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hen in November last year thecontroversy about Martin Walser’s

peech accepting the peace prize becameharsher and captivated the Germanpublic, Fritz Stern was one of the most vi-gilant observers of thedebate. Every day hehad us fax him the latest

articles that were to ap-pear in our paper to hisoffice at the ColumbiaUniversity. The commit-ed observer – as Ray-

mond Aron, a kindredmind to Stern, describeshimself – did not miss aingle argument. Fritz

Stern has kept this atti-ude throughout his life.f his Muse was History,

hundred years ago, it wouldhave been quite a surprise if a

country like Germany had debated, letalone decided upon, dual citizenship.Even in nations defining themselves interms of documents like the U.S. or arepublican ideology like France, theidea of more than one loyalty used to be

an athema. For it was the nation-stateto whom absolute and undivided alle-giance belonged.

What has happened? Ask yoursel-ves about your own identity. You willprobably define yourself, first, in termsof your work, then of your family,yourfriends, your city, your political convic-tions and only somewhere down theline in terms of your country. But ahundred years ago, »I am German«(or American or Frenchman) wouldhave sprung first to your mind. 100,150 years ago, emigrants wanted to getrid of their old nationality. Today,

however, the situation is different.Continued on Page 4

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A

As the American Academy concludesits inaugural year, wewould like to convey toour transatlanticcom-munity something of

he esprit and the results, the atmosphereand the optimism of those maiden activities.It would have been impossible to alwaysbe present at the Hans Arnhold Center, of course, for what evolved into sixty eveningsof lectures, discussions, screenings, and other gatherings. Our Berlin Prize Fellowspresented their work to audiences of col-

eagues and students,while other guest spea-kers – whether the architect of the newChancellery Axel Schultes, the GermanConstitutional Court justice Dieter Grimm,he television commentator Rowland

Evans, or the Yale literary theoristShosha-na Felman – marked out some of the disci-plinary terrain we expect to traverse du-ing the coming years. A sampling of thisntellectual exchange is conveyed in this

pilot issue of our Berlin Journal. Whether film, politics, or economics, whether me-dia, history, or architecture – all thesefields, and more in fact, shall find an in-

ellectual home in the Hans Arnhold Cen-er of the American Academy in Berlin.

A Q U A R T E R L Y F R O M T H E A M E R I C A N A C A D E M Y I N B E R L I N • C I T I Z E N S H I P C O N F E R E N C E I S S U E • J U N E 1 9 9 9

Defining Citizensin a Global Context

Transatlantic convocation of experts and policymakers debatesconsequences of migration policy in Germany and the United States.

Keynote speeches by Henry Cisneros and Otto Schily

everal months ago, the oppositionChristian Democrats upset the ru-

ling coalition in the state of Hesse with agrass-roots campaign directed againstthe granting of dual citizenship. Butwhat really mobilized the electorate, ac-cording to sociologist Claus Leggewieand former Interior Minister ManfredKanther, were the spectre of an influx of immigrants and unanswered questionsabout the integration of foreigners.

Thus in the wake of Germany’s subse-quent citizenship legislation – abeit acompromise certain to continue ratherthan stem debate – the issues of migra-

tion and integration remain high on thepolitical agenda. Whereas debate mayhave abated about the deficits of dualcitizenship, questions abound about themeaning of membership, the practiceof integration, and the necessary trade-offs inherent in immigration policy.

Moreover, just as the emergence of aglobal economic system has changedthe regulatory rules of the game for thenation-state, the governance of migrati-on and integration is also being drama-

tically transformed. To what extent isthe nation-state relinquishing its role tocorporations, markets, and free tradeagreements? These are but some of theissues to be addressed at a highly visi-ble, two-day meeting of migration ex-perts and policymakers to take place atthe American Academy’s Hans ArnholdCenter from June 6-8, 1999, cohostedby the German Marshall Fund of theUnited States and Humboldt Universi-ty Berlin. See the Program on 0

ESSAYS BY: JOSEF JOFFE • HANS MOMMSEN • JÜRGEN KOCKA

The End ofthe Nation-State?

Reconsidering Past LoyaltiesBy Josef Joffe

The Com m ited ObserverAcademy Trustee Fritz Stern receives German Book Trade’s Peace Prize

By Ulrich Raulff

which he served with virtuosity and liter-ary talent, the Present always remainedhis primary charge: his knowledge of thepast proved its worth in clear answers totopical questions. This time it will be

Fritz Stern speaking fromthe same place whereMartin Walser caused

such an uproar. And thisspeech promises to be atleast as worthy of our at-tention. After all, it isnot the first time thatthe erstwhile refugeewho regularly returns toGermany speaks fromthe podium of a promi-nent venue in Germany.

Continuedon Page 2

Heaven Can W aitReporting From the Hans Arnhold Center

By William Drozdiak

Fritz Stern

A N N E T T E F R I C K

N A T A S C H A

V L A H O V I C

S

hat would be a scholar’s workingdefinition of paradise? Perhaps to livein an idyllic mansion by a lake, surroun-ded by an eclectic array of stimulatingintellectuals, near the resources of oneof the world’s greatest cities for art andculture, and removed from mundanematerial demands of daily life.

Continued on Page 2

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A M E R I C A N A C A D E M Y

The Com mited Observ

Continued

»I come from a Germany«, Stern obegan, »that does not exist anymoand will never exist again.« These wthe opening words of his much-lauspeech held in the Bundestag on thDay of German Unity in 1987. For

Stern the unity of Germany was a ccern close to his heart – but also a mter for a clear head. When the wallpreventing unity came down, FritzStern belonged to the small circle oexceptional thinkers with the requihistorical knowledge and personalexperience to render a prescient ansis of Germany’s newly emergingworld-political situation. He knew assuage the concerns, with diplomvirtuosity, of Germany’s partners aneighbors about a new German hegmony. He counseled the Germans tstart courageously into a future offerthem another chance.

It was this well-coined expressiothe »second chance« – for a countrthat seemed to have gambled awayits historical assets and now had thmiracle devolved upon it – that bothe name of its author in circles beythose familiar with his historical wFor his readers, Stern had long beeconsidered a luminary in the realmhistoriographic literature. His repution was founded upon two great w– the first about pessimism in the intellectual world of the Kaiserreich athe second on Bismarck’s banker Gson von Bleichröder – as well as a fodable series of exceptionally well-cposed historical essays.

»Five Germanies I have known« ititle of a lecture Stern recently delivto a Dutch audience. Born in 1926 iBreslau, he became godson of the Nbel Prize laureate Fritz Haber and egrated to the United States with hisrents in 1938. The five political cultupon German soil he encountered wfamiliar to him not only as victim b

acteur and catalyst. When RicharHolbrooke became American Ambdor in Bonn, he obliged his friend Sas a special advisor.

No other interpreter of history pmore effort into showing the Germways to return spiritually, retrospetively to that second »epoch of genprior to the first World War. But healso showed them the way back – inthe present, in which the second chcan be earned and be used.

The Archive in Study No. 6Gerald Feldman Rewrites Economic History

From the Other Side of Lake Wannsee

ens of thousands of pages in theAcademy basement are the result of

Fellow Gerald Feldman’s ongoing inve-stigation into the History of the Allianz Insurance Company, a project on whichhe spent considerable research time inGermany before coming to the Hans

Arnhold Center in September 1998.During his two-semester Fellowship,Feldman has concentrated specificallyon the Allianz’ problems during theGreat Depression, the company’s rela-tionship to its Jewish clients and to the

National Socialist regime, the »Arya-nization« of the company, and its parti-cipation in the expropriation of Jewishproperty covered by Allianz insurancepolicies.

Feldman did not keep the results of hisdiscoveries hidden away in Study No. 6,his research retreat during his stay at the

Academy. He was generous in sharinghis knowledge, as evidenced by the num-ber of speaking engagements he took onduring his fellowship. Because of intensepublic interest in the role of German cor-porations in the Third Reich, Feldman’swork was the subject of a number of in-terviews in the print and electronic media.He also edited a series of post-war lettersexchanged between Hans Arnhold andformer Reich Economic Minister andinsurance company head Kurt Schmitt.

T

Stern showed Germansa way back – into the Present

For the fortunate group of fellows whohave graced the Hans Arnhold Centersince it opened last autumn, the Ameri-can Academy of Berlin would seem tofit that description. The idea of a grandAmerican cultural institution to keep

the German-American partnershipflourishing in the post Cold War era, asconceived by then-U.S. ambassadorRichard C. Holbrooke in 1994, has al-ready acquired enormous momentumfrom the ideas and energy displayed bythe writers, historians, legal scholars,drama teachers and architectural expertswho have walked through its doors.

The birth of the Academy could nothave occurred at a more striking histo-rical juncture. With the capital of Ger-many moving back to Berlin on the eveof a new millenium, the transformationof the nation that has served as the cru-cible for the century's most terrible tra-gedies and remarkable revolutions isaccelerating rapidly with a new genera-tion moving into the hierarchy of politi-cal and economic power.

At a time when Europe's center of gra-vity is shifting back to Berlin, the needto keep Americans engaged in the soci-al, cultural and political currents swee-ping the continent seems more criticalthan ever. The latest war in the Balkanshas again demonstrated the continuingrole of the United States as the leadingmilitary power in Europe, yet that pre-sence would be stripped of any honora-ble purpose without the commitments

to freedom, human rights and democra-cy that serve as its justification.What better way to maintain those

connections than through the personalbonds to be nurtured through the lec-tures, the dinners, the post-prandialdrinks on the balcony and the lakesidestrolls afforded by the hospitality of theHans Arnhold Center?

Heaven Can W ait

Continued

H A N S P U T T N I E S

Editor and Columnist of the Süddeutsche Zeitung aswell as an Associate of OlinCenter for Strategic Studiesat Harvard University.

Berlin Prize fellow BarbaraSchmitter Heisler is Profes-sor at Gettysburg Collegeand an expert on migrationissues. During her stay inBerlin she is working close-ly with the task force onforeigners at the MunicipalAuthority for the Interior.

The cultural historianand essayist Ulrich Raulff

Jürgen Kocka is Professorof History of the IndustrialWorld at the Freie Univer-sität Berlin and PermanentFellow of the Wisseschafts-kolleg zu Berlin.

The noted emeritus histo-rian Hans Mommsen haswritten on issues of nationsand nationalism for overthree decades. The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracyis his most recent book pub-lication in English.

American Academy trustee Josef Joffe is Foreign Policy

is Chief Feuilleton Editorof the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , and author of anoted monograph on thehistorian Marc Bloch(S. Fischer, 1995).

Roger Cohen, German cor-respondent of The New YorkTimes, received the Over-seas Press Club’s Citationto Excellence in 1998 for Hearts Grown Brutal. Sagasof Sarajevo.

William Drozdiak is Cen-tral European bureau chief of The Washington Post .

