_basque witchcraft and the spanish inquisition

2
Book Reviews Medical historians will find th e chapter o n plague epidemics o f particular interest. D r . Finlay shows ho w epidemic death rates varied with location, social status, age, a n d (least easily explained) sex; a n d h e stresses i n a telling conclusion that London s demography depended more o n t h e  background level o f mortality than on these occasional critical years, despite their dramatic effects. Here a n d elsewhere, h e succeeds in illuminating some o f t h e most funda- mental features of London a time when i t was t he greatest metropolis i n Europe. PaulSlack Exeter College, Oxford PHILIP CASH ERIC H . CHRISTIANSON a n d J . W RT ESTES (editors), Medicine i n Colonial Massachusetts, 1620-1820. A Conference Held 25-26 M ay 1978 b y t h e Colonial Society o f Massachusetts, Boston, T he Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 1980, pp. xxiii 425, illus. 25.00. This volume's paradoxical title which identifies t he colonial period i n Massachusetts with t he years from 1620 t o 1820, reflects on e o f t he leading constraints placed upon t e colonial medical historian's endeavour. T h e f ew extant sources from t h e bulk o f t h e colonial period have been exhaustively studied; documentation i s extensive only from t he 1740s, a n d abundant only after 1760. Further exacerbating this problem i s t h e fact that unlike Philadelphia, i n Massachusetts,  r more particularly i n Boston, medical institutions such a s schools a n d societies that con- ventionally provide grist f o r t h e historian's mill were almost entirely founded only after t he Revolutionary War, f o r reasons that Whitfield J . Bell jr. a n d G . B . Warden skilfully explicate i n their studies. Accordingly, many o f t h e fifteen essays that comprise this collection not only needlessly recount knowledge that i s commonplace, b u t also deal almost exclusively with t h e period after 1775, a n d strictly speaking a r e n o t colonial history a t all. Three essays obviate these problems b y exploiting ne w categories o f sources using demogra- phic a n d quantitative analysis. Douglas Jones's study of th e sick poor a n d th e practitioners w h o attended them i n eighteenth-century Essex County i s plainly t he outstanding piece o f t h e volume. Based largely upon court a n d town records, it incorporates t he techniques and ideas o f t h e best o f colonial American historiography. Using similar records, a s well a s church registers, Eric Christianson's discussion o f t he demographic, educational, andeconomic characteristics o f Massachusetts' practitioners i s extracted from t h e longer study that i s h i s dissertation; it i s unlikely that anyone else could coax more information o u t o f t he sources h e has mined. . Worth Estes's contribution pivots upon a n analysis of four physicians' manuscript account books a n d ledgers. Although h i s study i s drawn from a limited number o f sources, it provides intriguing insights into eighteenth-century therapeutic practice b y pointing t o t he similarities a nd differences among h i s practitioners i n their uses o f t he materia medica. John Harley Warner Harvard University GUSTAV HENNINGSEN T he witches' advocate. Basque witchcraft a n d t h e Spanish Inquisition (1609-1614), Reno, Nevada, University o f Nevada Press, 1980, 8vo, p . xxix, 607, 24.00. This fascinating book makes a n extremely important contribution t o t h e history both o f t h e European witch-craze a n d o f t h e Spanish Inquisition. T h e  witches' advocate w as Alonso d e Salazar Frias, o n e o f t he three inquisitors a t Logrono, in the North o f Spain. The importance of this inquisitor's sane a n d sceptical investigations into a n outbreak, lasting from 1609 t o 1614, o f witch-accusations i n t h e Basque region, a s long been known, from C . H . Lea's History of t he Inquisition i n th e Middle Ages (1888), a n d quite recently from Julio Caro Baroja's The world o f t h e witches (1964); but Henningsen, a Danish folklorist, h a s discovered a n enormous wealth o f documents i n t h e archives of t h e Inquisition in Madrid, which enable h i m t o trace i n t h e greatest detail t h e history both o f this witch-panic a n d o f t h e gradual development i n t h e Suprema (the central tribunal o f t h e Spanish Inquisition, in Madrid) o f a sceptical attitude towards accusa- 3 6 1

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Page 1: _Basque Witchcraft and the Spanish Inquisition

7/22/2019 _Basque Witchcraft and the Spanish Inquisition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basque-witchcraft-and-the-spanish-inquisition 1/2

