bed zed total energy strategy jan 2000

8/6/2019 Bed Zed Total Energy Strategy Jan 2000

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BeddingtonZeroEnergyDevelopment

TotalEnergyStrategyincludingGreenTransportPlan

BioRegionalDevelopmentGroup,November1999

BedZEDCentre,24HeliosRoad,Wallington,Surrey,SM67BZ,UK

www.bioregional.com


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BedZEDTotalEnergyStrategy

BioRegionalDevelopmentGroup

January2000

1

CONTENTSChapters1and2containanoverviewofthisreport. Chapters3to9containadditional

informationontopicscoveredinthesummary.

1. INTRODUCTION 32. SUMMARY 62.1 Totalenergybalance 6

2.1.1 Buildingenergyconsumption 6

2.1.2 Transportenergyconsumption 7

2.1.3 Greentransportplan 8

2.1.4 Onsiterenewableenergyproduction 92.1.5 Siteenergybalance 10

2.1.6 Conclusions 12

2.2 Greentariffelectricity 14

2.3 Consumerbehaviourtowardsenergyefficienthousingandtransport 15

2.4 Reducedrunningcostsofenergyefficienthousingandtransport 15

2.5 Encouragingenergyefficientdevelopments:Recommendationsfor

policymakers 17

3. ENERGYANALYSIS 194. PREDICTEDENERGYUSE(OVEARUPANDPARTNERS,1999) 555. TRANSPORTENERGYCONSUMPTION 626. GREENTRANSPORTPLAN 647. CONSUMERBEHAVIOURTOWARDSENERGYEFFICIENT

HOUSINGANDTRANSPORT 708. ANNUALSAVINGSONENERGYBILLSFORABEDZED

HOMECOMPAREDWITHACONVENTIONALHOME 769. PRIVATECARVERSUSPOOLCAR:ACOSTCOMPARISON 7810. REFERENCES 80

ForthelatestinformationontheworkoftheBioRegionalDevelopmentGroupvisitourwebsite

www.bioregional.com.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThisworkhasbeenmadepossiblebyfinancialassistancefromtheMarkLeonardTrust,theJJ

CharitableTrustandtheDETRsEnvironmentalActionFund.

BioRegionalDevelopmentGroupwouldliketothankChrisTwinnandJacobKnightofOveArup

andPartnersforpermissiontoreproducetheirworkonpredictingenergyuseatBedZED.

InadditionthanksareduetoGrahamDean,LondonBoroughofSuttonandTomBrake,MPfor

discussingtheirthoughtsonopportunitiesforpolicydevelopmenttoencouragefutureenergy

efficientdevelopments.


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1. INTRODUCTIONBeddingtonZero(fossil)EnergyDevelopment(BedZED)isanenergyefficientdevelopment

comprising78homes,1500m2ofofficespaceandashop,caf,healthylivingcentreand

childcarefacility. BedZEDwillbebuiltonadisusedsewageworksinHackbridge,LondonBoroughofSutton.

TheBedZEDdesignconceptisdrivenbythedesireforanetzero(fossil)energydevelopment

i.e.onewhichwillproduceatleastasmuchenergyfromrenewablesourcesasitconsumes.

Onlyenergyfromrenewablesourceswillbeusedtomeettheenergyneedsofthe

development. BedZEDwillthereforebeacarbonneutraldevelopment resultinginnonet

additionofcarbondioxidetotheatmosphere.

ThebuildingsatBedZEDwouldachieveaSAPrating(thegovernmentsStandardAssessment

ProcedureforEnergyRatingofDwellings(1998Edition)BRECSU)equivalentto150anda60%

reductioninenergydemand,includinga90%reductioninheatdemand. Buildingswillbeconstructedfromthermallymassivematerialsthatstoreheatduringwarmconditionsand

releaseheatatcoolertimes. Inaddition,allbuildingswillbeenclosedina300mminsulation

jacket.

BedZEDhousesarearrangedinsouthfacingterracestomaximiseheatgainfromthesun,

knownaspassivesolargain. Eachterraceisbackedbynorthfacingoffices,whereminimalsolar

gainwillreducethetendencytooverheatandtheneedforenergyhungryairconditioning.

Duetothebuildingconstruction,heatfromthesun,andthatgeneratedbyoccupantsandevery

dayactivitiessuchascookingissufficienttoheatBedZEDhomestoacomfortable

temperature. Theneedforspaceheating,whichaccountsforasignificantpartoftheenergydemandinconventionalbuildings,isthereforereducedoractuallyeliminated.

BedZEDhomesandofficeswillbefittedwithlowenergylightingandenergyefficient

appliancestoreduceelectricityrequirements.

BedZEDwillbepoweredbyasmallscalecombinedheatandpowerplant(CHP). In

conventionalenergygeneration,theheatthatisproducedasabyproductofelectricity

generationislost. WithCHP,thisheatcanbeharnessedandputtouse. AtBedZED,theheat

fromtheCHPwillprovidehotwater,whichwillbedistributedaroundthesiteviaadistrict

heatingsystemofsuperinsulatedpipes. Shouldresidentsorworkersrequireaheatingboost,

each

home

or

office

has

a

domestic

hot

water

tank

that

can

double

as

a

radiator.

TheCHPplantatBedZEDwillbepoweredbyoffcutsfromtreesurgerywastewhichwould

otherwisegotolandfill. WoodisacarbonneutralfuelbecausetheCO2releasedwhenthe

woodisburnedisequaltothatabsorbedbythetreeasitgrew.

Toenableresidentsandworkerstokeeptrackoftheirheatandelectricityuse,meterswillbe

mountedineachhomeandofficekitchen.

Transportenergyaccountsforalargeproportionoftheenergyconsumptionofany

development. Thereforeanenergyefficientdevelopmentmustaddresstransportenergy

demands.

The

BedZED

project

introduces

the

first

legally

binding

Green

Transport

Plan

as

a

conditionofplanningpermission. TheBedZEDGreenTransportPlanaimsto


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reduceprivatefossilfuelmileageby50%. Thiswillbeachievedthroughanumberof

initiativesincludingacarpoolandthepromotionofelectricvehicles. Agrantfromthe

EU5thFrameworkfundhasbeensecuredtoinstalla777m2photovoltaicsolararraywhichwill

generateenoughenergytopower40electricvehicles.

Embodiedenergyisameasureoftheenergyrequiredtomanufactureaproduct. Aproduct

thatrequireslargeamountsofenergytoobtainandprocessthenecessaryrawmaterialsora

productthatistransportedlongdistancesduringprocessingortomarketwillhaveahigh

embodiedenergy. ToreducetheembodiedenergyofBedZED,constructionmaterialshave

beenselectedfortheirlowembodiedenergyandsourcedwithina35mileradiusofthesite,

wherepossible. Theenergyexpendedintransportingmaterialstothesiteistherefore

minimised.

ThisreportlooksatBedZEDinitslivingphasequantifyingtheenergycostsofrunningthe

buildingsandtransportassociatedwiththedevelopment. Quantifyingtheenergyembodiedin

theconstructionofBedZEDisoutsidethescopeofthisreport.

Thisreportcanbereadintwopartschapters1and2containanoverviewofthereportand

chapters3to9containadditionalinformationontopicscoveredinthissummary. Thereport

quantifiesthepredictedenergyconsumptionofthebuildings(section2.1.1,chapters3,4)and

transport(sections2.1.2,2.1.3,chapters5,6)atBedZEDandsetsouthowrenewableenergy

sourceswillbeharnessedtomeettheseenergydemands(section2.1.4). Thesiteenergy

balanceforBedZEDiscalculatedinsection2.1.5. Theopportunitiesforbuying atpeaktimes

andselling attimesoflowconsumption energytoagreentariffaccountaredescribedin

section2.2.

Section2.3andchapter7examineconsumerperceptionsofenergyefficienthousingandtransportandsection2.4andchapters8and9quantifythecostsavingsassociatedwithan

energyefficientBedZEDlifestyle.

Lastly,recommendationsaremadeonreviewingcentralandlocalgovernmentpolicyto

encouragefutureenergyefficientdevelopments(section2.5).

TheUKgovernmentiscommittedtoa20%reductionin1990CO2emissionlevelsby2010. The

UKgovernmentcurrentlyexpectstosurpassthistarget,largelyduetoreductionsinCO2

emissionsfrompowergeneration,manufacturingindustryandcommerce. Incontrast,the

latesteditionofUKEnergyandtheEnvironment(CambridgeEconometrics,1999)forecastsa

13%

increase

in

household

CO2

emissions

from

1990

levels

by

2010

and

a

1%

rise

in

emissions

fromtransport. TheBedZEDTotalEnergyStrategydemonstratesthat,withanimaginative

approach,theUKcansuccessfullytackleCO2emissionsfromhousingandtransport.

Inadditiontoitsowntargets,thegovernmenthascommitteditselftoalegallybinding12.5%

reductiontargetforallgreenhousegasesby200812,agreedundertheKyotoProtocoltothe

FrameworkConventiononClimateChange,inDecember1997.

ThegovernmentconsultationpaperUKClimateChangeProgramme(October1998)details

howthegovernmentconsiderstheUKcouldmeetthe20%reductiontarget.Measures

outlinedinthereportinclude:10%ofelectricitygenerationfromrenewables;efficiencygainsin

households

and

the

service

sector;

and

the

increased

use

of

CHP

to

meet

final

energy

demand.

TheBedZEDTotalEnergyStrategyincorporatesallofthese


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measuresaspartofacomprehensiveapproachtominimisingCO2emissionsandrelianceon

fossilfuels.

InordertoreversethetrendforincreasingCO2emissionsfromhousingweneedanimaginative

reappraisalofthewayourhomesarebuilt. BedZEDdemonstratesthatcomfortable,desirable,affordable,energyefficientbuildingsarethehomesandworkplacesofthefuture.


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2.1.2 TransportEnergyConsumption

Transportofpeopleandgoodsconsumes,typically,onethirdofacountrysenergy

requirements(Wackernageletal,1993). Theconstructionoftransportinfrastructureand

vehiclesandtravelitselfusehugeamountsofresourcesinmaterial,land,energyandtime.

Anenergyefficientdevelopmentmustthereforeaddresstransportenergydemands.AGreen

TransportPlanhasbeendevisedtoreducetheenergyconsumptionoftravelbyBedZED

residentsandworkers.

ItispredictedthattransportenergyconsumptionatBedZEDwillchangeovertimeasthe

compositionofvehiclesonsitechanges. Transportenergyconsumptionwillfallas:

residentsandworkersreducecaruseinfavourofpublictransport,walkingandcycling

residentsgiveuptheircarorforegothepurchaseofafirstorsecondcartojointhecarpool

Ashiftfromfossilfueltoelectricvehicleswillalsoreduceenergyconsumption.

