PROJECT REPORTONE MONTH INDUSTRIAL TRANING

UNDERTAKEN AT

BANER POWER HOUSE (12mw) H.P.S.E.B. Jia Distt.

Kangra (H.P)

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE DEGREE OF

B-TECH (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING)

5TH SEMESTER

FOR

GREEN HILLS ENGG. COLLEGE

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

MISS PARAMJEET KAUR SHEKHAR DHIMAN

ELECT. DEPARTMENT ROLLNO. 3073054

IIIrd Year Electrical

Department of Electrical EngineeringGREEN HILLS ENGG. COLLEGE

Kumarhatti Distt. Solan

AcknowledgementIt was indeed a matter of great experience while undergoing the vocational training at the 4×3=12mw Baner hydro electric project HPSEB, Jia. It was movement of pleasure to see the dreams of Jawaharlal Nehru fulfilled. The assignment involve a great deal of hard work and interaction with the experienced staff of the power house right from the top to bottom was very helpful who was full of capability and competence. While undergoing the vocational training I have learnt so many things within and beyond our subject.

I am grateful to the staff of power house for extending full cooperation specifically Er. S.K. Sharma, Er. M.C. Thakur, Er. R.S. Malhotra.

I shall be failing in my scared duty as a student of GHEC Solan if I miss to make specific mention of our training and placement officer Mr. Mohit, who has liberally offered his guidance and cooperation to encourage me to undergo this vocational training at Baner Power House, Jia.

SHEKHAR DHIMAN

IIIrd Year Electrical

Roll No 3073054

GHEC SOLAN

INTRODUCTION

The Baner power house is situated near JIA in the Kangra Distt. Of HIMACHAL PRADESH uses the water of Baner River. The ground level of machines is 2160ft. and the tailrace channel with maximum water Level is 216lft.

The station houses three vertical shaft impulse turbines and alternators. It intakes one penstock pipe. It Feeds 1st, 2nd and 3rd machines.

The station is of multifloor type and access to it is from a main gate toward the 1st unit.

This main machine hall contains the various equipments shown in the above figure.

The turbines floor which is under the gen.floor is at an el. Of 2160ft on this floor various equipments are: Governor Servo meters, actuators strainers pumping sets, pressure receivers, CO2 eq.mt and air compressor. Various control valves are on the front wall of valve pit. There is a 4ft wide access passage leading to the turbine pit through the gen. plinth of each unit. Stream of turbine floor is service galleries (el.2965ft) which house the cooling water pumps at the first unit end side. There is an 8ft square hatch on this floor to remove the runner during the underneath dismantling. Rails for the trolley and an auxiliary crane are provided for this purpose.

Stairs are provided for access from service gallery to turbine. There are openings for bus car chambers in the downstream wall below generator floor for taking cables in the cables gallery adjoin the service gallery at the same elevation . The tailrace pit is 14’4”dia and discharge runs along an 8’ wide opening into the tailrace pit is 8’ wide opening into the tailrace which is at elevation at 2953ft. The raw water sump nearer unit number 1 is connected to the tailrace channel, the bottom of sump being at el.2946ft. Beams and rails are provided in the tailrace channel for underneath dismantling of runner.

The RV. Pit on the turbine floor has its level E/2959’-7’ and accommodates the main inlet rotary valve with its servo meter and other ancillary equipment associated with it. Their trencher and drain pipes connecting the valve pit to the tailrace pit for drainage purpose. The valve pit is covered by Chaucer plates on turbine floor. Flow meter trappings are taken from the penstock to the valve pit. Access stairways are confidently pleased to link all floor. A traveling crane of capacity 50ton and 10ton are installed over the generator floor for handling the machines and also auxiliary equipment.

CONTENTSINTRODUCTION:-

TURBINE:-

DESIGN WORKING PRINCIPLE OF PELTON WHEEL HYDROLIC SETUP FOR PELTON WHEEL

TRANSFORMER:-

PARTS AND MATERIAL LEARNING OBJECTIVES SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

MAIN PARTS OF GENERATOR:-

GENERAL STATOR GENERATOR ROTOR

SWITCHYARD:-

MAIN COMPONENT OF SWITCH YARD

PROTECTIONS:-

BUSBAR PROTECTION TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

Design of Pelton Wheel Turbine

The Pelton Turbine has a circular disk mounted on the rotating shaft or rotor. This circular disk has cup shaped blades, called as buckets, placed at equal spacing around its circumference. Nozzles are arranged around the wheel such that the water jet emerging from a nozzle is tangential to the circumference of the wheel of Pelton Turbine. According to the available water head (pressure of water) and the operating requirements the shape and number of nozzles placed around the Pelton Wheel can vary.