A Note on Ou r Con tr ibutors

2



T H E B E R L I N J O U R N A L

I am not surewhat has happenedto Americans duringthe last 50 years.Either they comple-

elyforgot that Berlin existed, or theywere afraid to go there, or they just didnot understand the wholeFour PowersOccupation arrangement – or perhaps, acombination of all three. Whatever itwas, they seem to be making up for lostime now.

Personal experience indicates thatBerlin is once again a destination onhe Grand Tour, a part of the summer

European itinerary and worthy of several

pages in the Sunday Times travel section.am almost afraid to go out now, as some-

one will inevitably come up to me andequest my assistance with his or her

holiday planning, research assignments,or in gaining entrance to the JewishMuseum.

I must confess, that as I tell myfriends where to go and what to do,

A W ashingtonian in Berlin

I am constantly, in my own mind, goingback to Checkpoint Charlie as thestarting point for directions to anythingin the East. And as I ride in a taxi acrossthe Glienicker Bruecke, just down thestreet from the Academy, I cannot helpbut pinch myself.

I remember, as though it were yes-terday, my husband and I standing onthe American sector side of the bridgein l986 watching Anatoly Scharanskywalk through the fog halfway acrossfor my husband to pick him up. It wasa spy exchange truly out of a LeCarrenovel; today I cross the bridge to havelunch in Potsdam.

It is still amazing to me to be in theformer East. I remember so well thecumbersome visa process we had to gothrough to visit Sanssouci or Dresden.It took months and they would keepus waiting at the border for hours.We would go to church in East Berlinand take a case of Californian wine inthe trunk of our car for the Cardinal,

who was always so grateful. We wouldvisit seedy little restaurants in EastBerlin with our British counterparts,and locals would come up to us andbeg for help in getting over to the West.

Now, I go to the Gendarmenmarkt andeat in urbane restaurants such as Borch-ardt, Lutter & Wegner and Trenta Sei,where only the view can compete withthe food.

As my own experience attests, thechanges in Berlin are a bit disorienting– to see the Sony and Debis buildingsin the middle of »no man’s land« isnothing short of remarkable.

In a city that perhaps has the most

turbulent history of any metropolis inEurope in this century, the currentmoment could be the most exhilaratingtime that Berlin has witnessed. TheAmerican Academy is part of thisexcitement. The yearnings to be cosmo-politan on the parts of Berliners arereflected in a question posed again andagain to our Fellow Arthur Miller: How

does Berlin compare to New York? Thepresence of Bernhard Schlink at lecturesby Tony Sebok and Tony Grafton, Rich-ard von Weizsäcker at the talk by FellowDonald Shriver, but also the great num-bers of ministers, court justices, journa-lists,scholars and students in attendan-ce at the Academy evenings, indicatethat the desire for a future-orientedorganization at the crossroads betweenthe arts, academics and public policy islatent. In this way, the American Aca-demy in Berlin is as much a representa-tion of the new city as Daniel Libeskind’sbuilding or Norman Foster’s Reichstagdome.

I cannot predict Berlin’s evolutionover the next ten years; I only know thatany guide to the city is out-of-date whilestill in print. Berlin today is more tomor-row than yesterday, which makes it aperfect setting for the exchange of ideasinitiated through the Academy Fellow-ships. I envy everyone who can takepart over there at Lake Wannsee.

By Gahl Burt

UNST

Wie offen eine Ges ellsch a ft ist, zeigt ihre künst lerisch e Entw icklung. Gerade

Künst ler w irken als kritische und vora usa hnend e Kraft, die ges ellscha ftliche

Strömungen früh erkennt und zur Diskussion st ellt. Desha lb fördert P hilip

Morris we ltw eit seit über 40 Jah ren Künstlerinnen und Künst ler, um ihre

innovativen, visionären Arbeiten einem möglichst breiten Publikum zu

vermitteln. Einer solche n Demokratisierung der Wah rnehmung ent spricht,

da ß sich Philip Morris der Ma lerei und Bildha uerei gena uso w idmet w ie dem

Film, Tanz und The a te r.

Um den Dialog mit a nderen Kulturräumen a nzuregen, fördern w ir das „Ber-

lin Prize Fellow ship Progra mm for th e Arts “ d er America n Aca dem y in Ber-

lin. Die erst en P reisträge r sind Jenny Holzer und Sarah Morris, die w äh rend

ihres St udienaufe ntha ltes in der American Acade my im Han s Arnhold Center

in Berlin leben und a rbeiten w erden.

Kunstförde rung beg reifen w ir als unverzichtba ren Teil unserer unternehmeri-

sche n Verant w ortung, de n gese llscha ftlichen P luralismus und eine Zukunft

der Toleranz zu unterstützen.

DIE KUNST ZU FÖRDERN

Philip Morris Kunstförderung

J enny Ho l zer

The Amer ican

Academy

Sarah M orr is

supports the spirit of innovation.




u s s i a n s i n I s r a e l

and America, or Turks inGermany don’t necessarilywant to become Israelis,

Americans, Germans – for at least tworeasons: First, they are not longer cutoff from their old national identity, asin those days when it took weeks oreven months to cross the ocean.

It is so easy to »stay« in the oldcountry today: via cable TV, phone, In-ternet and cheap international travel.Second, they don't have to chose. Theyare no longer forced to shed their oldidentity. Assimiliation has been pushedaside by multiculturalism. Indeed, theWestern nation-state has abdicated itsrole as supreme educator and accultu-rator in favor of what most elites nowregard as the moral superiority of multi-culturalism.

If the citizen no longer gives whatthe state no longer demands, some-thing must have happened to the nation-state. First, ideological change. Theclassical nation-state emphasized anational identity and culture consistingof a common language, a commoncanon of literature and historical inter-pretation, a set of common behaviornorms.

Multiculturalism emphasizes theopposite. Group, race and gender aremore important than nation, and themultiplicity of perspectives – relativism –

trumps any canon. Comprehensiveidentities that would transcend groupand gender, race and class must be»deconstructed« and rejected.

How to explain this transformation?Let’s begin by looking at the economicbasics. The classic nation- state was theindustrial state that arose in the late18th century and culminated some-time in the mid-20th century. It camewith mass production and urbanizationwhich provided an enormous mobil-

The Endof the Nation-State?

If the state is no longer a power-maximizing entity,it no longer needs the exclusive loyaltyand identity of its citizens.

ization base. The new industrializingstate sucked in millions of uprootedpeasants – armies of the alienated beg-ging for a new identity and community.

Nationalism – the intense venerationof the state – provided a perfect ideolo-gy. In the conflict-ridden Westernworld of the 19th and early 20th cen-tury, nationalism was the cement thatfused worker and bourgeois, peasantand city-dweller, Protestant and Catho-lic, North and South, rich and poor inone identity. Nationalism was the greatequalizer, and the Primat der Aussen- politik a great dampener of internal strife.

Today, it is not mass production,but small production runs. It is notmanufacturing that concentrates largegroups in one place, but ever more indi-vidualized work. It is either self-direc-ted,as in the case of most knowledgeworkers, or if other-directed, still indi-vidualized, like data-typists who workby themselves. Work, life and leisurehave become ever more self-centered,undermining the bases of mass mobi-lization and the cult of the nation-state.All collective entities – nation-states orlabor unions – are the victims of thisprocess.

The ethos of such societies will change,too – away from the ethos of the nation-state. Going or gone are such values asnational glory or sacrificefor the nation.Conduct a self-test again. Ernest Renanhas claimed that a nation is bound to-gether by the sacrifices of the past andthe readiness to renew them in the futu-re. Do you believe in your nationaldestiny or mission, as in »manifestdestiny« or »mission civilisatrice?«

The point is that nation and natio-nalism are very much tied up with thewarfare state –and the warfare state ison the way out, at least in the Western,

postindustrial world which I like to callthe »Berlin-Berkeley Belt«.Which modern state was not born

in war? Spain was forged in the warsagainst the Moors. England becameBritain in the wars against Scots andIrish. The colonies became the UnitedStates in their war against George III.Italy and Germany were unified in war.Soviet Russia was born in the defeat of World War I and consolidated in thetriumph of the Great Patriotic War in1941- 45. Israel became a state in war,so did Pakistan, India, indeed most newcountries in Africa and Asia. To pre-vail, the national warfare state obviouslyhad to husband all these forces: thelevée en masse, the absolute loyalty of the citizenry, the sinews of a commandeconomy (please note that the U.S. from1942 to 1945 was run as if by Gosplan),the belief in the moral superiority of thestate, and the systematicacculturation of its subjects in the service of these needs.

If war in the blessed »Berlin-Berke-ley Belt« is no more, the revaluation of most values should not come as a sur-prise. Societies are no longer heedingthat »violent, poetical excitement of arms«, as Tocqueville called it. Scorestoday are settled in the balance of pay-

ments ledgers, not on the battlefield.Brogues and cell phones are so muchmore useful than tanks and jack boots.

Who needs to conquer Alsace-Lor-raine if you can own it – like all thoseGermans who buy up unprofitablefarms as vacation homes. When the Ja-panese bombed Pearl Harbor, they hada war on their hands. When they boughtit, not bullets and bombs were exchan-ged, but dollars and deeds. If war goes,so do the classic virtues of the warfare

state: honor, faith, loyalty, courage, flessness, obligation, discipline, selftranscendence. The place of these ves has been taken by self-realization

»doing my own thing«, acquisitiveness, the sybaritics instinct.»Damit kann man keinen Staat

machen«, as the Germans say; thatway to build and run a state. The olvalues are no longer functional becthe post-warfare state is not a powmaximizing entity.

If the state is no longer a power-maximizing entity, it no longer neenor can it claim, the exclusive loyaland identity of its citizens. But let unot put all the weight on the declinthe warware-state. Let us again lookthe new »modes of production«.The process has been analyzed befo

It is the »constant revolutionizof production«. It is the »endlessdisturbance of all social conditionsIt is »everlasting uncertainty«. Evething »fixed and frozen« is »sweptaway«, the new becomes obsoletebefore it »can ossify«. And »all thasolid melts into air, all that is holy i

profaned«.This is from the Communist Ma

festo by Messrs. Marx and Engels, wten 150 years ago. They marveled a»constantly expanding market«, th»daily destruction of old-establishindustries«, the emergence of eve»new wants«, the »universal interdpence of nations« and »intercoursevery direction«. Substitute 21st ctury English for the Marx-speak, anthe Manifesto would read as a paeo

By Josef Joffe

R

Who needs toconquer Alsace-Lorraine

if you can own it?

Capital is heimatlos an»Davos Man« owes

no loyalty to the stateanymore

4



Macedonia or Georgia or Brunei wouldnot have lasted very long.Third, wehave to distinguish between the lack of fondness and enthusiasm for the state,and its continuing functionality.Functional how?

First, most of us like being Germansor Americans, that is, living in familiarenvironments, enveloped by a myriadcultural strands we call »ours«. Wereally do cherish a sense of belonging,a sense of identification with all thosewho talk, think, eat and drink like us.Second, the nation-state is still dearerto our heart than any of its competitors.

