A_©bxwZi †gŠwjK aviYv Basic Concepts of Economics

m¤ú‡`i y®úÖvc¨Zv Ges Afv‡ei wbe©vPb †_‡KB gvbyl‡K weKí wPšÍv Ki‡Z nq| A_©vr Avgiv hv PvB hLb Zvi me Avgv‡`i mvg‡_©i g‡a¨ c‡i bv ZLb we`¨gvb Afvemg~‡ni ga¨ †_‡K Avgv‡`i‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q wKQy Afve wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq| A_©bxwZ Ggb GKwU weÁvb hv gvby‡li Amxg Afve Ges `y®úÖvc¨ m¤ú‡`i g‡a¨ mgb¦q mvab Kivi cÖwµqv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| GRb¨ A_©bxwZ‡K A‡bK mgq cQ‡›`i weÁvbI ejv nq hv gvby‡li cQ›` Ges GB cQ›` wewfbœ †cÖÿvc‡U wKfv‡e cwiewZ©Z nq Zv e¨vL¨v K‡i|

GB BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q t * A_©bxwZi welqe¯Íz

* A_©bxwZ‡Z wP‡Îi e¨envi * my‡hvM e¨q I Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbv

* evRvi A_©bxwZ I A_©bxwZ‡Z miKv‡ii f‚wgKv|

BDwbU

1

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU GK c„ôv-2

A_©bxwZi welqe Íz

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

• A_©bxwZi msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

• e¨wóK A_©bxwZ I mvgwóK A_©bxwZi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

• †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v wK Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

• BwZevPK I bxwZevPK A_©bxwZi cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖ_‡gB Avcbv‡`i g‡b cÖkœ RvM‡Z cv‡i, A_©bxwZ †Kb cwo? ev¯Í‡e gvbyl wewfbœ Kvi‡Y A_©bxwZ cvV K‡i _v‡K| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡i A_©bxwZ cv‡V evox-Mvox, UvKv-cqmv AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Avevi †KD †KD g‡b K‡i A_©bxwZi Pvwn`v I †hvMvb wewa, evRvi, gy`ªvùxwZ G aviYv¸‡jv bv eyS‡j wZwb gyL© †_‡K hv‡eb| ZvQvov wKfv‡e Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³i wecøe mgvR‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hv‡”Q A_ev †Kb mv¤úªwZK eQi¸‡jv‡Z evsjv‡`‡k Avq eȇb AmgZv GZ `ªæZ e„w× cv‡”Q Gme aviYv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z A‡b‡KB A_©bxwZ cv‡V AvMÖnx n‡q _v‡Kb|

A_©bxwZi msÁv (Definition of Economics)

mxgve× m¤ú‡`i gva¨‡g Amxg Afve c~i‡Yi Dcvqmg~‡ni Aa¨vqbB A_©bxwZ| wewfbœ A_©bxwZwe` A_©bxwZi wewfbœ msÁv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| cÖ_‡gB GWvg ¯§x_ Gi msÁvwU D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Zuvi e³e¨ Abyhvqx, ÒA_©kv¯¿ n‡”Q cQ›` wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi weÁvbÓ| Rb ÷zqvU© wgj K‡i K‡ib, ÒA_©kv¯¿ n‡”Q Drcv`b I e›Ub msµvšÍ weÁvb|Ó

cieZx©‡Z gvk©vj m¤ú‡`i cwie‡Z© gvby‡li Kvh©Kjv‡ci ev gvbweK Kj¨v‡Yi w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, ÒA_©kv¯¿ GKw`‡K †hgb m¤ú‡`i Av‡jvPbv K‡i, †Zgwb Ab¨w`‡K gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi Kvh©Kjvc wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|Ó

m¨vgy‡qjmb e‡jb, ÒA_©bxwZ n‡”Q Ggb GKwU Aa¨qbkv¯¿ hv mgvR wKfv‡e `y®úÖvc¨ m¤ú` e¨envi K‡i wewfbœ cY¨ Drcv`b K‡i Ges Zv mgv‡Ri wewfbœ As‡ki gvby‡li g‡a¨ eÈb K‡i Zv Av‡jvPbv K‡i|Ó

†gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v (Basic Economic Problem) gvbe Rxe‡b Afve Amxg| wKšÍz m¤ú` mxgve×| A_©vr m¤ú‡`i `y®úÖvcÖvc¨Zv (Scarcity) we`¨gvb| Amxg Afve I m¤ú‡`i y®úÖvc¨Zv- G `y‡qi cv_©K¨B n‡”Q †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v| GB mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ mgvR‡K Aek¨B m¤ú‡`i `ÿ e¨envi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

awi, mgv‡R m¤ú‡`i y®úÖvc¨Zv †bB| d‡j gvbyl Zvi AvKv´Lv cy‡ivUvB c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i| gvbyl Zvi Avq wb‡q `ywðšÍv K‡i bv| †Kbbv, †m hv Pvq meB †c‡q _v‡K| miKvi‡K ivR¯^ Av`vq ev e¨‡qi LvZ A_ev `ylY wb‡q msMÖvg Ki‡Z nq bv, AwaKšÍy gvbyl Zvi Ae¯’vb wb‡q GZ †ekx mšÍzó _v‡K †h wewfbœ †kªYxi gvby‡li g‡a¨ Av‡qi eÈb wb‡q Zv‡`i †Kvb gv_v e¨v_v †bB| G ai‡bi cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mKj `ªe¨B giæf‚wgi evwj wKsev mgy‡`ªi cvwbi g‡Zv gy³ `ªe¨ (free good) n‡Z cv‡i| hvi †Kvb wewbgq g~j¨ †bB| dj¯iƒc, evRvi n‡q c‡o Abvek¨Kxq|

wKšÍz ev¯Í‡e †Kvb mgvRB Amxg m¤¢vebvi ØvicÖv‡šÍ †cŠuQ‡Z cv‡i bv| ev¯Íe mgv‡R m¤ú‡`i y®úÖvc¨Zv we`¨gvb| G Kvi‡Y A_©‰bwZK ªe¨ (economic good) Gi D™¢e nq| †hme `ª‡e¨i wewbgq g~j¨ i‡q‡Q ev hv A_© w`‡q †Kbv hvq †m¸‡jv n‡”Q A_©‰bwZK `ªe¨| gvby‡li AvKv´Lv Ges GB AvKv´Lv c~i‡Yi Dcvqmg~‡ni g‡a¨ AmgZvB n‡”Q `y®úÖvc¨Zv| Amxg Afve I m¤ú‡`i mxgve×Zv †gvKv‡ejvq me‡P‡q †ekx ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡”Q mxwgZ m¤ú‡`i myôy e¨envi| hv Avgv‡`i‡K `ÿZv kãwUi K_v g‡b Kwi‡q †`q| A_©bxwZ‡Z `ÿZv (efficiency) n‡”Q gvby‡li Afve I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †gUv‡Z mgv‡R cÖvß m¤ú‡`i mwVK e¨envi|

e¨wóK A_©bxwZ

BDwbU yB c„ôv-3

e¨wóK A_©bxwZ I mvgwóK A_©bxwZ (Microeconomics & Macroeconomics)

A_©‰bwZK we‡kølY‡K ywU kvLvq wef³ Kiv hq t e¨wóK A_©bxwZ I mvgwóK A_©bxwZ| `ywU aviYvB `y®úÖvc¨Zv mgm¨vwUi Rb¨ Acwinvh©| MÖxK kã Mikros A_© n‡”Q Ò†QvUÓ| e¨wóK A_©bxwZ ÿz`ª ÿz`ª GKK wb‡q KvR K‡i Ges Zv e¨w³, cwievi, Drcv`b cÖwZôvb A_ev evRviI n‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr e¨wóK A_©bxwZ †`Lvq GKK e¨w³, cwievi, dvg© I evRvi wKfv‡e wm×všÍ wb‡q Zv‡K| e¨wóK A_©bxwZi jÿ¨ n‡”Q GKK `ªe¨ ev †mevi `vg I cwigvY we‡kølY Kiv| Bnv AviI †`Lvq, GKK `ªe¨ ev †mevi `vg I cwigv‡Yi Dci miKvix wbqš¿Y ev Ki wK cÖfve †d‡j| D`vniY¯^iƒc t e¨wóK A_©bxwZ †Kvb GKwU dvg© KZ©„K Drcvw`Z ªe¨ (awi, wm‡g›U) Gi `vg I cwigvY wba©vi‡Y DcKiYmg~‡ni cÖfve wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|

Ab¨w`‡K, MÖxK kã Makros k‡ãi A_© Òe„nrÓ| mvgwóK A_©bxwZ‡Z RvZxq A_©bxwZ I wek¦ A_©bxwZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| A_©vr, mvgwóK A_©bxwZ †`Lvq wKfv‡e GKwU A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v (economic system) mvgwMÖK fv‡e KvR K‡i| mvgwóK A_©bxwZi g~j jÿ¨ n‡”Q RvZxq Avq, wb‡qvM¯Íi, mvaviY g~j¨ ¯Íi, mvgwMÖK †hvMvb, mvgwMÖK †fvM Gme welq we‡kølY Kiv| mvgwóªK A_©bxwZ AviI †`Lvq, miKvix wewfbœ c`‡ÿc, †hgb- miKvix Ki, miKvix e¨q, miKv‡ii NvUwZ e¨q wbe©vn BZ¨vw` mvgwMÖK Avq, gyj¨¯Íi Gi Dci wK cÖfve †d‡j| D`vniY¯^iƒc t evsjv‡`‡ki mKj gvby‡li mvgwMÖK †fvM ev †`‡ki †gvU Drcv`‡bi g~j¨ wba©vi‡Yi †cQ‡b †hme kw³ KvR K‡i Zv mvgwMÖK A_©bxwZi AšÍf©y³|

Avgiv hLb e¨wóK A_©bxwZi AvIZvfz³ welq¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kwi ZLb B”QvK…Zfv‡e mvgwóK A_©bxwZi AvIZvfz³ welq¸‡jv D‡cÿv Kwi| A_©vr wm‡g›U Drcv`bKvix cÖwZôvbwU wbw ©ó `v‡g evRv‡i wK cwigvY wm‡g‡›Ui †hvMvb w`‡e Zv wba©vi‡Yi mgq †`‡k gy ªvùxwZ wKiƒc ev †eKviZ¡ Av‡Q wKbv Zv we‡ePbv Kwi bv| Avevi mvgwóK A_©bxwZ cv‡Vi mgq A_©vr RvZxq Avq, wb‡qvM Íi Av‡jvPbvi mgq †fv³vi e¨w³MZ mgm¨v¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kwi bv| A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi m¤ú~Y© we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ e¨wóK I mvgwóK A_©bxwZ y‡UvB mgvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v¸‡jv‡K e¨wóK I mvgwóK Dfq `„wó‡KvY †_‡K bv †`L‡Z cvi‡j A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi c~Y©v½ we‡kølY m¤¢e bq| GB eBwU‡Z Avgiv e¨wóK A_©bxwZi g~j welq¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

Abykxjb bx‡Pi welq¸‡jvi †KvbwU e¨wóK A_©‰bwZK Ges †KvbwU mvgwóK A_©‰bwZK e³e¨ wPwýZ Kiæb t 1. GKwU cwievi Zvi AwR©Z Av‡qi KZUzKz mÂq Ki‡e †m m¤úwK©Z wm×všÍ| 2. †`‡ki Avg`vbxi Dci miKvix K‡ii cÖfve| 3. A_©‰bwZK cÖe„wׇZ RvZxq m‡qi cÖfve|

4. GKwU wPwbi d¨v±ix wK cwigvY kªwgK wb‡qvM Ki‡e †m m¤úwK©Z wm×všÍ|

BwZevPK ebvg bxwZevPK we‡kølY (Positive Vs. Normative Analysis)

