Section I. Basic Filtration Principles

I. FLUID CONTAMINANTS A. Solid ParticulateB. WaterC. AcidD. GaseousE. Biological

II. FLUID CLEANLINESSA. Particle SizeB. ISO 4406 Fluid Cleanliness CodeC. Filterability

III. FILTRATION MECHANICSA. Media Types and Capture Mechanisms

1) Depth Vs Surface2) Fiber Types3) Capture Mechanisms

B. Filter Efficiency Rating1) Nominal and Absolute2) The Beta Ratio

C. Contamination Control BalanceD. Efficiency/Pressure/Flow/Dirt Capacity RelationshipE. Filter Location

Section II. Cartridge Selection

I. Cartridge NomenclatureII. Safegard PL III. MICROGARD PLIV. PHV. DiscVI. FilledVII. PD Hilsorb

Section III. Applications

I. Golden Rule of Filtration ……………………………………………………………….…3.01.1

II. Fluid Cleanliness……………………………………………………………………………3.05.1

III. Filtration Mechanics………………………………………………………………… …….3.15.1

FLUID CONTAMINANTSA fluid contaminant might be described as any unwanted substance in the fluid that may have deleterious effects on the oil, the system components or both. Contaminants may be in gaseous, liquid, or solid form. Energy can be a contaminant in the form of heat or static electricity. The contaminants controllable with cartridge filtration that we are going to focus on are water, acid, and solid particulate.

Solid ParticulateSolid particulate may be defined as any particles that are insoluble in pentane. Solid particles are abrasive particles that cause wear which creates even more particles. They may be built in, system generated, or ingress from the environment.

Water ContaminationWater is ever present in the environment and as a result is one of the most common contaminants. It may enter a system through condensation, leaks, breathers, or poor housekeeping and storage conditions. Water is equally dangerous to systems as solid particulate is and can’t be ignored. It may be present as free water or dissolved water in solution with the base oil or as an emulsion. Water causes corrosion of system parts, introducing rust and scale particles into the system. Water also accelerates the hydrolysis and subsequent breakdown of the oil itself with an attendant increase in the acid level.

Water removal is accomplished with the PD series of dryer cartridges. They can effectively absorb water from oil to reduce the water content to the saturation point of the oil. To reduce water further, a reclaimer is capable of reducing the water content way below the saturation point. In oils with a good separability index, coalescing is an economical way to separate large quantities of water on a continuous basis.

AcidAcidity measured as Total Acid Number (TAN) causes corrosion and loss of dielectric strength. It often begins as a result of the breakdown or hydrolysis of the fluid. Once started the reaction feeds on itself creating ever increasing degradation. High temperatures, the presence of water, and naturally occurring sulfur may all contribute to increasing TAN levels. Metallic fines or even hydraulic components containing brass or copper can act as oxidation catalysts to accelerate oil breakdown with a subsequent increase in acidity. Vacuum pumps used in acid etching become heavily contaminated with acid.

The filled AT, HT, ST, ET style cartridges will do a first rate job of either cleaning up an acid problem or maintaining a system to a very low TAN.

Gaseous ContaminantsThe most common gaseous contaminant is air. Air enters the system through Bernoulli induction or excessive agitation. Air may be dissolved or entrained as bubbles. It can cause erratic or spongy hydraulic control, excessive heat, and oxidation of the fluid, cavitation, and micro dieseling. Dissolved air and gases can be removed with atmospheric and vacuum degassers. Good housekeeping and proper system design can minimize system air. Excessive air can cause oxidation of the fluid, which leads to varnishing. Cartridge filtration can do nothing about the air but adsorptive filtration will treat the effects of air induced fluid oxidation.

Gaseous contamination can be any compressed gas found in compressor or vacuum pump seal and lube oil. It can reduce the fluid’s viscosity and lubricity. Low boiling hydrocarbon contamination may lower the flash point creating a safety problem. A degassing reclaimer is recommended for the removal of unwanted gases.

Biological ContaminantsBiological contaminants consist of bacteria, yeast, molds, and algae. They gain access to a system through breathers, and contact with tools cleaning rags, and even operators. They are detectable by the slimes they produce and obnoxious odors. They create problems with filter and screen plugging and create corrosive acids as they digest nutrients in the host fluid. Bacteria thrive at an oil water interface and in oil/water emulsions.Fluid Cleanliness

The target of fluid contamination control is to achieve a desired cleanliness level of the fluid. A cleanliness level may be a target level of contaminants that will give the desired fluid properties and component life.