Scenario Transportenergy

consumption(kWh/year)

%oftotaltransportenergygenerated

fromonsiterenewablesources

Equivalentconventional

development

963,098 0

BedZEDyear1 709,589 2



Table3:Thepredictedtransportenergyconsumptionandpercentageoftotaltransportenergy

generatedfromonsiterenewablesforBedZEDandanequivalentconventionaldevelopment

Fromtable3itcanbeseenthatannualtransportenergyconsumptionatBedZEDinyear1is

predictedtobe75%ofanequivalentconventionaldevelopment. Thisfigureispredictedtofall

to55%inyear5andjust30%inyear10. Byyear10,itispredictedthatathirdofthetransport

energydemandatBedZEDwillbemetfromonsiterenewables.

Thereductionintransportenergyconsumptionandshifttotransportpoweredbyrenewable

energywillbeachievedbyimplementingtheBedZEDGreenTransportPlan.

TheGreenTransportPlantargetofreducingprivate,residentialfossilfuelmileageby50%

comparedtoanequivalentconventionaldevelopmentismetinthescenariopredicted

foryear5.


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2.1.3 GreenTransportPlan

BedZEDresidentsandworkerswillbeofferedacomprehensivepackageoftransportoptions

whichwillenablethemtoretaintravelflexibilitywhilstreducingdependenceonprivate,fossil

fuelcars. ThesetransportinitiativesarebroughttogetherinalegallybindingGreenTransportPlan.

TheGreenTransportPlansetsatargetofreducingBedZEDresidentialfossilfuelcarmileageby

50%comparedtoanequivalentconventionaldevelopment.

TheGreenTransportPlanaimstoreducecaruseandcarownershipatBedZEDby:

i. Reducingtheneedtotravel BedZEDisamixedusedevelopment,offeringtheopportunityforresidentstoliveandwork

onsite,thereforeeliminatingtheneedtocommutetowork.

Toreduceshoppingrelatedtravel,residentswillbeencouragedtoordershoppingoverthe

internet. Regular,coordinateddeliveriesofBedZEDorderswillreduceshoppingdelivery

miles.

BedZEDincorporatesashop,caf,childcarefacilityandhealthylivingcentrereducingthe

needforresidentsandworkerstotraveloffsiteforthesefacilities.

ii. Promotingpublictransport Informationaboutlocalpublictransportserviceswillbewidelyavailable.

Discountedseasonticketswillbenegotiatedforresidentsandworkers

Aminibusservicetothenearestrailwaystationwillbeofferedatpeaktimes

Wherethereissufficientdemand,existingpublictransportserviceswillbesupplemented

bySuttonCommunityTransport

iii.Offeringalternativestoprivatecartravel

BedZEDwillencouragecyclingbyofferingdesignatedcyclestorageforresidentsand

workers,workspaceshoweringfacilitiesandanonsitecyclerepairfacility. Thesitewillbe

linkedintotheexistingcyclenetwork.

Acarpoolwillbeestablishedonsite,offeringtheopportunitytohirearangeofvehiclesby

thehour. Residentswillbeencouragedtogiveuptheircarsandusethecarpool.

Residentswhoarekeentoretaintheuseofaprivatecarwillbeencouragedtochangetoan

electricvehicle.


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2.1.5 SiteEnergyBalance

TheBedZEDdesignconceptisdrivenbythedesireforazero(fossil)energydevelopmenti.e.

onewhichwillproduceatleastasmuchenergyfromrenewableresourcesasitconsumes. In

addition,BedZEDisdesignedtobeacarbonneutraldevelopment,resultinginnonetadditionofCO2totheatmosphere.

2.1.5.1 BuildingEnergyBalance

Energyproduction

(kWh/year)1

Energyconsumption

(kWh/year)

Buildingenergybalance

(kWh/year)

Electricity 682,550 640,028 +42,522

Heatenergy 949,365 882,977 +66,388

1Chapter4,PredictedEnergyUse,OveArupandPartners,1999

Table5:PredictedbuildingenergyproductionandconsumptionatBedZED

Fromtable5itcanbeseenthatthereisapredictedexcessofelectricalandheatenergy

generationoverconsumption. ExcessheatenergygeneratedbytheCHPisprimarilyusedfor

woodchipdrying(soimprovingthegasificationefficiency)andtheremainderwillbelosttothe

atmosphere. Excesselectricitywillbeexportedtothegrid,onagreentariffaccount.Many

regionalelectricitycompaniesnowofferagreentariffwhereenergygeneratedfromrenewable

sourcesisboughtfromsuppliersandsoldtocustomersatapremiumrate.

2.1.5.2 TransportEnergyBalance

Scenario

PVsolarelectricity

production(kWh/year)1

Electricityconsumption

(kWh/year)

Electricitybalance

(kWh/year)

Year1 97,000 14,548 +82,452

Year5 97,000 33,929 +63,071

Year10 97,000 83,229 +13,771

1Chapter4,PredictedEnergyUse,OveArupandPartners,1999

Table6:PredictedtransportelectricityproductionandconsumptionatBedZEDforyears1,5and10

Fromtable6itcanbeseenthatineachpredictedscenariothereisanexcessofelectricity

generationoverelectricityconsumption. Thispositiveelectricitybalancewillbeexportedto

thegridonagreentariff.


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Scenario Fossilfuelenergyconsumption

(kWh/year)

Year1 695,041

Year5 493,750

Year

10

161,517

Table7:PredictedfossilfueltransportconsumptionatBedZEDforyears1,5and10

Fromtable7itcanbeseenthattheuseoffossilfuelvehiclesatBedZEDrepresentsanenergy

deficitineachofthepredictedscenarios.

2.1.5.3 Siteenergybalance

Scenario Siterenewableenergybalance

(kWh/year)

Sitefossilfuelenergybalance

(kWh/year)

Year1 +124,974 695,041

Year5 +105,593 493,750

Year10 +56,293 161,517

Table8:ThepredictedsiteenergybalanceforBedZEDforyears1,5and10.

Table8showsareductioninthepredictedsiterenewableenergybalancefromyear1toyear10

asanincreasingproportionofelectricitygeneratedbyPVsolarisusedtopowerelectric

vehicles. Itispredictedthatthenegativefossilfuelenergybalancewilldecreasefromyear1to

year10asthenumberofpetrolanddieselvehiclesonsitefalls.

Theuseoffossilfuelvehiclesonsiteandinservicingthesitecannotbemetdirectlybyonsite

renewableenergygeneration,hencetheBedZEDGreenTransportPlanfocusesonthe

minimisationoffossilfuelvehicleuse.

ExcesselectricitygeneratedatBedZEDbytheCHPplantandPVpanelswillbeexportedtothe

grid. Thiswillreducetheamountofelectricitythatneedstobegeneratedfromfossilfuel

sourceselsewhere,resultinginreducedCO2emissionsfromelectricitygeneration. These

savingsinCO2emissionscanbeoffsetagainstCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelvehiclesat

BedZED.

Year CO2emissionsfrom

fossilfuelvehicles(tonnes)5

CO2savingsfromexcess

electricitygeneration(tonnes)6

NetCO2emissionsfrom

transportatBedZED

(tonnes)

1 202 62 140

5 143 53 90

10 47 28 19

5ForeachkWhenergyusedbyafossilfuelvehicle,0.29kgCO2isemittedtotheatmosphere.

6ForeachkWhelectricityused,0.5kgCO2isemittedtotheatmosphere(DETR,1998).

Table9:PredictednetCO2emissionsresultingfromtransportatBedZEDinyears1,5and10.


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2.1.6 Conclusions

2.1.6.1 Buildings

TheBedZEDCHPwillgeneratesufficientheatforspaceheating,hotwateranddryingtheCHP

woodchipfuel. Thesmallexcessingenerationislosttotheatmosphere. Inaddition,theCHPwillgeneratesufficientelectricitytomeetthebuildingenergydemandofthesiteandexporta

predicted42,522kWhperannumtothegrid.

TheenergydemandofthebuildingsatBedZEDwillthereforebemetwhollyfromrenewable

energysources,withinthesitesfootprint.

2.1.6.2 Transport

ThePVpanelswillgenerateenoughelectricitytopower40carsandexportapredicted

13,771kWhperannumtothegrid(year10scenario).

Aslongasprivateandcarpoolvehicles,vehiclesthatservicethesiteandpublictransportused

bysiteresidentsarepoweredbyfossilfuelstherewillbeanegativefossilfuelenergybalanceat

BedZED. However,itispredictedthatbyyear10,thenegativefossilfuelenergybalancewillbe

reducedto161,517kWhperyear,justonesixthoftheenergyconsumedbypetrolanddiesel

vehiclesinanequivalentconventionaldevelopment.


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2.2 GREENTARIFFELECTRICITYItisnoteconomictosizetheBedZEDCHPunittomeetthepeakelectricitydemandofthe

development. Therefore,aconnectiontothenationalgridwillenableenergytobedrawninona

greentariffduringtimesofpeakdemandandsurplusenergytobesoldtothegridattimeswhensupplyexceedssitedemand.

Sincethederegulationoftheenergycompanies,thenumberofregionalenergycompanies

offeringgreentariffshasincreasedrapidly.Greentariffenergyisenergygeneratedfrom

renewablesourceswhichisboughtfromsuppliersandsoldtocustomersatapremiumrate.

Allofthegreentariffscurrentlyavailableinvolvepaymentofapremium.Greentariffsareeither

renewabletariffs,whereforeachunitofelectricityusedbythecustomeronthisscheme,the

supplierwillbuyaunitofelectricityfromarenewablesource;orecofundswheretheadditional

customerpremiumisinvestedinnewrenewableenergyprojects.

Greentariff Quarterlyincrease

inaveragebill

Otherinformation

Centrica Planned

Eastern EcoPower/EcoPowerPlus

(Ecofund)

3.45and7.04

respectively

EasternEnergywillmatchthemoneyraised,poundfor

pound,uptoamaximumof1millionover2years

EastMidlands

Electricity

Planned

London

Electricity

Planned

Manweb GreenEnergy

(Ecofund)

3.51 Fundswillbeusedtopurchasenewgreenelectricityatthe

marketrateortofinancenewrenewableprojects.

Companiesinvolvedwillmatch,atleastpoundforpound,

themoneyraised.

Northern

Ireland

EcoEnergy

(Ecofund)

1.04,5.20,or

10.407

Alsooffersdiscountvouchersforpurchaseof

ecofriendlyproducts

Northern Planningtolaunchinmid99

(Renewabletariff/ecofund)

2.88 Fundswillbeusedtosupportthecostofnewrenewable

generation,orcarbonoffsetprojectssuchasreforestation.