A_©‰bwZK bxwZmg~n g~j¨vq‡b GB mg¯Í bxwZmg~n A_©bxwZi Dci wK cÖfve †d‡j Z_v GKwU A_©bxwZ wKfv‡e KvR K‡i Zv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡e| Drcv`b, `vg, weµq, wb‡qvM, Avq Gme ch©‡eÿYg~jK PjK Gi Dci A_©‰bwZK bxwZmg~‡ni cwieZ©b wK ai‡bi cÖfve †d‡j Zv we‡kølY KivB n‡”Q BwZevPK we‡kølY| A_©vr NUbvi weeiY‡K BwZevPK we‡kølY ejv nq| GB we‡køl‡Y wba©viY Kiv nq cwiKíbvi cwieZ©‡bi d‡j †K jvfevb nq ev †K ÿwZMÖ¯’ nq| BwZevPK we‡køl‡Yi e³e¨ n‡”Q Òhw` GUv nq Zvn‡j GUv n‡eÓ| D`vniY¯^iƒc t hw` †cuqvR Avg`vbxi Dci Ki Av‡ivc Kiv nq Zvn‡j †cuqvR Gi `vg †e‡o hv‡e| miKvix wewfbœ wbqgbxwZi cwieZ©‡bi dj¯iƒc `vg, Avq, my‡`i nvi, gRyix BZ¨vw`i †h cwieZ©b N‡U Zvi cÖgvY mv‡c‡ÿ Avgiv BwZevPK e³e¨‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z cvwi wKsev cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡Z cvwi|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU GK c„ôv-4

BwZevPK we‡køl‡Y e³vi g~j¨‡eva wKsev cQ›` cÖwZdwjZ nq bv| BwZevPK we‡kølY dvjvdj g~j¨vq‡b e¨eüZ nq bv|

D`vniY¯^iƒc t miKvix wewfbœ Kj¨vY Kvh©µ‡gi BwZevPK we‡kølY †`Lvq, Gme Kvh©µg †_‡K myweavcÖvß e¨w³eM© Ges RvZxq Drcv`‡bi Dci Kj¨vY Kvh©µg wK cÖfve †d‡j| wKšÍz GBme Kvh©µg fvj bv g›`, DwPZ bv AbywPZ Zv wba©viY K‡i bv| bxwZevPK we‡køl‡Y †Kvb Kv‡Ri fvj-g›`, DwPZ-AbywPZ G mg¯Í w`K¸‡jv we‡kølY Kiv nq| bxwZevPK we‡køl‡Yi e³e¨ n‡”Q, ÒGUv nIqv DwPZ / †mUv Kiv DwPZÓ| GB we‡køl‡Y e³vi g~j¨‡eva wKsev cQ›` cÖwZdwjZ nq|

cvV-ms‡ÿc A_©bxwZ wK? mxgve× m¤ú‡`i gva¨‡g Amxg Afve c~i‡Yi Dcvqmg~‡ni Aa¨qbB n‡”Q A_©bxwZ| m¤ú` mxwgZ, ZvB gvbyl hv Pvq A_©bxwZ Zvi meUzKz Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| A_©‰bwZK ªe¨mg~‡ni g‡a¨ `y®úÖvc¨Zv we`¨gvb, †hme ª‡e¨i wewbgq g~j¨ i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv A_©‰bwZK ªe¨ wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ| GKwU mgvR Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ Hme ªe¨ wbe©vPb K‡i hv †m cÖvß m¤ú` e¨envi K‡i Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| e¨wóK A_©bxwZ‡Z wm×všÍMÖnYKvix GKKfv‡e KvR K‡i| mvgwóK A_©bxwZ mgMÖ A_©bxwZi Kvh©Kjvc‡K †`Lvq|

e¨wóK A_©bxwZ

BDwbU yB c„ôv-5

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1| e¨wóK I mvgwóK A_©bxwZi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjLyb| 2| †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vwU e¨vL¨v Kiæb| Bnv mgvav‡b wK Kiv cÖ‡qvRb? 3| BwZevPK I bxwZevPK we‡kølY ej‡Z wK †evSvq? cÖwZwUi 3wU K‡i D`vniY wjLyb| mswÿß cÖkœ 1| wK Kvi‡Y A_©bxwZ cvV Kwi? 2| A_©bxwZi msÁv wjLyb| 3| †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v wK?

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ mwVK Dˇii cv‡k (�) wPý w`b| 1| gvby‡li Afve- (K) mxwgZ (L) Amxg (M) †bB (N) †KvbwUB bq| 2| †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡b- (K) m¤ú‡`i myô e¨envi cÖ‡qvRb (L) m¤ú‡`i A`ÿ e¨envi cÖ‡qvRb (M) m¤ú` KzwÿMZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb (N) Dc‡ii me¸‡jv| 3| e¨wóK A_©bxwZ‡Z wm×všÍMÖnYKvix- (K) †fv³v (L) cwievi (M) Drcv`b cÖwZôvb (N) Dc‡ii me¸‡jv 4| mvgwóK A_©bxwZi AvIZvfz³ n‡”Q- (K) †fv³vi Avq (L) GKwU `ª‡e¨i `vg (M) `ª‡e¨i cwigvY (N) RvZxq Avq

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU GK c„ôv-6

A_©bxwZ‡Z wP‡Îi e¨envi

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb- • A_©bxwZ‡Z wP‡Îi e¨envi m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`‡Z cvi‡eb| • wP‡Î wKfv‡e ywU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© †`Lv‡bv hvq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| • Xvj wK I Xv‡ji cwigvc Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| • UvBg wmwiR wPÎ m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

A_©bxwZwe`iv cÖvqB `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Pj‡Ki (variable) ga¨Kvi m¤úK©‡K we‡kølY Kivi Rb¨ wP‡Îi e¨envi K‡i _v‡Kb| wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ we‡kølY Lye mn‡RB Avcbv‡K A_©bxwZ eyS‡Z ev wkL‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e Ges GKwU my›`i Dcmsnv‡i †cŠu‡Q w`‡e| wPÎ †`Lvq wKfv‡e GKwU Pj‡Ki cwieZ©‡b (e„w× ev n«vm) Aci PjKwU cwiewZ©Z nq|

wØ-PjKwewkó wPÎ (A Graph with two variables)

A_©‰bwZK we‡køl‡Y cÖvqB Avgv‡`i ywU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© †`Lv‡Z nq| †hgbt evRv‡i c‡Y¨i `vg I cwigvY wKsev Drcv`‡bi cwigvY I Drcv`b e¨‡qi g‡a¨ m¤úK©| wØ-PjKwewkó wP‡Î j¤^ A‡ÿ GKwU PjK †`Lv‡bv nq| Bnv‡K mvaviYZ 'Y' cÖZxK Øviv cwigvc Kiv nq| Ab¨ PjKwU n‡”Q 'X' PjK hv‡K f‚wg A‡ÿ cwigvc Kiv nq|

`ywU A‡ÿi Ôgyjwe› y' n‡”Q Ggb GKwU we›`y hv‡K 'O' Øviv wPwýZ Kiv nq Ges †hLv‡b X I Y ywUi gvb k~Y¨| QK-1 G Avgiv X I Y Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ GKwU m¤úK© †`L‡Z cvw”Q| cÖ_g Kjvg †_‡K X Gi gv‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z

2q Kjv‡g Y Gi gvb †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b X Gi gv‡bi n«vm e„wׇZ Y Gi gvb cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q| A_©vr Y Pj‡Ki gvb X Pj‡Ki gv‡bi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Q| wVK GKBfv‡e Y Gi gvb cwieZ©‡b X Gi gvb cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q|

QK 1 t wØ PjK-wewkó mij‡iLvi DcvËmg~n

X Pj‡Ki gvb Y Pj‡Ki gvb wP‡Î we› y‡Z Dc ’vcb

1 2 3 4

2 3 4 5

A1

A2

A3

A4

QK-1 Gi DcvËmg~n (data) †K wPÎ 1.1 G Dc ’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| wP‡Î A1 we›`y‡Z X = 1, Y =2| GB 1 I 2

wPÎ 1.1 t GKwU mij‡iLv

5

4

3

2

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

A

Y

1

A 2

A 3

A 4

X

e¨wóK A_©bxwZ

BDwbU yB c„ôv-7

msL¨v n‡”Q A1 we›`yi mnM (co-ordinates), A_©vr hLb †Kvb wP‡Î Aÿ؇qi Dci X I Y Gi gvb †`Lv‡bv nq ZLb X I Y Gi gvb ywU‡K mnM ejv nq| GKBfv‡e, hLb X =2, Y =3 ZLb GB mnM ywU‡K A2 we›`y Øviv †`Lv‡bv nq| wP‡Î A3 we›`y‡Z X =3, Y = 4 Ges A4 we›`y‡Z X =4, Y =5| A1, A2, A3, A4 we›`y¸‡jv †hvM K‡i GKwU †iLv (line) A¼b Kiv n‡q‡Q| GwU GKwU mij‡iLv| †Kvb †iLv mijvK…wZ ev eµvK…wZ DfqB ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| ywU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ abvZ¥K m¤úK© (Positive Relationship between two variables)

wPÎ 1.2 t ywU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ abvZ¥K m¤úK©

wPÎ 1.2 G X I Y PjK ywUi g‡a¨ Ggb GK ai‡bi m¤úK© †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b Y Gi gvb e„w× †c‡j X Gi gvbI e„w× cvq Ges Y Gi gvb n«vm †c‡j X Gi gvb n«vm cvq| A_©vr `ywU Pj‡Ki gvb GKB w`‡K cwiewZ©Z nq| G ai‡bi m¤úK©‡K abvZ¥K m¤úK© (Positive relationship) ev cÖZ¨ÿ m¤úK© (direct relationship) ejv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, awi, QK-1 Gi Y PjKwU GKwU wPwb Drcv`b d¨v±ix‡Z cÖwZ †KwR wPwb Drcv`‡b e¨‡qi (UvKvq) cwigvY‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| X PjKwU cÖwZ gv‡m wPwb Drcv`‡bi cwigvY‡K (†KwR‡Z) wb‡ ©k K‡i| wPÎ 1.2-Gi (I) As‡k GKwU mijvK…wZi †iLvi gva¨‡g wPwb Drcv`‡bi cwigvY Ges wPwb Drcv`‡b e¨‡qi cwigvY-G `y‡qi ga¨Kvi abvZ¥K m¤úK©‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

wPÎ 1.2 Gi (II) I (III) As‡k cÖwZwU eµvK…wZ †iLvi gva¨‡g wPwb Drcv`‡bi cwigvY I wPwb Drcv`‡b e¨‡qi cwigvY G y‡qi wewfbœ mswgkªY †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡bI cÖwZwU †iLvq ywU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ abvZ¥K m¤úK© we`¨gvb|

ywU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ FYvZ¥K m¤úK© (Negative Relationship between two variables)

wPÎ 1.3 t ywU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ FYvZ¥K m¤úK©

wPÎ 1.3 G †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q wKfv‡e `ywU Pj‡Ki gvb wecixZ w`‡K cÖewZ©Z nq| A_©vr Y Pj‡Ki gvb e„wׇZ X Pj‡Ki gvb n«vm cvq Ges Y Gi gvb n«vm †c‡j X Gi gvb e„w× cvq| PjK ywUi g‡a¨ wecixZgyLx m¤úK©‡K