Particle Size

Particle size is an important consideration when determining a contamination control strategy. A human hair is about 80 microns in diameter and the smallest particle the human eye can see is about 40 microns. The visible spectrum of light is between .4 and .7 microns. Particles smaller than this are invisible to optical microscopy. Many typical contaminants will be too small too see even under a microscope. Clean appearing or new oil may have an unacceptable contamination level. One has to know the size range and volume of solid particulate contaminants so that appropriate filtration may be applied. The following chart gives an idea of relative sizes on the micronic and sub-micronic scale:

Once the particle size population and volume is known; the next step is to determine how clean the fluid has to be.

ISO 4406 Fluid Cleanliness Code

Fluid cleanliness will affect component and system life, maintenance intervals, overall reliability and even profitability. A common misunderstanding is that the ISO Cleanliness rating is a cartridge rating. ISO cleanliness deals specifically with the fluid cleanliness state, not cartridge rating. The following table is intended as a recommendation based on average ingression levels with a 5% to 10% of the system volume filtered per minute in a recirculating filtration loop.

Table 1Because there are many cleanliness reporting standards, many of which are obsolete or disavowed, a universal reporting method was required. ISO 4406: 1999 is the most commonly accepted cleanliness rating code the world over. ISO 4406 is a three-digit code that represents cumulative particle counts at 4, 6, and 14 micron particle sizes in a 1-milliliter sample (about an eyedropper drop). The range code numbers are dimensionless and require the chart given in ISO 4406:1999 to relate the range codes to actual particle counts. In cases where only two numbers are reported, as in code number 14/11, only >/= 5 micron and >/= 15 micron particles have been counted per the older 1987 standard.ISO 4406 Cleanliness RequirementsThe following tables depict commonly accepted cleanliness requirements. These are intended as guidelines not absolutes.

POWER GENERATION TURBINES ISO 4406 NUMBERLube Oil System 14/11Fuel System 10/7EHC Governor 16/13EHC Valves 14/11

GENERAL LUBRICATION ISO 4406 CODE NUMBERHydrostatic Transmission 14/11Roller-bearing systems 14/12Ball-bearing systems 13/11Journal bearings (high speed) 15/13Journal bearings (low speed) 16/14General industrial gearboxes 15/13

HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS SUGGESTED FILTRATION, BX>=100

ISO 4406 CODE NUMBER

TYPICAL ISO CLEANLINESSWITH

HILCO PH FILTER CARTRIDGES

MEDIA BETAX=75 BETAX=200 BETAX=1000 ISO 4406 NAS 1638 1

050 51 53 25/23/20 12

5 40 41 43 22/19/16 10 3 24 25 27 19/17/14 8 1 14 15 17 17/16/13 7 1

19 11 13 16/14/11 5

12

3 4 6 15/13/10 4

Systems extremely sensitive to the smallest contaminants which require maximum reliability.

1-2.5 13/9

Sensitive high performance control systems operating at high pressure with excellent reliability.

2.5-5 15/11

High quality, reliable mobile equipment and industrial hydraulic systems operating at high pressure.

5-10 16/13

General machinery and mobile equipment with medium pressure, large capacity and moderate clearances.

10-15 18/14

Low pressure heavy industrial systems or systems where high reliability or long life are not critical.

15-20 19/15

Low pressure hydraulic systems with large clearances or systems with limited service life.

20-40 21/17

ISO 4406 CLEANLINESS IN A SINGLE PASS SYSTEMMost filtration is done on a recirculating system. In some instances however such as fuel filtration, the fluid will only get to go through the filter once. The following table shows what degree of cleanliness may be expected based on the initial cleanliness and filter efficiency.

INLET ISO OUTLET ISO 03 MEDIA

OUTLET ISO 01 MEDIA

OUTLET ISO 12 MEDIA

21/16 21/15 19/16 17/719/15 19/14 17/9 15/718/14 18/13 16/8 14/616/13 16/12 14/7 12/515/11 15/16 13/5 11/313/9 13/8 11/3 9/1

Turbine Lube SystemISO 4406 Cleanliness

The international standard for defining the cleanliness of a hydraulic or lubricating fluid is now ISO 4406:1999. The range codes correspond to 46&14 particle sizes.

GE Global Services Engineering recommends that 1 synthetic filter cartridges for main lube filters. Cleanliness of oil from the tank truck should be at least ISO 17/16/14. Hydraulic oil for servo valves should be ISO 16/14/11.

GE procedure GEK 81515C, Flushing Procedure for Turbine Lube Oil Systems states an allowable lube oil contamination level as follows is recommended.

