bio lab study guide

8/2/2019 Bio Lab Study Guide

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BIOLOGY LAB STUDY GUIDE

TAXONOMY

- Binomial Nomenclature: system of classification made by Linnaeus- Genus Species- Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti)- Cladistic Taxonomy: idea that taxonomy should reflect evolutionary relationship

o Old taxonomy was based on superficial similaritieso Taxonomy shows current theory of evolutionary relationship between organism like on a taxonomy tree

Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Nematoda Mollusca Annelida Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata

Organization Multicellular Multicellular w/

Tissues

Multicellular

w/Organs

Multicellular w/

Organs

Multicellular

w/ Organ

sys.

Multicellular

w/ Organ

sys.

Multicellular

w/ Organ

sys.

Multicellular w/

Organ sys.

Multicellular

w/ Organ sys.

Symmetry Asymmetrical Radial Bilateral Bilateral Bilateral Bilateral Bilateral SecondaryRadial

Bilateral

Tissues/Germ

Layers

No layers Diploblastic Triploblastic Triploblastic Triploblastic Triploblastic Triploblastic Triploblastic Triploblastic

EmbryonicDevelopment N/A N/A N/A N/A Protostomes Protostomes Protostomes Deuterostomes Deuterostome

Segmentation None None None None None Many

segments

Segmented,

varies

None None

Coelom Acoelomate Acoelomate Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Coelomate Coelomate Coelomate Coelomate Coelomate

Digestion Internal

Cavity;

intracellular

Gastrovascular

Cavity;

intra&extracellular

Gastrovascular

cavity;

intra&extracellular

Alimentary

Canal

extracellular

Alimentary

Canal

extracellular

Alimentary

Canal

extracellular

Alimentary

Canal

extracellular

Alimentary

Canal

extracellular

Alimentary

Canal

extracellular

Circulatory

System

None None None None Open Closed Open Closed Closed

Gender Monoecious Mono, Dioecious Monoecious Dioecious Dioecious Monoecious Dioecious Dioecious Dioecious

Reproduction A/Sexual A/Sexual A/Sexual A/Sexual Sexual Sexual Sexual A/Sexual Sexual

Examples Sponges Jellyfish Flatworms Roundworms Squid Earthworms Crustaceans Starfish Dog

Porifera:

y Lacks organs and tissues, loosely assembledy Named because of the pores located throughout their walls.y Sessile (attached to a substrate), filter-feeding heterotrophsy Epithelial layer of cells, central cavity is the spongocoel; flagellated cells lining the cavity are called choanocytes; choanocytes beat their flagella, drawing

in water through porocytes, they also filter food from the water; the water exits the sponge through the opening at the top of the sponge called osculum.


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y Folds in the wall form incurrent canals opening to the outside and flagellated canals opening to the spongocoel. The wall contains amoebocytes which aremobile cells that perform digestion, differentiate into other cells, and secrete spicules. Spicules are crystalline skeletal structures; mesenchyme is the

gelatinous matrix within the wall.

y 3 classes of Poriferao

Class Calcarea - calcium carbonate spiculeso Class Hexactinellida - silica spiculeso Class Demospongiae - spongin fibers

y Sponges reproduce asexually & sexually. Asexual reproduction is budding and release of stress-resistant amoebocytes called gemmules. Choanocytes andamoebocytes differentiate into gametes during sexual reproduction, sponges are hermaphroditic.

y Dissection: N/ACnidaria:

y Also called coelenterates, named because of their cnidocytes.y The body wall consists of two layers, ectodermis and endodermis, which lines the gastrovascular cavity (GVC). Mesoglea separates the two body layers.

Cnidarians capture prey using tentacles lined with cnidocytes, stinging cells, which contain harpoon like structures called nematocysts

y Cnidarians have true tissues, unlike Poriferans, but they do not have organs. Cnidarians also do extracellular as well as intracellular digestion.y Cnidarians are polymorphic; they alternate between polyps and medusa. Polyps are attached to a substrate and have their mouths and tentacles facing

upward. Medusae have their mouths and tentacles pointing downward. The classes of Cnidaria are distinguished by the predominance of one or bothstages.