No EU-European would rather be ruledfrom Brussels than from his own capital.Third, if the nation state is vanishing,

globalization. By definition, a globali-zing world is a denationalizing world.t is built on the rising speed and the fal-ing cost of communication, and of

course on the decision of states since1945 to liberalizecapital and trade mar-kets. Surely, the loyalties of businessand banking no longer belong to thetate but to those who guarantee goodeturns and stable investment conditions.

As Marx correctly analyzed, capitals heimatlos; it follows, other thingsemaining equal, the highest rate ofeturn. Those who move with the capital

brokers, bankers, engineers, executives,T experts, architects, »Davos Man«,

as Samuel Huntington has called thenew class – also don’t owe any loyalty tohe state any more. But even the lowlier

people who man the workstations andproduction facilities will not owe theirprimary loyalty to the nation-state anymore. Along with the shareholders,hese »stakeholders« will look first toheir company. But there is yet another

problem. The days when the state com-manded loyalty just because it provi-ded cradle-to-grave security seem to benumbered.

Outside of Germany, the handwrit-ng is already on the wall, as more and

more people privatize the welfare func-ions of the state: with portable company

pensions and individual retirementbenefits. The collapse of state-run pay-

as-you-go social security systemshroughout the Western world circa

2030 (due to over-aging) will furthercut into the loyalty-inducing becausebenefit-producing state.

If the state loses both its warfare andwelfare functions, what is left? As it isundermined from below by regional in-

But there is quite a marketfor the state

How can an entity thatgobbles so much

be dying?

terests, as in Spain, Turkey or Italy, andground down from above by integrationsuch as in EU-Europe? As the ethos of multiculturalism, which is just anotherword for the deconstruction of the na-tion- state, spreads, as the very idea of nationality wanes, what future for thenation-state?

Surprisingly enough, I do not fore-see the speedy demise of the nation-state. First of all, because it has been

around for 500 years while pushingaside aside competing political orga-nizations like the Papacy or the HolyRoman Empire. Longevity must berelated to usefulness. Second, there isquite a market for the state. Otherwise,its number would not have quadrupledsince 1945, from about 50 to about 200.

The very forces that undermine thenation-state, the absence of war, para-doxically also keeps it alive. In the badold days, sub-optimal polities like

as Messrs. Marx and Engels predicted150 years ago, how come it grabs andregulates so much? In those 150 yearsof »withering away«, the government’stake of GDP has risen from about 5 to50 percent. The areas of life and theeconomy it regulates have grown by atleast that much. How can an entity thatgobbles and governs so much be dying?Especially if the state, in order to endure,has been able to tap so many diverse

life-forces in the past: myth, religion,dynastic tradition, ideology, warfareand welfare. This betrays an enormousadaptability or, in modern parlance,competitiveness of the nation-state– not matter how battered it may havebecome.

This lecture, given at the American Academyin May, prompted a number of thoughtful reac-tions including the following contributions by Hans Mommsen and Jürgen Kocka.


5

Assimiliation has been pushed aside

by multiculturalism



6

Dr. Joffe’s conclusion

that the nation-state in pre-sent-day Europe is losingthe respect and weight itheretofore enjoyed is com-pletely correct, although itis also irreplaceable as an

ordering principle within the frame-work of the European Union. Rather,

it is becoming clear, that the systemgoverning the states created at the Parispeace conference has become fragileand that the nation-state in its classicalform is losing formative power. Animpressive example is Belgium, wherethe nation-state has divided itself intotwo national units which have taken onthe attributes of each nationality.

Throughout western Europe, newregional units and many groups whichsee themselves in national terms areresurfacing below the level of theclassical nation-state. In Great Britain,this is the case with Scotland, wherethe necessary conditions for the regionalbuilding of a na tion in Wales are onlypartially present. In Italy, regions playan increasingly important role for nativepopulations, and something similarcan be seen in Spain, apart from theBasque problem which extends beyond(national) borders. Even in France, theEuropean nation-state kat exochen,regional attempts at autonomy, whichseemed to have been destroyed onceand for all at the time of the French Re-volution, are materializing. In EasternCentral and Southeastern Europe, thenational units created in Paris are pro-ving to be unstable, as demonstrated by

Slovakia’s separation from the CzechRepublic, the dissolution of Yugoslaviainto its ethnic parts and the unresolvedquestion of the Kurds.

The virulence of national endeavors,which seems to be making up for losttime,presents a continuous potentialfor danger. National tensions also existin the Baltic States, which contain con-siderable minorities as a result of theimmigration of Russian inhabitants.The strong nationalistic yearnings in the


Russian states are diminishingfollowing the first temporary excesses.It seems that the populations most affec-ted by the Second World War are thefirst to become immune to the tradition-al enticements of nationalism, whichin the case of Poland is only partiallyapplicable.

The entire European constellation

indicates that the Paris peace conferenceintentions to be able to end nationalconflicts through the creation of homo-genous nation-states and through theforced assimilation of ethnic minorities– the internationally treaties for theprotection of minorities served exactlythis purpose – as well as the exchangeof populations as an instrument whichcame into consideration comparativelyearly were failures down the line.

Even more questionable is the factthat the West European countries,under the influence of the subjectiveterm »nation«, to this day hold on to thenotion that a lasting solution could beachieved through the creation of zonesthat are ethnically homogenous to thedegree possible, such as in the case of Bosnia. With ideas such as this, theyhave encouraged nationalists of Milo-sevic’s type.

In contrast, it appears that a solutionto national rivalries, which in Europeare by no means fading away, can onlybe reached via a combination of personaland territorial autonomy, as practiced

in Estonia during the interwar period.The implementation of the nation-

state principle, which in 1919 was seenas self-evident, is showing its Janus faceonce again today. Ernest Gellner hasalready pointed out that the numberof ethnic groups which can lay claim tonational independence are nearly with-out limit, as proven by a look at Russiaand its bordering regions, China, andIndia. From this point of view,a sche-matic extension of national rights to

self-determination would lead toextreme confusion in the internationalpolitics, such that from this perspective,the continued existence of multiethnicunits seems to be drastically necessary.Ethnic homogeneity is continuallybecoming the exception and shouldnot be made the guiding principle of politics.

The classical nation-state is losingits predominance to the extent that itsclassical attributes – the military pro-tective function, the securing of domesticmarkets, the maintenance of a unifiedrule of law, and the looking after ofinterests via diplomacy – are being trans-ferred to supranational units or under-mined by multiethnic structures. Thetraditional nation-state’s loss of autho-rity becomes psychologically apparentin that classical rituals or form of repre-sentation such as nationalarmies ornational traditions are losing their powerto impress.

The simultaneous transfer of loyal-ties from the nation-state level to largerunits such as the European Union andthe resulting erosion of traditionalnational attitudes is accompanied byan increase in the valorization of regionalloyalties, which often takes on nationalqualities. Apparently, this tendencycorresponds to the citizen’s need tobelong to a political group which repre-sents and illustrates common values.

When this tendency is linked tothe release of national resentments pre-viously dammed up by the conditionsof the East-West conflict in the states of theformer Yugoslavia, it may come to re-

lapses into clashes between nationalitiesin a 19th-century style. Equipped withthe tools of the modern totalitarianand military executive, this take onsuicidal qualities.

One has the impression that regionalnationalism is coming into the fore-ground particularly under the blanketof globalization, to the extent that thepressure to assimilate being exerted onnational minorities by majority nationsis in contradiction to the advancing

democratic principles of order. Alsthese cases, the use of the principleof the nation-state and the producof ethnically homogenous units as arecourse does not promise an acceptsolution.

Out of all this, it follows that nanalism is not simply disappearing fthe convenience of cosmopolitanattitudes, but rather that it is able trenew and intensify itself on lower leFor this reason, it is somewhat risqspeak of a zone between Berkeley aBerlin which distinguishes itself byabsence of traditional national attituapart from the fact that a tendencybeen appearing over the past decadin the United States that makes it, aas nationalistic attitudes are concerrather comparable with the nationcharacterized Europe of the periodprior to the World Wars.

National loyalties are not disapring. Rather, they appear multilayerwhich means that they possess onlylimited rights of validation and canclaim to represent political values othe highest order. The refusal to coplete military service and desertionpreviously crimes of high treason, aseen today as less reprehensible thabefore. The nation-state can no londemand the unconditional loyalty willingness to duty from its citizen

National identities, in spite of psessing a notable historical consistenseem to be becoming more fluid in

course of globalization and the groprocesses of transnational exchangAs a social-psychological compensatin face of the uniformity of materiacivilizations, correctly predicted bMarx, political functions, which refar beyond the protection of culturand linguistic identities, are multiply

Globalization does not mean thdissolution but rather the multiplicaof nationalism on all levels of socieformations.

On the Problem of the

Nation-State By Hans Mommsen

A Janus Face

Globalized Nationalism




No End in Sight

Definitions are awkward.Allow me for the time being,

nonetheless, to describe what I meanby »nation-state«. Nation – this termhould be understood to mean a large

group of people, who have somethingn common, who are aware of this, and

desire it (for example, common memo-ies, a common language, a common

culture); who have a great deal to do withone another; and who either have orwant to have institutions (somethingike a state) appropriate for the purposes

of coming to an agreement on and im-plementing common goals. State referso a system of institutions, rules, and

acts, a system for ruling and achievingwhich possesses a monopoly on legi-imate power or is striving toward one.

It is possible to speak of a nation-tate when nation and state are relatedn a specific way: when the territory of ettlement of the nation and the territory

of the state somewhatcorrespond; whenhe people of the state understandhemselves to be part of a nation (instead

of part of a multinational or sub-nationalpopulation, or part of a population ex-ending beyond national borders); whenhe state legitimates itself throug h its

performance for the nation and uses itsesources as the basis for its own power.

Using such a definition, it cannotby any means be said that the nation-tate is a historical model whose times running out. This is neither true in

Europe, nor in America, nor in otherparts of the world.

Were one to compare Europe of 1800 and Europe today, there is nodoubt that the portion of persons livingn nation-states increased considerably

during this time. The same is true whenone compares the world in 1900 withhe world of today. It is completely true

of the past ten years: the renaissance of he nation-state in Central and Eastern

Europe since the late 1980s is obvious;moreover, looking at SoutheasternEurope and at the territory of the formerSoviet Union it can be said that it is notyet finished.The violent collapse of Yugo-slavia can be understood as an attemptto build nation-states in a region in whichthe model – in view of ethnic-culturalfragmentation and encapsulated areas

of settlement – is unsuitable.Since 1990 Germany is more clearlyand unambiguously organized than atany other time in its history.The Germans’ area of settlement hasnever been so congruent with the Ger-man state territory than following thereunification of the states in 1990.

End of the nation-state? I do not seeit, on the contrary. One may regret andlament this. For, in spite of its strengths,the nation-state has grave weaknesses:pride in one’s own nation correspondsall too often to a disdain for others.Exclusion always belongs to inclusion.The nation-state’s display of power andcultural heterogeneity are usually com-patible only under great duress.

