Bio-CP Chapter 7 Cell Notes

I. Cell = Building block of all living organisms

A. Robert Hooke (1665) observed cork under a

crude microscope

1. He called the boxes “cells” because they

looked like little rooms that priests lived

in.

B. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1673) was

the first to observe living cells.

II. Cell Theory (Schleiden 1838, Schwann

1839, & Virchow 1855)

A. Cell Theory States:

1. All living things are composed of cells.

2. Cells are the basic units of structure and

function in living things.

3. New cells come from division of preexisting

cells.

http://dels.nas.edu/bls/stemcells/what-is-a-stem-cell.shtml

Who was one of the first people to identify

and see cork cells?

1. Anton van Leeuwenhoek

2. Robert Hooke

3. Matthias Schleiden

4. Rudolf Virchow

Anton va

n Leeuw

enhoek

Robert H

ooke

Matth

ias Sch

leid

en

Rudolf Virc

how

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The work of Schleiden and Schwann can be

summarized by saying that

1. all plants are made of cells.

2. all animals are made of

cells.

3. plants and animals have

specialized cells.

4. all plants and animals are

made of cells.

all pla

nts a

re m

ade of c

ells.

all anim

als ar

e made o

f ce...

plants

and anim

als h

ave ..

.

all pla

nts a

nd anim

als ar..

.

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B. The cell contains inherited information that

is used as instructions for growth &

development. -DNA

http://fajerpc.magnet.fsu.edu/Education/2010/Lectures/26_DNA_Transcription.htmhttp://www.brown.edu/Courses/BI0032/gentherp/introsex1.htm

III. Classification of cells (Not all cells are

alike – 200 different kinds in the human

body) according to complexity

A. Prokaryotic cells

1. Most ancient and simplest

(unicellular).

Blue-green algae

(Cyanobacteria)

2. Do not have an organized nucleus (i.e.

naked DNA).

3. Do not have any membrane bound

organelles, but they have

ribosomes, cell membranes, and

usually cell walls.

See… no nucleus!!!

See…Cell Wall!!!

4. Bacteria

5. Unicellular Organisms Only

6. Relatively small in size

7. “Bad” Bacteria -Bacteria that cause illness

and disease

a. Bacterial diseases examples: tuberculosis,

tetanus, syphilis, cholera, bubonic plague

b. How do you treat a Bacterial Infection?

i. If prevention fails, take antibiotics

ii. Antibiotics kill bacteria without harming the

cells of humans or animals

iii. Many antibiotics are produced naturally by

living organisms Ex: penicillin

B. Eukaryotic cells (Have a Nucleus)

1. Relatively younger (evolutionary

scale)

2. Have DNA organized into

chromosomes in a nucleus.

3. Have membrane bound organelles.

4. Most cells are in this

group.

a. Plants, Animals,

Protists, fungi

3. Have membrane bound organelles.

5. Unicellular (amoeba) or multicellular

(spider)

6. Relatively large in size

7. Divides duties among the different

organelles.

Cells fall into two broad categories,

depending on whether they

1. have a cell wall.

2. contain genetic material.

3. have a nucleus.

4. contain chloroplasts.

have a

cell w

all.

conta

in genetic

mat

erial.

have a

nucle

us.

conta

in ch

loro

plast

s.

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20Answer Now

Which cell structure contains the cell’s

genetic material and controls many of the

cell’s activities?

1. organelle

2. nucleus

3. cell envelope

4. cytoplasm

organelle

nucleus

cell e

nvelo

pe

cyto

plasm

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Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

CytoskeletonSection 7-2

Venn DiagramsCell membrane

Contain DNA

Nucleus

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes

Vacuoles

Mitochondria

Which of the following contain a nucleus?

1. prokaryotes

2. bacteria

3. eukaryotes

4. organelles

prokar

yotes

bacte

ria

eukary

otes

organelle

s

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Eukaryotes usually contain

1. a nucleus.

