERE WE SEE GENDER DIFFERENCES
SOCIAL – Different perceptions of women’s and men’s social roles
The man seen as head of the household and chief bread-winner who deals with the public sphereThe woman seen as nurturer and care-giver who deals with the private sphere
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Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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SITUATIONS WHERE WE SEE GENDER DIFFERENCESPOLITICAL – Differences in the
ways in which women and men assume/share power and authority
Men more involved in national/higher level; Women involved at the local level linked to their domestic rolesMen use violence and weapons as tools to further their own power; Women do not have access to such tools & are often the victims
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Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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SITUATIONS WHERE WE SEE GENDER DIFFERENCES
EDUCATIONAL – Differences in educational opportunities & expectations of girls and boys
Family resources directed to boy’s rather than girl’s educationGirls streamed to less-challenging academic tracks
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Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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SITUATIONS WHERE WE SEE GENDER DIFFERENCES
ECONOMIC – Differences in women’s and men’s access to:
Lucrative careers & control of financial and other productive resourcesCredit and LoansLand Ownership
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Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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Learning of Gender Roles
Begin in the Early Stages of Childhood
Male and Female Gender Roles
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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MANIFESTATIONS OF GENDER BIAS
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMENActs of instilling fear and inflicting pain with the aim to injure or abuse a person, usually women. It may be verbal, psychological or physical in nature.
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Jokes, wolf-whistlesPeeking, 'chancing' or making sexual passesSexual harassment Domestic violenceRapeProstitutionCommodification- the act of treating women as a commodity or object, not as a person
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
24MANIFESTATIONS OF GENDER BIASMARGINALIZATION (ECONOMIC)
The process which forces women out into the periphery of economic and social lifeon the periphery of decision-making processas well as diminishing the value of the activities in which they engage and through which they contribute to the national development processUnder or non-valuation/recognition of women's workWomen have less access to and control over resources and benefitsUnequal pay for work of equal value
last to be hired, first to be firedlimited opportunitiesexacting sexual favors
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Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
25MANIFESTATIONS OF GENDER BIAS
SUBORDINATION One sex is inferior to the other; gender subordination is the institutionalized domination by men of women
Position - very few women in politics and top positionsStatus - weaker sexDecision-making - women are not included in planning and decision-making processesProcess of socialization
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Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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WOMEN MEN
Weak Strong
Oppressed Dominating
Followers Leaders
Second Class Always on Top
Owned Owner
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
27MANIFESTATIONS OF GENDER BIAS
GENDER STEREOTYPING
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The process of attributing a set of characteristics, roles and traits, favorable or unfavorable to all members of a social group based on sex.
Child rearing ReligionOccupationEducationLanguageBehaviorGov't programsMediaPopular culture
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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MANIFESTATIONS OF GENDER BIAS
MULTIPLE BURDEN Involvement in the three spheres of work: reproductive, productive and community work
ParentingHouseworkCommunity WorkWork in the public sphere/informal sector
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Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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WHO PERPETUATES GENDER BIASES???
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FAMILY
SCHOOL
LANGUAGE
CHURCH
MEDIAWORKPLAC
E
In the family, throughout
childhood and adolescence, parents orient their children
about acceptable gender roles and
standards
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster) 7/22/2014
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FAMILY
SCHOOL
LANGUAGE
CHURCH
MEDIAWORKPLAC
E
The school further widens the
differentiation between boys and
girls
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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FAMILY
SCHOOL
LANGUAGE
CHURCH
MEDIAWORKPLAC
E
The use of sexist term – no matter how subtle, is the most pervasive
institution of socialization
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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FAMILY
SCHOOL
LANGUAGE
CHURCH
MEDIAWORKPLAC
E
Religious teachings that
depict women as Martyrs, Self – Sacrificing and reinforcing the
belief that women’s place is in the home & to be a good mother
and wife
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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FAMILY
SCHOOL
LANGUAGE
CHURCH
MEDIAWORKPLAC
E
The Tri- Media do not usually
portray women in all her diverse
roles, thus their images tend to emphasize her
physical appearance rather
than her ability
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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FAMILY
SCHOOL
LANGUAGE
CHURCH
MEDIAWORKPLAC
E
Women are few and far between managerial and policy-making
positions. Majority of them are in the
informal sector where the
minimum wage law rarely applies and there is hardly any social security
protection
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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WHAT SHOULD WE DO???
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Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY
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Freedom from violenceFreedom from harassmentEffects on personhoodPersonhood development/self-esteemControl over one's body
• VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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Equal pay for work of equal valueEconomic independenceEconomic Opportunities
• MARGINALIZATION
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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Quality participation in decision-makingRecognition of capabilities
• SUBORDINATION
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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Liberation from stereotyped imagesNon-sexist child-rearingNon-sexist language
• GENDER STEREOTYPING
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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Gender Division of Labor: the assignment of tasks and roles to men and women on account sex
shared parentingshared houseworkshared breadwinning
• MULTIPLE BURDEN
Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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VIOLENCE• Physical
Using coercion and threatsUsing economic abuseUsing male privilegeUsing children
• SexualUsing intimidationUsing emotional abuseUsing isolationMinimizing, Denying and Blaming
NON-VIOLENCE
Negotiation and FairnessEconomic PartnershipShared ResponsibilityResponsible ParentingNon-Threatening BehaviorRespectTrust and SupportHonesty and Accountability
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Training on Gender & Development Mainstreaming for State Universities & Colleges July 22-25, 2014 Cebu City (VISMIN Cluster)
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