The inward energies mobilized bythe nation-state are easily transformedinto outward aggressions.There hasnever been an innocent nationalism.And, the more the globalization of theeconomy, communications, and migra-tions increases, the clearer it becomesthat the nation-state is reaching its limits.

Why does it nonetheless remain sostrong? It is superiorin terms of powerto pre/post-national governments andsystems because it uniquely includes,supports, mobilizes – ideally under free

and democratic circumstances and withstate support – its citizens and allowsthem to participate as a nation.

National culture which need not bedefined in ethnic terms but rather mar-ked by historical recollection, culturalmemory,and ideas about a commonhistory, stabilized and strengthenedby language,daily life and school sy-stems,by pictures and representations)serves as a hinge between the state andits people, as an important medium for

societal integration, and as a networkof paths over which the state is suppliedwith societal energies and its power tocarry out its will is increased. ErnestGellner analyzed it: multiculturalismhas its limits every-where.

The national dimension of collectivememory shines strongly everywhere:in the United States, surely, in England,France, Switzerland, and Norway, butalso in Germany, even if the recollectionis one of collective responsibility forcrimes and collective suffering ofcatastrophes. Nonetheless, one must

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agree with Josef Joffe on the importantpoints. The nation-state is not fadingaway, but it is changing. It is differenttoday than in the 19th century, atleast in our part of the world. Its gripon individuals has loosened, which itcan afford to some extent.The sovereign-ty of the nation-state has frequentlybeen questioned, weakened, and rela-

xed, even if generally it has not beenlifted. International networks areincreasing in number and sub-nationalidentities are being strengthened. Alt-hough these,too, are not ringing in theend of nation-states, their relationshipto one another is changing, just as theirrelationship to individual persons.Something new is forming.The vocabulary for it is still missing.

By Jürgen Kocka

Renaissanceof the Nation-State

Redefining Relations




The Diplom acyof Culture

A Conversation with Academy Honorary Co-Chairman Henry A. Kissinat the Hans Arnhold Center Dedication

Can you tell us how the American Academywas conceived?

The idea developed at the time whenthe American troops were withdrawnfrom Berlin. It particularly came fromRicghard Holbrooke, but strongly sup-ported by me was that we need a sym-bol of the connection between Germanyand America relevant to the new period.So they developed the concept of aninstitution that is not military, gearedto the future and to ideas, to cultureand to art. That was the original ideabehind it, and amazingly, it is coming

into fruition. There are lots of ideasaround that never happen.

Why is the Academy located in Berlin?

Berlin is where we had troops thatguaranteed the freedom of this area.It is where the conflicts of the Cold Wartook their most visible form. It is whatin the American mind had become asymbol of Free Germany, and it wasonce an island and now is a capital, so it

is symbolically extremely importanAfter all, Berlin, too, is in search of identity. It is important for Americand it is important for Germans.

What is it that the Academy can contrito the world, or is it purely American-German?

First of all, I believe that the relatioship across the Atlantic is one of thelements of stability and progress ithe world and there the German-Arican relationship has a particular rbecause of the history of the integraof Europe that really started with thquestion of what is one to do with Gmany, going back for nearly one hudred years.

Secondly, now that Germany is bming more and more absorbed intorope, it becomes extremely importto have a relationship of the new Eupean Germany and of the new Euroan Europe with America, and whenlooks at Berlin today, it is sort of dened to be maybe the 21st century catal of Europe. The other capitals ar19th century capitals, and in my mmaybe more comfortable to live in,

Berlin represents the architecture othe 21st century. And, so for all of treasons, for Europe, for America, fothe Atlantic, this is very important

Why are you personally associated withe Academy? What are your personahopes for achievement for the Academ

People always say, since I was bornGermany, I naturally have ties withGermany, but, in fact, my ties withmany come from 1946 on. It is alsovery long time ago, but I saw Germsmashed, and I saw Germany rebuiThis is a kind of a combination of th

journey that began 1945-46, that I as an enlisted man in the Americanarmy and have seen through varioustages of German life, my life. To hthe ties between America and Germand Europe and Germany symboliby a cultural institution rather thanmilitary institution in the house of aish family whose property was stoleand who donated it back to Germa— these are all symbolic events thamean a lot to me.

8

Funds, Friends, and Fellows

inancial support for the Ameri-can Academy in Berlin has come from

private individuals, corporations, foun-dations and government agencies onboth sides of the Atlantic. Contributions,gifts and pledges now total $16 millionwith about 70% of the funds comingfrom U.S. sources and 30% from Ger-man donors. With an annual budget of $2.4 million and con-struction/remo-

deling costs in excess of $3.5 million atthe Hans Arnhold Center, the Academyis fully funded for 1999 and has a run-ning start for the year 2000.

After a founding gift of $3 millionfrom Stephen and Anna-Maria Kellenand the family of Hans and LudmillaArnhold, that generous family contri-buted an additional $1 million and of-fered a $2 million challenge grant aswell as pledging funds to restore the gar-dens. Other large donors included John

Kluge of Metromedia, General Motors,Philip Morris, the European RecoveryProgram, Xerox, Coca Cola, SouthernCompany and others. A German cor-porate consortium led by Daimler-Chrys-ler and including Allianz, Siemensandthe Deutsche Sparkassen- und Giro-verband contributed DM 5 million asother German firms and foundationshave also offered support, including

the German Monument ProtectionFoundation.

The circle of contributors to the Aca-demy is steadily growing, with giftsranging from a few hundred dollars toseveral million. Gifts are fully tax-ex-empt in the United States, where theAcademy a chartered non-profit orga-nization, and also in Germany, wherecontributors also benefits from its non-profit status. Indeed, the need for con-tinued funds for operations and to esta-

blish an endowment is critical for thenew institution. An endowment of $35to $50 million would provide much of the regular funding and could be sup-plemented with an annual fundraisingprogram.

Our sponsors often find their ownideals in our fledgling institution, whe-ther in our broader, transatlantic mis-sion,or in specific programs they help

us create. Thus the short-term advan-ced public policy fellowship programwill build upon the Bosch Foundation’sown program for younger scholars, theyear-long fellowship for the arts spon-sored by Philip Morris will be associa-ted with their arts programs in Berlin,Rome, and Bilbao. And we hope thatothers will follow the lead of Daimler-Chrysler, which was first to endow anamed fellowship for the AmericanAcademy in Berlin.

President Everette E. Dennis reports on the financial successand prospects of the American Academy

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lthough all advanced

industrial societies in Europeand North America have ex-

perienced considerable immigrationince the second World War, the

United States and Germany stand outas »magnet societies«. They are nowhe world’s two largest recipients ofmmigrants. This fact is perhaps lessurprising in the case of the United

States, a country built on immigration,han Germany, a country where largecale immigration has not only been

more recent, but has also been at centerof political controversy over nationalelf-definition and identity.

Notwithstanding their divergent his-ories and national self-understandings,he very size of their immigrant popu-ations and the myriad of issues assoc-ated with immigration have made

comparisons between the United Statesand Germany particularly compelling.

Indeed, such transatlantic compar-sons have gained credence among socialcientists and policy makers, drawing

attention to questions about immigra-ion itself (e.g. border control, thecom-

position, characteristics and numbersof immigrants to be admitted), andssues that focus more on the consequen-

ces of immigration: the process of im-migrant incorporation. In both areas,we can observe a trend toward conver-gence. Such convergence has been linked

Migration ProblemsCompared

to a variety of global economic and poli-tical forces that have impacted on bothcountries, chipping away at state sover-eignty and transforming the nation-state.

While economic globalization, fueledby rapid technological change, has beenamong the more pervasive explana-tions for convergence, other factors mustbe taken into account. Convergence hasalso been attributed to the very natureof the liberal democratic state and theinstitutionalization and growth ofinternational human rights regimes,factors that havemade it difficult to im-pose strict immigration control and totolerate substantial inequalities in therights and treatment accorded to immi-grants. (Note, for example,that MiddleEastern or Asian countries, such as Indo-nesia, have had no problems in forcingthe return of migrant workers and inviolating their human rights). Togetherwith globalization, these factors havecontributed to the self-feeding nature of immigration, the expansion of rights

granted to legal immigrants, and theemergence of transnational communi-ties. These phenomena are clearlyobservable in both countries.

Yet, we should not lose sight of thedifferences between the two countries.One of the major differences, and onethat has been centralto most comparativediscussions, has been the differences incitizenship laws. While recently passedGerman legislation which introduces

jus soli into German citizenship law ishistoric, the pro-tempo provisions as-sociated with dual citizenship thatforce the children of immigrants born inGermany to make a decision in favor of German citizenship while renouncingthe citizenship of their parents, attest topersistent differences between the twocountries.

Americans prefer a minimalist stateand American preferences for marketsolutions and private efforts in sociallife are well reflected in low levels of stateinvolvement in the economy, the large

low-wage sector heavily populated byimmigrants, and a minimal welfarestate. In Germany the state has longbeen and continues to be an active forcein shaping social life, including legalimmigrants. Compared with the UnitedStates, German labor markets remainhighly regulated and the German wel-fare state remains pervasive.

Beyond facilitating access to citizen-

ship through easy naturalization forthe first generation of newcomers and jus soli for the second, in the process of

immigrant incorporation, the Americanstate is noted primarily for its absence,leaving this process largely to marketforces and the abilities of immigrantsto make a living. This tradition is clearlyevident in the 1996 welfare and immi-gration reform which effectively remo-ved some legal immigrants from equalaccess to an already minimal welfarestate. While in Germany, asylum seekers(presumed to be temporary residentsuntil a decision concerning their claimis made) have been excluded from fullsocial assistance, it would be virtuallyimpossible to exclude legal long-termresidents from equal social rights. Evenwhen access to citizenship for this grouphas been difficult in the past and recentlegislative changes still impose greaterbarriers than in the United States,one should not overlook the fact that

Continued on Page 18

A

By Barbara Schmitter Heis ler



S u n d a y • J u n e 6

Opening:Gr e e t in g s a n d In t r o d u c t i onC r a i g Ke n n e d yPres ident of the Germ an Ma rsha l l Fund

J o h n C . K o r n b l u m

Amba ssador of the United S ta tes of America to G erma ny

Keynot e Speec he sH e n r y C i s n e r o sPresident and Ch ief Operat ing Officer, Univision Comm unicat ions, Inc. ;former United S ta tes Secreta ry of Hous ing a nd Urba n Development

an d former Mayor of San Antonio, Texa s

O t t o Sc h i l yFedera l Minister of the Inter ior , Germa ny

M o n d a y • J u n e 7

Pa n e l I: Mission Impossibl e ? –

The Dil emmas o f Na t iona l In t eg r a t ioSt e mmin g f r o m Gl o ba l iz a t i o nThe pan el exp lor es the economi c oppor tun it ies and costs ofglobal izat ion in terms of labor m obi l i ty and technological relut ions. What a re the advantages of a bi l in gual labor force foma r kets? The discussion w il l a ddr ess questions bein g r aised othe sense in w hich g lobal capital ism leaves the integrati vemeasur es of th e nati on-state obsolete.