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU GK c„ôv-8

FYvZ¥K m¤úK© (Negative relationship) ejv nq| wPÎ 1.3 G Y PjKwU wUwfi `vg (UvKvq) I X PjKwU wUwf µ‡qi cwigvY wb‡ ©k K‡i| A_©‰bwZK PjK¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wecixZ m¤úK© mPivPi †ekx †Pv‡L c‡o| D`vniY¯^iƒc t Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v wVK _vK‡j, hw` wUwfi `vg n«vm cvq Zvn‡j wUwf µ‡qi cwigvY e„w× cvq| wecixZfv‡e wUwfi `vg e„w× †c‡j wUwf µ‡qi cwigvY n«vm cvq| wPÎ 1.3 Gi (I) As‡k Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q, hLb wUwfi `vg 50 UvKv Ges †fv³v 1wU wUwf wK‡b, wUwfi `vg 40 UvKv n‡j wUwf µ‡qi cwigvY nq 2wU| Gfv‡e `vg AviI K‡g hLb 10 UvKvq †b‡g Av‡m ZLb wUwf µ‡qi cwigvY e„w× †c‡q 5wU †Z DbœxZ nq| `vg I µ‡qi cwigvY-G `y‡qi g‡a¨ wecixZ ev FYvZ¥K m¤úK©‡K wbæMvgx mij‡iLvwUi mvnv‡h¨ †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

wPÎ 1.3 (I) I (II) G cÖwZwU eµ‡iLvi mvnv‡h¨ wUwfi `vg I wUwf µ‡qi cwigvY G `y‡qi g‡a¨ FYvZ¥K m¤úK©‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wPÎ 1.3 G D‡jøwLZ †iLvmg~n wbægyLx| A_©vr G‡`i Xvj FYvZ¥K|

m‡e©v”P I me©wbæ we› y m¤ú‡K© aviYv (Concept about Maximum and Minimum)

A_©‰bwZK we‡køl‡Y A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB m‡e©v”PKiY I me©wbæKiY aviYvmg~n we`¨gvb| †hgb- me Drcv`b cÖwZôvb ev dvg© †Póv K‡i m‡e©v”P gybvdv AR©b Ki‡Z Ges me©wbæ LiP eRvq ivL‡Z| wPÎ 1.4 Ges m‡e©v”P I me©wbæ Ae¯’v‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q-

wPÎ 1.4 t m‡e©v”P I me©wbæ we›`y

wPÎ 1.4 Gi (I) As‡k e„wócvZ I Mg Drcv`‡bi cwigvY- G y‡qi g‡a¨ m¤úK© †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b f‚wg A‡ÿ e„wócvZ I j¤^A‡ÿ Mg Drcv`‡bi cwigvY †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| hLb †Kvb e„wócvZ _v‡K bv ZLb Mg Drcvw`Z nq bv| hLb e„wócvZ e„w× cvq ZLb M‡gi Drcv`bI e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e e„wócv‡Zi cwigvY gv‡m 10 w`‡b †cŠuQ‡j M‡gi GKi cÖwZ Drcv`b m‡e©v”P (40 Ub) nq (a we›`y)| Avevi e„wócvZ gv‡m 10 w`‡bi †ekx n‡Z _vK‡j Mg Drcv`b Av‡ Í Av‡¯Í Kg‡Z _v‡K| gv‡m cÖwZw`b (30 w`b) e„wó n‡j m~‡h©i Av‡jvi Afv‡e Mg Drcv`b k~‡b¨i †KvVvq G‡m †cŠuQvq| wPÎ 1.4 (I) G †iLvwU cÖ_‡g DaŸ©gyLx n‡q m‡e©v”P we›`y‡Z †cŠuQvq Ges c‡i wbægyLx n‡Z _v‡K|

wPÎ 1.4 Gi (II) AskwU Drcv`b e¨q I Mg Drcv`‡bi m¤úK©‡K cÖKvk K‡i| GLv‡b ywU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© cÖ_‡g FYvZ¥K, GK ch©v‡q me©wbæ Ae¯’vq †cŠu‡Q Avevi abvZ¥K n‡Z _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Mg Drcv`b d¨v±ix‡Z Drcv`‡bi cÖ_g w`‡K e¨q †ekx _v‡K wKšÍz Drcv`b Kg nq| cieZx©‡Z Drcv`b hZ e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K d¨v±ixi e¨q Kg‡Z _v‡K| GK ch©v‡q Drcv`‡bi cwigvY hLb 55 Ub ZLb d¨v±ix e¨q me©wbæ A_©vr 10 UvKv (cÖwZ Ub) nq| hv b we›`y Øviv cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q| Bnv n‡”Q `ÿ Drcv`b ¯Íi| GB ¯Í‡ii c‡i Drcv`b e„w× †c‡jI e¨‡qi cwigvY e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K|

Ggb A‡bK cwiw¯’wZ Av‡Q hLb GKwU PjK Av‡iKwU Pj‡Ki mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z bvI n‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK mgq wP‡Î `ywU PjK‡K ¯^vaxb †`Lv‡bv nq| wPÎ 1.5 G (I) I (II) As‡k h_vµ‡g f‚wg A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj Ges j¤^ A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj G `ywU †iLv Øviv X I Y PjK؇qi g‡a¨ ¯^vaxb m¤úK©‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Dfq wP‡Î GKwU Pj‡Ki cwieZ©‡b Ab¨ PjKwU mvov †`q bv|

e¨wóK A_©bxwZ

BDwbU yB c„ôv-9

wPÎ 1.5 t PjK؇qi g‡a¨ m¤úK©nxbZv

Xvj I Zvi cwigvc (Slope and its measurement) †Kvb †iLvi GKwU Pj‡Ki gv‡bi Dci Ab¨ Pj‡Ki gv‡bi cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve‡K Avgiv †iLvwUi Xv‡ji mvnv‡h¨ cwigvc Ki‡Z cvwi| GKwU †iLvi j¤ A‡ÿ cwigvcK…Z PjKwUi gv‡bi cwieZ©b‡K f‚wg A‡ÿi Pj‡Ki gv‡bi cwieZ©b Øviv fvM K‡i †iLvwUi Xvj cvIqv hvq| A_©vr, Xvj = j¤ `~iZ¡ # Abyf‚wgK `yiZ¡| cwieZ©b‡K MÖxK wPý '∆' Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| j¤^ A‡ÿ cÖ`wk©Z PjK‡Ki cwieZ©b‡K ∆Y I f‚wg A‡ÿ cÖ`wk©Z Pj‡Ki cwieZ©b‡K ∆X Øviv hw` cÖKvk Kiv nq, Zvn‡j †iLvwUi Xvj n‡”Q ∆Y/∆X.

hw` j¤ A‡ÿi Pj‡Ki cwieZ©b (∆Y) †ekx nq Ges f‚wg A‡ÿi Pj‡Ki cwieZ©b (∆X) Kg nq (A_©vr ∆Y>∆X

nq) Zvn‡j Xvj eo nq Ges †iLvwU †ekx Lvov (steep) nq| wecixZ Ae¯’vq, Xvj †QvU nq Ges †iLvwU †PÞv (flat) n‡q _v‡K|

GKwU mij‡iLvi me©Î Xvj GKB _v‡K| Avmyb Gevi mij‡iLvi Xvj cwigvc Kwi| wPÎ 1.6 Gi (I) As‡k

wPÎ 1.6 t mij‡iLvi Xvj cwigvc

X Gi gvb 2 †_‡K 6 G e„w× †c‡j Y Gi gvb e„w× †c‡q 3 †_‡K 6 G DbœxZ nq| GLv‡b ∆Y =Y2-Y1 = 6-3

=3 Ges ∆X =X2-X1 = 6-2 = 4| myZivs †iLvwUi Xvj 3

4 | wP‡Îi (II) As‡k hLb X Gi gvb 2 †_‡K 6 G e„w×

cvq ZLb Y Gi gvb 6 †_‡K 3 G n«vm cvq| G‡ÿ‡Î †iLvwUi Xvj -3

4 | cÖ_g †iLvwU‡Z PjK ywUi g‡a¨ abvZ¥K

m¤úK© _vKvq †iLvwUi Xvj abvZ¥K Ges wØZxq †iLvq PjK؇qi g‡a¨ wecixZ m¤úK© _vKvq †iLvwUi Xvj FYvZ¥K|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU GK c„ôv-10

hLb †Kvb †iLv f‚wg A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj ZLb X Gi gv‡bi cwieZ©‡bi d‡jY Gi gv‡bi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv| G‡ÿ‡Î †iLvwUi Xvj Ôk~b¨'| Avevi †Kvb †iLv hw` j¤^ A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj nq †m‡ÿ‡Î X Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv wKšÍz Y Gi cwieZ©b N‡U| ZLb †iLvwUi Xvj Amxg (infinite) n‡q _v‡K|

Dc‡ii Aby‡”Q‡` Avgiv hZ¸‡jv †iLv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kijvg Zvi meB mij †iLv| mij †iLvi me we›`y‡Z Xvj GKB| wKšÍz eµ‡iLvi Xvj G‡KK we›`y‡Z G‡KK iKg nq|

eµ‡iLvi Xvj cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ †hB we›`y‡Z Xvj cwigvc Ki‡Z PvB †mB we›`y‡Z Ggb GKwU mij‡iLv AvuK‡Z n‡e †hwU †mB we›`y‡Z eµ‡iLvwU‡K ¯úk© K‡i, wKšÍz †Q` K‡i bv| GiKg mij‡iLv‡K eµ †iLvwUi ¯úk©K (tangent) e‡j| GLb ¯úk©KwUi Xvj cwigvc K‡i Avgiv H we›`y‡Z eµ †iLvwUi Xvj †c‡q hve| Gfv‡e GKwU eµ‡iLvi wewfbœ we› y‡Z ¯úk©K A¼b K‡i, wewfbœ we›`y‡Z eµ‡iLvwUi Xvj cwigvc Ki‡Z cvi‡ev| wewfbœ we›`y‡Z Xvj wewfbœ| wPÎ 1.7 G GKwU eµ‡iLvi Xvj cwigvc K‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-

wP‡Î, a we›`y‡Z GKwU ¯úk©K AvuKv n‡jv hv ïay †iLvwUi a we›`y‡Z ¯úk© K‡i Ab¨ †Kvb we›`y‡Z bq| a we›`y‡Z eµ‡iLvi Xvj H we›`y‡Z ¯úk©K mij‡iLvwUi Xv‡ji mgvb| ¯úk©K mij‡iLvwU‡Z ∆Y =3 Ges ∆X =4| ¯úk©K

mij‡iLvwUi Xvj ∆Y/ ∆X = 3

4 | A_©vr a we›`y‡Z eµ‡iLvi Xvj

3

4 |

GLvb Avgiv †`L‡ev wewfbœ AvK…wZi eµ‡iLvi †ÿ‡Î Xv‡ji gvb wKiƒc n‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ Avgiv PviwU eµ‡iLv †h¸‡jv wPÎ 1.2 (II), 1.3 (II), 1.4 Gi (I) I (II)-G †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q Zv we‡ePbv Ki‡ev| wPÎ 1.2 (II) G eµ‡iLvwU FYvZ¥K Xvj‡K wb‡ ©k K‡i| wKšÍz 1.4 Gi (I) As‡k †iLvwUi euv w`‡K ¯úk©K AvuKv n‡j DaŸ©Mvgx n‡e| G Kvi‡Y Xvj abvZ¥K| GK ch©v‡q m‡e©v”P we›`y‡Z (cvnv‡oi P~ovi gZ †`L‡Z) ¯úk©K G‡Kev‡iB Abyf‚wgK n‡e A_©vr GB we›`y‡Z †iLvwUi Xvj k~b¨| Avevi †iLvwUi Wvbw`‡K ¯úk©K wbæMvgx| GLv‡b †iLvwUi Xvj FYvZ¥K| GKBfv‡e 1.4 Gi (II) As‡k cÖ_‡g †iLvwUi Xvj FYvZ¥K, me©wbæ we›`y‡Z k~b¨ Ges me‡k‡l †iLvwUi Xvj abvZ¥K|

Abykxjb wbæwjwLZ Z_¨mg~n e¨envi K‡i GKwU wPÎ AvuKzb Ges x I y PjK ywUi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© †ei Kiæb|

1. X I Y PjK ywUi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© abvZ¥K bv FYvZ¥K? 2. hLb X = 2 ZLb †iLvwUi Xvj KZ? 3. X Gi gvb hLb 2 †_‡K 3 nq ZLb †iLvwUi Xvj KZ n‡e? 4. X Gi gvb e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ †iLvwUi Xvj e„w× cvq bv n«vm cvq?