Number of Particles per 100 MilliliterParticle Size

MicronsGood Acceptabl

e6 - 11 21,000 85,000

12 - 20 6,500 23,00021 - 60 2,370 11,450

61 - 105 112 470106 - 250 18 80

> 250 None NoneISO Code 16/12 17/15

A survey of lube oil cleanliness specifications shows that GE, Westinghouse and Brown Boveri accept an ISO 4406 lube oil cleanliness of 16/12. According to National Tribology Services, Inc., a major oil analysis lab, 16/12 is the accepted industry guideline. For hydraulic systems using servo control valves, an ISO 4406 14/11 is the commonly accepted standard. A Hilco survey of turbine lube oil sample data revealed an average cleanliness of ISO 19/14. In a typical turbine application, the Hilco PH line of cartridges could be expected to produce the cleanliness levels shown in Table 2.

Application

Hydraulic

Hydraulic & Lube

Lube

Lube

Media PH-12 PH-01 PH-03

PH-05

Reservoir

13/10 16/12 17/13

19/14

Filter Outlet

9/3 14/6 16/9

19/14

Filterability and Degradation

Most filtration problems, it seems, are blamed on the filter. The fluid itself however may be the real culprit. Fluid filterability and fluid degradation describe two fluid characteristics that can have a deleterious effect on filter life.

Filterability is a term used to describe the profinity of new oil to clog a new filter. It is a little known fact that new, clean oil can clog up a filter. Long chain polymers, wax, and non-soluble additives can plate out on filter media fiber surfaces so that the pore structure becomes clogged. Different brands of similar oils may have vastly different filterability characteristics. Therefore switching oil brands may either clear up, or create problems with short filter life. Filterability testing is a fairly simple laboratory procedure and would be recommended when short filter life problems occur in new or clean fluid.

Degradation is another fluid phenomena that cause short filter life. Fluid degradation occurs through oxidation or hydrolytic breakdown of the oil causing the formation of asphaltic particles or asphaltines. Asphaltines may be likened to soft tarry gumballs that plate out on filter and system surfaces. They can rapidly plug filters and also bake onto system surfaces to become hard varnish. Asphaltines are a self-induced contaminant in that they are a product of the fluid.

FILTRATION MECHANICSThis section deals with the relationship of media types, capture mechanisms and the measure of solid particulate removal filtration performance.

Media Types and Capture Mechanisms

Depth Vs Surface: In surface filtration particles are captured on the surface of a thin single ply media such as a wire screen strainer. A characteristic of surface filtration is a sharp particle separation cutoff point. A surface filter will act like a go-no-go gauge with virtually zero efficiency for any particles smaller than its pore size and high efficiency for all particles over its pore size. Once a layer of particles begins to build on the surface to bridge the pores, then smaller particle efficiency will increase, as the separated particles become a depth filter.

Virtually any multiple ply or fiber based media is a depth filter since particle separation takes place throughout the body of the media as well as on its surface. These microphotographs of fine fibered PH media and the relatively coarse fibered PL media shows the pore structure as a fibrous matrix. Note that the fine microglass fibers of the PH media obstruct less flow than the coarse wood pulp fibers of the PL media. They both offer 3D spatiality. Particle capture may be through the straining out of large particles that simply won’t fit into the pore matrix as well as fiber impacting deep inside the media. Fluid moving through a fiber matrix is constantly changing direction as it weaves around the individual fiber. Inertial forces cause solid particles to be thrown out of the fluid streamlines to impact on a fiber. This phenomena permits the capture of particles in a depth media that are far smaller than the pore structure of the media

Filter Efficiency Ratings

Nominal and AbsoluteThe term nominal means “in name only”. Nominal filtration ratings are often just that. They may be arbitrarily chosen designations that have little commonality with other manufacturer ratings. They usually have little to do with actual cartridge performance. To have any meaning, a nominal rating must have some sort of efficiency designation such as “98% at 10 microns”. The Hilco media designations of –01, -03, -05 and so on are often mistakenly called micron ratings. They have no bearing on the actual micron of the cartridge. They are to differentiate one media grade from another. Separation efficiency or micron ratings for Hilco cartridges are expressed in their Beta Ratios.

Absolute ratings can be just as confusing. They may also be an arbitrary designation, based on porosimeter data, bubble point, or challenged with a calibrated contaminant. Because an absolute rating can mean so many things it can not be used to universally compare filtration performance. The only acceptable absolute rating today is the particle size at which the Beta Ratio equals either 75 or 200.