Customerscanchoosehowtheirsurchargeisused. The

tariffwillalsoofferanintroductoryenergyefficiency

package(e.g.lowenergylightbulbsordiscounted

insulation)

Norweb Nodomesticgreentariffplanned

Renewable

EnergyCo.

Ecotricity

(availableend1999)

ScottishHydro

Electricity

Acorn

(Renewabletariff)

2.73

ScottishPower GreenEnergy

(Renewabletariff)

3.81 Fundswillbeusedtopurchasenewgreenelectricityatthe

marketrateortohelpfinancenewrenewableprojects.

Companiesinvolvedwillmatch,atleastpoundforpound,

themoneyraised.

Seeboard Plannedformid2000

(Ecofund)

Southern

Electricity

Acorn

(Renewabletariff)

2.73

SWEB GreenElectron

(Renewabletariff)

7.30

Unit[e] Renewabletariff

Yorkshire GreenElectricity

(Renewabletariff)

4.21 Freelowenergylightbulbgiventocustomerssigningup

tothetariff.

7Customerscanchoosetohave10%,50%or100%oftheirenergysuppliedfromEcoEnergy

Table10:Thecurrentrangeofgreentariffsavailabletodomesticconsumers(FriendsoftheEarth,October1999)


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2.3 CONSUMERBEHAVIOURTOWARDSENERGYEFFICIENTHOUSINGANDTRANSPORTQuestionnairesexaminingattitudestowardsenvironmentallyfriendlyhousingweredistributed

toarandomsampleof500addresseswithintheM25andinsertedin500copiesofthemagazine

Permaculture.

189responsestothequestionnairewerereceived,49responsesfromhouseholdswithintheM25

(M25sample)and140responsesfromreadersofPermaculturemagazine(Permaculturesample).

ThequestionnaireincludedanumberofquestionsrelatingtotheBedZEDenergystrategy,the

responsestowhichwereanalysedforthisreport.

Respondentswereaskedtoratetheimportanceofvariousfeaturesofenvironmentallyfriendly

houses. Energyefficiencyandtheuseofrenewableenergywereidentifiedasthemostpopular

featuresofanenvironmentallyfriendlyhousebybothsamples.

Respondentswereaskedhowlikelytheyweretoconsidergettingridofoneormoreoftheircars

ifacarpoolingschemewasavailable. 64%ofthePermaculturesampleand35%oftheM25

samplethoughtitextremelyorquitelikelythattheywouldtakeupthisoption. IntheM25

sample,mostofthosewhowereunlikelytotakeadvantageofacarpoolingscheme(41%)felt

verystronglythattheywouldnotgiveuptheircar.

EvenamongsttheM25sample,whoarelikelytobelessenvironmentallymotivatedthanthe

Permaculturesample,athirdofrespondentswerewillingtogiveupaprivatecarinfavourofa

poolcar. ThissuggeststhattheGreenTransportPlantargetof8%ofBedZEDresidentsgiving

upaprivatecarinyear1isachievable.

Furtherinformationonconsumerbehaviourtowardsenergyefficienthousingandtransportcan

befoundinchapter7.

2.4 REDUCEDRUNNINGCOSTSFORENERGYEFFICIENTHOUSINGANDTRANSPORTEnergyefficienthousingandtransportoffersignificantbenefitstotheenvironmentintermsof

reducedCO2emissions. Inaddition,BedZEDresidentswillbenefitfromlowerhouseholdbills

andresidentswhogiveupaprivatecartojointhecarpoolwillbefinanciallybetteroff. Basedon

theexperienceofmembersoftheirCityCarClubcarpoolinEdinburgh,BudgetCarandVan

Rental

suggest

that

a

member

with

an

annual

mileage

of

11,000

13,000km

could

save

up

to

1,500peryearontheirmotoringcosts.

Ahouseholdlivingina3bedroomBedZEDmaisonettecouldsaveupto240peryear,134on

electricityand106onspaceandwaterheating,comparedtoahouseholdlivinginanequivalent

housebuiltto1995buildingregulations.ThesesavingsaredespitethefactthatBedZED

householdswillpayapremiumratefortheirgreenelectricity.

ABedZEDresidentgivingupaprivatecarinfavourofapoolcarcouldrunawellservicedbike

andtake5localbusortraintripsperweek,25minicabjourneysperweekand

1daycarhireperweekfromalocalfirmforthesamepriceasrunningaprivatecar. Forshorter

journeys,

hiring

a

car

pool

by

the

hour

will

be

cheaper

than

hiring

a

car

by

the

day,

offering

residentsgreaterflexibilityatalowerprice.


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ThiscalculationdoesnottakeintoaccountthecommutingcostsforBedZEDresidents

whoworkinLondon. ItisassumedthatresidentswillcommuteintoLondonbytrainregardless

ofwhethertheyownacarornot,asthenearbyHackbridgeandMitchamJunctionstationsoffer

regular,directtrainsintoLondon.

Furtherinformationonthepotentialannualsavingsonenergybillsandcarrunningcostsfor

BedZEDhouseholdscanbefoundinchapters8and9respectively.


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2.5 ENCOURAGINGENERGYEFFICIENTDEVELOPMENTS:RECOMMENDATIONSFORPOLICYMAKERSTherearemanyopportunitiesforlocalandcentralgovernmenttoreformanddeveloppoliciesto

encouragefutureenergyefficientdevelopments.

2.5.1 Planningpolicyguidance

TheUnitaryDevelopmentPlan(UDP)ofasympatheticlocalauthoritycanincludepoliciesthat

offeranopendoortogreendevelopers. However,localauthoritieshavetowaitforsuch

developerstoapproachthemratherthanhavingthepowertoinfluencemoreconventional

developers.

Localauthorityplanningpolicyguidance,suchasPPG1whichsetsoutnationalsustainable

developmentguidelines,isissuedfromcentralgovernment. PPG1currentlyfocusesprimarilyon

sustainabledevelopmentinrelationtolanduse,withlittleguidanceonachievingsustainable

developmentintermsofbuildingdesign.

ItisrecommendedthatPPG1isextendedtogiveamorecomprehensivecoverageofissues

relevanttogreenhousingdevelopments. Inaddition,specific,enforceablepolicieswouldenable

localauthoritiestoimposetargetsforgreenerbuildingsondevelopers.

Therearesomepolicyareas,suchascarparking,wherelocalauthoritieshavethepowertoset

theirownstandards. AsinthecaseofBedZED,whereitcanbedemonstratedthatparkingneeds

willbelowerthanusual,thelocalauthoritycanreducethenumberofparkingspacesrequired.

Incaseswherelocalauthoritieshavegreaterflexibility,theopportunityshouldbetakento

developpoliciesfavourabletosustainablehousingdevelopments.

Localauthoritieshavesomescopetoringfencerevenueforspecificuses. Thisenables

expenditureonsustainabledevelopmentwithoutincreasingspending. Forinstance,income

fromcarparkingchargescanbeusedtosubsidisepublictransport. Localauthoritiesshouldbe

encouragedtousethesepowerscreativelytoencouragesustainabledevelopment.

2.5.2 EnvironmentalBudgeting

Localauthoritieshavetraditionallybeenobligedtoselllandtothehighestbidder. However,the

landforBedZEDwassoldtoPeabodyTrustbyLondonBoroughofSuttonatalowercashprice

thanthatofthehighestbidderforthesite. Thiswaspossiblebecauseastudywascommissioned

to

attach

an

economic

value

to

the

environmental

benefits

of

BedZED

over

a

conventional

development.OncetheenvironmentalbenefitsofBedZEDwerevaluedinmonetaryterms,the

Peabodybidwasinlinewiththerivalbid. Asaresult,alocalauthoritywasabletotakethe

environmentalbenefitsofadevelopmentintoaccountforthefirsttime. Certainbenefits,such

asreducedCO2emissionswererelativelyeasytopricebutotherbenefits,suchasreductionsin

waterconsumptionandcaruse,wereimpossibletovalueeconomically.

InDecember1998localauthoritiesweregrantedageneraldisposalconsentenablingthemto

accepttendersupto20%(landvalue1millionorless)or10%(inthecaseofhighervalues)lower

thanthelandvalue. Localauthoritiesarethereforenolongerrequiredtomaximiseincomefrom

landsales,butcanconsiderlowerbidswithinacertainrange. Itisrecommendedthatthis

change

be

brought

to

the

attention

of

local

authorities

along

with

information

regarding

the

opportunitiesforusingthisasamechanismfor


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3. ENERGYANALYSIS


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CONTENTS

Pagenumber

1. SUMMARY 212. DOMESTIC 23

2.1 TotalEnergyConsumption 23

2.1.1 Energyefficiencyassessmentmethods 23

2.1.1.1NHER 23

2.1.1.2 SAP 23

2.1.2 TotalDomesticEnergyConsumption 24

2.2 DetailedBreakdownofEnergyConsumption 24

2.2.1 WaterHeating 26

2.2.2 Cooking 27

2.2.3

Lighting

27

2.2.4 ElectricalAppliances 30

2.2.4.1 ColdAppliances 30

2.2.4.2 EnergyLabels 31

2.2.4.3WetAppliances 31

2.2.4.4AudiovisualAppliances(browngoods) 32

2.2.4.5MiscellaneousAppliances 32

2.3 DomesticElectricityConsumptionatZED 33

2.3.1ApplianceUsageTables 33

2.3.2 PredictedApplianceEnergyConsumption 45

2.3.3

Total

Electrical

Energy

Consumption

46

3. REFERENCES 49AppendixA ConversionofenergydatafromtheSutherland

AssociatesComparativeDomesticHeatingCostsreport. 51

AppendixB Calculationoftotalhouseholdenergyconsumption

fromUglow,1982data. 52

AppendixC Spreadsheetofenergyconsumptionofappliances

on

the

market

average

appliances

53


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21

1. SUMMARYTheSainsburyFamilyCharitableTrustsgranted funding toBioRegionalDevelopmentGroup tocarry

outa totalenergyanalysisofZED.Theanalysiswillquantify theenergydemandsatZED, including

transport,andtheenergythatcanbesuppliedfrombiomassandsolarsourcesonsite.Thestudywill

calculate

the

net

site

energy

balance

and

identify

renewable

sources

to

make

any

deficit.

Thisfirstreportsummarisestypicalenergydemandsofdomestichouses.Itthengoesontopredictthe

electricalenergyconsumptionofZED residentson thebasis thatenergyefficientapplianceswillbe

installed throughout thedevelopment.The reportpresentsexistingdataonenergy consumption in

officesand lastly it summarises the current situationwith respect to trading greenelectricity (i.e.

electricityfromrenewablesources).