X 0 1 2 3 4 5

Y 0 1 3 6 10 12

e¨wóK A_©bxwZ

BDwbU yB c„ôv-11

UvBg wmwiR wPÎ (Time Series Graphs) GB eB‡qi †ekxi fvM wPÎB ev¯Íe Z_¨wfwËK bq| GBme wP‡Îi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q wewfbœ Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K m¤úK©‡K cÖKvk Kiv| wKšÍz Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Î mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ wKfv‡e cÖK…Z PjK¸‡jv cwiewZ©Z nq Zv wP‡Îi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq| mg‡qi e¨eav‡b †Kvb Pj‡Ki cwieZ©b wP‡Îi gva¨‡gi †`Lv‡bv n‡j Zv‡K ejv nq UvBg wmwiR (time series) wPÎ|

UvBg wmwiR wP‡Î f‚wg A‡ÿ mgq Ges j¤^ A‡ÿ †h Pj‡Ki cwieZ©b †`L‡Z PvB Zv †`Lv‡bv nq| wPÎ 1.6 G UvBg wmwiR wP·K †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q wKfv‡e mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ GKwU †`‡ki †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi DVvbvgv K‡i| ev¯Í‡e †Kvb GKwU Pj‡Ki mg‡qi cwieZ©‡b wK ai‡bi cwieZ©b N‡U G ai‡bi wPÎ Zv we‡kølY K‡i|

wZb Pj‡Ki wPÎ (Graph with three variables) Avgiv GZÿY ïaygvÎ `ywU Pj‡Ki ga¨Kvi m¤úK©‡K wP‡Î Dc¯’vcb K‡iwQ| A_©bxwZ‡Z GKvwaK Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ wP‡Îi e¨envi Kiv nq| wKšÍz Av‡jvPbv mnR Kivi Rb¨ ywU Pj‡Ki wPÎ †ekx e¨envi Kwi| Z‡e KLbI KLbI ywUi †ekx Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK©‡K †`Lv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb nq| D`vniY¯^iƒct AvBmµx‡gi †fvM AvBmµx‡gi `vg I ZvcgvÎvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| GLv‡b AvBmµx‡gi †fvM, `vg I ZvcgvÎv wZbwU PjK we`¨gvb| hLb ZvcgvÎv †ekx _v‡K (MÖx®§Kvj) ZLb wbw ©ó `v‡g gvbyl †ekx cwigvY AvBmµxg wK‡b| wKšÍz ZvcgvÎv hw` Kg _v‡K (kxZKvj) ZLb wVK GKB `v‡g gvbyl Av‡Mi †P‡q Kg cwigvY AvBmµxg wK‡b|

wPÎ 1.9 †`Lvq AvBmµx‡gi `vg I ZvcgvÎv G `y‡qi mswgkªY AvBmµxg †fv‡Mi Dci wK cÖfve †d‡j? Dc‡ii †iLvwU Øviv 40� †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎv Ges wb‡Pi †iLvwU Øviv 20� †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| AvBmµx‡gi `vg 60 UvKv n‡j 40� †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvq gvbyl 20 cvDÛ AvBmµxg wK‡b| hv a we›`y Øviv

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU GK c„ôv-12

†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wKšÍz 20� †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvq GKB `v‡g gvbyl 10 cvDÛ AvBmµxg wK‡b| GB Ae¯’vwU b we› y Øviv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e Avgiv wP‡Îi gva¨‡g wZbwU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© †`Lv‡Z cvwi| cieZx© BDwbU¸‡jv‡Z GB ai‡bi wP‡Îi AviI ywU D`vniY cv‡ev| h_v- wbi‡cÿ †iLv Ges mg Drcv`b †iLv|

cvV-ms‡ÿc

A_©‰bwZK g‡W‡j e¨eüZ PjK¸‡jvi ga¨Kvi m¤úK©‡K †iLv Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| wP‡Îi j¤ A‡ÿi Pj‡Ki

cwieZ©b‡K f‚wg A‡ÿi Pj‡Ki cwieZ©b Øviv K‡i †Kvb GKwU †iLvi Xvj cvIqv hvq| hv‡K ∆Y

∆X Øviv cÖKvk Kiv

hvq| GKwU mij‡iLvi me©Î Xvj GKB _v‡K| wKšÍz eµ‡iLvi Xvj wewfbœ we›`y‡Z wewfbœ nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1| Xvj Kv‡K e‡j? mij I eµ‡iLvi Xvj wKfv‡e cvIqv hvq? 2| cÖgvY Kiæb mij‡iLvi me we›`y‡Z Xvj GKB| mswÿß cÖkœ 1| A_©bxwZ‡Z wP‡Îi e¨envi †Kb cÖ‡qvRb? 2| `ywU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ wb‡æv³ m¤úK©‡K wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †`Lvb

(K) GKB w`‡K cwiewZ©Z nq (L) wecixZ w`‡K cwiewZ©Z nq (M) m‡e©v”P we›`y Ae¯’v (N) me©wbæ we›`y Ae¯’v

3| 2bs cÖ‡kœi †Kvb m¤úK©wU abvZ¥K Ges †Kvb m¤úK©wU FYvZ¥K| 4| hw` y‡qi †ekx PjK _v‡K ZLb Zv wKfv‡e wP‡Î Dc ’vcb Kiv nq|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ mwVK Dˇii cv‡k (�) wPý w`b| 1| wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv nq (K) GKvwaK Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© (L) GKvwaK †iLvi g‡a¨ m¤úK© (M) ïaygvÎ `vg (N) ïaygvÎ Pvwn`v 2| mij †iLvi Xvj (K) me we›`y‡Z GKB _v‡K (L) cÖ_‡g abvZ¥K c‡i FYvZ¥K (M) cÖ_‡g FYvZ¥K c‡i FYvZ¥K (N) wewfbœ we›`y‡Z wfbœ nq 3| eµ‡iLvi Xvj (K) me we›`y‡Z GKB iKg nq (L) me mgq abvZ¥K nq (M) memgq FYvZ¥K nq (N) wewfbœ we›`y‡Z wfbœ nq 4| `ywU Pj‡Ki gvb GKB w`‡K cwiewZ©Z n‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨- (K) FYvZ¥K m¤úK© we`¨gvb (L) abvZ¥K m¤úK© we`¨gvb (M) †Kvb m¤úK© _v‡K bv (N) †KvbwUB bq|

e¨wóK A_©bxwZ

BDwbU yB c„ôv-13

my‡hvM e¨q I Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbv

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

• A_©‰bwZK msMV‡bi mgm¨vejx ej‡Z cvi‡eb| • A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb| • my‡hvM e¨‡qi msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb| • Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖwZwU gvbe mgvR n‡Z cv‡i wk‡í DbœZ mgvR, n‡Z cv‡i †K›`ªxqfv‡e cwiKwíZ A_©bxwZ wKsev wewfbœ DcRvZxq mgvR wKšÍz mevB‡K wZbwU †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| cÖwZwU mgvR‡K Aek¨B wK wK `ªe¨ Drcvw`Z n‡e, wKfv‡e Gme ªe¨ Drcvw`Z n‡e Ges Kvi Rb¨ Gme `ªe¨ Drcvw`Z n‡e Zv wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e|

A_©‰bwZK msMV‡bi wZbwU mgm¨v (Three Problems of Economic Organization) gvbe mgv‡Ri m~Pbvj‡Mœi gZB A_©‰bwZK msMV‡bi wZbwU †gŠwjK cÖkœ ev mgm¨v- wK, wKfv‡e, Kvi Rb¨ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Gevi Avgiv G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© AviI we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡ev|

� wK wK ªe¨ I wK cwigvY `ªe¨ Drcvw`Z n‡e? GKwU mgvR‡K m¤¢ve¨ A‡bK ªe¨ I †mevi cÖwZwU KZUzKz Drcvw`Z n‡e Ges KLb †m¸‡jv Drcvw`Z n‡e Zv wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e| Avgiv wK Avgv‡`i Rwg‡Z avb Drcv`b Ki‡ev bvwK cvU Drcv`b Ki‡ev? DbœZ Rv‡Zi wKšÍz Kg cwigv‡Y avb Drcv`b Ki‡ev bvwK Kg DbœZ Rv‡Zi A_P cwigv‡Y †ekx avb Drcv`b Ki‡ev? Avgv‡`i `y®úÖvc¨ m¤ú` †ekx cwigv‡Y †fvM`ªe¨ Drcv`‡b e¨envi bvwK Kg cwigv‡Y †fvM¨ ªe¨ I †ekx cwigv‡Y wewb‡qvM `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b e¨envi Ki‡ev? cÖwZwU mgvR‡K G ai‡bi cÖ‡kœi ev mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| G‡K Avgiv evQvB‡qi mgm¨vI ej‡Z cvwi| †Kbbv, m¤¢ve¨ A‡bK weKí wm×všÍ †_‡K K‡qKwU wm×všÍ‡K wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq|

� wKfv‡e ªe¨ Drcvw`Z n‡e? GKwU mgvR‡K Aek¨B wVK Ki‡Z nq †K Drcv`b Ki‡e, wK cwigvY m¤ú` Ges wK ai‡bi cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ n‡e| Avgiv we`y¨r kw³ Drcv`‡b cÖvK…wZK M¨vm, Kqjv A_ev m~h©kw³ e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi| cÖwZwU mgvR‡K GB mgm¨viI mgvavb Ki‡Z nq| G ai‡bi mgm¨v‡K Avgiv cÖhyw³i mgm¨v ej‡Z cvwi|

� Kvi Rb¨ `ªe¨ Drcvw`Z n‡e? A_©‰bwZK Kvh©Kjv‡ci dj †K †ekx †fvM Ki‡e| Avq ev m¤ú‡`i eÈb wK ¯^”Q Ges mgvb? D”P Avq m¤úbœ gvbyl †ekx ªe¨ ev †mev †fvM Kivi mvg_©¨ iv‡L Ges wbæ Avq m¤úbœ gvbyl Kg ªe¨ ev †mev †fvM Kivi mvg_©¨ iv‡L| †ekxi fvM gvbylB wK `wi ª Ges ¯^ímsL¨K gvbyl abx? wkÿK, Wv³vi, e¨emvqx wKsev cyuwRcwZ Kvi †ekx Avq ev m¤ú` i‡q‡Q? †K wVK K‡i †`q Kvi KZUzKz †fv‡Mi AwaKvi _vK‡e? G ai‡bi mgm¨v‡K eȇbi mgm¨v ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|