The Beta RatioThe Beta Ratio based on multipass efficiency testing is the most universally accepted filtration performance assessment method available. International Standard ISO 4572 has been used the world over. Beginning in the year 2000, International Standard ISO 16889 supercedes ISO 4572. The most significant difference is that the new standard will replace ISO Fine Test Dust with ISO Medium Test as the contaminant and will use in line sampling instead of bottle sampling.

The Beta Ratio is the ratio of all the particle counts equal to and larger than a specific micron size upstream of a filter Vs all the particle counts equal to and larger than the same specific size downstream of the filter. For example, in the upstream sample we count 2000 particles that are 5 microns and larger. The downstream sample has been reduced to 10 particles that are 5 microns and larger. Doing the math, 2000 divided by 10 equals 200 for a Beta Ratio of 200 at 5 microns or B5=200. The efficiency is calculated from the Beta Ratio. Efficiency % = (B-1/B)*100, or using our example, (200-1/200)*100=99.5% efficiency.

Beta Ratios and Corresponding Efficiencies

Beta Ratio Efficiency1 0%2 50%5 80%10 90%20 95%75 98.7%100 99%200 99.5%1000 99.9%

Another piece of information derived from the multipass test is a comparative dirt capacity. This dirt capacity data, reported as apparent dirt capacity is the quantity of contaminant it took to achieve the terminal pressure drop. Because terminal pressure drop is an arbitrarily chosen figure, when comparing dirt capacity data from different manufacturers you have to know what the test

terminal pressure was. For example, Hilliard chooses a 25-psid increase over the clean starting pressure drop to be the terminal pressure drop.

Brand X chooses a 60-psid increase to terminate the test. Because the Brand X test will run longer to reach 60-psid than 25-psid, their reported apparent dirt capacity will be higher while in actuality if both companies had terminated at the same pressure, the results may have been equal. Another caveat on dirt capacities is that the ISO Multipass Test is a standardized test meant for cartridge comparison. It does not mean a guarantee of field performance. Field contaminants may have different shapes, densities, and ingression rates than the test conditions so results will vary.

Filter Location

There are several places to install a filter in a hydraulic or lube oil systems illustrated in figure XX. Each location has its own merits as well as drawbacks. Offline or “kidney loop” filtration operating independently of the main system offers many advantages.

The suction strainer in location 1 is usually a 75 to 100 micron wire mesh strainer. The strainer must present a minimum pressure loss to the pump so as not to induce cavitation. Therefore an inlet strainer is only capable of keeping larger particles from entering the pump. It can do nothing for the protection of downstream components from abrasive wear particles.

A full flow, in-line, high-pressure filter in location 2 will protect sensitive downstream components from wear debris and fall out from catastrophic pump failure. Since it must withstand full system pressure and flow, the filter is usually small and expensive. The small size equates to low dirt capacity and short life. A duplex filter is recommended in this location so the system doesn’t have to be shut down for servicing. Any pressure or flow surges may cause the filter to unload captured particles back into the system.

A low-pressure return line is a good location to capture system wear generated particles but it is subject to flow fluctuations that may dislodge previously captured particles.

The off-line recirculating filter in location 4 avoids problems with pressure and flow surges. It uses relatively inexpensive low-pressure filter cartridges with large dirt capacity and long life. Because it is an independent system, it may operate even while the main system is idle. Higher efficiency filtration may be used here without creating a problem of high impedance to the main system oil flow. Portable filters can be used for off-line filtration and offer the advantage of portability so they may be shared with other systems. An additional benefit is that additional fluid conditioning equipment such as heaters and coolers can package as a fluid conditioning console.

OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS LOCATION

1 2 3 4Fine Filtration without Pump Cavitation X X XCaptures Particles before Exposure to Pump X X Xlow-pressure Operation X X XCannot Introduce Air into System X X XUnaffected by System Flow Surges XContinuous Filtration, Independent of Hydraulic System Operation X

Can be Serviced without Hydraulic System Shutdown X XSuitable for Portable Filtration/Reclamation X

PL Pleated cellulose mediaPH Pleated synthetic mediaHP High Pressure, Pleated syntheticDF Standard Stacked Disc, grayDS SaflowTM Stacked Disc, tanDD SaflowTM D, Stacked Disc, whiteAT Activated Alumina HT Hilite® green label fullers earthST Selexsorb®

ET Ion Exchange ResinGT Glass Tube*** See Hilco Engineering

Section II, Cartridge Selection

Cartridge Nomenclature

Suffix DescriptionB Butyl GasketC Center TubeR Fits 1 1/2 inch Center PostN Metal End Caps