***

Totalenergyconsumption in typicaldomestichouses isbetween150and288kWhpersquaremetre

floor

area

per

annum

(kWh

/

m

2

pa).

This

compares

with

a

predicted

total

energy

consumption

of

75

kWh/m2paatZED.Thedifferenceisaccountedformainlybyeliminatingthespaceheatingdemand.

There is also a predicted 10% reduction in electrical demand due to energy efficient electrical

appliancesandsomereductioninwaterheatingdemandduetowellinsulatedcylindersandshorthot

waterpipeworklengths.

Totalenergyconsumption inatypicalhousehold ismadeupofapproximately5060%spaceheating,

2030%waterheating,5%cookingand15%electricalappliances.

Lighting accounts for 17% of typical household electrical consumption, but by using low energy

compactfluorescentlightbulbs(CFL),thehouseholddemandcanbereducedfromanaverageof750

kWhpato300kWhpa.InstallationofpinbasedlightfittingsatZEDwouldensuretheuseofCFLsin

fixedlightsbutnotinportablelampsthataccountforsome20%ofthelightingenergydemand.

Of all the household electrical appliances, cold appliances i.e. fridges and freezers are typically the

biggest energy consumers (24% of lights and appliances). Choice of energy efficient fridges and

freezers can save 1020% of their energy consumption. Frost free cold appliances increase energy

consumptionby45%andarenotrecommendedforZED.Vacuuminsulationpanelsincoldappliances

arenewlybeingintroducedandclaimtoreduceenergyconsumptionby80%.Thesemaybeaffordable

bythetimeZEDresidentsmovein.

Energylabelsonapplianceshavebeenshowntobemorethanoneclasslessefficientthanthatclaimed

ontheirlabel.AlternativesourcesofinformationsuchasWhich?AndScottishHydroElectricsdatabase

willbeusedtoselectappliancesforZED.

It is recommended that no tumble dryers are installed at ZED but water and energy efficient

dishwashersareallowedfor. EnergyefficientTVsandVCRsarenowavailableonthemarket.Optional

energyefficientapplianceswillbeavailable to residentsatabulkdiscount rateand residentswillbe

encouragedand informedas towhy theyshouldchooseenergyefficientappliances.Therecouldbe

conditionsintheleaseholdstatingthatnewlypurchasedappliancesbeenergyefficient.

***


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22

Section2.3ofthisreportpredictstheelectricalenergydemandforthedomesticcomponentsofZED.

Foreachunittype,variousoccupant familytypesareconsidered.Differentapplianceusagepatterns

areusedtoderiveworst,typicalandbestcasescenarios.

Tablesandgraphsshowthepredictedelectricaldemandforeachapplianceforeachscenarioandthe

total

predicted

electrical

demand

for

each

unit

type

for

each

scenario.

The

following

summarises

the

latter:

1bedflat 9004,500kWhpa typical1,700kWhpa

2bedflat 9005,900kWhpa typical1,900kWhpa

3bedmaisonette 1,4006,500kWhpa typical2,700kWhpa

3/4bedtownhouse 1,4006,700kWhpa typical2,800kWhpa

Theresultsofthissectioncanbeusedtopredictheatgainsfromelectricalappliances.


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23

2. DOMESTIC2.1 TotalEnergyConsumptionThissectionbrieflypresentsexistingmethodsofassessinghouseholdenergyefficiency. Itthengoeson

topresentexistingdataforthetotalenergyconsumptionofconventionaldomesticdwellingsintheUK,

and

compares

with

the

estimates

for

ZED

dwellings

provided

by

Ove

Arup

&

Partners

Consulting

Engineers.

2.1.1 EnergyefficiencyassessmentmethodsDuetorisingawarenessoftheneedforenergyefficiency,assessmentmethodshavebeendesignedto

ratetheenergyefficiencyofdomesticbuildings. TwoofthemostcommonlyusedareNationalHome

EnergyRating(NHER)andStandardAssessmentProcedure(SAP)ratings.

2.1.1.1 NHER

TheassessmentprocedurefortheNHERindexisbasedonaBuildingResearchEstablishmentDomestic

EnergyModel(BREDEM)computerprogram. TheNHERindexisa110nonlinearscale. Thehigher

the

number

the

more

energy

efficient

the

building

(NES,

1999).

TheaverageBritishhousehasaratingof3.5(Boardman,1998). Housesbuilttothe1990Building

Regulationshaveanindexofbetween6and7. Theindexscore,however,doesnotgiveaquantitative

measureofhowmuchenergythebuildingwilluse. Thisdependsonmanyfactorsincludingthe

occupancypatternsthatcanaffectthefuelusedinidenticalhousesbyuptoaratioof5:1. TheNHER

indexiscalculatedprimarilyusingfuelcostsbutisindependentofbuildingsizeandincorporatesthe

heatingsystemsandinsulationlevelsinthebuilding. Theindexaimstogivethesamevaluestohouses

withthesameheatingappliances,levelofinsulationandfuelconversionefficiency(NES,1999).

Table2.1 FuelcostsfortheNHER(NationalHomeEnergyRating)indexassociatedwiththreetypical

housesizes. 40m2representsatypicalonebedroomflat,80m2anaverage3bedroomhouseinthe

UK,and120m2a4bedroomdetachedhouse(Boardman,1998).

Fuelcostsforagivenfloorarea(/pa)NHER 40m2 80m2 120m2

0 1000 1800 2700

1 750 1325 1900

2 610 1050 1500

3 520 875 1225

4 460 750 1025

5 410 650 900

6 370 580 7757 340 520 690

8 340 460 640

9 280 400 530

10 260 350 450

2.1.1.2 SAP

SAP ratings arebasedon annual energy costs for spaceandwaterheating. A standardoccupancy

patternisassumed,whichisderivedfromthefloorareaandastandardheatingpattern. Theratingis

thennormalisedforfloorarea. Therating isonascalefrom1100,thehigherthenumber,themore

energyefficient thehouse. Aswith theNHER index,SAP ratingsdependonmany things, includingthermal insulation,efficiencyandcontroloftheheatingsystem,ventilationcharacteristics,solargain

characteristicsandthepriceoffuel. Itisnotaffectedbythingswhichdonotaffectthefabricofthe


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24

building, for example, the size,geographical locationandoccupancy lifestyles (BuildingRegulations

ApprovedDocumentL).

Thesetworatingindicesshowhowenergyefficiencyhasbeenmeasuredandunderstoodtodate,but

do

not

quantify

the

energy

demand.

2.1.2 TotalDomesticEnergyConsumptionFromavarietyofsourcesithasbeenfoundthatdomestichousescanhaveatotalenergyconsumption

ofbetween150and288kWh/m2pa(perannum)(Uglow,1982;BRE,Shorrock,1999;Jones,1998;

Uglow,1981;DETR,1998)withanaveragevalueof227kWh/m2pa.Figures2.1and2.2showtotal

energydemandofdomestichouses. Figure2.1issubdividedintodifferenthousetypes.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Terrace

house

Semi-

detachedhouse

Detached

house

Detached

bungalow

Flat ZED

House Type

Energyconsumption(kWhpam2)

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

Figure2.1 TotalenergyconsumptionofdifferentdomesticdwellingsintheUK. Thelegendshowsthe

sourceofthedata.

A, Uglow,1982,astudyof42BuildingResearchEstablishment(BRE)employeeslivinginthe

Watfordarea.

B, Jones,1998,acomparativestudyofdomesticheatingcostsintheSouthEastofEngland.

C, Shorrock,1999,BREtypicalvalueforanaverageUKsemidetachedhousewithpoorinsulation.

D, DETR,1998,BREvalueforatypicalsemidetachedhousebuiltto1995buildingregulations.

E, BuildingResearchEstablishmentEnergyAssessmentMethod(BREEAM)1993,housesbuiltto

thethencurrentbuildingregulations.

F Uglow,1981,averagehousewithnoinsulationandsingleglazing.

G, Uglow,1981,averagehousewith50mmofloftinsulationandsingleglazing.

H, Uglow,1981,averagehousewith100mmofloftinsulation,cavitywallinsulation,double

glazingandheavycurtains.

ZED Knight,1999.

AppendicesAandBshowtheenergycalculationsforthisdata.


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25

0

50

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

30 0

ZED Typical Houses

Energyconsumption

(kWhpam2)

Figure2.2 EnergyconsumptionofaZEDhouseandconventionaldomestichousesintheUK(Uglow,

1981;Uglow,1982;Jones,1998;Knight,1999;DETR,1998;Shorrock,1999).Nodistinctionhasbeen

madebetweendifferenttypesofhouses.

2.2 BreakdownofEnergyConsumptionEnergyinthehomeisusedformanydifferentthings. Atypicalhouseholdfuelbillcanbe

approximatelybrokendownintotheamountspentonthedifferentclassesofenergyconsuminggoods

andfacilitiesinthehome(DoE,1996).

Spaceheating 46.4%

Waterheating 17.6%

Lightsandappliances 25.5%

Cooking 2.8%

Standingcharge 7.7%

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

Typical 1985Building

Regulations

Typical 1995Building regulations

ZED

House type

Totalhouseholdenerg

yconsumption(kWhp

Lighting &appliances

Cooking

Pump & fans

Hot water

Space heating

Figure2.3 Breakdownoftotalhouseholdenergyconsumption(Shorrock,1999;DETR1998;Knight,

1999).


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26

Thegreatestreductioninenergyconsumptionfrom1985to1995(fig.2.3andtable2.3)isinthespace

heatingrequirement. Thisisduetoincreasedlevelsofinsulationandmoreefficientboilers. Thereare

smallreductionsinwaterheatingandcooking. Waterheatingwillbeaccountedforbybetterinsulating

jacketsonwatertanks(Shorrock,1999). Thereductionincookingislikelytobeduetouseofthe

microwave

(DECADE,

1997a)

and

a

reduction

in

the

amount

of

home

cooking.

AZEDhousewillonlyuseapproximately7460kWhpa(75kWh/m2pa)(Twinn,1998bandKnight,1999),

lessthanonethirdthatofa1985conventionalhouse. Thisreductionismainlyduetoreducingthe

spaceheatingdemandtozerowhenfullyoccupied. Thehousesaredesignedtoutilisebetween600

and1100kWhpaofpassivesolarandincidentalheatgainsfrompeople,cooking,lightingand

appliances. Anallowanceof500kWhpa(5kWh/m2pa)forspaceheatinghasbeenusedasa

contingencyestimatetoaccountfortimeswhenthepropertiesarenotfullyoccupied(Knight,1999),

seetable2.2.