A_©‰bwZK e¨e ’v (Economic System) wK, wKfv‡e Ges Kvi Rb¨ Gme cÖ‡kœi DËi mgvR †hb w`‡Z cv‡i GRb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi cš’v i‡q‡Q| wewfbœ mgvR e¨e¯’vq wewfbœ ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb| mgv‡Ri †gŠwjK mgm¨vi mgvavbB n‡”Q cÖwZwU A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi KvR| mvaviYZ, GKwU A_©bxwZ‡K msMwVZ Kivi Rb¨ wZb ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v‡K wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvwi| GK cÖv‡šÍ evRvi me A_©‰bwZK wm×všÍ wb‡q _v‡K| Ab¨cÖv‡šÍ miKvi me wm×všÍ wb‡q _v‡K| Z…ZxqwU n‡”Q G `ywU A_©e¨e¯’vi mswgkªY| Avmyb A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi wZbwU w`K wb‡q GKUz Av‡jvPbv Kwi-

hy³ivóªmn we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK †`‡k †ekxifvM †ÿ‡Î A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi mgvavb evRvi e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g n‡q _v‡K| myZivs Zv‡`i A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v‡K evRvi A_©bxwZ (market economy) ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| evRvi A_©bxwZ n‡”Q Ggb GK A_©bxwZ †hLv‡b c„_K c„_K fv‡e cÖwZwU e¨w³ I dvg© Zv‡`i †fvM I Drcv`‡bi e¨vcv‡i wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr GLv‡b †fv³v mve©‡fŠg| evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z †h cY¨ Drcv`b Ki‡j gybvdv †ekx n‡e, dvg©mg~n

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU GK c„ôv-14

†mB cY¨ Drcv`b K‡i| GLvb †_‡K ÔwK' cÖkœwUi DËi cvIqv hvq, †h cÖhyw³‡Z e¨q Kg n‡e ev Drcv`b jvfRbK n‡e Zv w`‡qB Drcv`b K‡i| GLvb †_‡K ÔwKfv‡e' cÖkœwUi DËi cvIqv hvq| me‡k‡l, kªg I gvwjKvbvi wfwˇZ gRyix I m¤úwË Avq m„wó nq| e¨w³ ¯^vaxbfv‡e wVK K‡ib wZwb wKfv‡e Zuvi Avq e¨envi K‡i †fvM Ki‡eb| Gfv‡e ÔKvi Rb¨' cÖkœwUi DËi cvIqv hvq| evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z miKvi A_©‰bwZK wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y n¯Í‡ÿc K‡i bv|

Ab¨w`‡K wb‡ ©k A_©bxwZ (command economy) n‡”Q Ggb GK A_©bxwZ †hLv‡b Drcv`b I e›U‡bi g‡Zv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ¸‡jv miKvi wb‡q _v‡K| wesk kZvãxi †ekxifvM mgqUzKz‡Z †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b G ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v Pvjy wQj| wb‡`©k A_©bxwZ‡Z miKviB †`‡ki †ekxifvM Drcv`‡bi DcKiY (f‚wg, g~jab) Gi gvwjK _v‡Kb, †ekxifvM wkí KviLvbvi ¯^ËvwaKvix _v‡Kb| GKvi‡Y miKviB Gme wk‡íi Kvh©c×wZ cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡Kb| wb‡ ©k A_©bxwZ‡Z miKvi wm×všÍ wb‡q _v‡K mgv‡Ri Drcv`b wKfv‡e wewfbœ `ªe¨ ev †mevi g‡a¨ wef³ n‡e Ges †Kvb cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ n‡e| A_©vr wK Drcvw`Z n‡e, wKfv‡e Drcvw`Z n‡e †K› ªxq wb‡ ©kbvi gva¨‡g n‡q _v‡K| ZvQvov GLv‡b †fv³vi †fv‡Mi wm×všÍ †K›`ªxqfv‡e wb‡`©wkZ nq| wb‡`©k A_©bxwZ‡Z miKvi Zvi gvwjKvbv¯^Ë I wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi AwaKv‡ii gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK cÖkœmg~‡ni DËi w`‡q _v‡Kb| wKšÍz mv¤úªwZKKv‡j †ekxifvM mgvRB (`y GKwU e¨wZµg Qvov) m¤ú~Y©fv‡e evRvi A_©bxwZ wKsev wb‡`©k A_©bxwZi AvIZvq c‡o bv| eis me mgv‡RB wgkª A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v (mixed economy) we`¨gvb| wgkª A_©bxwZ‡Z evRv‡ii Kvh©KvwiZv I miKv‡ii n¯Í‡ÿc GB y‡qiB mswgkªY cvIqv hvq| GLv‡b †fv³vi cQ‡›`i ¯^vaxbZv _vK‡jI Zv miKv‡ii wewa wb‡la Øviv wbqwš¿Z| Drcv`‡Ki Drcv`‡bi ¯^vaxbZvi miKvix AvBb Øviv wbqwš¿Z| Z‡e miKvix wbqš¿Y _vK‡jI wgkª A_©bxwZ‡Z evRvi cÖwµqv gybvdv Øviv cÖ‡ivwPZ nq| hy³ivóª, hy³ivR¨, Rvcv‡b evRvi A_©bxwZ eRvq _vK‡jI †mLv‡b miKv‡ii ¸iæZ¡c~Y© A_©‰bwZK f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q, Avevi Avwki `k‡Ki ci †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi fv½b, c~e© BD‡iv‡ci mgvRZ‡š¿i cZb Ges Px‡b e¨vcK ms¯‹vibxwZ MÖn‡Yi ci †_‡K †mB me †`‡kI evRv‡ii f‚wgKv e„w× †c‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡kI wgkª A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb|

DcKiY I Drcvw`Z ªe¨ (Inputs and Outputs) GZÿY Avgiv †h wZbwU mgm¨v ev cÖkœ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kijvg †m¸‡jvi DËi Lyu‡R †c‡Z n‡j cÖwZwU mgvR‡K A_©bxwZi DcKiY I Drcv`b Gi †ÿ‡Î evQvB (choice) Ki‡Z n‡e| †h mKj ªe¨ ev †mev Ab¨ `ªe¨ ev †mev Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K DcKiY ejv nq| Avi Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ n‡”Q †mme ªe¨ ev †mev hv Drcv`b cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g cvIqv hvq Ges †fv‡Mi Rb¨ ev fwel¨Z Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv hvq| D`vniY¯^iƒc: AvBmµxg ˆZix‡Z e¨eüZ `ya, wPwb, cvwb, myMwÜ GmeB n‡”Q DcKiY, Avi AvBmµxg n‡”Q Drcvw`Z ªe¨|

DcKiY‡K Avgiv Drcv`‡bi DcKiY (factor of production) I ej‡Z cvwi| Drcv`‡bi DcKiY n‡”Q A_©bxwZi Drcv`bkxj m¤ú`| Bnv‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq-

f‚wg t f‚wg n‡”Q mKj cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` hv ªe¨ ev †mev Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ nq| Pv‡li Rwg, cÖvK…wZK M¨vm, Kqjv, AvKwiK †jvnv, evwj GmeB n‡”Q f‚wg|

kªg t kªg n‡”Q mgq I kw³ hv gvbyl `ªe¨ ev †mev Drcv`‡b wb‡qvwRZ K‡i| Bnv wkí A_©bxwZi Rb¨ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© DcKiY|

cyuwR t cyuwR n‡”Q mKj hš¿cvwZ, Kw¤úDUvi, Uªv±i, Nievwo, nvZzwo hv Ab¨ ªe¨ ev †mev Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ nq| A_©vr Drcv`‡bi Drcvw`Z Dcvqmg~n cyuwR|

Z‡e GB wZbwU DcKiY c„_K c„_K fv‡e †Kvb Drcv`b KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| mvsMVwbK ÿgZv n‡”Q we‡kl ai‡bi gvbe m¤ú` hv GB wZbwU DcKiY‡K msMwVZ K‡i, e¨emvwqK wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i, bZzb wKQy D™¢veb K‡i, e¨emv‡qi SzuwK enb K‡i| Bnv‡K msMVb ev D‡`¨vM ejv nq|

my‡hvM e¨q (Opportunity Cost) Avgiv c~‡e© †`‡LwQ †h, Avgv‡`i m¤ú` mxwgZ| GRb¨ Avgv‡`i‡K Amxg Afv‡ei g‡a¨ evQvB Ki‡Z nq| G‡ÿ‡Î we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq Avgiv wKfv‡e Avgv‡`i mxwgZ Avq I mgq‡K e¨envi Ki‡ev| †h‡nZz m¤ú‡`i y®úÖvc¨Zv

e¨wóK A_©bxwZ

BDwbU yB c„ôv-15

i‡q‡Q †m‡nZz †Kvb GKwU `ªe¨ ev †mev cvIqvi †ÿ‡Î Ab¨ wKQy Z¨vM Ki‡Z nq| G Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i A‡bK Afve c~iY nq Avevi A‡bK Afve Ac~Y©B †_‡K hvq| GKRb †fv³v evRv‡i wM‡q wPšÍv Ki‡Z cv‡ib, wZwb Lv`¨ wKb‡eb bvwK Kvco-†Pvco wKb‡eb bvwK eB wKb‡eb, A_©vr A‡bK¸‡j weKí wm×v‡šÍi ga¨ †_‡K †h †Kvb GKwU‡K evQvB K‡i _v‡Kb| myZivs Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q, GKwU evQvB Ki‡j Ab¨ GKwU weKí Z¨vM Ki‡Z nq| Z¨vM Kiv weKíwU‡K M„nxZ evQvB‡qi my‡hvM e¨q (Opportunity cost) ejv nq| A_©vr †fv³v hw` Lv`¨ wK‡b _v‡Kb Zvn‡j GB Lv‡`¨i my‡hvM e¨q n‡Z cv‡i Kvco-†Pvco, eB, cÖmvabx ev Ab¨ wKQy| evQvB I my‡hvM e¨‡qi aviYv‡K Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbvi gva¨‡g we‡kølY Kiv hvq|

Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbv (Production Possibility Frontier, PPF) awi, GKwU A_©bxwZ‡Z ywU `ªe¨ Drcvw`Z nq- K…wlRvZ `ªe¨ (cvU) Ges wkíRvZ `ªe¨ (e¯¿)| GB `ywU `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b A_©bxwZ‡Z we`¨gvb Drcv`‡bi mKj DcKiY e¨eüZ nq| GLb Avgiv †`kwUi cvU I e¯¿ Drcv`‡bi my‡hvM ev m¤¢vebv KZUzKz Zv †`L‡ev| Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbv ev †iLvi gva¨‡g y‡Uv ª‡e¨i m¤¢ve¨ Drcv`b mswgkªY‡K cÖKvk Kiv hvq|

wPÎ 1.10 G f‚wg A‡ÿ cvU Ges j¤^ A‡ÿ e¯¿ Drcv`‡bi cwigvY †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| hw` A_©bxwZ‡Z we`¨gvb mKj m¤ú` ïaygvÎ e¯¿ Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ nq, Zvn‡j 300 GKK e¯¿ Drcvw`Z nq| G‡ÿ‡Î cv‡Ui Drcv`b k~Y¨ nq| Bnv‡K A we›`y Øviv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avi hw` mKj m¤ú` ïaygvÎ cvU Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ nq, Zvn‡j 100 GKK cvU Ges Ô0' GKK e¯¿ Drcvw`Z nq| Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLvi †kl mxgv ev cÖvšÍ `ªe¨ `ywU Drcv`‡bi P~ovšÍ m¤¢vebv‡K wb‡ ©k K‡i| A_©vr 100 GKK cvU Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ 300 GKK e¯¿ Z¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e| †m‡ÿ‡Î 100 GKK cv‡Ui my‡hvM e¨q 300 GKK e¯¿ Ges GKBfv‡e 300 GKK e‡¯¿i my‡hvM e¨q 100 GKK cvU| A_©bxwZ‡Z we`¨gvb mKj m¤ú` e¯¿ I cvU Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ nq Zvn‡j Avgiv wewfbœ mswgkªY cvB| wP‡Î ywU mswgkªY †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| B we›`y‡Z †`kwU 220 GKK e ¿ I 60 GKK cvU Ges C we›`y‡Z 200 GKK e¯¿ I 70 GKK cvU Drcv`b K‡i| B †_‡K C we›`y‡Z †`kwU AwZwi³ (70-60) = 10 GKK cvU Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ (220-200)=20 GKK e¯¿ Z¨vM K‡i _v‡K A_©vr cvU Drcv`b 10 GKK evov‡bvi my‡hvM e¨q n‡”Q 20 GKK e¯¿ Drcv`b| A, B, C I D GB we›`y¸‡jv †hvM K‡i Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbv cvB| myZivs Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbv ev †iLv n‡”Q Ggb GKwU †iLv hv A_©bxwZ‡Z we`¨gvb mKj Drcv`‡bi DcKiY I cÖhyw³ w`‡q Drcvw`Z ywU `ª‡e¨i m¤¢ve¨ weKí mswgkªYmg~n †`Lvq|