Working Principle of Pelton Turbine

The high speed water jets emerging form the nozzles strike the buckets at splitters, placed at the middle of a bucket, from where jets are divided into two equal streams. These stream flow along the inner curve of the bucket and leave it in the direction opposite to that of incoming jet. The high speed water jets running the Pelton Wheel Turbine are obtained by expanding the high pressure water through nozzles to the atmospheric pressure. The high pressure water can be obtained from any water body situated at some height or streams of water flowing down the hills.

The change in momentum (direction as well as speed) of water stream produces an impulse on the blades of the wheel of Pelton Turbine. This impulse generates the torque and rotation in the shaft of Pelton Turbine. To obtain the optimum output from the Pelton Turbine the impulse received by the blades should be maximum. For that, change in momentum of the water stream should be maximum possible. That is obtained when the water stream is deflected in the direction opposite to which it strikes the buckets and with the same speed relative to the buckets.

Pelton Turbine Hydroelectric Setup

A typical setup of a system generating electricity by using Pelton Turbine will have a water reservoir situated at a height from the Pelton Wheel. The water from the reservoir flows through a pressure channel to the penstock head and then through the penstock or the supply pipeline to the nozzles, from where the water comes out as high speed jets striking the blades of the Pelton Turbine. The penstock head is fitted with a surge tank which absorbs and dissipates sudden fluctuations in pressure.

For a constant water flow rate from the nozzles the speed of turbine changes with changing loads on it. For quality hydroelectricity generation the turbine should rotate at a constant speed. To keep the speed constant despite the changing loads on the turbine water flow rate through the nozzles is changed. To control the gradual changes in load servo controlled spear valves are used in the jets to change the flow rate. And for sudden reduction in load the jets are deflected using deflector plates so that some of the water from the jets do not strike the blades. This prevents over speeding of the turbine.

Hydraulic Turbines Hydraulic Turbines transfer the energy from a flowing fluid to a rotating shaft. Turbine itself means a thing which rotates or spins. To know more about what are Hydraulic Turbines, what is the working principle of Hydraulic Turbines and how are they classified, read on through this article series.

Main Data Of Turbine TYPE : 4 Jet Vertical Platforms. Manufacturer : PPGML Max. Gross head : 342.5 m Min. Gross head : 340.6 m Max. Net head : 342.5 m Min. Net head : 331.9 m Rated Net head : 33.38 m^3/s Rated Discharge : 01.42 m^3/s Rated Output : 4000 kW Rated Speed : 750 rpm Max. Tail water level : 1382.85 m Centre line of the runner : 1384.6 m Max. Output : 4290 kW Runway speed : 1380 rpm Max. Speed Rise : 15% Max. Pressure Rise : 25% Shaft Diameter : 235 mm Dia. Of runner disc : 800 mm Weight of runner : 495 kg Pitch diameter : 1000 mm No. Of buket : 22 No. Of jets, Dia. Of the jet : 4, 92.5 mm

Transformer -- power supply

PARTS AND MATERIALS

Power transformer , 120VAC step-down to 12VAC, with center-tapped secondary winding (Radio Shack catalog # 273-1365, 273-1352, or 273-1511).

Terminal strip with at least three terminals. Household wall-socket power plug and cord. Line cord switch. Box (optional). Fuse and fuse holder (optional).

Power transformers may be obtained from old radios, which can usually be obtained from a thrift store for a few dollars (or less!). The radio would also provide the power cord and plug necessary for this project. Line cord switches may be obtained from a hardware store. If you want to be absolutely sure what kind of transformer you're getting, though, you should purchase one from an electronics supply store.

If you decide to equip your power supply with a fuse, be sure to get a slow-acting or slow-blow fuse. Transformers may draw high "surge" currents when initially connected to an AC source, and these transient currents will blow a fast-acting fuse. Determine the proper current rating of the fuse by dividing the transformer 's "VA" rating by 120 volts: in other words, calculate the full allowable primary winding current and size the fuse accordingly.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Transformer voltage step-down behavior. Purpose of tapped windings. Safe wiring techniques for power cords.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

ILLUSTRATION

PARTS OF A TRANSFORMER

Except primary and secondary windings as a fundamental components of the transformer

TRANSFORMER TANK TEMERATURE GAUGE EXPLOSION VENT CONSERVATOR BREATHER TAP CHANGER

TRANSFORMER TANK

It is metallic container in which mineral oil is filled for cooling the windings. For better cooling the surface area of the tank is increased with corrugated sheets around the tank or

with round pipes or elliptical tubes on the sides of the tank .