CARTRIDGE SELECTOR GUIDE

CARTRIDGE CONTAMINANTS

OPERATING CONDITIONS

SOLIDS

ACID

WATER REMOVAL

WET

HIGH FLOW

HIGH PRESSURE

HIGH VISCOSITY

HIGH DIRT LOAD

HIGH TEMP

HIGH / LOW PH

AT

ALUMINA

ET

ION EXCHANGE

HT

FULLERS EARTH

ST

SELEXSORB

DD

SAFLOW D DISC

DF

STANDARDDISC

DS

SAFLOW DISC

PD

HILSORB

HP

HIGH PRESSURE

PL

SAFEDARD, MICROGARD

PH

PLEATED INDUSTRIAL

GT

GLASS TUBE

Cartridge Descriptions

PH

ApplicationA premium cartridge for severe service applications near or beyond the limits of the

Safegard line of PL cartridges. For use when the Safegard cannot handle the flow, viscosity, surges, high dirt loads, acid, caustic, or water.

Operating LimitsTemperature 250OFPressure 100 PSIDChange-out 25 PSID increase

MediaMedia grades 16, 14, 12, 11, 01, 03 and 05 use pleated micro-fiber glass fiber filter media

sandwiched in a protective non-woven nylon scrim supported by either epoxy coated steel or nylon screens. Media grades 10, 20, and 40 use a polyester-cellulose blend coolant grade filter media supported with screen.

The media differs from standard cartridge construction in that it is composed of synthetic fibers such as glass, nylon and polyester. The advantages of synthetic fibers are better chemical and water resistance than traditional cellulose. They also provide lower pressure restriction per unit area due to the smaller fiber diameters. Smaller diameter fibers present less obstruction to flow for a given pore size. A finer fiber is also more efficient in particle separation than a larger fiber because there are more pores available per unit area as the mass of the fiber structure decreases. More pores provide greater dirt holding capacity and lower fluid face velocity through the media for a given flow rate. Lower velocity increases fluid separation efficiency. Due to particle mass, any decrease in velocity increases separation efficiency. Because the kinetic energy of a particle is proportional to the square of its velocity, any velocity reduction has a significant effect on separation efficiency.

Support ScreenOne of the biggest differences between the PH and PL cartridge series is that all the PH media use a support screen. This support screen co-pleated with the media provides the required strength, support, and drainage properties. The porosity of a screen pleated with the media stiffens the pleats and provides flow channels between the pleats. This feature maintains flow between the pleats under severe operating conditions that would otherwise tend to pinch the pleats together. Maximum useable area available for dirt capacity is maintained by preventing the pleats from bunching which blocks off useable area. Many cartridges on the market today may offer a larger gross area but under actual operating conditions will have a smaller net area available to flow and dirt capacity.

PL-MicrogardTM

DescriptionPleated paper, in three ply construction with high efficiency microglass sandwiched

between two layers of cellulose media.

CommentsThe highest efficiency pleated paper cartridge offers high dirt capacity to provide hard to beat value in this efficiency range. The cost effectiveness of this cartridge has made it an industry favorite. It is particularly effective for hydraulic system contamination control.

Operating LimitsTemperature 250OFPressure 100 PSIDChange-out 25 PSID increaseReduce flow 50% in water, water emulsions, or solutions.

PL-SafegardTM

DescriptionPleated paper, in single ply construction of resin saturated cellulose media with Hilco’s

radius pleat construction. Available in a broad range of filtration efficiencies.

CommentsGreat general purpose filter, an industry favorite for lube oil applications.

Operating LimitsTemperature 250OFPressure 100 PSIDChange-out 25 PSID increaseReduce flow 50% in water, water emulsions, or solutions.

Disc CartridgesDescription

Stacked disc cartridges are die cut disks alternately stacked solid filter discs with spoked spacer discs. The spoked spacer discs contain inlet and outlet flow channels with dirt holding pockets. The filter discs are heavy-duty cellulose depth media designed for the efficient filtration of diesel engine lube oils.Hilco offers three grades of the stacked disc cartridges:FD, Standard Disk

The highest efficiency of the disc media. For applications involving relatively low flow and contamination rates. May be used in both mineral and synthetic oils.SD, Saflow Disc

Provides longer life and lower pressure drops than the FD media.DD, Saflow D Disc

For diesel and 4-cycle gas engines that generate excessive carbon soot, engines that have frequent cold starts, and ashless detergent oils.

