besser--cni/jisc 6/16/00 1 emerging standards for complex works howard besser ucla school of...

Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 1

Emerging Standards for Complex Works

Howard Besser

UCLA School of Education & Information

http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard


Emerging Standards for Complex Works

_ Background & Context for Standards_ MOA2: Structural & Administrative

Metadata_ NISO/DLF: Technical Imaging Standards_ Identification/provenance_ Rich Media_ Longevity


Key problems we’re facing

Discovery Longevity Interoperability


Traditional Digital Library Model

DL

DL

DL

DL

useruser

search & presentation





Ideal Digital Library Model

DL

DL

DL

DL

useruser



For Interoperability Digital Libraries Need Standards

Descriptive Metadata for consistent description

Discovery Metadata for finding Administrative Metadata for viewing and

maintaining Structural Metadata for navigation ... Terms & Conditions Metadata for

controlling access...


Why are Standards and Metadata consensus

important? Managing digital files over time Longevity Interoperability Veracity Recording in a consistent manner Will give vendors incentive to create

applications that support this


Collaborative Metadata Projects

Dublin Core NSF/ERCIM Digital Collaboratory OCLC CORC Project- Visual Resources Association (VRA) Core Encoded Archival Description (EAD) Computerized Interchange of Museum Information

(CIMI)- Records Export for Art and Cultural Heritage

(REACH)


CORC--Cooperative Online Resource Catalog

_ both bib records & webliographies (pathfiinders)

_ supports both AACR2/MARC and DC_ began 1/99, scheduled availability 7/00_ 100-200 participants

– Academic libraries– OCLC networks, special libraries, public

libraries, state & national libraries, consortia


Making of America II-

Background of the DLF Project Administrative Metadata Structural Metadata


MOA2 Goal is Interpoerability

Book example


DLF Metadata for Interoperability Testbed:

the MOA II Project R & D Distributed Repositories Transportation, 1869-1900 Testbed Project Best Practices Structural and administrative metadata


Previous Projects/Background

Library Standards Background UC Berkeley Background Finding Aids EAD SGML EAD “Digital Archives”


MOA II Classes of Objects

Continuous Tone Photos Photo Albums Diaries, journals, letterpress books Ledgers Correspondence


MOA II Metadata

_ Administrative Metadata– for enhancing resource management

_ Structural Metadata– for reflecting internal hierarchies and

relationships btwn parts

_ Raw/Seared/Cooked


MOA II Behaviors

Navigation Display/Print


MOA II Best practices

Use/Users/Collection: Benchmarking Masters vs. Derivatives Scanning- Administrative Metadata- Structural Metadata-


Scanning Best Practices

_ Think about users (and potential users), uses, and type of material/collection

_ Scan at the highest quality that does not exceed the likely potential users/uses/material

_ Do not let today’s delivery limitations influence your scanning file sizes; understand the difference between digital masters and derivative files used for delivery

_ Many documents which appear to be bitonal actually are better represented with greyscale scans

_ Include color bar and ruler in the scan

_ Use objective measurements to determine scanner settings (do NOT attempt to make the image good on your particular monitor or use image processing to color correct)

_ Don’t use lossy compression_ Store in a common (standardized)

file format_ Capture as much metadata as is

reasonably possiple (including metadata about the scanning process itself)


Why Scale is important


Administrative Metadatato uniquely identify a digital resource and manage it

over time

_ Information about where the various pieces/versions of the object reside

_ Information to view the digital object_ Information about the scanning process


Structural Metadata:that which is relevant to presentation of the

digital object to the user

_ metadata defining the "object”: a book, a diary, a photo album

_ metadata defining the “sub-objects”: pages (physical) or chapters and subheads (intellectual)


SGML, XML, HTML

_ TEI for structured humanities text_ EAD for Finding Aids


NISO/DLF Image Metadata WorkshopPossible Goals

Metadata fields Rules for Field Contents (authority control)

Core set of necessary fields

Syntax for expressing fields and contents (headers)


Image Metadata

Focus on Metadata that may prove helpful for

management use preservation ...