TEMPRATURE GAUGE

It is the temp. Detecting device for the tr. Oil and fitted to the side of tank.

EXPLOSION VENT

The explosion vent is a safety device of the transformer acting as the emergency pressure

released valve it is a projected pipe one end of which is connected to the top of the tank .

CONSERVATOR

1. It maintains the oil level in the tank. 2. It provides the space for the expansion of oil for specified temp. Range.

3. It prevents tr. Oil from moisture when breaths in.

BREATHER

It prevents entry of moist air in the tr. Oil tank after its breath ort as a reduces the dia electric strength and insulation strength and insulation strength of oil.

TAP CHANGER

It is a device operated either manually or electrically used for keeping the output voltage of the transformer constant.

INSTRUCTIONS

Warning! This project involves the use of dangerous voltages. You must make sure all high- voltage (120 volt household power ) conductors are safely insulated from accidental contact. No bare wires should be seen anywhere on the "primary" side of the transformer circuit. Be sure to solder all wire connections so that they're secure, and use real electrical tape (not duct tape, scotch tape, packing tape, or any other kind!) to insulate your soldered connections.

If you wish to enclose the transformer inside of a box, you may use an electrical "junction" box, obtained from a hardware store or electrical supply house. If the enclosure used is metal rather than plastic, a three-prong plug should be used, with the "ground" prong (the longest one on the plug) connected directly to the metal case for maximum safety.

Before plugging the plug into a wall socket, do a safety check with an ohmmeter. With the line switch in the "on" position, measure resistance between either plug prong or the transformer case. There should be infinite (maximum) resistance. If the meter registers continuity (some resistance value less than infinity), then you have a "short" between one of the power conductors and the case, which is dangerous!

Next, check the transformer windings themselves for continuity. With the line switch in the "on" position, there should be a small amount of resistance between the two plug prongs. When the switch is turned "off," the resistance indication should increase to infinity (open circuit -- no continuity). Measure resistance between pairs of wires on the secondary side. These secondary windings should register much lower resistances than the primary. Why is this?

Plug the cord into a wall socket and turn the switch on. You should be able to measure AC voltage at the secondary side of the transformer , between pairs of terminals. Between two of these terminals, you should measure about 12 volts. Between either of these two terminals and the third terminal, you should measure half that. This third wire is the "center-tap" wire of the secondary winding.

It would be advisable to keep this project assembled for use in powering other experiments shown in this book. From here on, I will designate this "low-voltage AC power supply " using this illustration:

COMPUTER SIMULATION

Schematic with SPICE node numbers:

SWITCHYARD (33kv)

MAIN COMPONENTS OF SWITCHYARD

The switchyard outdoor consist of following main components:-

AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER ISOLATOR EARTH SWITCHES INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER LIGHTNING ARRESTORS BUSBAR AND CONDUCTOR BUSHINGS

AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKERS

The ABCB of Hindustan Brown Bowery ltd. BARODA has been installed with following specifications:-

TYPE CF, 170 MC 4

MVA 2500 MVA

VOLTS 132 KV

AMPS 1250 A

FREQUENCY 50 HZ

PRESSURE 16 KG/CM SQ.

The 132 kv triple pole breakers have the rupturing capacity of 2500 mva corresponding to symm. Current breaking of 10.9 kv and asymm. Breaking current of 13.625 kv and making capacity of 27.74ka. The CB has three single phase units each unit complete with air recover and other control equipment. The air under pressure is being supplied through air receiving tanks feed from two air compressor sets at auto control. The auxilary supply of 220v through secondary battery 400 / 230 V AC at 50 Hz for other auxiliaries. The three phase close and open simultaneously.

The interrupter assemblies are in a metal chamber supported on insulators. The entire control circuit switches, indications etc. are housed in a weather proof cubicle near itself.

ISOLATORS

The isolating switches are three such units mechanically coupled together and operated manually at the ground and provided with locking in a closed and open position. The isolators can be opened and closed while the circuit is alive.