Table2.2 Annualenergyconsumption(kWhpa)fortypicalthreebedroomsemidetachedhouses

(Shorrock,

1999;

BREEAM

1993;

DETR,

1998;

Knight,

1999).

*contingencyspaceheating.

Typical1985 Typical1993 Typical1995 ZED1999

Spaceheating 14483 7926 500*

Hotwater 5350

17760

4548 3650

Pump&fan 175 20

Cooking 1067 656gas 590

Lighting&appliances 2445

4750

3000 2700

Total 23345 22510 16305 7460OveArupestimatethatZEDhouseswilluselessenergyforwaterheatingthanatypical1995housedue

towellinsulatedcylindersandshorthotwaterpipeworklengths.Duetopassivewinddrivenventilation

andtheabsenceofheatingpumps,theenergydemandforpumpsandfansisalsoreduced. Cooking

demandsareestimatedtobelowerthanforatypical1995duetooccupantawarenessofenergysaving

techniques.

Thenextfoursectionswilllookindetailatexistingtypicalenergyconsumptiondatafordifferent

componentsofthetotalenergydemandofdomestichouses.

2.2.1 WaterHeatingAnderson,1978,foundthattheenergyrequiredforawaterheaterincreaseswiththenumberofpeople

inthehousehold. Thebasicdemandwas10001100kWhpa,towhichanextra600700kWhperperson

wasrequired. ThefollowingBREdata(seefig.2.4)illustratesthisfinding.


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27

0

5 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 5 0 0

2 0 0 0

2 5 0 0

3 0 0 0

3 5 0 0

4 0 0 0

4 5 0 0

0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 3 0 0 3 5 0

F lo o r a r e a ( m 2 )

Energyconsumption(kWhpa)

Figure2.4 Energyconsumptionforheatingwaterrelativetothesizeofthedwelling(BuildingRegulationsApprovedDocumentL).

2.2.2 CookingThefourmajortypesofcookingappliancearetheoven,hob,kettleandmicrowave. Theotherminor

cookingappliances,includingtoasters,deepfatfryersandfoodprocessors,etc.accountforonly6%of

totalcookingenergyconsumption(DECADE,1997a).

Annualcookingconsumptionhasreducedfrom630kWhin1992to530kWhin1996perhouseholdpa.

Thisisduetodeclininghouseholdsizeandincreasingmicrowaveownership(DECADE,1997a).The

annualenergydemandforcookinghasdecreasedevenmoredramaticallysince1981,whenitwas1190kWhpaforelectriccookingand2380kWhforgas(Uglow,1981). Itispossiblethatthisislargelydueto

areductioninhomecookingandbakingandanincreaseduseofmicrowaves. Amicrowavedisplaces

around150200kWhpaofcookerenergyconsumption(DECADE,1997a). Ifthistrendcontinues,then

thefigurescalculatedforcookingenergyconsumptionatZEDmayalsodecrease.

TheBillsavers1and2projectsfoundtheratioofenergyconsumptionbetweenelectricovensandhobs

tobebetween50:50and60:40.

IntheDECADE2MtCreport(1997a),itwasfoundthatsingleparentsusedalmosttwicetheelectricity

forcookingasasingleperson,butonly75%asmuchascoupleswithchildren. Surprisingly,theyalso

found

that

two

person

households

used

twice

as

much

electricity

for

cooking

as

a

single

person

household.

2.2.3 LightingTotaldomesticlightingconsumptioninthe15EuropeanUnion(EU)memberstatesrepresents17%of

allresidentialelectricityuse(DELight,1998). InatypicalUKthreebedroom,uninsulatedsemi

detachedhouse,thelightingconsumes1015%oftotalelectricaldemand(EnergySavingsTrust,1999).

TheElectricityAssociation,1998,foundthisproportiontobe17%. Theaveragehouseholdlighting

consumptionintheEUrangesfrom240kWhpato920kWhpa(DELight,1998)butintheUKthe

averagelightingconsumptionisapproximately750kWhpa.

Largeenergysavingscanbemadefromlighting. Only30%ofhouseholdsownalowenergycompact

fluorescentlightbulb(CFL). CFLsuseatleast60%lesselectricitythannormalincandescentbulbs.


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28

Replacingthefourmostusedbulbsinanaveragehousewouldsaveapproximately200kWhpa

(Palmer,1998).

TheElectricityAssociation(1998)carriedoutasurveyofthelightingandtotalelectricityconsumption

in

100

homes

in

three

regions

of

the

UK;

Southeast

England,

North

East

England

and

Central

Scotland

(seeTable2.3). Averageannuallightingconsumptionwas758kWh,ofwhichnearly20%wereportable

pluginlamps. Lightingusagewashighlyseasonal,withthepeakconsumptionmonthbeingDecember,

whenconsumptionwasover3timesthatofJune(lowestdemand).

Table2.3 Breakdownoflightingenergyconsumptionintomainlightsandlampsinthethree

monitoredareas(ElectricityAssociation,1998).

Southof

England

Northof

England

Central

Scotland

Average

Annualconsumption

(kWh)

LightingCircuit 606 683 467 594

Main

portable

lights

79

179

263

164

Totallighting 685 862 730 758

Lightingshareoftotal

electricity(%)

15.5 19.1 16.6 17

Maximumdemand

(kW)

Lightingcircuit 0.39 0.41 0.24 0.3

Mainportablelights 0.04 0.08 0.13 0.08

Totallighting 0.43 0.49 0.37 0.38

IntheenergycalculationsforlightingatZED,ithasbeenassumedthat100%oflightsarefittedwith

CFLbulbs. Ifnewoccupantsbringtheirownportablelampswithincandescentbulbstheyshouldbe

encouragedtoreplacetheirincandescentbulbswithCFLs.

PinbasedfittingsforCFLswouldensuretheuseoflowenergylightbulbsatZED.

(DELight,1998).

TheElectricityAssociationstudy,1998,foundthattherewasawidevariationinaveragelighting

consumption. Table2.4showsthatlightingconsumptionwasstronglyassociatedwithincome,

numberofroomsandthenumberofpeopleinthedwelling. Lifestyledifferencesappearedtohave

littleeffectonlightingusage,withtheexceptionofthosecategorisedingroupF(striving,peoplein

multiethnicand/orlowincomeareas),whichusedlesselectricitythanothers,particularlyduringthe

morningpeakandovertheevening.Householdswith8ormoreroomshaveanaverageannual

consumptionof80%morethanthosewith5roomsandtendtousemoreelectricityforlightingovermostwinterweekdays.


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Table2.4 Trendsfoundfordifferinglightingenergyconsumption(ElectricityAssociation,1998).

Socioeconomiccategoriesaredefinedas:

A,Thrivinge.g.wealthyachievers,suburbanareas

B&C,ExpandingandRisinge.g.affluentexecutives,familyareas

D,Settling,e.g.Skilledworkers,homeowningareas

E,Aspiring,e.g.newhomeowners,nativecommunities

F,Striving,e.g.peopleinmultiethnic,lowincomeareas%oftotal Averageannual

consumption

No.insample kWh %oftotal

load

AnnualIncomerange 020,000 54 631 14.4

Over20,000 46 900 19.2

No.ofmainrooms 5orless 25 527 14.9

6

21

631

15.4

7 25 732 17.7

8ormore 29 951 17.9

Dwellingtype Detached 24 841 15.0

Semidetached 35 794 18.0

Flat/maisonette 18 583 15.7

No.ofpersons 1 19 505 13.1

2 21 552 16.8

3 17 701 14.6

4ormore 43 930 18.7

Socioeconomic A 30 769 15.2

Category B&C 19 763 17.2

D 20 757 19.0

F 26 729 18.3

Lowenergylighting Installed 27 691 15.3

Noneinstalled 73 749 17.3

Otherapplianceson

lightingcircuit

Customerswith 12 497 11.5

Customers

without

88 781 17.4

Roomsalwaysrequiring

artificiallighting

Customerswith 16 754 15.5

Customers

without

84 725 16.9

Thelightingdemandofdetachedandsemidetachedhouseswasgreaterthandemandinflatsand

maisonettes.

Lightingdemandinoneortwopersonhouseholdsshowsalesspronouncedeveningpeakthanin

householdswiththreeormorepersons(ElectricityAssociation,1998).Outsideandinsidesecuritylightingisbecomingmorepopular(50%ofpeoplesurveyedusedlightingforsecurityoftenoralways,ElectricityAssociation,1998)andasyetnoprovisionhasbeenmadein

energybudgetsforsecuritylightingatZED.


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2.2.4 ElectricalAppliancesApplianceconsumptionhasalmostdoubledinthelast25years(DECADE,1997a)duetotheincrease

ofaffordableelectricalgoodsonthemarket. Table2.5showsenergyconsumptiondataforthe

presentmarketbestandworstappliances. AppendixDshowsconsumptiondataformostaverage

householdappliances. Formosthouseholdsthelargestcontributorstoapplianceconsumptionarethe

coldappliances.

Table2.5 Annualenergyconsumptionvaluesforproductsonthemarketin1998(Boardman,1998).

Marketbest(kWhpaper

household)

Marketworst(kWhpaper

household)

Fridgefreezer 330 970

Dishwasher 260 530

Oven 150 350

Tumbledryer 210 250

Washingmachine 140 510

2.2.4.1 ColdAppliances

Electricityconsumptionforcoldapplianceshasfallensincethe1980sasresearchhasenabled

reductionintheelectricaldemandoftheseappliancesandthenewimprovedproductshavebecome

availableatcompetitiveprices(DECADE1997a).

In1996,domesticcoldappliancesused24%ofelectricityconsumedbyUKdomesticlightsand

appliances,and6%oftotalUKelectricityconsumption(morethanalltheelectricityconsumedin

officesintheUK). Theaveragehouseholdowns1.4coldappliances(1.2inlowincomehomes),of

whichmostarereplacedafter14years. Therefore,2.3millionhouseholdspurchaseanewcold

applianceeachyear(DECADE,1997b). Ownershippercentagesandaverageelectricityconsumption

forcoldappliancescanbefoundintable2.6.

Table 2.6 Percentage of households in the UK owning cold appliances and the average energy

consumptionvaluesfortypicalnewappliancesandolderstockappliances(DECADE,1997a).

Ownership% NewapplianceskWh

pa

StockapplianceskWh

pa

Refrigerator 43 270 320

Fridgefreezer 60 590 640

Uprightfreezer 24 420 500

Chestfreezer 18 420 510

Frostfreeappliancesarehavinganincreasingshareofthemarket(28%offridgefreezersand11%of

uprightfreezers). Thefacilityincreasesenergyconsumptionby45%andthepriceisalsosignificantly

higher. Atpresent,themethodofcalculatingtheefficiencyoftheappliance,forboththelabelandfor

minimumstandards,allowsaconcessionforfrostfree(DECADE,1997b).

