bio 105 chapter 2
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT 17THMILLER/SPOOLMAN
CHAPTER 2
Science, Matter, Energy, and Systems
![Page 2: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Core Case Study: A Story About a Forest
• Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire
• Compared the loss of water and nutrients from an uncut forest (control site) with one that had been stripped (experimental site)
• Stripped site:• 30-40% more runoff• More dissolved nutrients• More soil erosion
![Page 3: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Effects of Deforestation on the Loss of Water and Soil Nutrients
Fig. 2-1, p. 31
![Page 4: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Science Is a Search for Order in Nature (1)
• Identify a problem
• Find out what is known about the problem
• Ask a question to be investigated
• Gather data through experiments
• Propose a scientific hypothesis
![Page 5: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Science Is a Search for Order in Nature (2)
• Make testable predictions
• Keep testing and making observations
• Accept or reject the hypothesis
• Scientific theory: well-tested and widely
accepted hypothesis
![Page 6: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Scientific Process
Fig. 2-2, p. 33
![Page 7: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Testing a Hypothesis
Fig. 2-3, p. 33
![Page 8: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Characteristics of Science…and Scientists
• Curiosity• Skepticism• Reproducibility• Peer review• Openness to new ideas• Critical thinking• Creativity
![Page 9: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Science Focus: Easter Island: Revisions to a Popular Environmental Story
• Some revisions to a popular environmental story• Polynesians arrived about 800 years ago• Population may have reached 3000• Used trees in an unsustainable manner, but rats
may have multiplied and eaten the seeds of the trees
![Page 10: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Stone Statues on Easter Island
Fig. 2-A, p. 35
![Page 11: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Scientific Theories and Laws Are the Most Important Results of Science
• Scientific theory• Widely tested• Supported by extensive evidence• Accepted by most scientists in a particular area
• Scientific law, law of nature
![Page 12: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Results of Science Can Be Tentative, Reliable, or Unreliable
• Tentative science, frontier science
• Reliable science
• Unreliable science
![Page 13: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Science Has Some Limitations
1. Particular hypotheses, theories, or laws have a high
probability of being true while not being absolute
2. Bias can be minimized by scientists
3. Environmental phenomena involve interacting variables
and complex interactions
4. Statistical methods may be used to estimate very large
or very small numbers
5. Scientific process is limited to the natural world
![Page 14: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Science Focus: Statistics and Probability
• Statistics• Collect, organize, and interpret numerical data
• Probability• The chance that something will happen or be
valid• Need large enough sample size
![Page 15: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Matter Consists of Elements and Compounds
• Matter• Has mass and takes up space
• Elements• Unique properties• Cannot be broken down chemically into other
substances
• Compounds• Two or more different elements bonded together
in fixed proportions
![Page 16: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Gold and Mercury Are Chemical Elements
Fig. 2-4a, p. 38
![Page 17: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Chemical Elements Used in The Book
Table 2-1, p. 38
![Page 18: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Are the Building Blocks of Matter (1)
• Atomic theory• All elements are made of atoms
• Subatomic particles• Protons with positive charge and neutrons with no charge
in nucleus• Negatively charged electrons orbit the nucleus
• Atomic number• Number of protons in nucleus
• Mass number • Number of protons plus neutrons in nucleus
![Page 19: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Model of a Carbon-12 Atom
Fig. 2-5, p. 39
![Page 20: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Are the Building Blocks of Matter (2)
• Isotopes• Same element, different number of neutrons
• Ions• Gain or lose electrons• Form ionic compounds
• pH• Measure of acidity• H+ and OH-
![Page 21: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Chemical Ions Used in This Book
Table 2-2, p. 40
![Page 22: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
pH Scale
Supplement 5, Figure 4
![Page 23: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Loss of NO3− from a Deforested Watershed
Fig. 2-6, p. 40
![Page 24: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Are the Building Blocks of Matter (3)
• Molecule• Two or more atoms of the same or different
elements held together by chemical bonds
• Compounds• Two or more atoms of different elements come
together
• Chemical formula• H20, CO2
![Page 25: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Compounds Used in This Book
Table 2-3, p. 40
![Page 26: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Organic Compounds Are the Chemicals of Life
• Organic compounds• Hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons• Simple carbohydrates• Macromolecules: complex organic molecules
• Complex carbohydrates• Proteins• Nucleic acids• Lipids
• Inorganic compounds• Compounds that do not contain carbon
![Page 27: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Glucose Structure
Supplement 4, Fig. 4
![Page 28: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Amino Acids and Proteins