EARTHING SWITCHES

The isolating switches are provided with three pole earthling switches carried on the same mounting and insulators as the line isolators. The ES is not closed when the main isolator is closed when the main isolators cum ES unit. The normal current rating of 132 kV isolator is 600amp. Aus. Switches are provided with each isolator and ES for indication, control and inter locking.

LIGHTNING ARRESTOR

The lightning arrestor is provided near the HV end of the transformer and on the outgoing side of the feeder to ensure adequate protection for the equipments against lightning surges.

There are of the type of thyrite station.

BUSBAR PROTECTION SYSTEMS

Bus bars Are a Vital, yet Often Overlooked, Part of the Power System

Bus bars are a vital, often overlooked, part of the power system. Busbar faults are rare. However, when one occurs damage is widespread and plant downtime is substantial. This soon reminds users of busbars' importance and, in particular, the importance of good protection.

Busbar Protection and Requirements

The high fault levels associated with busbars require that protection be fast. Typical fault clearing time should be less than 100ms; with fast breakers this means measuring time should be about 20 to 30 ms.

In order to minimize the interruption to the plant the protection system must correctly identify the area of the fault and open only the necessary, and minimum number, of breakers. To achieve this, it must discriminate properly -- but because of speed requirements, discrimination based on time delays is not acceptable. It is therefore preferable to have a clearly defined zone of protection or unit scheme.

Busbars, the connection nodes of multiple power circuits, must have very secure protection since tripping of a busbar usually has widespread power interruptions. The risk of an unnecessary trip must be kept to a minimum. This immediately brings stability into consideration as it is usually a fault just beyond the zone of busbar protection - commonly known as through faults - which has similar fault levels to the bus that causes a mistrip of the busbar protection. The protection must be stable for these though faults.

It should be pointed out that the above requirements can, depending on the application and relay principles involved, be competing -- an improvement of one means a deterioration of the other. For example, an increase in security would probably be achieved at the expense of tripping time.

AN ALTERNATOR PROTECTION SYSTEM COMPRISING:

First terminal means for supplying to a load a first rectified alternator output current at a predetermined voltage;

Second terminal means for supplying to a load a second rectified alternator output current at the predetermined voltage; First indicator means coupled to the second terminal means; Thermal switching means coupled to the second terminal means; Field coil means coupled to the thermal switching means; Regulator means coupled to the thermal switching means and the field coil means for regulating the voltage in the field coil means; Second switching means coupled between the first indicator means and the first terminal means; andSecond indicator means coupled across the series combination of the first indicator means and the thermal switching means.An alternator protection system according to claim 1 wherein the first and second indicator means are lamps.An alternator protection system according to claim 1 and wherein the load is a battery of electrical cells.An alternator protection system according to claim 1 and wherein the thermal switching means is positioned physically adjacent to a portion of said alternator.An alternator protection system according to claim 4 wherein the thermal switching means includes a thermistor.An alternator protection system according to claim 1 wherein the second switching means is a temporary contact switch.

Description:

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to the field of battery charging circuits, and, more particularly, to the provision for a warning indicator when the power source overheats. In the field of battery charging devices, including alternators and regulating circuits, it is well known to use a thermal switching element which will open the circuit of the field coil when the device overheats. In one such device, a lamp is turned on if the thermal switch is activated but, in this circuit, the lamp is put across the supply and thus requires the use of a rather expensive large resistor in series with the lamp. In another device for providing relief for an overheat condition in large motor windings, a thermal switch is coupled to a bimetallic element positioned within the windings. When the switch is closed, it completes a circuit including a lamp, a siren and a resistor plus, if desired, a stack of carbon disks with resistance which decreases as the temperature goes up. None of the known arrangements provide for a separate warning lamp to indicate only a overheat condition. Overheating is particularly a problem in alternators operating in an excessively dusty environment; for example, in a tractor during harvest time.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object, therefore, of the present invention to provide a protection and indication system which will differentiate between "charging" and "overheat" conditions.

It is another object to provide for indication of alternator failure. It is a particular object to provide the desired protection system with a minimum of

components and at minimum cost. These objects and others are provided in a circuit having a first lamp coupled in series

with the ignition switch to be "on" only when the battery is supplying power. A thermal switch is positioned physically adjacent to the alternator, and electrically in series with the field coil, to remove field coil current in response to an overheated condition of the alternator. A second warning lamp is connected to the battery and the field coil in parallel with the first lamp and thermal switch combination, to be turned on when the thermal switch opens.