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y Medusa produces gametes for sexual reproduction, they form a planula larva which attaches to a substrate and develops into a polyp. The polyp createsimmature medusa, ephyrae, by budding.

y 3 classes of Cnidaria- Class Hydrozoa polyp stage dominates life cycle, medusa may occur.Hydra are an example; they have no medusa stage. Gonionemus have large

medusae, figure36

.14 pg39

4. Obelia typifies most Hydrozoans b/c it has colonial polyps and free swimming medusa.o Class Scyphozoa medusa stage dominates life cycle, polyp stage is reduced to small larval stage. Similarly derived from the polyp stage, called a

scyphistoma, known as sea jellies (jellyfish).

o Class Anthozoa polyp stage completely dominates life cycle. Anemones can reproduce asexually by leaving behind pieces of their basal diskswhen they move, fragmentation. Corals also belong to class Anthozoa.

y Dissection: Phylum Cnidaria, Class Anthozoa, Metridium (common anemone) pg. 396 Figure 36.18.Platyhelminthes:

y Simplest animals to have organs. It is triploblastic; it has a mesoderm, simplest animals to have bilateral symmetry, also exhibits some cephalization. Moreadvanced nervous system than Cnidarians

y Has a GVC with only one opening.y 3 Classes of Platyhelminthes

o Class Turbellaria: Hermaphroditic, feeds by sucking food through a pharynx which leads to the GVC. Digestion is extracellular but some phagocytic cells

complete digestion intracellularly. Is not parasitic, it is free-living. Has eyespots sensory organs. Example: Planariao Class Trematoda:

Called flukes, are endoparasites and ectoparasites, lack an epidermis but are covered by an acellular epicuticle. Example: Schistosoma.Schistosoma is a blood fluke that is unique because it indefinitely copulates. Schistosoma is dioecious unlike most other trematodes.

o Class Cestoda: Called tapeworms, parasitic, lacks a mouth or digestive tract. Instead it has a scolex, which adheres to the hosts intestinal wall with hooks

and suckers.

Behind the scolex is the neck leading to the proglottids. Proglottids, self-contained packets (not segments), contain male and femaleorgans, which may self-fertilize but usually cross-fertilize with adjacent worms. Gravid (egg-carrying) proglottids eventually break free

from the end of the worm characterized by genital pore.

y Dissection: N/A

Nematoda:

y Nematodes, also called roundworms, consist a large part of the environment; there are more than 1 million species of nematodes.


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y Lack flagella and cilia and are covered with a cuticle, which resists digestive enzymes and allows only water, ions, and gases to pass.y Two advances over flatworms, they have a pseudocoelom, (fluid filled cavity lined with the mesoderm on the outer surface and endoderm on the inner

surface) and a complete digestive tract, with mouth and anus.

y Many are disease causing: Elephantiasisy

Classes of Nematoda: N/Ay Dissection: Phylum Nematoda, Class ??? Ascarislumbricoides(earthworm), diagram pg. 407, Figure 37.13

To distinguish between male and female:

- Males have hooked posterior- Females have 2 uterus that join at the vagina; the vagina points to the head

Phylum Mollusca (Soft bodied)

- 4 features:o Ventral muscular foot (Locomotion)o Visceral Mass (organs in one area)o Mantle (encloses body, secretes protective covering, respiration) -> secretes shello Radula (tongue like structure)

- Coelomate -> allows for organs systems; coelom reduced, near heart

Cross section of female Ascaris


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y Funnel shaped nephrostomes on the ends gather waste products and release through nephridiopores (external pores)y Dorsal and Ventral Blood Vessel (closed circulatory system)y Hearts (5 of them)y Typhlosole: internal fold of tissue in digestive tract, doubles SA for absorption