65%oflowincomehouseshaveworkingbutfaultycoldappliances,whichareoverconsuming

electricity. Therefore,thelowenergyfridgestobeofferedatZED,willreducetheenergy

consumptionfurtherforlowincomehouseholdsthanforaverageincomehouseholds,thusreducing

therunningcostsmore.

Vacuuminsulationpanels(VIPs)arecurrentlybeingintroducedintocoldappliances. Thistechnology

reducesenergyconsumptionby80%comparedtotheaverage1992coldappliance(DECADE,1997a).

ItishopedthatbythetimeZEDresidentswillchoosetheircold


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31

appliances,theseVIPswillbecheapenoughtoberecommendedtolowincomefamiliesaswellas

higherincomefamilies.

2.2.4.2 EnergyLabels

Energylabelsprovidethecustomerwithawaytoratedifferentappliancesontheirenergyefficiency.

Asurveyof100purchasers,discoveredthat35usedtheenergylabelandboughtappliancesthatwere,

onaverage,20%moreefficientthanthoseboughtbypeoplenotinfluencedbythelabel.

However,manufacturesareallowedanerrorof15%ontheirenergydemandvaluesand3%on

volume.Whencombined,theefficiencyindexcanbe17.25%differenttotheactualvalue/index,

whichisequivalenttotwoclassesoftheenergylabel.Onlyalittleoverathirdofappliances

independentlytestedwereshowntobeintheenergyclassdeclaredontheirlabel. Aquarterofthe

testedappliancesshowadiscrepancyoftwo,threeorfourclassesonthelabel alwaystowardshigher

efficiency. In41%ofcasesthediscrepancywasgreaterthan15%,oneinfivetestedbyconsumer

groupsshowedconsumptiontobegreaterthan25%outfromthatstatedonthelabel(DECADE,

1997b).

Therefore,althoughenergylabelsgiveaguidetotheenergyperformanceoftheappliance,further

researchmustbedoneinordertoensurethatZEDresidentsgetthemostenergyefficientonthe

market. Which?magazineandEthicalConsumerhavecarriedoutstudiesintoelectricalappliances.

TheELDAdatabasecanprovideinformationtohelpcustomersrankmodelsaccordingtotheir

prioritiesandenablelifecyclecoststobecalculated. TheELDAdatabaseisacomprehensive

databaseofdomesticelectricalappliancescontainingallrelevantproductinformationincluding

energyefficiencyandperformance. ThedatabasewasdevelopedinDenmarkandisusedbyDanish

utilitiestoadviseconsumersonthemostsuitableappliancefortheirneeds. ScottishHydroElectricis

currentlyinvolvedinaprojecttoadaptthedatabaseforuseintheirshopsbyenteringdataon

appliancesavailableintheUK(DECADE,1997a).

Boardman,1998givesageneralideaoftherangeofefficienciesofappliances. Ifanaverage

refrigeratorisgivenanefficiencyindexof100units,thenanaveragenewversionwouldbe84units,

thebestavailableonthemarketintheUKwouldbe44units,thebestinstockavailableanywhere

wouldbe26units. Inmanycasestheappliancesbetween84and44canbeboughtfornoextracost.

SomeEUMemberStatesandsomeutilitiesofferrebatesonefficientcoldappliances.Consumersin

highsocioeconomicgroupsaremorelikelytoconcentrateontheenergyuseofdifferentappliances

whenmakingapurchase,whilstlessaffluentconsumersconcentratemoreonprice. TheEnergy

SavingsTrusthasfundstoprovidearebatesolowincomehouseholdswithaninefficient,old

refrigeratorcanobtainamoreenergyefficientone(labelB/C)(Boardman,1997). GrantsmaybeavailabletosubsidisethecostsofnewappliancesforthesocialhousingatZED.

2.2.4.3 WetAppliances

Wetappliancesarealsoamajorcontributortotheenergyconsumptionofahousehold. AtZEDitis

recommendedthatoccupantswillnothavetumbledryers,astheyhaveahighelectricitydemand.

Convenientdryingfacilitieswillbeprovided.However,dishwashershavebeenincorporatedinthe

energycalculations.

Forwashingmachines,thisreporthasassumedanenergyconsumptionof0.6kWhpercycle. Thisis

thelowestfigurefoundinmanufacturesbrochures,foracycleat60o

C. Energyconsumptionofwashingmachines,anddishwasherscanvarygreatlydependingonownerusagepatterns,e.g.a40oC

washusesonly70%oftheelectricityusedbya60oCwash(DECADE,1997a).


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2.2.4.4 AudiovisualAppliances(browngoods)

Televisions(TVs)andvideorecorders(VCRs)areresponsiblefor84%oftheenergyconsumptionof

householdbrowngoods. VCRshavenotbeenincludedintheenergycalculationsforZEDdwellings,

butasageneralguide,theyuseasimilaramounttotheTV.

Table2.7AverageenergyconsumptionfiguresforTVsandVCRsfor1996. Newreferstothenew

productsonthemarket,averagetotheaverageapplianceinstock(DECADE,1997a).

%own New(W) AveragekWhpa

TV Onmode 179 69 118

Standby 7

VCR Onmode 89 25 104

Standby 9

Browngoodsonaverageconsumearound12.5%ofalltheelectricityusedforUKdomesticlighting

andappliances. Consumptionbytelevisionsisexpectedtoincreaseassurroundsoundandlarger

screensconsumemoreelectricity. Cableandsatellitedecodersuseasignificantamountofelectricity

intheirstandbymode(DECADE,1997a)andagainhavenotbeenincorporatedinthisstudy. Bythe

year2000standbywattageshouldbereducedto7.5Wand9.5WforTVsandVCRsrespectively,

accordingtoavoluntaryagreementproducedbytheEuropeanAssociationofConsumerElectronics

Manufacturing(EACEM),andthereafterby1Wperyearforthenext3years.HoweverTVsandVCRs

havealreadybeendevelopedwith0.1WpowerdemandswithTVsat0.5WandVCRsat1.0Wbeing

costeffective(DECADE,1997a). Therefore,itwillbewellworthresearchingthemostenergyefficient

televisionsandVCRs(aswellaswhitegoods)torecommendtothefutureZEDoccupants.

2.2.4.3 MiscellaneousAppliances

Ownershipofelectricpowershowersisincreasingandtheyareamajorconsumerofelectricityinthe

miscellaneousgroupofappliances(ie.excludingwhitegoods,browngoods,lightingandcooking

appliances)(DECADE,1997a). PowershowersarenotrecommendedforZEDbutshowerdesign

should,therefore,begoodenoughtomeanthatoccupantsdonotwishtoreplacetheinstalledshower

withanelectricpowershower.


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2.3 DomesticElectricityConsumptionatZEDOccupancypatternsandlifestylescanaffecttheelectricityconsumptioninidenticalbuildingsbyupto

4or5times(Twinn,1999andNES,1999). InordertopredictelectricalenergyconsumptionatZED,

worst,typicalandbestcasescenarioshavebeenconsidered.

Allenergydemandshavebeencalculatedusingdatafromcompanybrochuresforenergyefficient

appliancessuchasthosethatwillberecommendedforinstallationatZED.Forsomeappliances,such

askettles,thereisnoenergyefficientoptionsotypicalenergyconsumptionvalueshavebeenused.

ForeachunittypeavailableatZED,variouspossiblefamilytypeshavebeenconsidered.Inthe

followingpages,tablesofpredictedusagepatternsforeachappliance,foreachfamilytypeandfor

eachscenariogivepredictedelectricalenergyconsumptionvalues.Theseenergydemandsare

summarisedtoshowpredictedelectricityconsumptionforeachapplianceandpredictedtotal

electricityconsumptionbyeachfamilytypeforeachscenario.

2.3.1 ApplianceUsageTablesThefollowingTables2.82.28showthepredictedenergyconsumptionforlighting,cookingand

majorappliancesbythedifferentfamilytypeslivingineachhousetype. Eachtableshowsadifferent

appliance.

Table2.8 Fridgeworstcasescenario

Table2.9 Fridgetypicalscenario

Table2.10 Fridgebestcasescenario

Table2.11 Fridgefreezerworstcasescenario

Table2.12 Fridgefreezertypicalscenario

Table2.13 Fridgefreezerbestcasescenario

Table2.14 Freezerworstcasescenario

Table2.15 FreezertypicalscenarioTable2.16 Freezerbestcasescenario

Table2.17 Washingmachines

Table2.18 Dishwasher

Table2.19 Microwave

Table2.20 Oven

Table2.21 Hob

Table2.22 Kettle

Table2.23 Toaster

Table2.24 Hairdryer

Table2.25 ComputerTable2.26 Television

Table2.27 Iron

Table2.28 Lighting


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Table2.8Fridge worstcasescenariofamilies.

Unittype Familytypes Fridgetype Make Model Volume(fridge/freezeboxl) kWhpa

1bedflat Youngsingleperson Freezebox Miele K1357S6 131/18 255.5

Oldsingleperson Freezebox Miele K1357S7 131/18 255.5

Youngcouple Freezebox Miele K1357S8 131/18 255.5

Oldcouple Freezebox Miele K1357S9 131/18 255.5

2bedflat Singleperson Freezebox Whirlpool ART592/G 200/22 230

Youngcouple Freezebox Miele K1357S11 131/23 255.5

Oldcouple Freezebox Miele K1357S12 131/23 255.5

Family,1child Freezebox Whirlpool ART592/G 200/22 230

Family,2children Freezebox Whirlpool ART592/G 200/22 230

Family,1child Freezebox Whirlpool ART592/G 200/22 2303bed

maisonette Family,2children Freezebox Whirlpool ART592/G 200/22 230


Family,1child Freezebox Whirlpool ART592/G 200/22 2303/4bedtown

house Family,2children Freezebox Whirlpool ART592/G 200/22 230



Table2.9Fridge typicalfamilies.

Unittype Familytypes Fridgetype Make Model Volume(l) kWhpa

1bedflat Youngsingleperson larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK 143 146

Oldsingleperson Larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK 143 146

Youngcouple Larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK 143 146

Oldcouple Larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK 143 146

2bedflat Singleperson Larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK 143 146

Youngcouple Larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK 143 146

Oldcouple Larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK 143 146

Family,1child Larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK 143 146Family,2children Larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK 143 146

Family,1child Larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK 143 1463bed

maisonette Family,2children Larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK 143 146

Family,3children Larder Whirlpool ART590/G 245 193

Family,1child Larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK 143 1463/4bed

townhouse Family,2children Larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK 143 146




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Table2.10Fridge bestcasescenariofamilies.