Image Metadata

Break-out Groups: Work Done

Characteristics and Features of Images Image Production and Reformatting

Features Image Identification and Integrity


NISO/DLF Image Metadata Workshop (4/99)

Image Technical Information : Possible Goals

Metadata fields Rules for Field Contents (authority control)

Core set of necessary fields

Syntax for expressing fields and contents (headers)


Image Metadata

Focus on Metadata that may prove helpful for

management use preservation ...


Image Metadata

Break-out Groups: Work Done-

Characteristics and Features of Images Image Production and Reformatting

Features Image Identification and Integrity


Image Metadata Elements for Data Dictionary

Data Dictionary Entries_ Element Name_ Definition (short) of the element name_ Is the element required? (Identified as: Mandatory, Mandatory if

Applicable, Recommended, Optional)_ How is the value of the element represented?_ Examples_ When is this data collected?_ What is the purpose of this data?_ Who would the identified users be?_ How is the metadata used?_ What other metadata standards reference it?



Characteristics and Features Element List

_ Format Issues:_ Resolution Issues:_ Encoding:_ Compression:_ Others:



Image Production Element List (Pertaining to the Image)

_ In-image target(s):_ System target(s), associated with the object:_ Responsible agent_ Rationale:_ Hardware:_ Software:



Image Production Element List (Pertaining to the Process)

_ Format of the image_ Intrinsic characteristics of the image_ Identification_ Provides a means for defining methodology including documentation and rationale_ Who is involved with the file?_ Who created the image file?_ Who commissioned the creation of the image file (i.e., the chartering entity), as opposed

to: Who is the responsible agency? Who is the owner?_ Where_ What_ When: necessary dates including: capture date/time, modification_ Checksum_ Navigational aid_ Encoding tools


Image Metadata

NISO/DLF Image Metadata:In Progress

_ Data Dictionary for both “Characteristics & Features” and for “Image Production Elements” due end of 6/00


Finding Image Origins


Identification/Provenance (Images)-

The number of variant forms of a work can be enormous Image Families A digital image frequently has many layers of parentage Information about the parentage that can indicate the

quality and veracity of the image (Dublin Core "Source" and "Relation")

how to deal with different versions derived from the same scan or different encoding schemes

Vocabulary Standards to express this


The number of variant forms of a work can be enormous

different views of the same object different lighting of the same object different scans of the same photo different resolutions different compression schemes different compression ratios different file storage formats different details of the same image ...

Image Families


Identification/Provenance

how to deal with different versions (browse, hi-res, medium res) derived from the same scan or different encoding schemes (TIFF, PICT, JFIF)

Vocabulary Standards to express this– VRA Surrogate Categories– CIMI's "Image Elements”


Other Metadata

_ Description of depiction/surrogate (What VRA calls its "Surrogate Categories")

_ Description of original object

_ Rights and Reproduction Information_ Location Information


Metadata for Digital Commerce

DOI <indecs>-


<Indecs>

formal structure for describing and uniquely identifying intellectual property itself, the people and businesses involved in its trading, and the agreements which they make about it (primarily for publishing, music, and visual arts)

will develop high-level specifications for the services that will be required to implement a global IP trading system based on this <indecs> generic data model

focus is on encoding rights at a high level, not on resource discovery likely to involve metadata schma registration and directory to allow

interoperation of personal identifiers for rightsholders and users supported by EEC DG-13 First meeting July 1999 http://www.indecs.org/


Problems & Potentialsof Rich Media-

_ Types of Rich Media_ Technologies and problems_ Opportunities--a scenario_ Metadata_ Indexing


Some Types of Rich Media

_ Moving image materials_ Multimedia_ Interactive programs_ Computer art


After an uphill battle, tech and Tinseltown find common ground

(USA Today, 3/3/00)


Projected Changes: Prospect of digitized movies already has some mourning loss of film

(SF Chronicle, 3/5/00)


Video Technology to Make the Head Spin (NYT 3/2/00)


ECI - Hole in Space (both)


ECI - 84-locations


ECI - 84-Community Memory


ECI - 84-MOCA


ECI - Avatars & Humans


ECI - Avatar Stage


Complexity of Rich Media

_ Works often have artistic nature (including video games)

_ Enormous number of elements can, at times, be very important to preserve (pacing, original artifact, elements used to construct the artifact)

_ Too complex to save every one of these aspects for every type of material

_ Importance of saving documentation


Rich Media Technologies

_ Streaming media vs. Downloaded files_ Bandwidth and compression_ Need to offload functions onto clients


The Inter-relation Problem

-Info is increasingly inter-related to other info

-How do we make our own Info persist when it points to and integrates with Info owned by others?

