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1 Jim Getting, PhD, CSP MIOSHA Consultation Education and Training Division Michigan Safety Conference April 16, 2019 Behavioral Safety: Five Things You Can Do Right Now to Improve Safety The Situation We have come a long way! 1 2

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Page 1: Behavioral Safety 5 Simple Things - Michigan · Behavioral Safety: Five Things You Can Do Right Now ... bicycle accidents EVERY YEAR.* * Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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Jim Getting, PhD, CSP

MIOSHA Consultation Education and Training Division

Michigan Safety Conference 

April 16, 2019

Behavioral Safety:Five ThingsYou Can DoRight Now

to Improve Safety

The Situation

• We have come a long way!

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Page 2: Behavioral Safety 5 Simple Things - Michigan · Behavioral Safety: Five Things You Can Do Right Now ... bicycle accidents EVERY YEAR.* * Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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Big Changes Take Many Small Changes

• You can start with a few smaller things.

• Let’s base those changes on facts.

• Let’s use science. 

Have You Heard This One Before?

You do something

1. You get rewarded.

2. You get punished.

3. Nothing happens.

1. Do it again.

2. Don’t do that again.

3. Eventually give up.

We learn from our experiences.

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How Else Do We Learn?

• 26,000 traumatic brain injuries to children and adolescents due to bicycle accidents EVERY YEAR.*

* Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. Web‐based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

We learn from what we hear and what we see.

A ‐ B ‐ C  of Behavioral Safety

Antecedents:   Things that come before behavior.

Behavior: What you do or say. 

Consequences: What happens.

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Typical Behavioral Safety Program

• Big commitment.

• Time and resources.

• Requires expertise.

• But it works!

• Evaluate current safety systems.

• Engineering, administrative fixes.

• Create a steering team.

• Design your program.

• Train: Managers, Workers, Observers.

• Target safe / at‐risk behaviors.

• Set goals for improvement.

• Conduct observations.

• Provide feedback.

• Provide reinforcement for safe performance.

• Correct at‐risk performance.

• Measure improvements.

• Evaluate, refine, and continue.

Five Things You Can Do Right Now 

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# 1 Prioritize Hazards

Can each of your workers identify the most critical safe / at risk behaviors for the task they are performing?

• Safety manuals typically do not differentiate critical items from non‐critical.

• Training videos rarely point out the most critical items.

• Safety audit checklists typically do not differentiate.

# 1  Prioritize Hazards

• Grindle, A.C. , Dickinson, A.M. & Boettcher, W. (2000) Behavioral Safety Research in Manufacturing Settings, Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 20:1, 29‐68, DOI: 10.1300/J075v20n01_03

• Reviewed 18 studies.

• Discusses differences and similarities.

• Usually required an assessment of what performance to target before doing anything else.

• Workers and managers often are not able to list the critical safe / at‐risk behaviors for a task.

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# 1 Prioritize Hazards

Suggestions and Thoughts

• Have workers and supervisors generate a quick list together for their job or department.

• Top 3, Top 5, Top 10, whatever works.• Print that list out.  With pictures.• Use those lists to:

• Focus training.• Discuss what could be done better.• Set goals.• Measure performance.• Reward good performance.

#2Set a Safety Goal

• Setting goals results in better performance.• Upstream:  safe work performance.• The goal of “zero accidents / injuries” is fraught with 

problems.

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# 2  Set a Safety Goal

• Roose, K. M. & Williams, W. L. (2018) An Evaluation of the Effects of Very Difficult Goals, Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 38:1, 18‐48, DOI: 10.1080/01608061.2017.1325820

• Reviewed findings from a massive amount of research on goal setting.

• Over 1000 studies.

• Studied easy goals, difficult goals, goals paired with feedback, goals paired with rewards, vague goals versus specific goals, and so on. 

# 2  Set a Safety GoalSome consistent findings:

• Goals should be attainable, but not unrealistic.

• Workers need to be committed to the goal.

• Workers involved in setting goals helps them commit.

• Workers need control over achieving the goal.

• Striving for the goal may negatively affect other desired things.• Work safer, but slower.

• Workers need to see their progress toward the goal. Provide feedback.