2. specialized organelles.

3. genetic material.

4. all of the above

a nucle

us.

specia

lized o

rganelle

s.

genetic m

ateria

l.

all of t

he above

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C. Viruses (neither prokaryotic nor

eukaryotic)

1. Viruses are non-cellular particles made

up of genetic material (DNA) and protein

2. Viruses invade living cells

Influenza Virus

HIV VirusBacteriophage

3. Are Viruses Alive?

a. Like living things, viruses have genetic

material and they can pass this on to future

generations

b. BUT, unlike living things, viruses are not

made of cells

c. Outside of a cell, they don't reproduce, feed,

or grow

d. Therefore, most biologists consider viruses

nonliving

IV. Endosymbiote Theory

A. Single-celled organisms engulfed other one-celled organisms.

1. Digestion did not occur.

2. The two organisms lived symbiotically.

3. Over millions of generations, these engulfed organisms became organelles.

B. Evidence:

1. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own DNA

2. They also divide independent of the cell.

http://commonweb.unifr.ch/biol/pub/zoology/Homepage/Trypanos/projects/mitogeneralities.htm

http://www.wacotrib.com/news/content/news/stories/2008/01/15/01152008wacbrokenpromise3WEB.htmlhttp://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/071101_genealogy http://www.rite.or.jp/English/lab/pamphlet_plants.html

V. Why are most cells about the same

(tiny) size?

A. To maximize the surface area to

volume ratio.

http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/lab/limits/

What is the surface area and volume of

the 4 cm cube below?

Volume = _______ cm3;

Surface Area = ______cm2

4 cm

4 cm

4 cm

V= l ∙ w ∙ h

= 4 ∙ 4 ∙4

= 16 ∙ 4

= 64 cm3

SA = 6 s2

= 6 (4 ∙ 4)

= 6 (16) = 96 cm2

64

96

What if we cut the cube into eight 2 cm

squares?

V= l ∙ w ∙ h

= 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 2

= 4 ∙ 2

= 8 (8 squares)

= 64 cm3

SA = 6 s2

= 6 (2 ∙ 2)

= 6 (4)

= 24 (8 squares)

= 192 cm2

http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm

Outsideof cell

Insideof cell(cytoplasm)

Cellmembrane

Proteins

Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer

Carbohydratechains

Section 7-3

Figure 7-12 The Structure of the

Cell Membrane

Plasma membrane

Controls what comes in and out

(semi-permeable);

Made of a phospholipid bilayer

Cell wall (animal cells lack cell wall)

Found in some cells, including plants, algae,

fungi and nearly all prokaryotes

Provides support & protection

Surrounds the cell membrane (allows water and

gases to pass through)

Nucleus (pl. Nuclei)

Controls cell functions by controlling

protein synthesis, contains the genetic

information (DNA)

http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/chapter1.html

Nucleolus

Dense region within nucleus; produces

ribosomes (ribosome assembly begins

here)

Which of the following is a function of the

nucleus?

1. stores DNA

2. controls most of the

cell’s processes

3. contains the information

needed to make proteins

4. all of the above store

s DNA

contro

ls m

ost o

f the ce

ll’...

conta

ins t

he info

rmat

ion...

all of t

he above

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Which of the following statements explains

why the nucleus is important to cells?

1. Only eukaryotes have nuclei.

2. Only prokaryotes have nuclei.

3. The nucleus contains coded

instructions for making proteins.

4. The nucleus is surrounded by a

nuclear envelope.

25Answer Now

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25%

25%

25%

Nuclear Envelope

Double membrane layer which surrounds

the nucleus; thousands of pores allow

material into and out of the nucleus

Chromatin/Chromosomes

Chromatin = loose DNA

Chromosome = condensed DNA (wound tightly

around proteins and coiled up), Visible under

microscope (Seen during cell division)

Cytoplasm

Material surrounding nucleus includes the

fluid & organelles, site of important

chemical reactions; Cytosol-fluid portion

http://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botglosn.htm

Ribosomes

Made of RNA and proteins; Sites of protein

synthesis (proteins are made here);

http://www.uic.edu/classes/phar/phar331/lecture3/

Ribosomes

Instructions on how to make the specific

protein come from the DNA; Found free

in the cytosol or associated with ER

http://www.ehow.com/about_4752555_role-does-ribosome-play-translation.html

Which of the following is NOT found in

the nucleus?