Pa n e l II: Go ve r n in g In c or po r a t io n :St r a t eg ies and Dil emmas

This panel explor es the di lemm as of imm igr ant pol icy by askikey question s about th e pr actice of integra tion. What, if any,shoul d be the r oles of governm ent (feder al as well a s local) ,

mar kets, and pr ivate organizat ion s?

P h i l M a r t i nProfessor of Agriculture a ndResource Economics,

University of Ca lifornia , Davis

S u s a n M a r t i n

Director, In st itute for the Studyof In terna t iona l Migra t ion ,Georgetow n U nivers ity ,Washington; form er Director ,U .S . Comm ission on Imm igra t ion

Reform

S a s k i a S a s s e nProfessor of Sociology, Univerof Chicago

M oderated byC r a i g Ke n n e d yPres ident of the Germ an MarsFund, Washin gton, D.C.

9:00 to 10:30 a.m.

11:00 to 12:30 a.m.

L a l e Ak g ü nChairm an of the S ta te Center for

Imm igra t ion , Solingen

H e in e r B a r t l i n gMinister of the Interior of Nieder-sachsen, Hanover

M a r i e l u i s e Be c kFedera l Comm issioner for the

Affairs of Foreign ers, Bonn

U l l a J e l p k eMember of the Germ an Bunde

tag for the PDS, Bonn

J ö r g Sc h ö n b o h mCha irman of the CDU in the S tof Brandenburg ; former Sena t

of the Interior, Be rlin; ret iredGenera l of the Bundeswehr

M oderated byB a r b a r a J o h nComm issioner for ForeignersBerlin

7:30 p.m.

T h is fi r s t ma j o r p o l i cy c on f e r e n c e of the Ameri can Academy

in Berli n r epr esents a joint effort: it is our first collabor ation w ith

the Germa n M ar shal l Fun d of the Un ited States and th e

Humbol dt Un iversity’s Chai r for Popula t ion Studi es. These insti-

tut i ons hav e long suppor ted m ajor r esear ch in these fields: our

pr esent goa l i s thu s to pr ovid e a hi ghl y-visible forum w here these

and other key actors can for mu late and d ebate the most sali ent

consequences of their w or k.

In d oin g so, we shal l di r ect the publ ic and poli cy discussion

beyond th e pa le of the recent d oub le citi zenship debates to th e

im bri cated issues of incorpora t ion an d m igr at ion pol icy. And th e

compar ison betw een Germ any a nd th e Un ited States is tell in g,

in deed: Both a r e na tio ns of imm ig r an ts – despi te the latt er ’s self-

understandi ng – and both countr ies hav e developed v er y di ffer ent

stra tegies to ma nag e membershi p an d m igr ation . At the sam e

tim e, both g over nm ents ar e being compelled to call these str ate-

gies in quest ion: Global ma rk et forces wil l change how w e think

abou t these issues, and thu s the need for tr ansatla nti c dial ogue is

al l the mor e acute.

Ma king Tr a nsa t l a n t ic Dia l ogue

a Co l l a bo r a t ive Ef f o r t

T h i s me e t i n g of scholars an dpolicymakers w as m ade poss ib le

by generous support f rom theAlfried Krupp von Bohlen undHalba ch-Stif tung, Da imler-Chrys-

ler, and the German Marshall Fundof the United States.

Der Ta gesspiegel w ill publish a

special supplemen t on the themesof the conference .

We a re gra teful to the con ference’sa c a d e m ic d i re c t or P ro f . Ra ine r

Mü nz a s w e l l a s o the r s c ho la r sma k ing imp or t a n t c onc e pt u a lcontributions, including Prof. Susan

Mart in , and our Berl in Pr ize Fel-low s, Prof. Frank Bean, Prof. Bar-bar a Schm itter Heisler, a nd Prof.

Kendall Thom as.



Pl enar y Sess ion: Re su l t s a n dRecommendat ions

M o n d a y • J u n e 7

Pan e l I II : Immigr a t ion and

Se t t l e me n t Po l ic ie s : Co n se q u e n c e sa n d Tr a d e -o f f sThe pan el d iscusses sal ient im m igr ati on p oli cy issues w ith r espect

to bor der contr ol, r efugees, and asylum . Given tha t Wester n d e-

mocra cies ar e »magn et societies«and cannot pr ohi bit im m ig r ati on

n p ri ncipl e, how can they define and m ana ge gates of entr y?

Pa n e l IV: Member ship and Ide nt i t y:Wh a t Do e s it Me a n t o be In t e g r a t e d ?The pan el ex plor es the tensions betw een uni versal pr incipl es(r epubl icanism, human ri ghts) and pa rt i cular ident i t ies (ethni-

city, religion , lan gua ge) a s well a s special interests (protectionof the welfa r e stat e).

Beyond

CitizenshipOVERN I NG M I GRAT I ON AND I N T EGRAT I ON

G ERMANY AND THE UN I T ED S TA T ES

K l a u s B a d eProfessor a t the Inst itute forMigrat ion Research , University ofOsnabrück

F r a n k D . B e a nAshbel Sm ith Professor o f Socio-ogy, Un iversity of Texa s, Austin

R o g e r G . K r a m e rDeputy Director of Imm igra t ionPolicy, U.S. Depar tmen t ofLabor , Washington, D.C.

C o r n e l i e So n n t a g - Wo l g a s tParlam entary Undersecreta ry ofState, Federal Ministry of the Inte-r ior , Bonn

M oderated byBa r b a r a Sc h mi t t e r H e is l e rFellow of the American Academy inBerlin an d Professor of Sociology,

Get tysburg Col lege , Pennsylvania

C e m Ö z d e m i rMember of the Bundes tag for theGreen Pa rty , Bonn

U l r i c h P r e u ßProfessor of La w , Free Univers i tyof Berlin

L u d g e r P r i e sProfessor of Sociology, Universityof G öt t ingen

Ar i s t i d e Z o l b e r gDirector of the Center forMigrat ion, Ethn icity, an d Cit i-

zenship, New School for SocialResearch, New York

M oderated byK e n d a l l T h o m a s ,Fellow of the Ame rican Academ yin Berl in an d Professor of Law ,

Columbia Univers ity

2:00 to 3:30 p.m.

4:00 to 5:30 p.m.

T u e s d a y • J u n e 8

Pan el V: The Fu t u r e o f Cit izensh ip inAdvanc ed Democr acies

The panel ex plor es changi ng pr actices of cit i zenship an d na tur a- l izat ion i n Germ any and the Uni ted States and their im pl icat ions for incorporat ion and integrat ion.

Pan el VI: The Emer gence o f Reg iona l

a n d Gl o ba l In t e g r a t io n a n d Po st -Nat ional Ci t izenshipIn a global i zed w orl d ma ny migr ants do not l ive in only onesociety. Th is panel expl or es the impl icati ons of the pr actices of mu lt ina t ional corporat i ons w hich are creat ing transnat ional comm unit i es both at the top and bot tom of the labor ma rk et .

Al e x a n d e r A l e i n i k o f f Senior Associate, Carneg ie Endow -ment for In terna t iona l Peace ,Washington

K a y H a i l b r o n n e rProfessor for Publ ic Law , In terna-

t iona l a nd E u rope a n La w , U n i-versity of Constanc e

C o r n e l i a S c h m a l z -J a c o b s e nFormer Federa l Comm iss ioner

on Foreigners and D eputy Par tyCha irman of the FDP, Bonn

P e t e r S c h u c kProfessor of La w , Ya le La w School , New Haven

M odera ted byR a i n e r M ü n z ,Professor of Dem ography ,Hum boldt University, Berlin

J o r g e Sa n t i b a n e zR o m e l l ó nPresident , El Colegio de laFrontera Norte, Tijuana , Mexico

R i v a K a s t o r y a n oSenior Researcher in Sociology,

Cen ter of Interna t ional Studies,C.N.R.S., Pa ris

U d o S t e i n b a c hDirector o f the Orient Inst itute,Univers ity of Ham burg

R a i n e r M ü n zProfessor of D emogra phy ,Humb oldt University, Berlin

M odera ted byP a t r i c k W e i lProfessor of History, University

of Paris I (Sorbon ne), Paris

9:00 to 10:30 a.m.

B a r b a r a J o h nComm issioner for Foreigners ,

Berlin

S u s a n M a r t i nDirector , Inst itute for the Study ofInterna t iona l Migra t ion , George-tow n University, Washin gton;

former D irector, U.S. Comm issionon Imm igra t ion Reform

R a i n e r M ü n zProfessor of Dem ography ,Hum boldt University, Berlin

P a t r i c k W e i lProfessor of History, Universityof Paris I (Sorbon ne), Paris

M odera ted byG a r y Sm i t hExecutive Director, Ame rican

Acade my in Be rlin

10:30 to 11:00 p.m.

1:30 to 2:30 p.m.



A N N E T T E F R I C K

Speak,Memory

a d i e s a n d G e n t l e m e n –

We have just heard from some ex-traordinary people – statesmen, diplo-mats, political and government leaders.I won’t try to compete with their elo-quence and their visionary statements.Instead, because this is understandablyan emotional occasion for me, I want toshare with you some personal recollec-tions. Let me turn back the clock for afew moments and tell you a little aboutthis building, which at one time wasnot an academy, but a home, the home

where my late sister and I spent our

childhood. As Heinrich Heine put it: In meiner Erinnerung erblühen Die Bilder, die längst verwittert…

So, let me take you on a memory walkthrough our old house. When I lookabout, I am immediately struck not bysomething that I see, but by somethingI don’t see. The staircase isn’t here, thevery special staircase where my friendsand I would play hide-and-seek duringour parties. And though I miss those fa-miliar stairs, I realize that in a very real

sense this entire building has become astaircase leading the fellows of the Aca-demy to higher levels of understanding,leading Berlin and the United States tocloser degrees of friendship and coope-ration.

Let’s go into the library. Of all therooms, this is the one that looks mostlike it used to. In addition to the booksand furniture, the library was home to

one of my joys, a brightly-colored par-rot who was also my special protectorwho defended me from my nemesis, afierce and terrifying governess. But,our parrot must have sensed our fearand he hated that governess as much aswe did. Whenever he would catch sightof Mademoiselle, he would launch intoa wild frenzy of cackling and chattering.

In fact, so many of my memories of this house are tied up with animals. We

always had lots of animals. A minimumof four dogs lived with us at all times,and quite often their number was enlar-ged by litters of puppies. And, therewas an enormously stubborn donkey,who, only when he felt like it, wouldpull us in a donkey cart.