-What is the boundary of a set of information (or even of a digital object)?


The Translation Problem

Content translated into new delivery devices changes meaning– -A photo vs. a painting– -If Info is produced originally in digital form in

one encoded format, will it be the same when translated into another format?

– Behaviors


Problems of Rich Media

_ Complexity of formats (storage & compression)_ Synchronicity between media/streams_ Pieces and Boundaries_ Persistent IDs_ Interactivity_ Historical context_ Content_ Recontextualization (Postmodernism)


Opportunities--a scenario

_ Huge stable online DB of rich media (Prelinger Archives)

_ Creators create new works that consist mainly of links to and transitions btwn pieces of the rich media DB

_ Works are not really assembled until run-time_ Securing IP permission may shift from capital-intensive

producer to end-user_ Economics of media production may change drastically


Structural Metadata for Complex Objects-

_ MPEG 4_ SMIL


Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL)

_ For repurposing and reuse in different ways_ Use XML to reference various pieces in different

ways_ Supported by Realmedia but not Microsoft or

Macromedia


MPEG 4

_ Object-oriented_ Very low level of granularity (even objects vs

backgrounds)_ Scaleable bandwidth use_ Binary Format for Scenes (BIFS) borrows

concepts from VRML


Indexing ofMoving Image Materials

_ Whole works vs. parts of Works_ MPEG 7_ Approaches to segmentation & thumbnail

representation_ Closed caption indexing_ Audio description indexing_ Semiotics


Other Types of Metadata-

_ Longevity_ Identification/Provenance_ Rights Management


The Short Life of Digital Info: Digital Longevity Problems-

Disappearing Information The Viewing Problem The Scrambling Problem The Inter-relation Problem The Custodial Problem The Translation Problem


The Viewing Problem

Digital Info requires a whole infrastructure to view it

Each piece of that infrastructure is changing at an incredibly rapid rate

How can we ever hope to deal with all the permutations and combinations


The Scrambling Problem

Dangers from: Compression to ease storage & delivery Container Architecture to enhance digital

commerce


The Inter-relation Problem

-Info is increasingly inter-related to other info

-How do we make our own Info persist when it points to and integrates with Info owned by others?

-What is the boundary of a set of information (or even of a digital object)?


The Custodial Problem

How do we decide what to save? Who should save it? How should they save it?

– -methods for later access: emulation, migration, etc.

– -issues of authenticity and evidence


The Translation Problem

Content translated into new delivery devices changes meaning– -A photo vs. a painting– -If Info is produced originally in digital form in

one encoded format, will it be the same when translated into another format?

– Behaviors


Pieces of the Solution (1/2)

-We need to insist upon clearly readable standardized ways for digital objects to self-identify their formats

-We should discourage scrambling -We need to better understand information

inter-relates to other Info, and what constitutes “boundaries” of Info objects


Pieces of the Solution (2/2)

-People and organizations wishing to make information persist need guidelines of how to go about doing it

-We need to better understand how translating from one storage or display format to another affects the meaning of a work

-We need to save the “behaviors” of a digital object, not just it’s “contents”


Metadata can be the first line of defense

Can tell you– where the file is (if you can’t find the file)– where more info about the file is (if you have the

file but most other metadata has become separated)

– what the file format is– what the compression scheme is– what application program and version is needed

for the file


Groups Working onthe Big Longevity Problem

http://sunsite.Berkeley.EDU/Imaging/Databases/Longevity/

CPA Task Force CPA Study Group Getty “Time & Bits” Conference-

Internet Archive Long Now


Migration/Refreshing

Impact on evidential value


Emerging Standards for Complex Works_ Howard Besser_ UCLA School of Education & Information