1. cytoplasm

2. nucleolus

3. chromatin

4. DNA

cyto

plasm

nucleolu

s

chro

mat

inDNA

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Which organelle makes proteins using

coded instructions that come from the

nucleus?

1. Golgi apparatus

2. mitochondrion

3. vacuole

4. ribosome

Golgi a

pparatu

s

mito

chondrio

n

vacuole

riboso

me

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Endoplasmic reticulum

(Rough- ribosomes) (Smooth- no ribosomes)

Rough: Assembles, Prepares & Transports proteins

for export via the Golgi apparatus

Smooth: Lipid (steroids) synthesis site; Breaks down

toxic substances; parts of the cell membrane are

made here

http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/Class/IPHY3730/02nervestructure.html http://course1.winona.edu/sberg/308s08/Lec-note/IntracellularCompA.htm

Golgi apparatus

Membrane sacs that receive, chemically

modify, and repackage proteins into

forms the cell can use, expel, or store.

http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm

Which sequence correctly traces the path of

a protein in the cell?

1. rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi

apparatus, released from the cell

2. ribosome, smooth endoplasmic reticulum,

chloroplast

3. smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome,

Golgi apparatus

4. mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum,

cell membrane 25Answer Now

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25%

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Vacuole

Temporary stores water, nutrients (proteins &

carbs), salts, or wastes; enlarged in plant

cells; provides support and structure in plants

(turgor pressure-rigid)

http://activity.ntsec.gov.tw/lifeworld/english/content/gene_cc1.html

Lysosomes

Contain digestive enzymes that break down

food particles (carbs, lipids, & proteins),

viruses, bacteria, and worn out cell parts

(Cellular stomach)

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/lysosomes/lysosomes.html

http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm

http://www.sflorg.com/sciencenews/scn110608_01.html

http://anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/histo_D502/D502f04/lecture.f04/cell.f04/cellf04.html

Mitochondria

Breaks down food (organic) molecules

releasing the energy stored in chemical bonds

to produce ATP (energy currency)

Adenosine Triphosphate “Power House”

Bound by a double membrane

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/glucose.html

Which organelle breaks down compounds

into small particles that the cell can use?

1. Golgi apparatus

2. lysosome

3. endoplasmic reticulum

4. mitochondrion

Golgi a

pparatu

s

lyso

som

e

endoplasm

ic re

ticulu

m

mito

chondrio

n

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Which organelle converts the chemical

energy stored in food into compounds that

are more convenient for the cell to use?

1. chloroplast

2. Golgi apparatus

3. endoplasmic reticulum

4. mitochondrion

chlo

ropla

st

Golgi a

pparatu

s

endoplasm

ic re

ticulu

m

mito

chondrio

n

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Chloroplasts (Autotrophs)(Heterotrophs organisms

that cannot produce its own food lack

chloroplasts)

Contain green pigment-chlorophyll which traps

the sun’s light energy.

http://www.karencarr.com/tmpl1.php?CID=301 http://207.239.98.140/upperschool/science/Classes/AllBiology/bio/biotext/biowilson/Main%20Info/Helpful%20Websites.htm

Photosynthesis: transforms light energy into

chemical energy and stores that energy in food

molecules (sugars & starches- carbohydrates).

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/chloroplasts.html

Bound by a double membrane

Which organelles help provide cells with

energy?

1. mitochondria and

chloroplasts

2. rough endoplasmic

reticulum

3. smooth endoplasmic

reticulum

4. Golgi apparatus and

ribosomesm

itoch

ondria and ch

loro

...

rough

endopla

smic

reti.

