basics of electric power systems

7/25/2019 basics of Electric Power Systems

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L1: BASICS OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

.

SUBJECT: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


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Brief description of the classical

electric power system

An electric power sste!is a network of electrical components used to supply,transmit and use electric power
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_zsGasxAhMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_zsGasxAhM


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CTEthe U"io" #or t$e Coor%i"&tio" o# Tr&"s!issio" o# Electricitcoordinates the

operation and de!elopment of the electricity transmission "rid for the Continental

European synchronously operated transmission "rid, thus ppro!idin" a relia#le

platform to all participants of the Internal Electricity $arket and #eyond%
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5w0_QjS7d0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5w0_QjS7d0


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E&ample' $ap of the I#erian transmission system


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( this power system is also known as )T*E GRI+ and despite of its hu"esi-e can #e di!ided on the #asis of t$e 'olt&(e le'elinto'

( GENERAT.R/ that supply the power% 0123 456

( TRAN/$I//I.N /7/TE$/ that carries the power from the "eneratin"centres to the load centres% 02839:33 456

( +I/TRIBTI.N /7/TE$/ that feeds the power amon" the consumers0industries, hospitals, commercial #uildin"s and homes6% 01;3456

The distinction #etween transmission and distri#ution is not made only on#asis of the !olta"e le!el% It is rather the task, the nature of the "rid thatis important%

The transmission "rid shows redundancy' if one element fails, the systemusers pro#a#ly do not notice it% In the distri#ution "rid, this redundancyis not a!aila#le or not always acti!e 0for instance may re


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GENERATI.N, RENE=ABLE ENERGIE/

( A+5ANTAGE/'> No waste products%> Ine&hausti#le 0Ne!er run out6> /ustaina#le> /u#sidi-ed%> economic #oost to re"ional areas

> Less costs of operation

( +I/A+5ANTAGE/'> unpredicta#le and inconsistent> Need a #alance with other power

sources%> Low ener"etical density> "rid connection issues> *i"her cost of technolo"y

Re"ew&)le e"er( is "enerally

defined as ener"y that comes fromresources which are naturally

replenished such as sunli"ht, wind,

wa!es and "eothermal heat%

Renewa#le ener"y pro?ects are

suita#le not only for lar"e9scale#utalso to rural and remote areas and

de!elopin" countries'

.* Wi"% power

.* +%ropower

.* Sol&r e"er(

.* Bio!&ss

.*,eot$er!&l e"er(
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eZglxQGOZoshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eZglxQGOZos


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Cl&ssi#ic&tio" o# Power st&tio"s &ccor%i"( to its #-"ctio"

( @ER$ANENT' they are always workin", co'eri"( & $i($ o# i"st&"t %e!&"%%

( INTER$ITTENT' they "uaarantee a sufficient reser!e capacity to co'er pe&/s i" %e!&"%%

( /@ARE' replace the permanent powerplants when they are in shut9down period%

( E$ERGENC7' transporta#le, mainly used on emer"ency situations%

( /T.RAGE' take ad!anta"e of th o!ercapacity of production to store electric&l e"er(,

mainly liftin" water throu"h hydroelectric power stations


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GENERATI.N' ELECTRIC @.=ER @LANT/

( 5ma&' 23k5%

( T$er!&l Power st&tio"s 0.

( +%roelectric Power st&tio"s 12

( 3-cle&r Power St&tio"s 41


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IEL+/ . /T+7' 5ISTRIBUTE5 ,E3ERATIO3

5istri)-te% e"er(, is "enerated or stored #y a !ariety of small "rid9connected de!ices referred to as

%istri)-te% e"er( reso-rces 65ER7% +istri#uted "eneration and stora"e ena#les collection of ener"y

from many sources and may lower en!ironmental impacts and impro!e security of supply%

These systems can #e mana"ed and coordinated within a smart "rid, which is a modern electrical "rid that

uses di"ital information and communications technolo"y to "ather and act on information, such as the

#eha!iours of suppliers and consumers, in order to impro!e the efficiency, relia#ility, economics, and

sustaina#ility of the production and distri#ution of electricity%

Roll9out of smart "rid technolo"y also implies a fundamental re9en"ineerin" of the electricity ser!ices

industry, althou"h typical usa"e of the term is focused on the technical infrastructure%

5I+E.


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BE3EFITS OF 5ISTRIBUTE5 ,E3ERATIO3

1. Reli&)ilit4. Fle8i)ilit

9. Up(r&%&)ilit

0. Eco"o! o# Sc&le

. 5i'ersit

. E##icie"c

Con!entional power stations, such as coal, "as and nuclear powered plants, as well as

hydroelectric dams, are centrali-ed and often re


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TRAN/$I//I.N +I/TRIBTI.N

Electric*power tr&"s!issio" is the #ulk transfer of electrical ener"y, from

"eneratin" power plants to electrical su#stations located near demand centers%

electric power %istri)-tio" is the wirin" #etween hi"h9!olta"e su#stations and

customers%

Transmission lines, when interconnected with others, #ecome transmissionnetworks%

*istorically, transmission and distri#ution lines were owned #y the same

company, #ut startin" in the D3s, many countries ha!e li#erali-ed the re"ulation

of the electricity market in ways that ha!e led to the separation of the electricity

transmission #usiness from the distri#ution #usiness


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( The ma?ority of these systems rely upon t$ree*p$&se AC power 9 the standard for lar"e9

scale power transmission and distri#ution across the modern world% /ometimes specialised

power systems do not rely upon three9phase AC power 0aircraft, electric rail systems, ocean

liners and automo#iles6%

( Transmission system

> Higher voltage (typical at least 110 kV and higher)

> Power injection by generation and import, large consmers

> !nterconnected internationally

> "eshed natre#$edndancy

( (%btransmission system)

> &etween transmission systemand distribtion system

> 'onnection o large indstrial sers

and cities

> pen loop*partly meshed

( +istribtion system

> 00 V to some ten o kV

> $adial (rral areas)

Sometimes the distribution grid has a meshed lay-out with certain circuitbreakers that are normally opened, enabling the system operator tointervene after a fault in order to restore power. !ndstry, commercial andresidential areas


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( Two ways to transport electricity

( +irect Current +C

> Generator #uilt #y =% !on /iemens and %Gramme

( Low line !olta"e, and conse Introduced #y Nikola Tesla and =estin"house

( Transformer in!ented #y Tesla allows increasin" the line !olta"e

( Allows transmittin" lar"e amounts of electricity o!er lon" distances

( Ad!anta"es of AC

> Cheaper transformation #etween !olta"es> Easy to switch off, Less e on 333 km line, :F for +C opposed to ;3F for AC> ndersea and under"round transmission> Connection of separate power systems

( =ith different fre


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E&ample' transmission lines


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E&ample' distri#ution lines

Radial lay9out meshed lay9out

basics of electric power systems

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