_ http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/image-meta.html_ http://sunsite.Berkeley.EDU/moa2/ http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/Classes/287-moving.html http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/Classes/287-mov-index-bib.html_ http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/Metadata/UC-May00/_ http://www.getty.edu/gri/standard/intrometadata/_ http://sunsite.Berkeley.EDU/Imaging/Databases/#standards_ http://sunsite.Berkeley.EDU/Longevity/_ http://www.ifla.org/II/metadata.htm_ http://purl.oclc.org/metadata/dublin_core/_ http://purl.oclc.org/corc/_ http://lcweb.loc.gov/ead/_ http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Metadata/sp2000.html


Data Structures:The VRA Core

28 elements specifically for visual resource collections

Work Description Categories- Visual Document Description Categories- http://www.oberlin.edu/~art/vra/dsc.html


VRA Core:Work Description Categories

Work type Title Measurements Material Technique Creator Role Date Repository name Repository place

_ Repository number_ Current site_ Original site_ Style/period/group/

movement_ Nationality/culture_ Subject_ Related work_ Relationship type_ Notes


VRA Core:Visual Document Description

Categories Visual document type Visual document format Visual document measurements Visual document date Visual document owner Visual document owner number Visual document view description Visual document subject Visual document source


Thesaurus for Graphic Materials

designed for subject indexing of pictorial materials, particularly large general collections of historical images

for cataloging and retrieval good for general audiences and broad approaches

to the material TGM-I: Subject Terms & TGM-II: Genre and

Physical Characteristic Terms http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/print/tgm/toc.html


AAT

120,000 terms for describing objects, textual materials,

images, architecture, and material culture from antiquity to present

large and complex http://www.getty.edu/gri/vocabularies/


ULAN

name authority http://www.getty.edu/gri/vocabularies/


Thesaurus of Geographic Names

over 1 million records hierarchical and global throughout history most records include coordinates and

descriptive notes


Semantics/Syntax/Structure

_ Semantics– meaning, as defined by a community to meet their particular needs

(DC)

_ Syntax– a systematic arrangement of data elements for machine processing

– facilitates the exchange and use of metadata among various applications (HTML, XML, RDF)

_ Structure– a formal arrangement of the syntax with the goal of consistent

representation of the semantics (rules defining field contents like 1/11/99)


Metadata Mapping-

Crosswalks Resource Description Framework (RDF)


Crosswalks

mapping btwn differing metadata structures eliminate the need for monolithic,

universally adopted standards focus on flexibility and interoperatiblity RDF-based metadata registries


Crosswalk ExampleCDWAObject IDCIMISchema FDAVRA CoreCategories USMARCDUBLINCOREOBJECT/WORK (core) DocumentClassification-CatalogLevel (core)DocumentClassification-Group Type

Object/Work-Type (core) Type ofObject objectNAMEDocumentClassification- DocumentType (core)Purpose-Purpose(Broad) (core)Purpose-Purpose(Narrow)

W1. WorkType 655 Genre-Form Type

Object/Work-Components quantity DocumentClassification-Extent 300a PhysicalDescription-Extent ORIENTATION/ARRANGEMENT

DescriptionTITLES ORNAMES(core)

Title objectTitlebibliographicTitleGroup/ItemIdentification-RepositoryTitleGroup/ItemIdentification-DescriptiveTitle (core)Group/ItemIdentification-InscribedTitle

W2. Title 24Xa Titleand Title-RelatedInformationTitle


Resource Description Framework (RDF, spec released 2/99)

_ W3C Metadata activity_ designed to move the Web beyond simple links to

semantically-rich relationships btwn resources_ metadata application using XML as a common syntax for

exchange and processing_ flexible architecture for managing diverse application-

specific metadata packets that can be processed by machines_ associates resources, property types, and corresponding

values_ http://www.w3.org/RDF/


RDF

_ Resources (character strings, names, digital objects)

_ Property (“is the author of”)_ Value

_ resources+properties=relationships_ many different relationships can be reflected


XML-encoded RDF

_ <?xml:namespace ns=http://www.w3.org/RDF/RDF prefix="RDF" ?>

_ <?xml:namespace ns=http://purl.oclc.org/DC/ prefix="DC" ?>

_ <RDF:RDF>_ <DC:Creator>Howard Besser</DC:Creator>_ </RDF:Description>_ </RDF:RDF>

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