Drcv`b `ÿfv‡e n‡”Q ZLbB ejv hvq hLb GKwU A_©bxwZ‡Z we`¨gvb m¤ú‡`i m¤¢ve¨ m‡e©v”P e¨envi nq| A_©vr Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLvi Dciw¯’Z mKj we› y `ÿ Drcv`b Íi‡K wb‡ ©k K‡i| hLb A_©bxwZ B we›`y‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i ZLb Ab¨ GKwU `ª‡e¨i Drcv`b bv Kwg‡q †Kvbfv‡eB GKwU `ª‡e¨i Drcv`b evov‡bv hvq bv| wP‡Î, E we› y A`ÿ Drcv`b‡K wb‡ ©k K‡i| GLv‡b A_©bxwZ‡Z we`¨gvb m¤ú`¸‡jvi m‡e©v”P e¨envi n‡”Q bv| Drcv`b m¤¢vebv

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU GK c„ôv-16

†iLvi bx‡Pi mg¯Í GjvKvwU E we›`yi g‡Zv A`ÿZv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| GLvb †_‡K Ab¨ GKwU `ª‡e¨i Drcv`b bv Kwg‡qI GKwU `ª‡e¨i Drcv`b e„w× Kiv m¤¢e|

Avevi, A_©bxwZ‡Z we`¨gvb mKj m¤ú` e¨envi K‡i GB A_©bxwZi c‡ÿ F we› y‡Z †cŠuQv‡bv m¤¢e bq| †Kbbv, GB we›`y‡Z K…wlRvZ `ªe¨ I wkíRvZ `ªe¨ Df‡qiB Drcv`b evov‡Z nq, hv m¤¢e bq| myZivs Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbvi Dc‡ii w`‡K GjvKvwU A-AR©b‡hvM¨ GjvKv| Gfv‡e Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLvi gva¨‡g `ÿZv I my‡hvM e¨q aviYvwU cÖKvk Kiv m¤¢e|

A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× I Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLv (Economic Growith and PPF) eQ‡ii ci eQi, A_©‰bwZK m¤ú‡`i †hvMv‡bi cÖvc¨Zv, m¤ú‡`i ¸YgZ gv‡bi DrKl©Zv Ges DbœZ cÖhyw&³ mgv‡Ri Drcv`b m¤¢vebvi m¤úªmviY NwU‡q _v‡K| myZivs A_©‰bwZK m¤ú‡`i cÖvc¨Zv I Drcv`bkxjZvi e„w×i d‡j Drcv`b m¤¢vebvi m¤úªmviYB n‡”Q A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× (economic growth)| hLb A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× N‡U ZLb Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbv Dc‡ii w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| Bnvi A_© n‡”Q, A_©bxwZ ZLb me `ªe¨ †ekx Drcv`b K‡i| GLv‡b Avgiv A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i wZbwU Drm we‡ePbv Ki‡ev| (i) A_©‰bwZK m¤ú‡`i cwigvY e„w× (ii) A_©‰bwZK m¤ú‡`i ¸YMZ g‡bi DrKl©Zv (iii) cÖhyw³i Dbœqb|

m¤ú‡`i cwigvY hw` e„w× cvq Zvn‡j Drcv`bI e„w× cvq| A_©vr hw` kªg I cyuwRi cwigvY e„w× cvq, Zvn‡j Drcv`‡bi m¤¢vebv †e‡o hvq| ZLb Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbv Dc‡ii w`‡K ’vbvšÍwiZ nq| wPÎ 1.11 G Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-

wPÎ 1.11 t A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× I Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbv

wP‡Î Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nIqvi c~‡e© `ywU `ª‡e¨i †hme mgb¦qmg~n Drcv`b Am¤¢e wQj Zv GLb m¤¢e n‡”Q| A_©‰bwZK m¤ú‡`i cÖvc¨Zvi e„wׇZ Avgiv †h bZzb Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbv cvB, Z‡Z cvU I e¯¿ Df‡qi Drcv`bB e„w× cvq|

kªgkw³i `ÿZv, wkÿv I cÖwkÿ‡Yi Dbœqb NwU‡q †h‡Kvb DcKiY mswgkª‡Yi †P‡q †ekx Drcv`b cvIqv hvq| bZzb hš¿cvwZi Øviv †hfv‡e cÖPyi KvR Kiv hvq, ªæZ KvR m¤úbœ nq I mwVKfv‡e KvR n‡q _v‡K gvbm¤úbœ cyuwRI wVK GKBfv‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K| G‡Z Drcv`b e„w× cvq Ges Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbv Dc‡ii w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq (wPÎ 1.11)|

Avevi, cyuwRi gv‡bi DrKl©Zv DbœZ cÖhyw³i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv‡KB wb‡ ©k K‡i| DcKi‡Yi gv‡bi Dbœqb I A_©‰bwZK m¤ú‡`i cwigvY e„w×i g‡Zv cÖhyw³i Dbœqb A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i Rb¨ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| D`vniY¯^iƒc t e¯¿ wk‡í cÖhyw³MZ Dbœqb NU‡j A_©vr bZzb bZzb cÖhyw³i e¨envi NU‡j e‡¯¿i Drcv`b e„w× cvq| wVK †Zgwb K…wl cÖhyw³ Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g cv‡Ui Drcv`bI e„w× cvq| G‡Z Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbv Dc‡ii w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| Giƒc cwiw¯’wZ‡KI Avgiv wPÎ 1.11 Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbv Dc‡ii w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvwi|

e¨wóK A_©bxwZ

BDwbU yB c„ôv-17

Gfv‡e Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbv y®úÖvc¨Zv, `ÿZv, my‡hvM e¨q I A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i g‡Zv A_©bxwZi RwUj aviYv¸‡jv‡K mnRfv‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡i|

Abykxjb GKwU A_©bxwZi cy‡iv m¤ú` Lv`¨ I e¯¿ Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ nq| Gi wfwˇZ GKwU KvíwbK QK ˆZix Kiæb Ges GwU e¨envi K‡i Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbv AvuKzb| G‡Z `ÿ, A`ÿ Ges Am¤¢e GjvKv wPwýZ Kiæb| hw` H A_©bxwZ‡Z AviI DbœZ cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ nq Zvn‡j Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbvi Kxiƒc cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq|

cvV-ms‡ÿc

cÖwZwU mgvR‡K Aek¨B wZbwU †gŠwjK cÖ‡kœi Z_v wK, wKfv‡e Ges Kvi Rb¨ DËi w`‡Z nq| mgvR GB wZbwU cÖ‡kœi DËi wfbœ fv‡e w`‡q _v‡K| AvR‡Ki w`‡b A_©‰bwZK msMV‡bi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡”Q wb‡ ©k A_©bxwZ I evRvi A_©bxwZ| wb‡`©k A_©bxwZ mivmwi †K› ªxq miKvi Øviv wbqwš¿Z n‡q _v‡K| Avi evRvi A_©bxwZ †fv³v I †emiKvix Drcv`b cÖwZôvb Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq| Z‡e †ekxifvM mgv‡RB wb‡ ©k I evRvi A_©bxwZi wewfbœ mswgkªY Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq| A_©vr Gme mgvR wgkª A_©bxwZi AšÍf©y³|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆiPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1| A_©‰bwZK msMV‡bi mgm¨vejx wK? Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 2| A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi wZbwU w`K Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 3| Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbvi gva¨‡g `ÿZv I my‡hvM e¨q aviYvwU we‡kølY Kiæb| 4| A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× NU‡j Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbvi wK ai‡bi cwieZ©b N‡U wP‡Îi gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v Kiæb| mswÿß cÖkœ 1| my‡hvM e¨q wK? 2| DcKiY I Drcvw`Z ª‡e¨i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wK? 3| Drcv`‡bi DcKiY¸‡jv ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 4| Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbvi gva¨‡g `ÿ I A`ÿ GjvKv wPwýZ Kiæb|

be©¨w³K cÖkœ 1| evRvi A_©bxwZ- (K) miKvi Øviv wbqwš¿Z (L) evRvi Øviv wbqwš¿Z (M) evRvi I miKvi `y‡Uv ØvivB wbqwš¿Z (N) †KvbwUB bq|

2| evRvi I miKvi G `y‡qi f‚wgKv †`Lv †`q- (K) wgkª A_©bxwZ‡Z (L) wb‡ ©k A_©bxwZ‡Z (M) evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z (N) Dc‡ii me¸‡jv|

3| bx‡Pi †KvbwU f‚wg bq- (K) Pv‡li Rwg (L) evwj (M) cÖvK…wZK M¨vm (N) wPwb

4| Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbvi evB‡ii GjvKvwU- (K) A`ÿ (L) `ÿ (M) A-AR©b‡hvM¨ (N) †KvbwUB bq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU GK c„ôv-18

evRvi A_©bxwZGes A_©bxwZ‡Z miKv‡ii f‚wgKv

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

• evRvi A_©bxwZ wK ej‡Z cvi‡eb • evRvi e¨e¯’v wKfv‡e A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi K‡i Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb • A_©bxwZ‡Z miKv‡ii f‚wgKv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z wK, wKfv‡e I Kvi Rb¨ GB wZbwU †gŠwjK cÖ‡kœi mgvavb †K Ki‡e? GB cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi LyuR‡Z wM‡q Avcbviv wew¯§Z n‡eb GB †R‡b †h, †Kvb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb ev miKvi GB A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi mgvavb K‡i _v‡K bv| Avevi A_©bxwZB wZbwU mgm¨vi mgvavb K‡i _v‡K|

evRvi I evRv‡ii Kg©KvÐ (Market & Activities of Market)

mvaviY A‡_© evRvi ej‡Z †Kvb wbw`©ó ¯’vb‡K †evSv‡bv nq †hLv‡b ªe¨ mvgMÖx ev †mev †ePv‡Kbv nq| A_©vr †µZv I we‡µZvi wgjb¯’jB n‡”Q evRvi| †hgb- KviIqvb evRvi, Kvßvb evRvi, bqvevRvi, wbD gv‡K©U| wKšÍz Ava~wbK A_©bxwZ‡Z evRv‡ii A‡bK iƒcvšÍi N‡U †M‡Q| eZ©gv‡b B›Uvi‡b‡Ui Kj¨v‡Y cÖhyw³MZfv‡e evRvi m¤úªmvwiZ n‡q‡Q| G ai‡bi evRv‡i B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g †µZv I we‡µZvi g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM N‡U Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨ ev †mev µq weµq n‡q _v‡K| AwZ m¤úªwZ evsjv‡`‡k †gvevBj‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g evRvi wµqv m¤úvw`Z nq| †hgb- MÖvgxY †dv‡bi †mj evRvi Gi K_v ej‡Z cvwi|

myZivs evRvi n‡”Q Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g †µZv I we‡µZv g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM N‡U, ªe¨ ev †mevi Av`vb cÖ`vb n‡q _v‡K I Zv‡`i `vg wba©vwiZ nq|

evRvi e¨e¯’vq cÖwZwU wRwb‡mi `vg _v‡K| A‡_©i gva¨‡g `ª‡e¨i g~j¨ cÖKvkB n‡”Q `ª‡e¨i `vg| A_©vr `vg n‡”Q Ggb GKwU Uvg© (term) hv gvbyl ev Drcv`b cÖwZôvb †¯”Qv cÖ‡Yvw`Zfv‡e ªe¨ wewbgq K‡i Zv cÖKvk K‡i| `vg †µZv I we‡µZvi gv‡S wKQy Bw½Z w`‡q _v‡K| †hgb- hw` †µZv †Kvb `ªe¨ †ekx wKb‡Z Pvq ZLb we‡µZv H `ª‡e¨i `vg evwo‡q †`q| ZLb `vg e„w×i GB evZ©v Drcv`K‡`i gv‡S GB Bw½Z enb K‡i †h `ªe¨wUi †ekx †hvMvb cÖ‡qvRb Ges Drcv`Kiv ZLb `ªe¨wUi Drcv`b evwo‡q †`q| Avevi hw` †Kvb Kvi‡Y †µZviv †Kvb `ªe¨ µ‡qi cwigvY Kwg‡q †`q| ZLb †`vKvb¸‡jv‡Z H ª‡e¨i gRyZ c‡o _v‡K| G Ae¯’vq wewµ Kivi Avkvq we‡µZviv H `ª‡e¨i `vg Kwg‡q †`q Ges G‡Z Drcv`Kiv H ªe¨ Drcv`‡b AvMÖn nvwi‡q †d‡j|