Electric power transmission"Electric transmission" redirects here. For vehicle transmissions.

Transmission lines

Electric power transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical energy, a process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. A power transmission network typically connects power plants to multiple substations near a populated area. The wiring from substations to

customers is referred to as electricity distribution, following the historic business model separating the wholesale electricity transmission business from distributors who deliver the electricity to the homes.[1] Electric power transmission allows distant energy sources (such as hydroelectric power plants) to be connected to consumers in population centers, and may allow exploitation of low-grade fuel resources such as coal that would otherwise be too costly to transport to generating facilities.

Usually transmission lines use three phase alternating current (AC). Single phase AC current is sometimes used in a railway electrification system. High-voltage direct current systems are used for long distance transmission, or some undersea cables, or for connecting two different AC networks.

Electricity is transmitted at high voltages (110 kV or above) to reduce the energy lost in transmission. Power is usually transmitted as alternating current through overhead power lines. Underground power transmission is used only in densely populated areas because of its higher cost of installation and maintenance when compared with overhead wires,and the difficulty of voltage control on long cables.

A power transmission network is referred to as a grid. Multiple redundant lines between points on the network are provided so that power can be routed from any power plant to any load center, through a variety of routes, based on the economics of the transmission path and the cost of power. Much analysis is done by transmission companies to determine the maximum reliable capacity of each line, which, due to system stability considerations, may be less than the physical or thermal limit of the line. Deregulation of electricity companies in many countries has led to renewed interest in reliable economic design of transmission networks. However, in some places the gaming of a deregulated energy system has led to disaster, such as that which occurred during the California electricity crisis of 2000 and 2001.[2]

Over current Protection of Transformers — Traditional and New Fusing Philosophies for Small and Large Transformers.

This is the fourth article in a series of articles that concern new and traditional fusing philosophies for

protecting transformers. The first article (Unit 1) served as an introduction to the application principles

that must be considered when selecting a transformer-primary fuse, in particular, the voltage rating,

the short-circuit interrupting rating, and the ampere rating and speed characteristic of the fuse. The

second article (Unit 2) covered how to select a transformer-primary fuse to withstand the various

inrush currents it may experience in service, such as magnetizing inrush, hot-load pickup inrush, and

cold-load pickup inrush. The third article (Unit 3) covered how to select a transformer-primary fuse to

protect the transformer in accordance with industry-accepted through-fault protection curves. This

article covers how to select a transformer-primary fuse to coordinate with both secondary-side and

primary-side over current protective devices.

How to Select a Transformer-Primary Fuse to Coordinate With Both Secondary-Side and

Primary-Side Over current Protective Devices

In addition to protecting the transformer against faults, internal or otherwise, it is also important that

the primary fuse coordinate with overcurrent protective devices on both the primary side and the

secondary side of the transformer. The following sections describe how proper coordination is

achieved both between the primary fuse and secondary-side protective equipment, and between the

primary fuse and source-side protective devices.

Coordination between the Primary Fuse and 480/277Y-Volt Secondary-Side Overcurrent

Protective Devices.

Coordination between the transformer primary fuse and the feeder protective device is typically

checked for the level of fault current and for the type of fault (i.e., three-phase, phase-to-phase, or

phase-to- ground) producing the most demanding conditions possible for the transformer in each

application. From the standpoint of coordination, the most demanding conditions possible are those

where the per-unit line current on the primary side of the transformer is greater than the per-unit line

current on the secondary side of the transformer. For this situation, the primary-side device carries

more current, relatively, than does the secondary-side overcurrent protective device. Accordingly, an

allowance must be made before checking for proper coordination between the two devices. Table 1

lists the ratio of per-unit primary-side line current to per-unit secondary-side line current for the same

transformer connections and types of secondary faults discussed earlier.

TABLE 1 — Relationship between Per-Unit Primary-Side Line Current and Per-Unit Secondary-Side

Line Current for Various Types of Secondary Faults:

For a phase-to-phase secondary fault not involving ground on a delta / grounded-wye connected transformer, the per-unit primary-side line current in one phase is the same as that resulting from a three-phase secondary fault, while the secondary-side line current is only 0.87 per unit of the 3-phase secondary fault-current value (hence, the ratio, as listed in Table 1, is 1.0 * 0.87, or 1.15). To compensate for the line-current differential inherent to the delta / grounded-by connected transformer it is generally recommended.