PD-HilsorbTM

DescriptionA patented construction combining high efficiency particulate filtration co-pleated with a

“super absorbent” outer layer of media for water removal. As the absorbent media reaches it saturation limit, the media swells, blocking off the flow so that the pressure drop increase signals the presence of water and time to change out. Water is chemically locked in the media so as not to re-contaminate the system through desorbtion. Available in two –12, 03, and 05 media grades. The –12 is particularly effective in removing the carbon fines in breaker and tap changer oils.

CommentsMay be used for the reclamation or maintenance of water contaminated dielectric, hydraulic, lubrication and fuel oils. It may also be used as a fuse or water indicator. They will reduce the water content of the fluid to its saturation point. Operating Limits

Temperature 200OFPressure 100 PSIDChange-out 25 PSID increase

Hilco Adsorbent Products

Fullers Earth

Activated AluminaSelexsorb

Ion Exchange

Hilco adsorbent products are highly micro porous granular media that capture ionic contaminants on the molecular level through surface attraction to the extended pore area surface active sites. They are highly effective for removing acids, water, and color from lube, hydraulic, and insulating oils. These products may also remove additives. For this reason they are most commonly used in oils with low additive content. With frequent monitoring and analysis of the oil’s properties, these adsorbents may be used in fluids with additives. Oftentimes the addition of makeup oil will adequately replenish any lost additives.

HT-Fullers EarthHilco Green Label Hilite, introduced in 1947 is a calcined water-resistant low volatility

(LVM) or low moisture content fullers earth. Fullers earth is used for neutralizing acids, stabilizing, and decolorizing, clarifying, deodorizing, and reclaiming of solvents, mineral oils, distillates, petrolatum, vegetable oils, fats and waxes. It is used for removing surfactants from fuels to improve coalescing ability. It restores color and cleans dry cleaning solvents. It is used on insulating or transformer oil to remove acid and moisture to restore the dielectric strength.

Fullers earth was the original adsorbent to be used for phosphate ester conditioning, coming into use in the early 1950’s. Fullers earth is still widely used today although it is not as effective as activated alumina in removing acid phosphates. Problems with metallic salts leaching out and reacting with the base oil to form varnishes and gels led to the joint development of activated alumina treatment by General Electric, Alcoa and the Hilliard Corporation in the early 1970’s.

AT-Activated AluminaActivated alumina, known as Hilite A, is a very porous form of aluminum oxide of high

surface area that adsorbs liquids and gases with no change in form. Because activated alumina is a highly efficient desiccant it is commonly used for drying various gases and liquids. Used in transformer oil it effectively dehydrates and removes acid to restore dielectric strength of the fluid. As a treatment for lubricating oil it restores the oil to low acid and water content to maximize the life of the fluid. It is several times more efficient than fullers earth and does not create gel formation from the leaching of metallic salts as does fullers earth. The greatest shortcoming of activated alumina is that its sodium content can lead to corrosion of servo valves in hydraulic systems.

ST-Selexsorbu

Selexsorbu GT, was developed by Stauffer Chemical (now Akzo Nobel) specifically for use in their Fyrquelu brand of phosphate ester turbine lubricant and hydraulic fluids. Selexsorbu instead of neutralizing acid as does activated alumina, chemically bonds acid to the media surface. This prevents the liberation of metallic salts, thus eliminating the gel formation associated with them. Selexsorbu also removes water but preferentially bonds acid phosphates first. This means that water will not cause a reduction in the ability to hold acid phosphates that can greatly extend cartridge life.

Selexsorbu is meant to be used for system maintenance rather than restoration. It is not recommended for cleaning up high acid conditions. For TAN’s over .2, Akzo recommends that the system be flushed prior to installation of new Fyrquelu fluid with Selexsorbu conditioning.

Selexsorbu used with new Fyrquelu fluid will maintain the oil with TAN less than .05 for thousands of hours. An oil-monitoring program indicates when the cartridges need to be changed by catching a rise in the TAN.

When using either activated alumina or Selexsorbu, an off line filtration system using packed cartridges is recommended. Dosage rates are .5 pound of activated alumina per gallon of fluid and .1 pound of Selexsorbu per gallon. With either material a particulate trap filter is used in series downstream to capture any dust fines that could be shed from the adsorbents.

ET-Ion ExchangeHilite E is an ion exchange resin based on a micro porous polymer of styrene and

divinylbenzene. This polymer is virtually insoluble in most common solvents and oils. The form of the resin is an approximately 1/16” diameter spherical bead. A great advantage over particulate form adsorbents is that they contain no fines or dust to contaminate a system. The spherical form also gives lower pressure drops.