†fvM¨`ª‡e¨i g‡Zv Drcv`‡bi DcKiY¸‡jvi (†hgb- f‚wg I kªg) †ÿ‡ÎI `vg †µZv I we‡µZv‡`i‡K GKB Bw½Z cvVvq| hw` evB‡ii †`‡k Avgv‡`i †`‡ki Drcvw`Z Mv‡g©›Um †cvkv‡Ki Pvwn`v e„w× cvq Zvn‡j Mv‡g©›Um Kgx©‡`i N›UvcÖwZ gRyix e„w× cv‡e| Avi gRyix hw` e„w× cvq Zvn‡j GB Mv‡g©›Um wk‡íi cÖwZ kªwgK‡`i AvKl©Y e„w× cv‡e| `vg †fvM I Drcv`‡Ki wm×v‡šÍi g‡a¨ mgb¦q mvab K‡i| †ekx `vg GKw`‡K †fv³vi µ‡qi cwigvY Kwg‡q †`q, Ab¨w`‡K Drcv`K‡K †ekx Drcv`‡b DrmvwnZ K‡i| Avevi, Kg `vg †ekx cwigvY †fvM‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i Ges †ekx Drcv`b‡K wbiærmvwnZ K‡i| Gfv‡e `vg evRvi e¨e¯’vi fvimvg¨ mKj †µZv I we‡µZvi g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ Ae¯’v‡K cÖKvk K‡i| evRvi e¨e¯’v hyMrcrfv‡e fvimvg¨ `vg Ges †µZv I we‡µZvi B”Qv‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q _v‡K|

Ab¨w`‡K evRvi A_©bxwZ n‡”Q GKwU e„nr cÖwµqv hv `vg I evRvi e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g wewfbœ gvbyl, gvby‡li Kg©KvÐ I e¨emvi g‡a¨ mgb¦q mvab K‡i| evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z †Kvb GKK e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb Drcv`b, †fvM, e›Ub ev `vg cÖwµqvi Rb¨ `vqx _v‡K bv| evRvi e¨e¯’v mewKQy ¯^qswµqfv‡e K‡i _v‡K| GB ¯^qswµq Ae¯’v‡K GWvg¯§x_ Zvi weL¨vZ MÖš’ 'The wealth of Nations' G A`„k¨ nv‡Zi (invisible hand) Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| mKj Drcv`K I †fv³vi wewfbœ Kg©KvÐ †_‡K GKwU mgwb¦Z wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î A „k¨ n‡Z f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|

e¨wóK A_©bxwZ

BDwbU yB c„ôv-19

evRvi I †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi mgvavb (Market & Solution of Basic Economic Problem)

Avgiv GKUz Av‡M †`‡LwQ wKfv‡e `vg †fvM I Drcv`‡bi g‡a¨ mgZv m„wó K‡i| cÖwZwU evRv‡i †µZv I we‡µZvi (ev Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi) g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ Ae¯’v eRvq ivLvi gva¨‡g evRvi A_©bxwZ wZbwU †gŠwjK mgm¨vi wK| wKfv‡e Ges Kvi Rb¨ mgvavb K‡i _v‡K| GLv‡b evRvi fvimv‡g¨i GKwU iƒc‡iLv †`qv n‡jv t

1| wK wK `ªe¨ ev †mev Drcvw`Z n‡e G cÖ‡kœi e¨vcv‡i wm×všÍ †bq Drcv`b cÖwZôvb¸‡jv| Drcv`b cÖwZôvb †mB `ªe¨ †ekx Drcv`b K‡i †hme `ªe¨ wewµ K‡i †ekx gybvdv jvf K‡i| gybvdv n‡”Q bxU Avq| A_©vr †gvU weµ‡qi cwigvY I †gvU e¨‡qi ga¨Kvi cv_©K¨ n‡”Q gybvdv| myZivs `ª‡e¨i I Dcv`v‡bi `v‡gi cÖwZ †Lqvj †i‡L gybvdvi wnmve K‡iB Drcv`bKiv wVK K‡i †m wK wK ªe¨ Drcv`b Ki‡e|

2| wKfv‡e `ªe¨ Drcvw`Z n‡e Zv wba©vwiZ nq wewfbœ Drcv`‡Ki g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g| me‡P‡q fv‡jv Dcvq n‡”Q Drcv`Kiv `vg cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi m¤§yLxb n‡q b~¨bZg e¨‡q m‡e©v”P gybvdv AR©‡bi Rb¨ `ÿ Drcv`b c×wZ e¨envi Ki‡e| G‡Z gybvdvI e„w× cv‡e| Gfv‡e Drcv`‡Ki g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g `ÿ cÖhyw³ wU‡K _vK‡e Ges A`ÿ cÖhyw³ †jvc cv‡e| G‡Z wKfv‡e mgm¨vwUi mgvavb cvIqv hvq|

3| Kvi Rb¨ `ªe¨ Drcvw`Z n‡e Kviv †fvM Ki‡e Ges KZUzKz †fvM Ki‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb evRv‡ii Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi Dci| Dcv`vb evRvi gRyix, LvRbv, my‡`i nvi I gybvdv wba©viY K‡i| G meB n‡”Q Dcv`vb `vg (factor price)| GB Dcv`vb `vg n‡”Q kªwgK, f‚wgi gvwjK, cyuwRi gvwjK I D‡`¨v³vi Avq| Avi Dcv`vb †_‡K cÖvß Avq¸‡jv †hvM K‡i RbM‡Yi evRvi Avq †c‡q _vwK| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q, RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Av‡qi eÈb wba©vwiZ n‡”Q Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY I `vg Øviv|

`vg I evRv‡ii GB wµqv‡K wPÎ 1.12 G PµvKvi cÖev‡ni gva¨‡g †`Lv‡Z cvwi|

wPÎ 1.12 †`Lvq wKfv‡e †fv³v I Drcv`‡Ki cvi¯úwiK wµqv cÖwZwµqvi gva¨‡g DcKiY I Drcvw`Z ªe¨ Df‡qiB `vg I cwigvY wba©vwiZ nq| GLv‡b ywU evRvi †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Dc‡ii evRviwU `ª‡e¨i evRvi| Zv n‡Z cv‡i Lv`¨, e ¿, cÖmvabx ªe¨ BZ¨vw`i evRvi| Avi bx‡Pi evRviwU n‡”Q DcKiY evRvi †hLv‡b Drcv`‡bi DcKiY µq-weµq nq| e¨emv ev Drcv`b cÖwZôvb¸‡jv ªe¨ weµq K‡i Ges Drcv`‡bi DcKiY µq K‡i| †fv³viv kªgmn Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY weµq K‡i †mB weµqjä Avq w`‡q Drcv`b cÖwZôvb †_‡K ªe¨ wK‡b| Ab¨w`‡K Drcv`b cÖwZôvb¸‡jv kªwgK I m¤úwËi Li‡Pi Dci wfwË K‡i `ª‡e¨i `vg wba©viY K‡i| †fv³vi Pvwn`v I Drcv`b cÖwZôv‡bi †hvMvb Gi mgZvi gva¨‡g `ª‡e¨i `vg Ges †fv³vi †hvMvb Gi mv‡_ Drcv`b cÖwZôv‡bi Pvwn`vi mgZvi gva¨‡g DcKi‡Yi `vg wba©vwiZ nq| myZivs wPÎ 1.12 Gi gva¨‡g Avgiv †`Ljvg wKfv‡e evRvi †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v¸‡jv (wK, wKfv‡e, Kvi Rb¨) mgvavb K‡i _v‡K|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU GK c„ôv-20

miKv‡ii A_bxwZ‡Z f‚wgKv (The Role of Government in Economics)

Av`k© evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z me `ªe¨ I †mev evRvi `v‡g µq-weµq n‡q _v‡K| G ai‡bi evRvi e¨e¯’vq miKv‡ii n¯Í‡ÿc QvovB mgv‡R cÖvße¨ m¤ú` e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g m‡e©v”P mydj †ei n‡q Av‡m| wKšÍz ev¯Í‡e †Kvb A_©bxwZB ÔA`„k nvZ' Gi KvimvwR‡Z gm„Yfv‡e AMÖmi nq bv, eis cÖwZwU evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi Ac~Y©Zv, †hgbt AwZwi³ `ylY, †eKviZ¡ Ges AwZwi³ m¤ú` I `vwi ª¨Zv BZ¨vw` †`Lv hvq|

Gme Kvi‡YB †Kvb miKv‡ii c‡ÿ nvZ ¸wU‡q ivLvi m¤¢e bq| AvaywbK A_©bxwZ‡Z, evRvi e¨e¯’vi ÎæwU `~i Kivi j‡ÿ¨ miKvi‡K A‡bK `vwqZ¡ wb‡Z nq| †mbvevwnbx, cywjk, `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv Ges `ybx©wZ `gb BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î miKvi‡K `vwqZ¡ wb‡Z nq| Avevi, evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z miKv‡ii A_©‰bwZK f‚wgKvI i‡q‡Q, †m¸‡jv n‡”Q t `ÿZv e„w×, ˆelg¨ `~ixKiY ev mgZv Avbqb Ges mvgwóK A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× I w¯’wZkxjZv|

1| `ÿZv (Efficiency) t evRvi e¨e¯’vi AK…ZKvh©KiZvi d‡j A`ÿZv †`Lv hvq| ZLb miKvi‡K GB A`ÿZv ~ixKi‡Y GwM‡q Avm‡Z nq| G‡ÿ‡Î c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi cwi‡ek m„wó, evwn¨KZvi jvMvg †U‡b a‡i Ges mvgvwRK `ªe¨ (public goods) mieiv‡ni gva¨‡g miKvi `ÿZv e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i|