Come with me now to my favoriteroom, the dining room. It was not a for-mal room, but rather a true countrydining room, a warm and friendly placewith its cheerful yellow and blue colorscheme. On the dining room walls mysister and I were portrayed in trompel’oeil scenes, she picking flowers and I,forever a five-year-old, chasing butter-flies. As I became older, I grew to dis-like that piece of frozen time, for everyday I was confronted by that little girl,who I was sure bore no relationship tome anymore, now that I was a big girl!

Walk with me now around to theback of the building, past the beautifulgardens which aren’t there anymore,past the many children’s parties thatstill echo in my memory, through thelong-gone terraces where we wouldhave ping-pong tournaments, past thedeparted tennis court and down to thelake.

Here in my mind’s eye, I can see my

little greenhouse. In 1933, I had a thri-ving cactus collection here, with overone hundred of the prickly plants. WhenI returned to this house after the war, in1949, our old gardener was still here.With great ceremony he brought me in-to the Great Hall where we are now andproudly showed me the two remainingcacti from my collection, which hadgrown all the way to the ceiling.

I remember vividly the lively, warmfamily atmosphere that filled our house.

I know now that that was due to myrents, who cared deeply about us. Mfather and mother filled our home waffection and happy times. So manmy parents’ friends who visited herwere writers and artists and musicithat in a real sense this house has alwbeen a cultural center.

But, memory is not always a whoaccurate record. In reality, my siste

and I had little awareness of the diffitimes and difficult decisions our parents faced after World War I, firstthe inflation and then the brief artiprosperity, then the banking crisispolitical uncertainty, and finally thdownfall of the Weimar Republic awith it the end of the German democAs I have grown older, of course, I hbecome very aware of the complexiand shadows of those times.

But, today is about looking forwToday, our trip into the past must pus at the future. I believe my parenwould be pleased with what our hohas become. And I hope that the Ademy will be the means for ever cloties between the people of the UnitStates and the people of Berlin formany generations to come.


L

A Reminiscence of My Parent’s HomeBy Anna-Maria Kellen

My sister and I were portrayed in trompe l’oeil scenes

12

This Personal Mem oir

was delivered at the formal decation of the Hans Arnhold Ceter of the American Academy Berlin on November 6, 1998. Tgether with other descendantsHans and Ludmilla Arnhold, A

na-Maria and Stephen M. Kellhave now made it possible for tlakeside villa to acquire a new tellectual purpose. Indeed, thinitiative represent a continufor a distinguished philanthropfamily: it was Eduard Arnhothe uncle of Hans Arnhold, wprior to the first World War dnated Rome’s Villa Massimo the Prussian state, in order to avance the arts.




Public truth-telling about past atrocities with respect to the Nazi dictatorshipin Germany and the Apartheid regime in South Africa serve as the basis forDonald Shriver’s examination of how these two societies have attempted toconfront and »master« their pasts. Shriver’s dynamic approach to his work, whichrepresents a continuation of his 1995 book An Ethic for Enemies: Forgiveness in Politics, led to many meetings not only with German theologians, researchers,teachers, church and political leaders but also high-school students.

Donald and Peggy Shriver at theHans Arnhold Center

Life and Letters

at the Hans Arnhold Center


A historical book on the work of the lateGerman playwright Heiner Müllerwith special attention paid to textualanalysis, political and cultural themes,history and the history of theater hasbeen the focus of Gautam Dagupta’s

tay at the American Academy in Ber-in. His extensive field research has ear-

ned him the title of the most activeheatergoer among the Fellows.

Exploration of themes such as Germanyeunited and the East German experi-

ence have provided Ward Just with

material for a new novel, which is to beet in Berlin. This upcoming work willpick up on the thread of two previouslyeleased novels, The American Ambas-ador (1987) and The Translator

1991), in which Berlin and Germanyalso play a special role. Calling Ger-many »a feast of the mind, not the eye«,ust commented in a recent interview

with Roger Cohen (see page 15) on theime spent at the American Academy in

Berlin and on the draw of Berlin andLake Wannsee as the setting and mate-ial for his work.

Brian Ladd’s investigative studies havefocused upon the relationship betweenurban form and national identity, thebasis for which was an analysis of urbanpace in Berlin. A special area of interest

has been current and past debates re-garding architecture and city planningas a reflection of differing perceptionsof national identity between the Eastand the West in Germany.

Tales of the Fall– The True Story of theRevolution in Europe, a book project of Fellow Michael Meyer, seeks to illu-minate the causes leading up to the re-volutions in Eastern Europe. For the

completion of this work, Mr. Meyerwill draw upon his recent stay at theAmerican Academy in Berlin and priorexperience, as well as the over 300 pagesof research he brings back with him tohe United States.

Barbara Schmitter Heisler has dividedher time between Lake Wannsee andBerlin’s Municipal Authority for thenterior while serving on the latter’sask group for questions involving

foreign citizens. Her areas of researchinclude social politics, ethnic relations,disparity and international migration,the subject of this year’s »Beyond Citi-zenship« conference.

The differences between German andAmerican perspectives with respect to»Affirmative Action« were the focus of Kendall Thomas’ project, titledComparative Analysis of Affirmativeaction Laws in the United States and Ger-many, which he carried out during hisstay at the American Academy in Berlin

from September through December1998. Mr. Thomas returned to the Aca-demy in May 1999 to participate in apublic discussion with Federal Consti-tutional Court Judge Dieter Grimm onthe subject of »Hate Speech in the Uni-ted States and Germany« and to takepart in the »Beyond Citizenship« Con-ference.

Modern Berlin and its unique cultureand esprit, serve as material for Robert

Kotlowitz’ documentary film exami-ning the restored capital of Germany.Mr. Kotlowitz followed up his stay atthe American Academy in Berlin (Sep-tember – December 1998) with a three-week visit in April 1999 to conductfurther research for the upcoming film,for which he has received a research &development grant from WNET/13,

New York’s public television station.

The correspondencebetween indivi-dual and historical conscience in Ger-many is the subject of poetry written byC. K. Williams during his fellowshipat the American Academy in Berlinfrom September – December 1998.Williams completed a number of newworks, including an »autobiographical

meditation«. A recent poem appearsfor the first time in this journal.

Researchon contemporary architec-ture in Berlin was the focus of Diana

Ketcham’s work in Berlin as a fellowof the American Academy in Berlin.Of particular interest to Ms. Ketchamwere several new additions to the Berlinskyline, including the Jewish Museum inBerlin-Kreuzberg, the Reichstag andthe Sony Center at Potsdamer Platz.

Fellow Anthony Sebok’s project invol-ves a comparative study of punitive da-mages in the German and American le-gal systems, as well as the differingnotions of retribution, efficiency, andcorrective justice at the heart of theirphilosophical foundations. In additionto this work, most of which took placeat the faculty of law at Berlin’s Hum-boldt University Sebok took part in a

number of different conferences inGermany and Europe, including theSoros Conference on Transitions inBudapest. He is also planning the firstof a series of symposia at the AmericanAcademy on distinguished emigrés to-gether with Humboldt colleague Bern-hard Schlink.

Joint research carried out by JoAllyn

Archambault and Lynn Snyder usedthe extensive ethnographic collectionsof the Berlin Museum of Ethnography,and the Linden Museum, Stuttgart toexamine the material culture of thePlains Indians of North America. Theproject, developed in cooperation withDr. Peter Bolz of the Berlin Völkerkun-de museum and Dr. Sonja Scierle of the

Linden museum, concentrated on thecollections of two German naturalists,Prince Maximilian zu Wied and DukePaul of Württenburg, both of whomtraveled to North America in the earlypart of the 19th century.

Please continueon the following page

Notes on Berlin Prize Fellow Activities

13




14

Life and LettersContinued

Because the two anthropologists wereworking with documented collections,meaning ones for which the collectorand circumstances pertaining to thecollection such as date and place arewell known, dating of the materials isnot an issue. Observations with regardto change in stylistic elements likematerial choice and its use in specificlocations or on specific objects are of crucial importance. The goal of thisanalysis is to track changes in style and

object manufacture through time.During their stay, Snyder and Archam-bault examined over 300 objects, inaddition to taking 3,000 close-up andwhole object photographs. They alsosampled the materials (animal hair,feathers, leather, and sinew, for exam-ple) used to make the objects. The ana-lysis of these materials and the copiousnotes the two made while in Berlin willoccur following the Fellows’ return toWashington.

Marianne Fulton’s research duringher fellowship has concentrated onpioneers in the field of photography,specifically on German innovatorssuch as Arthur Korn, who developedthe first machine capable of sendingimages electronically. This and otherGerman contributions in this area es-sential to the development of modern

journalism have received little attenti-on from the scientific community priorto this project.

»For Eskim os,

Heaven Does Not ExistW ithout Hell«

The Prodigal SonsGerman Hollywood Filmmakers

Discuss European Movie Future at the Academy

By Julian Hanich

he flashbulbs lit up the sky and

television crews pushed and whin-ed when the four prodigal sons clim-bed out of the polished Mercedes.»Good evening, everyone, and welco-me back to Germany!« Mr. Emmerich(Stuttgart),Petersen (Emden), Ballhaus(Berlin), and Zimmer (Frankfurt), all of whom fled the German film world forAmerica and sunny Hollywood, pushedthrough the crowd of journalists to thesoft chairsof the American Academyin order to chat about moviemakingon both sides of the Atlantic. Couldthere be a European Hollywood?

To sum up 90 minutes shortly and

sweetly: »No«, leaning toward »Yes-and-No«. Roland Emmerich, the direc-tor of Godzilla, who has become accu-stomed to mega-budgets, tried none-theless to provide encouragement bypointing to German successes like 23or Jenseits der Stille: »Everything workshere.«

In contrast, his colleague WolfgangPetersen ( Airforce One) – somewhat clo-

ser to reality – put his finger directly on

German cinema’s sore spot: »We areshort of everything here!« Accordingto Petersen, in America, the marketingis better, the public goes to more mo-vies, there is an existing infrastructurefor the film industry and people in Hol-lywood work with an unbelievableamount of enthusiasm and professio-nalism. »That is somewhat depres-sing.«

Hans Zimmer, the Oscar-winningcomposer of the Lion Kingadded hispraise: »Hollywood is a factory in thebest sense of the word,« and pointed tothe 15,000 screenplays in circulation

there during the past year. Finally,Michael Ballhaus ( Age of Innocence), whoas a cameraman has shot 38 films todate, summed up the problem withfive ominous letters: Money. Largerbudgets had freed his fantasy, he said.»Ideas stopped occurring to me. Onestarts to think small.« On the otherhand, he recognized the dangers oflarge-scale productions in Germany:

»It is no longer possible to recover costson the German market.«

The idea of the large-scale Europeanproduction remains. But can the concen-

trated European cinema even competewith Hollywood? »We all don’t reallybelieve in the big European mish-mashfilm,« said Petersen. »Euro-pudding!«called out Ballhaus contemptuously.The French production Asterix and Obelix against Caeser for 80 million, inwhich European stars like Gérard Depar-dieu, Roberto Benigni and MarianneSägebrecht appear, produced foreheads

creased in suspicion. No, Europeanshould rather make films about theown identities and culture in theirlanguages, according to Petersen. Th

could also be successful, proof beiBergman, Fellini, and Truffault.Emmerich and Petersen, who in

their films have banged their fists otable with so much American patriothat even Americans were surpriswere united on one subject: both wto work as producers in Germany the future.