Unittype Familytypes Fridgetype Make Model Volume(l) kWhpa

1bedflat Youngsingleperson larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 127.75

Oldsingleperson larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 127.75

Youngcouple larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 127.75

Oldcouple larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 127.75

2bedflat Singleperson larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 127.75

Youngcouple larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 127.75

Oldcouple larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 127.75

Family,1child larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 127.75

Family,2children larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 127.75

Family,1child larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 127.753bed

maisonette Family,2children larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 127.75

Family,3children larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 127.75

Family,1child larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 127.753/4bedtown

house Family,2children larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 127.75

Family,3children larder Siemens KI26R40GB 220 146

Family,4children larder Siemens KI26R40GB 220 146

Table2.11Fridgefreezer worstcasescenariofamilies.

Unittype Familytypes Make Model Volume(l) kWhpa1bedflat Youngsingleperson Zanussi ZFD50/17R 136/42 358

Oldsingleperson Zanussi ZFD50/17R 136/42 358

Youngcouple Zanussi ZFD50/17R 136/42 358

Oldcouple Zanussi ZFD50/17R 136/42 358

2bedflat Singleperson Zanussi ZFD50/17R 136/42 358

Youngcouple Zanussi ZFD50/17R 136/42 358

Oldcouple Zanussi ZFD50/17R 136/42 358

Family,1child Hotpoint RF14 164/60 394

Family,2children Hotpoint RF15 164/61 394

Family,1child Hotpoint RF64 163/106 4493bedmaisonette Family,2children Hotpoint RF65 163/106 449

Family,3children Hotpoint RF66 163/106 449

Family,1child Siemens KG31V04GB 193/103 4563/4bedtown

house Family,2children Siemens KG31V04GB 193/103 456

Family,3children Siemens KG33E01GB 190/126 438



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Table2.12Fridgefreezer typicalfamilies.

Unittype Familytypes Make Model Volume(l) kWhpa1bedflat Youngsingleperson Whirlpool ART507/G 145/42 347

Oldsingleperson Whirlpool ART507/G 145/42 347

Youngcouple Whirlpool ART507/G 145/42 347

Oldcouple Whirlpool ART507/G 145/42 347

2bedflat Singleperson Whirlpool ART507/G 145/42 347

Youngcouple Whirlpool ART507/G 145/42 347

Oldcouple Whirlpool ART507/G 145/42 347

Family,1child AEG OKOSANTO2942i 210/70 401

Family,2children AEG OKOSANTO2942i 210/70 401

Family,1child Siemens KG33E01GB 190/126 4383bed

maisonette Family,2children Siemens KG33E01GB 190/126 438


Family,1child Siemens KG33E01GB 190/126 4383/4bedtown

house Family,2children Siemens KG33E01GB 190/126 438



Table2.13Fridgefreezer bestcasescenariofamilies.

Unittype Familytypes Make Model Volume(l) kWhpa1bedflat Youngsingleperson Zanussi ZO25 196/44 274

Oldsingleperson Zanussi ZO25 196/44 274

Youngcouple Zanussi ZO25 196/44 274

Oldcouple Zanussi ZO25 196/44 274

2bedflat Singleperson Electrolux vacuumpanel 198/115gross 252

Youngcouple Zanussi ZO25 196/44 274

Oldcouple Zanussi ZO25 196/44 274

Family,1child Zanussi ZO25 196/44 252

Family,2children Electrolux vacuumpanel 198/115gross 252

3bed

maisonette

Family,1child Electrolux vacuumpanel 198/115gross 252



3/4bedtown

house

Family,1child Electrolux vacuumpanel 198/115gross 252





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Table2.14Freezer worstcasescenariofamilies.

Unittype Familytypes Make Model Volume(l) kWhpa1bedflat youngsingleperson Hotpoint RZ64 103 292

oldsingleperson Hotpoint RZ65 103 292

youngcouple Hotpoint RZ66 103 292

oldcouple Hotpoint RZ67 103 292

2bedflat singleperson Hotpoint RZ70 103 292

youngcouple Hotpoint RZ69 103 292

oldcouple Hotpoint RZ70 103 292

family,1child Miele F3425S06 186 343

family,2children Miele F3425S06 186 343

family,1child Miele F3425S06 186 3433bed

maisonette family,2children Siemens GT37KO4 368 398

family,3children Siemens GT37KO4 368 398

family,1child Miele F3425S06 186 3433/4bedtown

house family,2children Siemens GT37KO4 368 398



Table2.15 Freezer typicalfamilies.

Unittype Familytypes Make Model Volume(l) kWhpa1bedflat Youngsingleperson Electrolux EU0562C 50 248

Oldsingleperson Electrolux EU0562C 50 248

Youngcouple Electrolux EU0562C 50 248

Oldcouple Electrolux EU0562C 50 248

2bedflat Singleperson Electrolux EU0562C 50 248

Youngcouple Electrolux EU0562C 50 248

Oldcouple Electrolux EU0562C 50 248

Family,1child AEG ARCTIS1244iU 100 233

Family,2children AEG ARCTIS1244iU 100 233

Family,1child Electrolux EU0562C 50 2333bed

maisonette Family,2children Electrolux EU0562C 50 233

Family,3children AEG ARCTISsuper2773GS 228 277

Family,1child AEG ARCTISsuper2773GS 228 2773/4bedtown

house Family,2children AEG ARCTISsuper2773GS 228 277




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Table2.16Freezer bestcasescenariofamilies.

Unittype Familytypes Make Model Volume(l) kWhpa1bedflat Youngsingleperson AEG ARCTISsuper2073GS 96 204

Oldsingleperson AEG ARCTISsuper2073GS 96 204

Youngcouple AEG ARCTISsuper2073GS 96 204

Oldcouple AEG ARCTISsuper2073GS 96 204

2bedflat Singleperson AEG ARCTISsuper2073GS 96 204

Youngcouple AEG ARCTISsuper2073GS 96 204

Oldcouple AEG ARCTISsuper2073GS 96 204

Family,1child AEG ARCTISsuper2073GS 96 204

Family,2children Miele GT260E6chest 245 193

Family,1child AEG ARCTISsuper2073GS 96 2043bedmaisonette



Family,1child Miele GT260E6chest 245 1933/4bedtownhouse




Table2.17Washingmachine

BasedonanySiemens0.6kWhper60oCcycles.

(DECADE,1997a,foundtheaveragehouseholdsdemandwas270washesperyearin1996)

Unittype Familytypes Worstcase kWhpa Typicalcase kWhpa Bestcase kWhpa

1bedflat Youngsingleperson everyday 219 twiceawk 62 onceawk 31

Oldsingleperson everyday 219 twiceawk 62 onceawk 31

Youngcouple everyday 219 twiceawk 62 onceawk 31

Oldcouple everyday 219 twiceawk 62 onceawk 31

2bedflat Singleperson everyday 219 twiceawk 62 onceawk 31

Youngcouple everyday 219 twiceawk 62 onceawk 31

Oldcouple everyday 219 twiceawk 62 onceawk 31

Family,1child twiceaday 438 fiveawk 156 fourawk 125Family,2children twiceaday 438 everyday 219 fourawk 125

Family,1child twiceaday 438 fiveawk 156 fourawk 1253bed

maisonette Family,2children twiceaday 438 everyday 219 fiveawk 156

Family,3children twiceaday 438 everyday 219 fiveawk 156

Family,1child twiceaday 438 fiveawk 156 fourawk 1253/4bedtown

house Family,2children twiceaday 438 everyday 219 fiveawk 156

Family,3children twiceaday 438 everyday 219 fiveawk 156

Family,4children twiceaday 438 everyday 219 everyday 219


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Table2.18Dishwasher

Basedona1.4kWhnormalcycle.

Unittype Familytypes Worstcase kWhpa Typicalcase kWhpa Bestcase kWhpa

1bedflat youngsingleperson everyday 438 threeawk 187 twiceawk 125

oldsingleperson everyday 438 threeawk 187 onceawk 62

youngcouple everyday 438 threeawk 187 twiceawk 125

oldcouple everyday 438 threeawk 187 onceawk 62

2bedflat singleperson everyday 438 threeawk 187 onceawk 62

youngcouple everyday 438 threeawk 187 twiceawk 125

oldcouple everyday 438 threeawk 187 onceawk 62

family,1child everyday 438 fourawk 250 twiceawk 125

family,2children twiceaday 876 fourawk 250 twiceawk 125

family,1child everyday 438 fourawk 250 twiceawk 1253bed

maisonette family,2children twiceaday 876 fourawk 250 threeawk 187

family,3children twiceaday 876 fiveawk 312 fourawk 250

family,1child everyday 438 fourawk 250 twiceawk 1253/4bedtown

house family,2children twiceaday 876 fourawk 250 threeawk 187

family,3children twiceaday 876 everyday 438 fourawk 250

family,4children twiceaday 876 everyday 438 fiveawk 312

Table2.19Microwave

Basedonan800Wappliance.

Unittype Familytypes Worstcase(mins/day) kWhpa Typicalcase(mins/day) kWhpa Bestcase(mins/day) kWhpa

1bedflat Youngsingleperson 60 292 10 49 2 10

Oldsingleperson 60 292 10 49 2 10

Youngcouple 60 292 10 49 2 10

Oldcouple 60 292 10 49 2 10

2bedflat Singleperson 60 292 10 49 2 10

Youngcouple 60 292 10 49 2 10

Oldcouple 60 292 10 49 2 10

Family,1child 75 365 15 73 5 24Family,2children 75 365 15 73 5 24

Family,1child 75 365 15 73 5 243bed

maisonette Family,2children 75 365 20 98 5 24

Family,3children 90 438 20 98 10 49

Family,1child 75 365 15 73 5 243/4bedtown

house Family,2children 75 365 15 73 5 24




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40

Table2.20Oven

Basedona2.5kWoven.

DECADE,1997a,foundin1996theaverageUKhouseholdused277kWhofelectricitybyusingthe

oven.