Book R e v i e w s

M e d i c a l h i s t o r i a n s w i l l f i n d t h e c h a p t e r o n p l a g u e e p i d e m i c s o f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t . D r . F i n l a ys h o w s h o w e p i d e m i c d e a t h r a t e s v a r i e d w i t h l o c a t i o n , s o c i a l s t a t u s , a g e , a n d ( l e a s t e a s i l ye x p l a i n e d ) s e x ; a n d h e s t r e s s e s i n a t e l l i n g c o n c l u s i o n t h a t L o n d o n s d e m o g r a p h y d e p e n d e d

m o r e o n t h e   b a c k g r o u n d l e v e l o f m o r t a l i t y t h a n o n t h e s e o c c a s i o n a l c r i t i c a l y e a r s , d e s p i t et h e i r d r a m a t i c e f f e c t s . H e r e a n d e l s e w h e r e , h e s u c c e e d s i n i l l u m i n a t i n g s o m e o f t h e m o s t f u n d a -m e n t a l f e a t u r e s o f L o n d o n a t a t i m e w h e n i t w a s b e c o m i n g t h e g r e a t e s t m e t r o p o l i s i n E u r o p e .

P a u l S l a c k

E x e t e r C o l l e g e , O x f o r d

PHILIP CASH ERIC H . CHRISTIANSON a n d J . W RT ESTES ( e d i t o r s ) , M e d i c i n e i nC o l o n i a l M a s s a c h u s e t t s , 1 6 2 0 - 1 8 2 0 . A C o n f e r e n c e H e l d 2 5 - 2 6 May 1 9 7 8 b y t h e C o l o n i a l

S o c i e t y o f M a s s a c h u s e t t s , B o s t o n , T h e C o l o n i a l S o c i e t y o f M a s s a c h u s e t t s , 1 9 8 0 , p p . x x i i i4 2 5 , i l l u s . 2 5 . 0 0 .T h i s v o l u m e ' s p a r a d o x i c a l t i t l e w h i c h i d e n t i f i e s t h e c o l o n i a l p e r i o d i n M a s s a c h u s e t t s w i t h t h e

y e a r s f r o m 1 6 2 0 t o 1 8 2 0 , r e f l e c t s o n e o f t h e l e a d i n g c o n s t r a i n t s p l a c e d u p o n t h e c o l o n i a l m e d i c a l

h i s t o r i a n ' se n d e a v o u r .

T h e f e we x t a n t

s o u r c e s f r o m t h e b u l k o f t h e c o l o n i a l p e r i o d h a v e b e e n

e x h a u s t i v e l y s t u d i e d ; d o c u m e n t a t i o n i s e x t e n s i v e o n l y f r o m t h e 1 7 4 0 s , a n d a b u n d a n t o n l y a f t e r1 7 6 0 . F u r t h e r e x a c e r b a t i n g t h i s p r o b l e m i s t h e f a c t t h a t u n l i k e P h i l a d e l p h i a , i n M a s s a c h u s e t t s ,

  r m o r e p a r t i c u l a r l y i n B o s t o n , m e d i c a l i n s t i t u t i o n s s u c h a s s c h o o l s a n d s o c i e t i e s t h a t c o n -

v e n t i o n a l l y p r o v i d e g r i s t f o r t h e h i s t o r i a n ' s m i l l w e r e a l m o s t e n t i r e l y f o u n d e d o n l y a f t e r t h eR e v o l u t i o n a r y W a r , f o r r e a s o n s t h a t W h i t f i e l d J . B e l l j r . a n d G . B . W a r d e n s k i l f u l l y e x p l i c a t ei n t h e i r s t u d i e s . A c c o r d i n g l y , m a n y o f t h e f i f t e e n e s s a y s t h a t c o m p r i s e t h i s c o l l e c t i o n n o t o n l yn e e d l e s s l y r e c o u n t k n o w l e d g e t h a t i s c o m m o n p l a c e , b u t a l s o d e a l a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y w i t h t h ep e r i o d a f t e r 1 7 7 5 , a n d s t r i c t l y s p e a k i n g a r e n o t c o l o n i a l h i s t o r y a t a l l .