Der Tagesspiege

T

While in Berlin for the staging of »Dantons Tod« and »Ozeanflug«,RobertWilson demonstrates the diffe-rences between American entertain-ment and German theater at the Ame-rican Academy in Berlin.

True to his maxim that on stage super-

ficial effects count for more than thenaked presentation of causal relation-ships, Wilson not only explained hisview of American theater, an aestheticrelying on played-out silences and slow-ness, but acted these directly out. Inthis manner, the master of visual effectstransformed a critical audience into agroup of passive viewers that followedthe guru of international theater’s movesthrough the evening without a word.»What brings you as an American

theater director to Germany?« Wilanswered the first question posedtheater scholars Bonnie Marranca Gautum Dasgupta, moderators of tdiscussion, first with a long momensilence. With eyed closed in deliberahe unclipped his microphone. »A s

while ago I was studying Eskimo mashe finally whispered. »For Eskimoheaven does not exist without hell.

A nervous rustling in the room. Wdoes the Master want to say to us wthis? Wilson presents the solutionhis picture-puzzle. »I come from Txas. On stage, I start with the effect,manswith the cause.« Wilson standwrites both words on a flip chart andmediately crosses them out. »The eis the cause.« Berliner Morgenpo

Robert Wilson on The Art of Making Theater

By Arne Delfs


Lights, Camera, Action: Ballhaus, Emmerich, Petersen, and ZimmerDirected by Gary Smith into the Academy’s Library




W H E N W E S U P P O R T T H E A R T S ,

I T ’ S T H E A R T I S T W H O P U L L T H E S T R I N G S .

ª Your Sparkasse is always there for you – creating a bet ter quality

of life for everyone, at work and at play, locally or regionally.

Through our sponsorship of leisure activities, our support for com-

munity projects and our commitment to environmental protection

and sports. Or through ideas which help to enhance the cultural life

of the region – we support quality exhibitions, the preserv

of important arts and crafts, exciting concerts, not to me

the famous “Young Musicians” competition and more than 22

tural and arts foundations across the country. “Standort: h

the Sparkasse initiative for people and businesses in your re

STANDORT HIER

On the WaterfrontPlotting a Berlin Novel with Ward Just

By Roger Cohen

o place is more gray than Berlin

in winter, a layered gray that beginsn the sky, permeates the air, penetrateshe buildings and gathers with bottom-ess intensity in the city's lakes. It is a

grayness that Ward Just, the novelist,calls »an atmosphere,« and in atmos-pheres lie the germ of his imaginativevoyages.

One recently began here as Just gazedat the metal-gray waters of the Wann-ee. An icy wind was blowing over theake. On the far shore, just visible, washe villa where SS officers led by Rein-

hard Heydrich gathered in January1942 to decide the »final solution« –

he extermination of European Jews.Out on the lake two middle-aged menwere furiously rowing a double scullagainst the wind.

»So what do you make of that?«he author said, pulling an unfiltered

Camel from a packet in the breastpocket of his rumpled tweed jacket andighting it slowly. »Colder than hell.

Drizzle coming down. Never seen a

gray like it. That sinister villa. Two Ger-

man guys, aged fifty or so, battling thewind.« Just smiled: he likes such conundrums.

»That's enough for me – a situation, anatmosphere, a vision. I never begin witha plot. The hell with a plot. But withtime, with patience, the thing revealsitself.«

The thing does indeed. After twelvenovels, reflections on the delusions ofpeople and nations and the sometimespermanent damage they suffer, it issafe to say that Just will draw muchfrom that image of the dogged rowers.On the pain of Germany, its midcen-

tury catastrophe, its ineluctable battlewith memory, its sullen determinationand belief in itself, its discipline, itsromantic attraction to nature's unas-suaged forces, its eternal mystery.

The old journalistic curiosity conti-nues to drive him from a settled life outinto the world; and a darker side, a stor-my undertow, has persistently drawnhim to Germany and Berlin.

»My family came from Darmstadt to

Chicago about 150 years ago, and I'vebeen interested by Germany for a verylong time,« Just said.

»Interest grew to obsession throughthe paintings. There’s that great MaxBeckmann self-portrait in a tuxedo –square face, head down with a cigarette,

just a majestic portrait, and that led meto all the Expressionists, Kirchner,Schmidt-Rottluff, Dix, and somethingprovocative stayed in my mind forever.«

He came to Berlin as a visiting fellowat the recently opened American Aca-demy – a »Gastarbeiter,« or guest wor-ker, as he puts it, with his gentle, often

self-mocking smile. For many years, sojourns in Europe had meant sojourns inParis with his wife, Sarah Catchpole,but he felt it was time for a change.

»Germany is a feast of the mind, notthe eye,« he said. »I have not seen asingle vista in Berlin that can comparefavorably to a commonplace sight inParis. But the conversation, the qualityof introspection, the openness are

fifty-fold what I found in France.«

Much of that conversation, inevitably,has been about the Holocaust, and someof it left Just breathless with its frank-ness and pain.

»They are not forgetting,« he said.»It is with them every minute of everyhour of every day. My heart goes out tothose who bear no responsibility andthink of what happened so constantly.«

He was at one Berlin dinner when aman started talking about his father.A father much loved. A father later dis-covered to have been a Nazi. Tearsstarted to flow: a grown man talkingabout his father and sobbing as he

described how inexplicable it was thatso good a father could have embracedsuch evil.

At another dinner, somebody remar-ked that Auschwitz would always standin the way of Germany’s being a nationlike any other. The host said that was aridiculous notion. Germany would benormal again.

Continued on Page 18

N



Siemens.Die Kraft des Neuen.


16

What is the purpose of the American Academy in Berlin? The purpose of the American Academyin Berlin is two-fold: First, to provide acenter for American scholars, thinkers,leading intellectuals and political fi-gures to come to Berlin, to share theirexperiences and to learn from the peo-ple of Berlin and Germany,that is to say,to provide a living center for the ex-change of ideas.

Secondly, there is a larger theory

behind it. When the American troops,the famous Berlin brigade which hadguarded Berlin all during the Cold War,left in September of 1994, I was Ameri-can Ambassador to Germany, and I feltvery strongly that we should have some-thing that would replace the troops,

something that would bind the peopleof Berlin to the people of the UnitedStates. This was because the new gene-ration of Americans and Berlinerswould not remember the Berlin Wall;they would not remember Kennedy’sfamous speech; they would not remem-ber the confrontation in 1961 at Check-point Charlie; they would not remem-ber the Airlift. And so, it was importantto create new institutions, to create,if you will, new traditions.

This was the idea that came to mind,and it was this idea that we announced– Vice-President Gore, Henry Kissinger,former President vonWeizsäcker,Mayor Diepgen, and I – in Septemberof 1994. Now it has become a reality;it is like seeing a dream come true.

Why is the American Academy locatedin Berlin?

It’s located in Berlin because Berlinis again the capital of Germany and itwill be the capital of Central Europe.It is a city with historical connectionsto the United States that must be pre-served and built on. So, it seemed clearthat there was no other place that wouldbe as appropriate as Berlin.

Also, Berlin is the most exciting cityin Europe today; it’s got an intellectualferment that comes from a certainamount of confusion. It’s not as settledand established as the old capitals likeParis, Rome, and London, and the veryexcitement of Berlin coming from theconfusion of people coming togethermakes it clearly the most interestingcity in Europe, maybe the most interes-ting city in the world today.

What is it that the Academy cancontribute to the world?

I hope that the American Academy

in Berlin will be a center for learning:Americans learning from Germans andGermans from Americans, people ran-ging from America’s greatest livingplaywright, Arthur Miller, our firstBerlin Fellow, to experts on immigrationand citizenship to poets, artists, and his-

torians. We hope to gain a great deknowledge and also leave much beh

Why should companies and individuasupport the Academy?

I think that any company that woin Germany or any German compathat has strong ties to the United Stshould look beyond its balance shbeyond its bottom line, and think ab

what it can do to build for the futurThe same is true for individuals; I ththat any individual who cares about German relationships and who is iposition to make a contribution to American Academy in Berlin shouldo so. Projects like this one further goal of a closer U.S.-German undersding.

In short, any company or individthat has an interest in U.S.-Germanlations should consider the fact tharelationship between the two counis based not just on business, but ondeep cultural understanding. The A

erican Academy in Berlin is a livingmonument to this relationship. It wgrow; it will prosper; and, it will benduring; I can’t think of a better wapromote U.S.-German understandthan to support the American Acadein Berlin.

http://www.siemens.de/innovation

Was man nicht lange erklären muß, macht einfach

mehr Freude. Desha lb hab en w ir ein Us abi l ity-Lab or

einge richtet, in dem Kunden, Entw ickler und Experten

für nutzergerechte Produktgestal tung gemeinsam einZiel verfolgen: einfachste Bedienung. Vom Handy bis zur

großen Industrieanlage: Neue Produktideen für unsere

Kunden in aller Welt testen w ir bereits w ähre nd ihrer Ent-

wicklung imm er w ieder und verbessern sie, bis sie sich

mö glichst von se lbst erklären. Sch ließlich sollen sie das Le-

ben nicht komplizierter, so nde rn leichter mac hen.

ist,wennTechnik einfacheinfach ist.

Innovation

The Way toNew Traditions

Richard C. Holbrooke

On Ideas and Institutions for the GenerationThat has not seen the Berlin Wall



Thousands ofDogs in Indian Villages


17

The Short Carnivalof Fall 1989

Historian Charles S. Maier Talks with Jens ReicheBy Paul Stoop

Berlin Attracts Research on Native AmericansBy Ralf Groetker

o come to Berlin, of all places, to learn more about the life of Native Americansappears at the very least unusual. Why Lynn Snyder of the National Museum of

Natural History in Washington, D.C. and the American Academy in Berlin wouldcome to continue with her research into the hi-tory of the Plains Indians isn’t immediately cle-

ar. That she is here has to do with the history of cience: just as every Egyptologist must visit Pa-is and London, so can researchers of Native

American history make discoveries in Berlin.The Director of the National Museum for Na-

ural History and Head of its American IndianProgram, JoAllyn Archambault, is also a Fellowogether with Ms. Snyder at the American Aca-

demy in Berlin. Snyder and Archambault joint-y investigate ethnographical objects at Berlin’s

Ethnological Museum.Lynn Snyder presented some of the results of

her research in a lecture about the life of dogs inNorth America. Contrary to the popular clichéof adventure stories and films, dogs, not horses,erved as beasts of burden for Native Americans

up to the 16th century. Jo Allyn Archambault’secture investigates issues pertaining to gender

differences and the division of work in NativeAmerican society. where the relationship bet-ween men and women was not seen as hierarchi-cal. It was believed that masculine and feminineoles complemented one another and that both

genders were therefore equal. Berliner Zeitung

Tven during the constantly attractive debate season at the American Aca-demy in Berlin was so much interest rarely aroused. And, no one was disap-

pointed. The discussion between American historian Charles S. Maier and themolecular biologist and dissident of the Ger-man Democratic Republic, Jens Reich, consti-tuted a remarkable start to the ten-year anni-versary of the events of 1989. The discussionpartners vividly demonstrated how the end of the GDR, carefully analyzed with the help of many sources, became history, without neg-lecting the story of the main characters in thedrama.