Supplement 4, Fig. 8
![Page 29: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Nucleotide Structure in DNA and RNA
Supplement 4, Fig. 9
![Page 30: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
DNA Double Helix Structure and Bonding
Supplement 4, Fig. 10
![Page 31: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Fatty Acid Structure and Trigyceride
Supplement 4, Fig. 11
![Page 32: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Matter Comes to Life through Genes, Chromosomes, and Cells
• Cells: fundamental units of life; all organisms are composed of one or more cells
• Genes • Sequences of nucleotides within DNA• Instructions for proteins• Create inheritable traits
• Chromosomes: composed of many genes
![Page 33: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Cells, Nuclei, Chromosomes, DNA, and Genes
Fig. 2-7, p. 42
![Page 34: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Some Forms of Matter Are More Useful than Others
• High-quality matter• Highly concentrated• Near earth’s surface• High potential as a resource
• Low-quality matter• Not highly concentrated• Deep underground or widely dispersed• Low potential as a resource
![Page 35: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Examples of Differences in Matter Quality
Fig. 2-8, p. 42
![Page 36: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Matter Undergoes Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes
• Physical change• No change in chemical composition
• Chemical change, chemical reaction• Change in chemical composition• Reactants and products
• Nuclear change• Natural radioactive decay
• Radioisotopes: unstable
• Nuclear fission• Nuclear fusion
![Page 37: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Types of Nuclear Changes
Fig. 2-9, p. 43
![Page 38: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
We Cannot Create or Destroy Matter
• Law of conservation of matter
• Whenever matter undergoes a physical or chemical change, no atoms are created or destroyed
![Page 39: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Energy Comes in Many Forms (1)
• Kinetic energy • Flowing water• Wind • Heat
• Transferred by radiation, conduction, or convection
• Electromagnetic radiation• Energy moves in waves, X rays, UV rays
• Potential energy • Stored energy
• Can be changed into kinetic energy
![Page 40: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Wind’s Kinetic Energy Moves This Turbine
Fig. 2-10, p. 44
![Page 41: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Fig. 2-11, p. 45
![Page 42: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Potential Energy
Fig. 2-12, p. 45
![Page 43: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Energy Comes in Many Forms (2)
• Sun provides 99% of earth’s energy• Warms earth to comfortable temperature• Plant photosynthesis• Winds • Hydropower• Biomass • Fossil fuels: oil, coal, natural gas
![Page 44: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Fossil fuels
Fig. 2-14a, p. 46
![Page 45: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Some Types of Energy Are More Useful Than Others
• High-quality energy• High capacity to do work• Concentrated• High-temperature heat• Strong winds• Fossil fuels
• Low-quality energy• Low capacity to do work • Dispersed
![Page 46: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Ocean Heat Is Low-Quality Energy
Fig. 2-15, p. 47
![Page 47: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Energy Changes Are Governed by Two Scientific Laws
• First Law of Thermodynamics• Law of conservation of energy• Energy is neither created nor destroyed in
physical and chemical changes
• Second Law of Thermodynamics• Energy always goes from a more useful to a less
useful form when it changes from one form to another
• Light bulbs and combustion engines are very inefficient: produce wasted heat
![Page 48: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Energy-Wasting Technologies
Fig. 2-16a, p. 48
![Page 49: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Systems Have Inputs, Flows, and Outputs
• System• Set of components that interact in a regular way• Human body, earth, the economy
• Inputs from the environment
• Flows, throughputs of matter and energy
• Outputs to the environment
![Page 50: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Inputs, Throughput, and Outputs of an Economic System
Fig. 2-17, p. 48
![Page 51: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Systems Respond to Change through Feedback Loops
• Positive feedback loop• Causes system to change further in the same
direction• Can cause major environmental problems
• Negative, or corrective, feedback loop• Causes system to change in opposite direction
![Page 52: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Positive Feedback Loop
Fig. 2-18, p. 49
![Page 53: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Negative Feedback Loop
Fig. 2-19, p. 50
![Page 54: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Time Delays Can Allow a System to Reach a Tipping Point
• Time delays vary• Between the input of a feedback stimulus and the
response to it
• Tipping point, threshold level• Causes a shift in the behavior of a system• Melting of polar ice• Population growth
![Page 55: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
System Effects Can Be Amplified through Synergy
• Synergistic interaction, synergy • Two or more processes combine in such a way
that combined effect is greater than the two separate effects
• Helpful• Studying with a partner
• Harmful• E.g., Smoking and inhaling asbestos particles
![Page 56: Bio 105 Chapter 2](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061218/54b59aff4a7959cf278b4568/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Three Big Ideas
1. There is no away.
2. You cannot get something for nothing.
3. You cannot break even.