..

smooth

endoplasm

ic re

t...

Golgi a

pparatu

s and ri

b...

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Which organelle would you expect to find

in plant cells but not animal cells?

1. mitochondrion

2. ribosome

3. chloroplast

4. smooth endoplasmic

reticulum

mito

chondrio

n

riboso

me

chlo

ropla

st

smooth

endoplasm

ic re

t...

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Section 7-2

Figure 7-11 CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

Network of protein filaments that helps the cell

maintain shape and move around; Includes

Microfilaments, Microtubules, and

Intermediate Filaments

http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect06.htm

http://www.immediart.com/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=61_78&products_id=456

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/microfilaments/microfilaments.html

Cilia (microtubules)

Hair-like projections; Propel unicellular

organisms & helps fluids to move over the cell

surface in multicellular organisms

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19533.htm

http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm

Which structures carry out cell movement?

1. cytoplasm and

ribosomes

2. nucleolus and nucleus

3. microtubules and

microfilaments

4. chromosomes

cyto

plasm

and ri

bosom

es

nucleolu

s and n

ucleus

micr

otubule

s and m

icro...

chro

moso

mes

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Flagella (microtubules)

Whip-like tail; Propels organisms (& sperm)

http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm

Centrioles (microtubules)

Organelles believed to aid in movement of

chromosomes in animal cells during cell

division

Plant Cell

Nuclearenvelope

Ribosome(attached)

Ribosome(free)

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Nucleus

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleolus

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrion

Cell wall

CellMembrane

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Section 7-2

Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

Animal Cell

Centrioles

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Nuclearenvelope

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Mitochondrion

CellMembrane

Ribosome(free)

Ribosome(attached)

Section 7-2

Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

Animal Cells Plant Cells

Centrioles

Cytoskeleton

Venn Diagrams

Cell membrane

Ribosomes

NucleusEndoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes Vacuoles

Mitochondria

Cell Wall

Chloroplasts

VI. Organization

A. Cell Tissue Organ

Organ System

B. Tissue = Group of cells that perform the same function

1. Examples: nerve tissue, muscle tissue

http://bioliscious.blogspot.com/2008/02/compendium-of-chapters-1-4-chpt-1-1.html

C. Organ = two or more tissues that function together

1. Examples: Brain, leaf, heart

http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes1.htm

D. Organ System = group of organs that work together

1. Examples: Nervous system, circulatory system

Which of the following is a logical

organization?

20Answer Now

1. cell, tissue, organ system, organ,

organism

2. tissue, organ, cell, organism, organ

system

3. organism, cell, tissue, organ

system, organ

4. cell, tissue, organ, organ system,

organism

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A group of cells with similar structure and

function, together form a(n)

1. organism.

2. organelle.

3. tissue.

4. organ.

5. organ system.

organism

.

organelle

.

tissu

e.

organ.

organ sy

stem

.

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The basic living unit of all plants and

animals is the

1. cell.

2. chemical.

3. organ.

4. organelle.

5. tissue.

cell.

chem

ical.

organ.

organelle

.

tissu

e.

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Muscle cell Smooth muscle tissue Stomach Digestive system

Section 7-4

Levels of Organization

Practice Labeling Structures

http://www.phschool.com/webcodes10/inde

x.cfm?wcprefix=cbd&wcsuffix=3072&fu

seaction=home.gotoWebCode&x=0&y=0

Label (In your Head)

Cell Modela specific function that contributes to cell survival.

B

C

D

A

Leaf Cell

Images from:

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/golgi/golg

iapparatus.html

Are All Cells Alike?All living things are made up of cells. Some organisms

are composed of only one cell. Other organisms are made up of many cells.

1. What are the advantages of a one-celled organism?

2. What are the advantages of an organism that is made up of many cells?

Think of the Answers; Discuss with a partner; Write on Separate piece of paper