T h r e e e s s a y s o b v i a t e t h e s e p r o b l e m s b y e x p l o i t i n g n e w c a t e g o r i e s o f s o u r c e s u s i n g d e m o g r a -

p h i c a n d q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s . D o u g l a s J o n e s ' s s t u d y o f t h e s i c k p o o r a n d t h e p r a c t i t i o n e r s w h o

a t t e n d e d t h e m i n e i g h t e e n t h - c e n t u r y E s s e x C o u n t y i s p l a i n l y t h e o u t s t a n d i n g p i e c e o f t h ev o l u m e . B a s e d l a r g e l y u p o n c o u r t a n d t o w n r e c o r d s , i t i n c o r p o r a t e s t h e t e c h n i q u e s a n d i d e a s o f

t h e b e s t o f c o l o n i a l A m e r i c a n h i s t o r i o g r a p h y . U s i n g s i m i l a r r e c o r d s , a s w e l l a s c h u r c h r e g i s t e r s ,E r i c C h r i s t i a n s o n ' s d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e d e m o g r a p h i c , e d u c a t i o n a l , a n d e c o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f

M a s s a c h u s e t t s ' p r a c t i t i o n e r s i s e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e l o n g e r s t u d y t h a t i s h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n ; i t i s

u n l i k e l y t h a t a n y o n e e l s e c o u l d c o a x m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n o u t o f t h e s o u r c e s h e h a s m i n e d . J .W o r t h E s t e s ' s c o n t r i b u t i o n p i v o t s u p o n a n a n a l y s i s o f f o u r p h y s i c i a n s ' m a n u s c r i p t a c c o u n t

b o o k s a n d l e d g e r s . A l t h o u g h h i s s t u d y i s d r a w n f r o m a l i m i t e d n u m b e r o f s o u r c e s , i t p r o v i d e si n t r i g u i n g i n s i g h t s i n t o e i g h t e e n t h - c e n t u r y t h e r a p e u t i c p r a c t i c e b y p o i n t i n g t o t h e s i m i l a r i t i e sa n d d i f f e r e n c e s a m o n g h i s p r a c t i t i o n e r s i n t h e i r u s e s o f t h e m a t e r i a m e d i c a .

J o h n H a r l e y W a r n e rH a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y

GUSTAV HENNINGSEN T h e w i t c h e s ' a d v o c a t e . B a s q u e w i t c h c r a f t a n d t h e S p a n i s hI n q u i s i t i o n ( 1 6 0 9 - 1 6 1 4 ) , R e n o , N e v a d a , U n i v e r s i t y o f N e v a d a P r e s s , 1 9 8 0 , 8 v o , p p . x x i x ,6 0 7 , 2 4 . 0 0 .T h i s f a s c i n a t i n g b o o k m a k e s a n e x t r e m e l y i m p o r t a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e h i s t o r y b o t h o f t h e

E u r o p e a n w i t c h - c r a z e a n d o f t h e S p a n i s h I n q u i s i t i o n . T h e   w i t c h e s ' a d v o c a t e w a s A l o n s o d e

S a l a z a r F r i a s , o n e o f t h e t h r e e i n q u i s i t o r s a t L o g r o n o , i n t h e N o r t h o f S p a i n . T h e i m p o r t a n c e o f

t h i s i n q u i s i t o r ' s s a n e a n d s c e p t i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t o a n o u t b r e a k , l a s t i n g f r o m 1 6 0 9 t o 1 6 1 4 , o f

w i t c h - a c c u s a t i o n s i n t h e B a s q u e r e g i o n , h a s l o n g b e e n k n o w n , f r o m C . H . L e a ' s H i s t o r y o f t h eI n q u i s i t i o n i n t h e M i d d l e A g e s ( 1 8 8 8 ) , a n d q u i t e r e c e n t l y f r o m J u l i o C a r o B a r o j a ' s T h e w o r l d o ft h e w i t c h e s ( 1 9 6 4 ) ; b u t H e n n i n g s e n , a D a n i s h f o l k l o r i s t , h a s d i s c o v e r e d a n e n o r m o u s w e a l t h o f

d o c u m e n t s i n t h e a r c h i v e s o f t h e I n q u i s i t i o n i n M a d r i d , w h i c h e n a b l e h i m t o t r a c e i n t h e g r e a t e s td e t a i l t h e h i s t o r y b o t h o f t h i s w i t c h - p a n i c a n d o f t h e g r a d u a l d e v e l o p m e n t i n t h e S u p r e m a ( t h e

c e n t r a l t r i b u n a l o f t h e S p a n i s h I n q u i s i t i o n , i n M a d r i d ) o f a s c e p t i c a l a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s a c c u s a -

3 6 1

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7/22/2019 _Basque Witchcraft and the Spanish Inquisition

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Book R e v i e w s

t i o n s o f w i t c h c r a f t a n d o f a p o l i c y o f d a m p e n i n g , r a t h e r t h a n f o s t e r i n g , s u c h p a n i c s . T h i s

d e v e l o p m e n t w a s n o t , o f c o u r s e , a c h i e v e d b y S a l a z a r s i n g l e - h a n d e d , i m p o r t a n t t h o u g h h i sa c t i v i t i e s w e r e ; h e w a s h e l p e d b y t h e s c e p t i c a l B i s h o p o f P a m p l o n a , A n t o n i o V e n e g a s d e