`ÿ evRvi e¨e¯’v †_‡K wePy¨wZi Ab¨Zg KviY n‡”Q Ac~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv ev GK‡PwUqv| Ac~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq we‡µZv `ª‡e¨i `vg‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr evRv‡i hw` eo †Kvb cÖwZôvb evRvi `vg‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j H cÖwZôvbwU GK‡PwUqv ÿgZvi AwaKvix n‡q D‡V| wKšÍz c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq †µZv I we‡µZv GZ †ekx _v‡K †h, we‡µZv GKKfv‡e `v‡gi Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Avgiv GLb †`L‡ev, Ac~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi djkªæwZ‡Z wK N‡U? hw` GKRb we‡µZv _v‡K| Zvn‡j †m AwZwi³ gybvdv AR©‡bi Rb¨ Drcv`b e¨‡qi †P‡q ª‡e¨i `vg A‡bK †ekx iv‡L| `vg †ekx _vKvq †fv³v `ªe¨wU Kg wK‡b Ges G‡Z Drcv`bI ¯vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q A‡bK Kg nq| hv A_©bxwZi `ÿZv‡K ÿwZMÖ¯’ K‡i| `ÿ ͇ii †P‡q Drcv`b Kg nIqvi A_©bxwZ Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbvi bx‡P Ae¯’vb K‡i| G ai‡bi cwiw ’wZ‡Z evRv‡i ÔA`„k¨ nvZ' Gi Kvh©µg A‡K‡Rv n‡q c‡o|

AvaywbK A_©bxwZ‡Z, miKvi GK‡PwUqv ÿgZv Le© Kivi Rb¨ wKQy c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i| miKvi GK‡PwUqvi `vg I gybvdv‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgbt Avgv‡`i †`‡k miKvi cvwb, we`y¨r, M¨vm Gi `vg wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K| ZvQvov miKvi GK‡PwUqv we‡ivax AvBb (Anti trust law) Gi gva¨‡g `vg wba©viY I evRvi wefvRb †K wbwl× Ki‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr ¸wUK‡qK GK‡PwUqv cÖwZôvb Pyw³ K‡i `vg wba©viY Ki‡j ev evRvi‡K wb‡R‡`i `L‡j wb‡q Avm‡j miKvi Dc‡iv³ AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡Z cv‡i| myZivs mi‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡”Q Ac~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv‡K †iva Kiv| GRb¨ miKvi †`kxq ev †`‡ki evB‡ii cÖwZ‡hvMx‡`i Rb¨ evRvi‡K Db¥y³ K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i|

AK…ZKvh©Zvi wØZxq Av‡iKwU KviY n‡”Q evwn¨KZv (Externalities) hw` †KD mwilv Pvl K‡i ZLb Zvi Av‡kcv‡ki †KD †gŠgvwQ cvj‡bi gva¨‡g mwilv gay AvniY Ki‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ gay AvniY Kvix‡K †Kvb g~j¨ cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq bv| Avevi mwilv PvlxiI †Kvb ÿwZ nq bv, GwU n‡”Q abvZ¥K evwn¨KZv| Avevi B‡Ui fvwU GjvKvq Pyjøx n‡Z wbM©Z †auvqv B‡Ui fvwUi Av‡kcv‡ki GjvKvi cwi‡ek ~lY K‡i| GRb¨ B‡Ui fvwUi gvwjK fz³‡fvMx‡K †Kvb ÿwZc~iY †`q bv| GwU GKwU FYvZ¥K evwn¨KZv| Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB g~j¨ cwi‡kva Qvov wKQy myweav ev Amyweav m„wó n‡q‡Q|

miKvi‡K FYvZ¥K evwn¨KZvi †ÿ‡Î m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki gZ Nb RbemwZc~Y© †`‡ki Rb¨ wewfbœ ivmvqwbK `ªe¨, kw³, wkíKviLvbvi Drcv`b hZ †ekx e„w× cv‡e FYvZ¥K evwn¨KZvi cÖfve we¯§„Z n‡e| GRb¨ miKvi‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| evqy I cvwb `~lY, ebR m¤ú` aŸsm, Awbivc` WªvM, Gme Kvi‡Y m„ó evwn¨KZv wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ miKvi‡K wKQy bxwZgvjv cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e|

Av‡iKwU Kvi‡Y evRvi A`ÿ n‡Z cv‡i| †mwU n‡”Q mvgvwRK `ªe¨ (public goods)| mvgvwRK `ªe¨ n‡”Q †mBme `ªe¨ hv mevB †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| †KDB Bnvi †fvM †_‡K ev` hv‡e bv| mvgvwRK `ª‡e¨i D`vniY wnmv‡e Avgiv MYgva¨g, eªxR, KvjfvU©, MYwkÿv, †mbvevwnbx, AvBb-k„´Ljv iÿv BZ¨vw`i K_v ej‡Z cvwi| evRvi e¨e¯’vq Gme mvgvwRK `ª‡e¨i e¨w³ gvwjKvbv cvIqv y¯‹i| A_©vr mvgvwRK `ª‡e¨i Drcv`K Lyu‡R cvIqv KwVb| miKvi‡K GRb¨ mvgvwRK `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b Drmvnx n‡Z n‡e|

e¨wóK A_©bxwZ

BDwbU yB c„ôv-21

2| ˆelg¨ `~ixKiY ev mgZv Avqb (Equity) t ˆelg¨ `~ixKiY ev mgZv n‡”Q A_©‰bwZK ¯^”QZv| GKwU `ÿ A_©bxwZ, †h A_©bxwZ memgq Drcv`b m¤¢vebv mxgvbvq Ae¯’vb K‡i, mvgvwRK ev e¨w³MZ `ª‡e¨i mwVK AbycvZ evQvB K‡i GgbwK evRvi e¨e¯’v mwVKfv‡e KvR K‡i †mB A_©bxwZ‡Z mgZv bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| A_©‰bwZK `ÿZv gywó‡gq †jv‡Ki †ÿ‡Î D”P Avq Ges †ekxifvM RbM‡Yi Rb¨ wbæ Avq e‡q Avb‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi cwiw ’wZ‡Z Avq I †fv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î AmgZv †`Lv hvq| hv ˆbwZK ev ivR‰bwZK †Kvbfv‡eB Kvg¨ bq| A_©vr evRvi e¨e¯’vq memgq GKwU myô ev ¯^”Q Avq e›Ub bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| Avi ˆelg¨ `~ixKi‡Y miKvi wK c`‡ÿc wb‡Z cv‡i? G cÖ‡kœi Dˇi cÖ_‡gB ejv hvq, miKvi cÖMwZkxj Ki Av‡ivc (progressive taxation) Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB e¨e¯’vq D”P Av‡qi Dci †ekx nv‡i Ges wbæ Av‡qi Dci Kg nv‡i Ki emv‡bv nq| ZvQvov miKvi e„×, AÜ, cÖwZeÜx, †eKvi Rb‡Mvôx‡K Avw_©K mvnvh¨ w`‡Z cv‡i| hv we‡k¦i DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z †`Lv hvq, me‡k‡l ejv hvq, miKvi gv‡S gv‡S Lv`¨, ¯v¯’¨ †mev, M„nvqb BZ¨vw`‡Z fZz©wK w`‡q ˆelg¨ Kgv‡bvi †Póv Ki‡Z cv‡i|

3| mvgwóK A_©bxwZi cÖe„w× I w¯’wZkxjZv (Macroceonomic growth and stability) t mvgwóK A_©bxwZi cÖe„w× I w¯’wZkxjZvi †ÿ‡ÎI miKv‡ii f‚wgKv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| cyuwRev`x A_©bxwZi ïiæ †_‡KB gv‡S g‡a¨ gy`ªvùxwZ (inflatio) I †eKviZ¡ (unemployment) Dae©MwZ †`Lv †M‡Q| D`vniY wnmv‡e wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i mg‡q wek¦e¨vcx gnvg›`vi K_v ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| A_©bxwZi GB DÌvcZb‡K evwYR¨ Pµ (business cycle) ejv nq| A_©bxwZwe` †R. Gg. †KBbm Gi weL¨vZ eB 'The General Theory of Employment, Interest and

Money' †_‡K †KBbm cieZx© A_©bxwZwe` Ges miKvix bxwZ wba©vqKiv Rv‡b wKfv‡e evwYR¨ P‡µi g›`vw`KwU wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq|

A_©bxwZi cÖe„w× I w¯’wZkxjZv eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ miKvi `yai‡bi bxwZ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i ivR¯^bxwZ (fiscal

policy) Ges gy`ªvbxwZ (monetary policy)| ivR¯^bxwZi gva¨‡g miKvi Ki Av‡ivc I e¨q Kivi ÿgZv cÖ‡qvM K‡i _v‡K| Avi gy ªvbxwZi gva¨‡g gy`ªvi †hvMvb I my‡`i nvi wba©viY K‡i| mvgwóK A_©bxwZi G ywU bxwZ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g miKvi A_©bxwZi †gvU e¨q, cÖe„w×i nvi, Drcv`b Íi, †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi, `vg¯Íi I gy`ªvùxwZi nvi‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| wkí DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z miKvi G ywU bxwZ mdjfv‡e cÖ‡qvM K‡i _v‡K|

cvV-ms‡ÿc mvaviYZ A_©bxwZ‡Z evRvi e¨e¯’v †ekxifvM A_©‰bwZK wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| evRvi e¨e¯’v wZbwU †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v wK, wKfv‡e I Kvi Rb¨ Gi mgvavb K‡i _v‡K| hw`I `ªe¨ ev †mev Drcv`b I eȇb evRvi e¨e¯’vi f‚wgKv cÖksmbxq Z_vwc gv‡S g‡a¨ evRvi e¨e¯’v e¨_©Zvi m¤§yLxb nq| G‡ÿ‡Î e¨_©Zv `~iKi‡Y miKv‡ii f‚wgKv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| AvaywbK A_©bxwZ‡Z miKvi `ÿZv wbwðZKiY, Avq eȇb ¯^”QZv Ges A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× I w¯’wZkxjZv eRvq ivL‡Z Ae`vb iv‡L|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU GK c„ôv-22

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb mswÿß cÖkœ 1| evRv‡ii msÁv wjLyb| 2| evRv‡ii Kg©Kv‡Ði eY©bv w`b| 3| evRvi A_©bxwZ wK? 4| c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv wK? 5| GK‡PwUqv ÿgZv ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb? 6| evwn¨KZv wK? G‡ÿ‡Î miKv‡ii f‚wgKv wK? 7| GK‡PwUqv we‡ivax AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvM KLb N‡U? 8| `vg I evRv‡ii PµvKvi cÖevnwU e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1| evRvi A_©bxwZ wKfv‡e †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi mgvavb K‡i _v‡K| we‡kølY Kiæb| 2| `ÿZv wbwðZKi‡Y miKv‡ii f‚wgKv eY©bv Kiæb| 3| A_©bxwZ‡Z miKv‡ii n ͇ÿc †Kb cÖ‡qvRb? G‡ÿ‡Î miKvi wK wK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i? ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 1| g~j¨‡K A‡_©i gva¨‡g cÖKvk n‡”Q- (K) Avq (L) `vg (M) gybvdv (N) †KvbwUB bq|

2| evRvi n‡”Q- (K) †`vKvb (L) ¯’vb (M) †µZv I we‡µZvi g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM (N) Dc‡ii me¸‡jv|

3| †gŠwjK mgm¨vi mgvavb K‡i- (K) miKvi (L) ivóª (M) evRvi A_©bxwZ (N) †KvbwUB bq

4| g~j¨ cwi‡kva QvovB hLb †jb‡`b N‡U Zv‡K e‡j- (K) mvgvwRK `ªe¨ (L) e¨w³MZ `ªe¨ (M) gy³ `ªe¨ (N) evwn¨KZv

5| Avq ˆelg¨ `~ixKi‡Y Kvi f‚wgKv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©- (K) miKvi (L) evRvi (M) ivóª (N) Dc‡ii me¸‡jv

DËigvjv cvV-1 t 1| L 2| K 3| N 4| N cvV-2 t 1| K 2| K 3| N 4| L cvV-3 t 1| L 2| K 3| N 4| M cvV-4 t 1| L 2| M 3| M 4| M 5| K