An ion exchange media usually exchanges one ionic substance for another. In the treatment of lube oils however, hydrolytic oxidation components such as acidic radicals are surface adsorbed and ionically transported to interior sites within the micro porous structure. Because the ion exchange media contains nearly 50% water, capillary water may be flushed from the resin bed into the system fluid. Excess water is vaporized through the natural operating temperature of the equipment or reabsorbed into the resin bed.

Akzo does not recommend ion exchange for use in their phosphate ester fluids. Some customers have used it however to reclaim fluid that has exceeded a TAN of .2. Ion exchange has also been used in phosphate ester fluids other than Akzo’s by customer specification. By laboratory test, ion exchange does not adsorb additives from the base fluid, as will the other adsorbents. The liberated water may however strip some of the antioxidant additive but still leave the fluid within specification.

Hilliard does not advocate the use of ion exchange resin as an alternative to Selexsorbu in a healthy system. Ion exchange is offered for those systems that Selexsorb can not be used in because of previous fullers earth contamination or out of range acid numbers. It is also recommended for use in fluids with additives so that acid formation may be controlled while minimizing additive depletion.

Applications

Golden Rule of FiltrationThe entire topic of filter applications can be summed up with the Golden Rule of

filtration. First, if it is a fluid, then filter it. Second, anytime a fluid flows, filter it! This sounds simplistic but it is a simple truth that anytime a fluid is moved, pumped, or transferred it picks up contamination from the system and or the environment. Therefore when making a call, familiarize yourself with the customers process and learn to identify fluid movement and look for places additional filtration can provide a benefit to the customer.

Selling Benefits

Filter sales is a lot like selling insurance.Frankly I fell sorry for anyone who has to sell filters. Why you ask? Because filters are

one of those things no really wants. I doubt if anybody ever bought a filter because they really wanted one. In fact the only reason I have ever bought a filter is through fear. Fear my engine

would stop running or self-destruct or that the warranty would become invalid. Actually filter sales is a lot like selling insurance which is something else nobody really wants either. According to the last insurance person that ever got into my house, they are not selling insurance, they are offering benefits. When I begin to see the advantages of these benefits I might even buy that insurance policy.

Likewise, a potential filter customer has to be able to see the benefits they will enjoy. Show them they will benefit from

reduced maintenance costs,reduced disposal costs,

increased product recovery,less downtime,

better quality,longer equipment life,

less pollution,higher yields.

You are selling these benefits, not filters. To do this you need to be able to select a filter or system that is going to meet your clients needs and provide those benefits. How do you do this?

Ask the right questions.How do I select a filter system? Chances are your client has no idea what they really need

unless they are just buying refills. You are the filter expert, and you are here to provide a service for your client. Now before you panic, take a close look at the professional experts who provide services for you.

Your Doctor, Lawyer,

Pastor, Consultant,

Accountant, Broker,

And yes, even the insurance salesman all has one thing in common. All of them provide a service that can solve your problems. They are experts in their fields. One other thing they all have in common is they approach your problem by asking questions. Asking questions can make you an expert. If you know how to ask the right questions to get to the root of your client’s problems, you can turn them into opportunities.

What do I ask?I thought you would never ask. First get out that notebook you carry around. If you are

just an average sales person you may rely on your memory to try and ask the right questions. But if you are like one bright young vice president of marketing who recently called on me, you will probably have a check list of questions in that notebook. I’m impressed when somebody asks me all the right questions. I feel that they must understand my problem and have had previous experience in solving that problem. Do you know what that does? It instills confidence in that person and the company they represent.

Lets look at some standard questions you should have on your experts’ checklist.

Filter Application Worksheet

Fluid CharacteristicsType (mineral, synthetic, water based, food process, etc.)Brand (Mobil DTE, Shell Turbo 29, etc.)ViscositySpecific GravityAdditives

Operating CharacteristicsFluid Volume (reservoir size, transformer size)Flow rateOperating temperatureSystem pressureMaximum pressure drop allowed

Contaminant CharacteristicsSolids

Nature of (particles, sludge, gum, whatever)Particle sizesQuantity (particles per ml., mg/l, %)

LiquidsWater (PPM or %)Acid )type and total acid number)Other diluents (ask the desired flash point and viscosity)

ObjectivesCleanliness level desired (ISO 4406, mg/l, particles per ml.)Changeout schedule (per shift, weekly, annual, never)System protection requirements (pump, servo, flow divider)Component life expectancyDielectric strengthFlashpointViscosityColor, odor