F i g u e r o a , w h o c a r r i e d o u t i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n h i s o w n d i o c e s e a n d c o m m u n i c a t e d t h e r e s u l t s t o t h eS u p r e m a , a n d , s t i l l m o r e i m p o r t a n t , b y t h e I n q u i s i t o r G e n e r a l , B e r n a r d o d e S a n d o v a l y R o j a s ,a p a t r o n o f C e r v a n t e s , a n d a l s o o f S a l a z a r h i m s e l f , f r o m a b o u t 1 5 9 0 o n w a r d s .

I t i s e v i d e n t f r o m i n s t r u c t i o n s ( p . 2 5 6 ) s e n t b y t h e S u p r e m a t o t h e i n q u i s i t o r s a t L o g r o n o a se a r l y a s 1 6 0 8 , a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e B a s q u e p a n i c , t h a t t h i s a l l - p o w e r f u l , c e n t r a l t r i b u n a l o f t h eI n q u i s i t i o n w a s a l r e a d y i n f a v o u r o f c a r e f u l , s c e p t i c a l , f a c t - f i n d i n g i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f m a s s -

a c c u s a t i o n s o f w i t c h c r a f t , i n p a r t i c u l a r , o f t r y i n g t o e s t a b l i s h w h e t h e r t h e w i t c h e s ' m e e t i n g s , t h ea q u e l a r r e s   i . e . S a b b a t h s ) , r e a l l y t o o k p l a c e , o r w e r e m e r e l y i l l u s i o n s o r d r e a m s . T h i s l a s t p o i n tw a s e s p e c i a l l y i m p o r t a n t , s i n c e m o s t o f t h e a c c u s a t i o n s c a m e f r o m c h i l d r e n u n d e r t w e l v e w h on a m e d p e o p l e t h e y h a d s e e n a t t h e S a b b a t h , t o w h i c h , o n t h e i r o w n t e s t i m o n y , t h e y h a d b e e n

u n w i l l i n g l y t r a n s p o r t e d , w h i l e a s l e e p . T h e d i a b o l i c g o i n g s - o n t h e y c l a i m e d t o h a v e s e e n a t t h ea q u e l a r r e s d e r i v e a l m o s t c e r t a i n l y f r o m t h e s l i g h t l y e a r l i e r p a n i c o n t h e F r e n c h s i d e o f t h eb o r d e r , w h e r e t h e n o t o r i o u s m i s s i o n o f P i e r r e d e L a n c r e h a d e s t a b l i s h e d a v e r y f u l l m y t h o l o g yo f t h e S a b b a t h . S a l a z a r ' s v i s i t a t i o n o f t h e i n f e c t e d a r e a o f 1 6 1 1 - 1 6 1 2 e s t a b l i s h e d b e y o n d a l l

r e a s o n a b l e d o u b t , o r a t l e a s t m o r e i m p o r t a n t l y , b e y o n d t h e d o u b t o f t h e S u p r e m a , t h a t t h e r ew a s n o f a c t u a l e v i d e n c e a t a l l f o r a n y r e g u l a r m e e t i n g s o f w i t c h e s , a n d t h a t t h e g r e a t m a j o r i t y o fc o n f e s s i o n s o f a t t e n d a n c e a t S a b b a t h s , m a d e b y b o t h a d u l t s a n d c h i l d r e n , w e r e t h e c o n s e q u e n c e

o f i n t i m i d a t i o n , p o w e r f u l s u g g e s t i o n , o r , w h e n n o t c o n s c i o u s l y m e n d a c i o u s , v i v i d d r e a m s .

S i n c e H e n n i n g s e n h i m s e l f ( p . 3 9 0 ) c o n s i d e r s t h a t t h i s e p i d e m i c o f   s t e r e o t y p e d d r e a m s w a s

o n e o f t h e m a i n c a u s e s o f t h e B a s q u e w i t c h - p a n i c , i t i s o d d t h a t h e d o e s n o t d i s c u s s C a r l o