Charles S. Maier, Professor of History andDirector of the Center for European Studies atHarvard University, came to the AmericanAcademy introducing his extensive study,»The Disappearance of the GDR and the Endof Communism« (published in German byS. Fischer Verlag). On the same day on whichexactly nine years ago the first and only free el-ections for the East German Parliament wereheld, Maier paid his respect to the person sit-ting across from him, elected to the GDR-Par-liament and interviewed for Maier’s book, to-gether with many other protagonists of EastGermany’s last days: »Mr. Reich changed theworld. I have only described it.«Tagespiegel

An Event MirroredIn the Academy’s Library

E


Views From the Arm chairAn American Future for German Literature?

By Lothar Müller

here are no more American troops in Berlin. In exchange, the American Aca -demy has resided in a large villa on Lake Wannsee for some time now. A glance

out the library windows provides a view toward the west. In the adjoining salon,one does not give lectures from the podium, but rather from the depths of one of the imposing armchairs.

Arnulf Conradi, head of both the Berlin and the Siedler Verlag, likes these chairs,here in a place where American English is spoken and it is possible to greet friendsseated in the rows of chairs by their first names. Arnulf Conradi lays claim to thetitle of the »most international German publisher«, recently freed up by Michael

Naumann’s recent changeover into politics. The Berlin Verlag lives for the mostpart from translations from the United States, England, South Africa, Canada, Is-rael, Sweden, etc.

However, the publisher has recently discovered his passion for German literatu-re and has prophesized its renaissance for some time now. Recuperating from itscerebral fossilization and from the grim chewing on insipid form problems, its ton-gue has once again been loosened, it has listened to the voice of the New World, ac-cording to Conradi. Where else could it be easier to swear by the healing powers of American »storytelling« than in this armchair?

And so the publisher himself surpasses his authors and becomes an enthusiasticnarrator, giving to his best ability one anecdote after the other, themselves literallysubjects for future novellas and novels. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung

Tt was, as always, an inspiring eve-

ning. The new recipients of the BerlinPrize Fellowships had arrived at theAmerican Academy on Lake Wannsee.Director Gary Smith and the Vice-Pre-ident of the Academy, Gahl Hodges

Burt, accompanied by her husband,Richard, former U.S. Ambassador toGermany, had invited press and public

o the welcoming ceremony, and proud-y used the opportunity to present the

Academy’s new PR-video. »We mustnot forget«, reminded Smith, »that theAcademy is dependent on donations.«

Nevertheless, on this evening, theonly dark clouds present were thoseoutside over Lake Wannsee and theAcademy grounds. The Hans ArnholdCenter basked in the type of cozy, Bri-ish club atmosphere which allows con-

versations to flourish. Die Welt

This Atm osphere

Lets Characters

Develop

Privately-Financed

Diplom acy

Again

On the Academy’s GroundsBy Inge Griese

In Contrast to the OthersBy Ralf Grötker

The Fellowship program of theAmerican Academy in Berlin enters thesecond round with the 1999 SpringSemester. The program enables Ame-rican researchers, journalists and otherpersons of letters to complete projects,which as a rule are thematically tied tothe German capital or to German-Ame-rican history, during their stay at the

Hans Arnhold Center on Lake Wannsee.In contrast to other research instituti-

ons in Berlin, the American Academy,whose operating costs are financed sole-ly by means of sponsorships and dona-tions, does not see itself exclusively asan academic organization. The goal of their activities lies in cultural diplomacy:a renewal of German-American post-war relations and the stimulation of cultural exchanges above all in the socialand political arenas. Berliner Zeitung




Trustees of the American Academy: Gahl Hodges Burt (Vice-Chairman), Lloyd Cutler, Everette E. Dennis (President), Thomas Farmer (Honorary Co-Chaiman), Richard B. Fisher, Jürgen Graf, Klaus Groenke, Karl von der Heyden (Treasurer), Richard C. Holbrooke, Thomas L. Hughes, Josef Joffe, Stephen MKellen, Henry A. Kissinger (Honorary Co-Chairman), Horst Köhler, Otto Graf Lambsdorff, (Chairman), Nina von Maltzahn, Klaus Mangold, Erich MVolker Schlöndorff, Jerry Speyer, Fritz Stern, Jon Vanden Heuvel, Kurt Viermetz, Richard von Weizsäcker (Honorary Co-Chairman).

The Berlin JournalA Quarterly from the American Academy in BeEdited by Gary Smith (Executive Director)Designed by Studio Phil Grège

Address: Hans Arnhold CenterAm Sandwerder 17-19•14109 Berlin• Germa Tel. (+49 30) 80 48 3-0 Fax (+49 30) 80 48 3-11

Email: [email protected]: Renate PöppelSubscription Manager: Christian OelzeSubscriptions: $15 per annumAll Rights Reserved•Printed in Germany

Migration Problem s

Com pared

Continued From Page 9

immigrant incorporation concernsmore thaneasy access to citizenship. Itis also a social process .This process hasbeen well on the way in the German caseand its results thus far have not been as

negative as frequently portrayed.More than thirty years after immi-

gration became an inescapable andirreversible fact, that fact has finallyreceived legal recognition. While newlegislation is long overdue and repre-sents a crucial step toward redefiningGerman nationhood and self-under-standing, its impact on immigrant in-corporation may not be as significantas portrayed by some proponents of the law.

Several reasons come to mind. First,while comparisons between the UnitedStates and Germany are compelling,

this dual comparison has its limits. Athorough understanding of the complexrelationships between citizenship andintegration must include the experiencesof other countries. Because the UnitedStates is frequently conceptualized asthe immigration country par excellence,there is the danger of using the Americanexperience and the current Americansituation as a normative model or anempirical model for comparison.

In these comparisons, Germany oftenappears as the exceptional case. Yet, asmany scholars, in particular, S. M. Lipset,have pointed out, the United States dis-

plays many exceptional socio-economicand political characteristics that aredeeply intertwined with its history.

Recent systematic comparisons of three immigration countries, Canada,Australia and the United States indicateconsiderable differences in the socio-economic incorporation of immigrants.All three countries provide easy accessto citizenship. While citizenship policiesand laws set some parameters for thisprocess, it also builds on existing socialinstitutions, in particular labor markets,education, religion and social welfare.

Second, increasing transnation-alization is likely to render citizenshipas we have known it less and less impor-tant in the future. Dual and multiplecitizenships are likely to become moreand more commonplace and it willonly become more difficult for Germanyto resist this trend.

»I should have asked: Why was it ridiculous to think thatAuschwitz would always prevent Germany from being nor-mal?« Just said. »I should have asked what normality meantto the host. But I was silent.« It seems reasonable to assumethat from that silence some of the themes of Just’s next novelwill emerge. Germany has been in his books for some time.»As a nation,« he once wrote, »it resembled Chicago, centralto its region, a furious engine that advances on its own innerlogic, closed in on itself, with resentments enough to fill thecouches of Vienna -- yet beneath the surface there was faith,patience and an implacable sense of destiny.«

The New York Times

On the W aterfrontContinued from Page 15

Artists and ExpertsExpand Our Community

ourteen artists, scholars andprofessionals have been named to

Berlin Prize Fellowships for 1999-2000.The group includes the Academy’s firstfellows from the fine arts and music.Thanks to a grant from Philip Morris,the Academy will welcome distinguishedinstallation artist Jenny Holzer as anadvanced studies fellow and painter SarahMorris to an emerging artist fellowship.

With topics ranging from studies of the nationalization of Central Europeto poetry and musical compositions,

the new fellows include historians andphilosophers as well as legal scholars,

journalists and even an orchestra con-ductor, John Mauceri of the HollywoodBowl Orchestra and Teatro Regio in Italy.

Others in the class of fellows are:poet Henri Cole, Harvard University;sociologist Kathrine Pratt Ewing, DukeUniversity; historian Jeremy King,Mount Holyoke College; musicologistsStephen D. Lindemann, Brigham YoungUniversity, Karen Painter, HarvardUniversity; journalist Elizabeth Rubin,Harper’s Magazine; composer LauraElise Schwendinger, University of Illi-

nois, Chicago; Russian literature scho-lar Gavriel Shapiro, Cornell University;religious studies scholar Brent Sock-ness, Stanford University; art historian

Margarita Tupitsyn, The Queens Mu-seum, New York; and the legal scholar

James Whitman, Yale University.Fellows will be in residence for one

or two semesters, beginning in Septem-ber and ending mid-May.The distin-guished selection committee included

philosopher Arthur Danto, art histori-an Colin Eisler, literary scholar FrancesFitzgerald, Germanist Andreas Huys-sen, historian Charles Maier, legal his-

torian Dieter Simon, and the theatrartist Robert Wilson as well as Academy representation. The artist seltion committee includes Maxwell Aderson, Eduard Beaucamp, Marla Pther, Christoph Tannert, and Rona

Jones.

Four further appointments for shterm public policy fellowships shalmade in early June for a program fued by the Bosch Foundation.

Academy Selects First Fellows in Fine Arts and Music

A Room With a View: Pre-Lecture Talks on Lake Wannsee

F



The Train

Stalled an hour beside a row of abandoned, graffiti-stricken factories,

the person behind me talking the whole while on his portable phone,

every word irritatingly distinct, impossible to think of anything else,

I feel trapped, look out and see a young hare moving through the sooty scrub;

just as I catch sight of him, he turns with a start to face us, and freezes.

Sleek, clean, his flesh firm in his fine-grained fur, hes very endearing;

he reminds me of the smallest children on their way to school in our street,

their slouchy, unself-conscious grace, the urge you feel to share their beauty,

then my mind plays that trick of trying to go back into its wilder part,

to let the creature know my admiration, and have him acknowledge me.

All the while were there, I long almost painfully out to him,as though some mystery inhabited him, some semblance of the sacred,

but if he senses me he disregards me, and when we begin to move

he still waits on the black ballast gravel, ears and whiskers working,

to be sure were good and gone before he continues his errand.

The train hurtles along, towns blur by, the voice behind me hammers on;

its stifling here but in the fields the grasses are stiff and white with rime.

Imagine being out there alone, shivers of dread thrilling through you,

those burnished rails before you, around you a silence, immense, stupendous,

only now beginning to wane, in a lift of wind, the deafening creaking of a bough

C . K . W i l l i a m s



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