FLUID FILTRATION APPLICATIONS

FLUID DESCRIPTION

BULLETIN

APPLICATIONS CARTRIDGES

TECHNIQUES CONTAMINANTS

Air breathers, vents, reservoirs

DM, FD-6770 air born dust, aerosols, mist

Air Filter oil oil bath air filter oil

Disk, GT Continuous recirc. on reservoir

sand, air born dust

Air atomizer turbine fuel injection

in line filter high temperatures, exhaust gas combustion particles

Bearing lube turbine lube, mineral oil

PH, AT, PD Continuous recirc. on reservoir

solids, water, acid

turbine lube, phosphate ester

PH, ST, PD Continuous recirc. on reservoir

insolubles, water, acid

diesel lube Stacked disc Continuous recirc. on reservoir

insolubles, water, acid, carbon

Circuit Breaker oil

utilities, power companies

PD, HT, AT portable filter, dryer skid, reclaimer, treat oil on maintenance transfer

water, acid, carbon, sludge, entrained air

Coolant machine tool coolant

GS, GT, PH gs-200, chips away, reduce away

metal working chips, grinder scarf, tramp oil

Cutting oil chip wringer, screw machines

PL, PH, GT heated settling tank, filtration

chips, metal fines, water

Edible oils fast food, food processing

SP diatomaceous earth, filter press

de, food solids, free fatty acids

EDM, Water or Kerosene

machine, job shop GT, SP Continuous recirc. on reservoir

metal fines, carbon

Fuel oil diesel, turbine Disk, GT, PL, HT

fullflow or recirculation

water, dirt, scale, oxidation

Fuel gas diesel, turbine DM, PH point of use water, dirt, scale, liquid or heavy hydrocarbons

Gas Compressors

compressor lube PL, PH, AT fullflow or recirculation

assembly, wear, atmospheric dirt, the gas itself, oxidation

Gear oil PL, PH batch or recirculation

solids

Heat Transfer, Synthetic, Glycol, Silicone, Freon,

heat transfer, engine coolant

HT-600,GT, PH-12

low flow recirculation oxidation products, insolubles

Hydraulic oil transmission mfg., diecast, plastic injection molding, turbine ehc

PD-12, PL-12, PH-12,HC

fullflow or recirculation, reclaimer

insolubles, water, wear, entrained air

Insulating, transformers, breakers, cable

PD,HT, AT, PL-12

portable filter, dryer skid, reclaimer, treat oil on maintenance transfer

water, acid, sludge, entrained air

Jet Fuel commercial air, military

HT, HC, HS fuel buggy, transfer, tank farm

insolubles, water, oxidation products, surfactants

Lube oil engine, compressor

PL, PH, DIsk fullflow or recirculation

solids, water, acid

Natural gas fuel PH, DM, HC point of use, full flow solids, scale, water

Phosphate esters

turbine lube, hydraulic

PH, ST, AT fullflow or recirculation

solids, water, acid

Polyglycols compressor lube, heat transfer

fullflow or recirculation, reclaimer

solids, water, acid

Polyol Ester aviation turbine lube

fullflow or recirculation, reclaimer

solids, water, acid

Quench oil heat treat quenching

PL, PH, Disk, GT, HT

recirc on quench tank

dust, scale, chemicals, carbon, oxidized oil

Refrigerant Compressor

refrigeration, ac, compressor lube

Reclaimer recirculation, clean & dirty tanks

moisture

Rolling oil flood lube for rolling mill

Disk, GT, HT, PL-12

bypass skid package with heat exchange

carbon, metal fines

Seal oil centrifugal compressors

PH-CG, HP High pressures often involved, degasser. see api-617,618

volatiles from the gas stream, particles from gas stream

Seal gas compressors PH-12-CG point of use particulate, scale

Silicone oil heat transfer PL, PH, PD batch, recirculation cellulose, nitrile, viton, ep

Vacuum Pump seal, lube oil

chip and wafer fabrication

Vacugard, PH, AT, reclaimer

Reclaimer, clean & dirty tanks. vacugard into vacuum pump sump

moisture

Water breweries, bottlers, well

Nutrasweet, GS, PS, Star

batch, point of use, full flow

solids

wash, mop Reduceaway, GS, PS

batch solids, oil

FILTER CARTRIDGE PREFIX KEY

Prefix DescriptionPL Pleated cellulose mediaPH Pleated synthetic mediaHP High Pressure, Pleated syntheticDF Standard Stacked Disc, grayDS SaflowTM Stacked Disc, tanDD SaflowTM D, Stacked Disc, whiteAT Activated Alumina HT Hilite® green label fullers earthST Selexsorb®

ET Ion Exchange ResinGT Glass Tube

FILTER CARTRIDGE SUFFIX KEY

Suffix DescriptionB

C Center TubeR ReducerNP