Youngsingle

person

18 274 15 228 10 152


Youngcouple 18 274 15 228 10 152

1bedflat

Oldcouple 18 274 15 228 10 152

Singleperson 20 304 18 274 12 183

Youngcouple 20 304 18 274 12 183

Oldcouple 20 304 18 274 12 183

Family,

1

child

20

304

18

274

12

183

2bedflat

Family,2children 20 304 18 274 12 183

Family,1child 25 380 20 304 15 228

Family,2children 25 380 20 304 15 228

3bed

maisonette

Family,3children 25 380 20 304 15 228

Family,1child 30 456 25 380 20 304

Family,2children 30 456 25 380 20 304

Family,3children 30 456 25 380 20 304

3/4bedtown

house

Family,4children 30 456 25 380 20 304

Table2.21Hob

Basedonasetoffourringstotalling6.6kW.

Theaveragehouseholdconsumed270kWhofelectricityusingthehobin1996(DECADE,1997a).


Youngsingle

person

20 201 15 151 10 100


Young

couple

25

251

20

201

15

151

1bedflat

Oldcouple 25 251 20 201 15 151

Singleperson 20 301 15 151 10 100

Youngcouple 25 251 20 201 15 151

Oldcouple 25 251 20 201 15 151

Family,1child 30 301 23 231 18 181

2bedflat

Family,2children 35 351 27 271 20 201

Family,1child 30 301 23 231 18 181

Family,2children 35 351 27 271 20 201

3bed

maisonette

Family,3children 40 402 30 301 25 251

Family,1child 30 301 23 231 18 181

Family,2children 35 351 27 271 20 201

Family,3children 40 402 30 301 25 251

3/4bedtown

house

Family,4children 45 452 32 321 28 281


42/81

41

Table2.22Kettle

Basedonanaveragekettleboiling12pintsofwaterfor1kWh.

Unittype Familytypes Worstcase Typicalcase BestcasePints/day kWhpa Pints/day kWhpa Pints/day kWhpa

Youngsingleperson 18 547 4 122 2 61


Youngcouple 18 547 6 183 2 61

Oldcouple 18 547 6 183 2 61

1bedflat

Singleperson 18 547 4 122 2 61

Youngcouple 18 547 6 183 2 61

Oldcouple 18 547 6 183 2 61

Family,1child 18 547 6 183 2 61

2bedflat


Family,1child 18 547 6 183 2 61


3bed

maisonette

Family,3children 18 547 10 304 5 152

Family,1child 18 547 6 183 2 61


Family,3children 18 547 10 304 5 152

3/4bedtown

house

Family,4children 18 547 10 304 6 183

Table2.23 Toaster

Basedon1kWhgiving60slicesoftoast(ElectricityAssociation,1993).

Unittype Familytypes Worstcase Typicalcase BestcaseSlices/day kWhpa Slices/day kWhpa Slices/day kWhpa

Youngsingleperson 6 36.5 2 12 1 12

Oldsingleperson 6 36.5 2 12 1 12

Youngcouple 12 73 4 24 2 12

1bedflat

Oldcouple 12 73 4 24 2 12

Singleperson 6 36.5 2 12 1 12

Youngcouple 12 73 4 24 2 12

Oldcouple 12 73 4 24 2 12

Family,1child 18 109.5 6 36.5 3 24

2bedflat


Family,1child 18 109.5 6 36.5 3 24


3bed

maisonette

Family,3children 30 182.5 10 61 5 36.5

Family,1child 18 109.5 6 36.5 3 24


Family,3children 30 182.5 10 61 5 36.5

3/4bedtown

house

Family,4children 36 219 12 73 6 36.5


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42

Table2.24Hairdryer

Basedona500Whairdryer(ElectricityAssociation,1993).


youngsingleperson 20 61 10 30 2 6

oldsingleperson 20 61 5 15 2 6

youngcouple 20 61 10 30 2 6

1bedflat

oldcouple 20 61 5 15 2 6



oldcouple 20 61 5 15 2 6

Family,1child 20 61 10 30 2 6

2bedflat


Family,1child 20 61 10 30 2 6


3bed

maisonette


Family,1child 20 61 10 30 2 6



3/4bedtown

house


Table2.25Computer

Basedona75WCompaqPresario2282(Compaq,1999).

Unittype Familytypes Worstcase(hrs/day) kWhpa Typicalcase(hrs/day) kWhpa Bestcase(hrs/day) kWhpa




1bedflat

oldcouple 16 438 0 0 0 0

singleperson 16 438 2 55 0 0


oldcouple 16 438 0 0 0 0family,1child 16 438 2 55 0 0

2bedflat

family,2children 16 438 2 55 0 0

family,1child 16 438 2 55 0 0


3bed

maisonette


family,1child 16 438 2 55 0 0



3/4bedtown

house



44/81

43

Table2.26Television

Basedon1kWhgiving69hoursviewing(ElectricityAssociation,1993).

Unittype Familytypes Worstcase(hours/day) kWhpa Typicalcase(hours/day) kWhpa Bestcase(hours/day) kWhpa

Youngsingleperson 16 779 3 146 1 49


Youngcouple 16 779 4 195 1 49

1bedflat

oldcouple 16 779 5 243 1 49


Youngcouple 16 779 3 146 1 49

oldcouple 16 779 5 243 1 49

Family,1child 16 779 5 243 3 146

2bedflat


Family,1child 16 779 5 243 3 146

Family,

2

children

16

779

5

243

3

146

3bed

maisonette


Family,1child 16 779 5 243 3 146



3/4bedtown

house


Table2.27Iron

Basedon12hoursusefor1kWh(ElectricityAssociation,1993).




youngcouple 60 273 10 46 4 18

1bedflat

oldcouple 60 273 10 46 4 18

singleperson 30 137 5 23 2 9

youngcouple 60 273 10 46 4 18

old

couple

60

273

10

46

4

18

family,1child 90 411 15 68 6 27

2bedflat


family,1child 90 411 15 68 6 27


3bed

maisonette

family,3children 150 684 25 114 10 46

family,1child 90 411 15 68 6 27


family,3children 150 684 25 114 10 46

3/4bedtown

house

Family,4children 180 821 30 137 12 55


45/81

44

Table2.28Lighting

Basedon1kWhsupplyinga20WCFLlowenergylightbulbfor40hours.(ElectricityAssociation,

1993). AlsobasedondatafromElectricityAssociation,1998,givingdataonmonitoredelectrical

demandforlightingrelativetonumberofroomsinthehouseandnumberofpeople.

Unittype Familytypes Worstcase(kWhpa) Typicalcase(kWhpa) Bestcase(kWhpa)Youngsingleperson 252 202 152

Oldsingleperson 252 202 152

Youngcouple 271 221 171

1bedflat

Oldcouple 271 221 171

Singleperson 262 202 142


Oldcouple 281 221 161

Family,1child 340 280 220

2bedflat

Family,2children 432 372 312



3bedmaisonette





3/4bedtownhouse



46/81

45

2.3.2 PredictedApplianceEnergyConsumptionFigure2.5showsenergyconsumptionforcooking,lightingandmajorappliancesfortheworst,typical

andbestcasescenariohouseholdslivinginZEDhouses.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Fridgefreezer

Coldappliances

Lighting

Oven

Hob

Dishwasher

Television

Kettle

Washingmachine

Microwave

Iron

Computer

Toaster

Hairdryer

Energycosumption(kWhpa)

Worst

Typical

Best

Figure2.5 Predictedannualenergyconsumptionforlighting,cookingandmajorappliancesfora

worst,typicalandbestcasescenariofamiliesoffourinaZEDthreebedroommaisonette.

Coldappliancesrepresentaseparatefridgeandfreezer.Afamilywouldeitherhaveafridgefreezerorseparatecoldappliances. .


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46

2.3.3 TotalElectricalEnergyConsumptionThissectionshowstotalpredictedelectricitydemand.Inallfigures,Arepresentsaonebedroomflat,B

atwobedroomflat,CathreebedroommaisonetteandDathreeorfourbedroomtownhouse.

Thefollowingthreefigures2.6,2.7and2.8showthebreakdownofpredictedannualelectricityconsumptionforallfamilytypesinallunittypesforlighting,cookingandmajorappliances.Separate

coldapplianceshavebeenassumedfortheworstcasescenarioandfridgefreezersfortypicalandbest

casescenarios.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

A

Youngsingleperson

AOldsingleperson

AYoungcouple

AOldcouple

BYoungcouple

BOldcouple

BFamily,1child

BFamily,2children

BSingleperson

CFamily,1child

CFamily,2children

CFamily,3children

DFamily,1child

DFamily,2children

DFamily,3children

DFamily,4children

Fam ily types

Electricityconsum

ption(kWhpa)

hob

oven

lighting

Iron

TV

Computer

Hairdryer

Toaster

Kettle

Microwave

Dishwasher

W ashing machine

Freezer

Refridgerator

Figure2.6Worstcasescenario

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

AYo

ungsingleperson

A

Oldsingleperson

AYoungcouple

AOldcouple

BYoungcouple

BOldcouple

BFamily,1child

B

Family,2children

BSingleperson

CFamily,1child

C

Family,2children

C

Family,3children

DFamily,1child

D

Family,2children

D

Family,3children

D

Family,4children

Family type

Electricityconsumption(kWhpa

Hob

Oven

Lighting

Iron

TV

Computer

Hairdryer

Toaster

Kettle

Microwave

Dishwasher

Washing machine

Fridgefreezer

Figure2.7 TypicalScenario


48/81

47

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

AYoungsinglep

erson

AOldsinglep

erson

AYoungcouple

AOldc

ouple

BYoungcouple

BOldc

ouple

BFamily,1child

BFamily,2ch

ildren

BSinglep

erson

CFamily,1child

CFamily,2ch

ildren

CFamily,3ch

ildren

DFamily,1child

DFamily,2ch

ildren

DFamily,3ch

ildren

DFamily,4ch

ildren

Family types

Electricityconsumption(k

Whpa)

Hob

Oven

LightingIron

TV

Computer

Hairdryer

Toaster

Kettle

Microwave

Dishwasher

Washing machine

Fridgefreezer

Figure2.8 BestCaseScenario

Table2.29 PredictedenergyconsumptionfordifferentfamilyandhousetypesatZEDforcooking,

lightingandmajorappliances.Figuresassumeseparatecoldappliancesfortheworstcasescenario

andfridgefreezersfortypicalandbestcasescenarios.

Unittype Familytype Worst Typical Best

KWhpa KWhpa KWhpa

1bedflat Youngsingle 4222 1615 981

Oldsingle 4222 1642 918


Oldcouple 4463 1806 997

2bedflat Singleperson 4336 1660 917


Oldcouple 4503 1825 1018

Family,

1

child

5105

2280

1374


3bedmaisonette Family,1child 5203 2360 1422



3/4bedtownhouses Family,1child 5277 2424 1475





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49

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BREEAMI/93,fromTwinn,C.facsimile28/06/98

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DECADE,

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DECADE:

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equipment

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carbon

dioxide

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report.

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