G i n z b u r g ' s   B e n a n d a n t i ( t h o u g h t h i s i s m e n t i o n e d i n a f o o t n o t e ) , a l s o b a s e d o n i n q u i s i t o r i a lr e c o r d s , w h i c h d e s c r i b e s a s i m i l a r d r e a m - e p i d e m i c i n n o r t h - e a s t e r n I t a l y , a n d p r o v i d e s t h e o n l ys o l i d e v i d e n c e i n f a v o u r o f M a r g a r e t M u r r a y s h y p o t h e s i s t h a t t h e w i t c h e s ' S a b b a t h d e r i v e df r o m a b e n e f i c e n t p a g a n f e r t i l i t y c u l t   a t h e o r y w h i c h H e n n i n g s e n s p e n d s s o m e t i m e i n r e f u t i n g .My o n l y o t h e r c r i t i c i s m o f t h i s e x c e l l e n t a n d i m p o r t a n t b o o k i s t h a t , o w i n g t o t h e e x t r e m e

a b u n d a n c e o f h i s s o u r c e m a t e r i a l s , t h e n a r r a t i v e i s s o m e t i m e s n o t e a s y t o f o l l o w , a n d t h a t t h e

i n d e x i s d e f e c t i v e . B u t I l o o k f o r w a r d t o t h e p r o m i s e d p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e d o c u m e n t s r e l e v a n t t ot h i s b o o k , a n d t o f u r t h e r s t u d i e s b a s e d o n t h e a r c h i v e s h e h a s s o t h o r o u g h l y e x p l o r e d .

D . P . W a l k e r

W a r b u r g I n s t i t u t eU n i v e r s i t y o f L o n d o n

H . M . RUSSELL a n d J . WE I N B E RG ( t r a n s l a t o r s ) . T h e B o o k o f K n o w l e d g e f r o m t h eM i s h n a h T o r a h o f M a i m o n i d e s , R o y a l C o l l e g e o f P h y s i c i a n s o f E d i n b u r g h , 1 9 8 1 , 4 t o . p p .x i 1 3 5 , £ 4 . 0 0 .A t f i r s t i n s t a n c e i t may s e e m s t r a n g e t o f i n d p a r t o f t h e M i s h n a h T o r a h o f M o s e s b e n Maimon

a s a p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e R o y a l C o l l e g e o f P h y s i c i a n s o f E d i n b u r g h . M a i m o n i d e s , h o w e v e r , w a s aman o f

l e a r n i n gi n t h e c a t h o l i c s e n s e a s u n d e r s t o o d i n t h e a n c i e n t w o r l d w h e r e

s c h o l a r s h i pw a s

i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y , f r e e f r o m t h e n a r r o w s p e c i a l i z a t i o n o f o u r d a y . M a i m o n i d e s a s T a l m u d i s t ,p h i l o s o p h e r , a s t r o n o m e r , a n d p h y s i c i a n b e l o n g e d t o t h a t t r a d i t i o n a n d i t i s a p p r o p r i a t e t h a t a

t r a n s l a t i o n o f p a r t o f o n e o f h i s w o r k s s h o u l d b e p u b l i s h e d b y t h e R o y a l C o l l e g e o f P h y s i c i a n so f E d i n b u r g h , t h e a c r o p o l i s o f t h e n o r t h .

T h e M i s h n a h T o r a h w a s t h e r e s u l t o f t e n y e a r s ' l a b o u r i n w h i c h M a i m o n i d e s s e t o u t t h ef i r s t c o m p l e t e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e i n t r i c a t e m a s s o f M o s a i c a n d r a b b i n i c a l l a w s i n t o f o u r t e e nc o h e r e n t g r o u p s . E a c h g r o u p c o n t a i n s a b o o k w h i c h i s s u b d i v i d e d i n t o s e c t i o n s , c h a p t e r s , a n d

p a r a g r a p h s . T h e f i r s t b o o k , t h e B o o k o f K n o w l e d g e ( M a d d a ) w h i c h D r . R u s s e l l a n d R a b b iW e i n b e r g h a v e g i v e n u s i n E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n , i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h s u c h b a s i c t r u t h s a s t h e u n i t yo f G o d , t h e s t u d y o f t h e T o r a h , i d o l a t r y , a n d r e p e n t a n c e , m a t t e r s o f i m p o r t a n c e t o t h e p r e s e r v a -t i o n o f a h e a l t h y m i n d a n d b o d y . A s t h e t r a n s l a t o r s c o r r e c t l y p o i n t o u t i n t h e i r i n t r o d u c t i o n ,M a i m o n i d e s c o n c e n t r a t e d o n p r e v e n t a t i v e r a t h e r t h a n c u r a t i v e m e d i c i n e a n d s t r o n g l y

a d v o c a t e d t h e d i s c i p l i n e o f m i n d a n d b o d y t o t h i s e n d .

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