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#2: Goals

SuggestionsandThoughts

• Choose specific safe / at risk performance.• Have workers help choose.• Refresher training.• Measure performance and give feedback.• Make it fun.• Celebrate success.

#3 Remove the Barriers for Safe Work

• Consider reasons why people choose to not work safely or make errors.

• Find ways to remove the negative consequences.• Safety glasses fog up.• Ear plugs are uncomfortable.• Fall protection harnesses are uncomfortable.• Retractable life‐lines catch if you move to fast.

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# 3  Remove the Barriers for Safe Work

• Cohen, H. H. & Jensen, R. C. (1984). Measuring the effectiveness of an industrial lift truck safety training program. Journal of Safety Research, 15, 125‐135.

• Trained lift truck drivers.

• Observed and provided feedback on multiple safe / at‐risk driving behaviors.

• Found that looking over the shoulder while backing up did not improve.

• Realized that drivers breathed noxious fumes and experienced sore necks and backs.

#3 Remove Barriers

Suggestions and Thoughts

• List all the positives and all the negatives.• Consider immediacy, certainty, size.• Removing negatives makes work more pleasant.• More examples of barriers:

• Takes more time.• Takes more effort.• Not the norm to do it that way.• Feels “weird” because it is new.• Requires overcoming bad habits

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# 4Ask Managers To DoSomething Related to Safety

Increased management safety activity results in:

1) Employees work safer.

2) Fewer incidents.

#4  Ask Managers To Do Something Safety Related• The Impact of Management’s Commitment on Employee Behavior: A Field StudyCooper, M.D. (2006) Proceedings of the ASSE Middle East Chapter:  Professional Development Conference, Bahrain, March 18‐22.

• Supervisors, middle managers, and senior management.

• Each listed safety activities they perform.

• They logged how many they did each week.

• Result: More management safety activity resulted in safer work and fewer incidents.

• It did not matter what level of management, all levels had an effect.

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#4  Ask Managers To Do Something Safety Related

Actual sample list:

1. Accompany an observer during an observation.

2. Attend a workgroup feedback meeting.

3. Discussed safety with employee (one‐to‐one).

4. Discussed line management on‐going support.

5. Developed plans for corrective actions.

6. Ensured that some corrective actions were closed.

7. Approved funding for a safety improvement.

8. Reviewed progress with management team or safety advisor.

9. Conducted an incident investigation.

10. Attended a safety training course.

11. Conducted safety related training.

#4: Ask ManagersTo Do Something Safety Related

SuggestionsandThoughts

• Acknowledge that managers are already doing many safety activities.

• Ask them to try to make an extra effort.• Have managers record what they did.• Define it as a one‐time burst or a short‐term effort.• Give feedback to managers on how they are doing.• Let them share success stories.• You can go very basic – every manager should have 

one safety conversation every day.

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# 5Take a Worker on a Brief Safety Observation

• Select a worker to come with you on a quick safety walk.

• Describe a few things that you want to focus on.• Ask them to look out for those things too.

• That worker’s safe / at‐risk performance will improve.

# 5  Take a Worker on a Brief Safety Observation

Alvero, A. M., Rost, K., & Austin, J. (2008) The effects of conducting safety observations. Journal of Safety Research, 39, 365‐373

• Had observers conduct multiple observations of safe / at‐risk performance.

• Those observers performance was also measured to see if their safe / at‐risk performance changed.

• The observers safe work practices improved dramatically.

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# 5 Take a Worker on a Walk

Suggestions and Thoughts

• This can be very casual.• Great opportunity to get workers involved and get 

their input.• Might feel weird to you and them at first.• Try it with a seasoned worker.• Try it with a new worker to get a “fresh set of eyes”.• Plan for five minutes.• Do not let them accompany you to discipline.

1. Prioritize hazards.

2. Set a goal.

3. Remove barriers.

4. Ask managers to do something safety related.

5. Take a Worker on a Brief Safety Observation.

Behavioral Safety:Five ThingsYou Can DoRight Now

to Improve Safety

Every journey begins with the first step.

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Thank You

Presented by: Jim Getting, PhD, CSP

Michigan Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Consultation Education and Training Division

525 W. Allegan Street, P.O. Box 30643

Lansing, MI 48909‐8143

517‐284‐7720

www.michigan.gov/miosha

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