-Phylum Arthropoda

- Rigid external skeleton and jointed appendages (arthro jointed, poda appendage); segmentation, coelomate, open circulatory system- Exoskeleton is made out of chitin for protection, moisture barrier, palce for muscle attachment- Respiration through gills, tracheae, book lungs; spiracles (hole) open up into tracheae _> tracheoles. Nerve ganglia -> brain. Compound and simple eyes.- Ecdysis: molting of exoskeleton- Tagmata: fusion of body segments, like head + thorax = cephalothorax- Subphylum:

o Chelicerata: have chelicera, specialized appendages for feeding; and pedipalps, sensory. No antennae; body segments are cephalothorax andabdomen.

ClassMerostomata (horseshoe crab): Carapace, horseshoe shaped, covers cephalothorax. Has walking legs and pedipalps and Chilaria,pair of degenerated legs. Gas exchange in book gills. Class Arachnida (spiders): chelicerae modified into fangs, 4 pairs of walking legs; spiders have spinnerets for silk.


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o Subphylum Crustacea: Biramous (double branches appendages), 2 pairs of antennae, compound eyes, MANDIBULATES (w/ opposingmandibles, analogous to chelicerae). Swimmerets are abdominal appendages smaller than walking legs (males have copulatory swimmeret)

Uropods surround terminal abdominal segment called Telson. Chelicerae of a spider are homologous to the antennae of a crayfish.

o Subphylum Uniramia: uniramous (single branched) Class Chilopoda (centipede): one pair of legs/segments. Have maxillipeds,appendages modified for feeding. Class Diplopoda (Millipedes): 2 pairs of legs on each segment, 1 pair of antennae Class Insecta: most successful group on earth, FLIGHT is key to success.

Subphylum Chelicerata Subphylum

Crustacea

Subphylum Uniramia

ClassMerostomata

ClassArachnida

Class Crustacea ClassChilopoda

ClassDiplopoda

Class Insecta

Body Segments 2 2 2 Many Many 3

Pairs of Legs 5 4 5 Many Many 6

Mandible? No No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Cheliceratae? Yes Yes No No No No

Maxillipeds? No No Yes Yes Yes Yes/No

- Dissected: Crayfish and Grasshopper pg.431 Figure 39.8 ; pg. 433 Figure 39.11-12Need to Know (Crustacea Crayfish)

- Pericardial sac surrounds diamond shaped heart with smallopenings, ostia, through which blood enters the heart.

- Gonads are anterior to heart. (testes white, ovaries orange)- Esophagus, mouth, digestive gland, ventral nerve cord, brain,

ganglia, antennal glands


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Need to Know (Romalea Grasshopper)

- They respire through tracheae . Body in 3: head, thorax, abdomen,one pair of antennae, 6 legs.

- Mouth is covered by labrum, extension of head. Beneath labrum areMandibles followed by a pair of maxillae w/ segmented extensions

called palps.

- Spiracles or breathing pore opening to the respiratory system oftracheal tubes. Posterior end of a male is blunt. Female end is a

ovipositor, used to lay eggs.


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-Echinodermata:

y Include sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and crinoids.y They are deuterostomes unlike annelids, mollusks, and arthropods.

Deuterostomes vs. Protostomes

Feature Protostomes Deuterostomes

Fate of blastopore Mouth Anus

Patter of early cell divison Spiral Radial

Fate of cells in embryo Determinate, fate is fixed Indeterminate, can be used to create newembryo

Mesoderm formation (not important) From endodermal cells near blastopore From endodermal cells opposite blastopore

y Named because of their internal skeleton of calcareous plates, called ossicles. Have spines protruding through skin. Have a unique water vascular system,consists of:

o Madreporite: site where water enters the water vascular systemo Radial canal: extends the water vascular system to the armso Ring canal: circles around the body of the echinodermo Tube feet: hollow projections of the water vascular system, controlled by muscles and hydrostatic pressureo Ampulla: control the flow of water into and out of tube feet


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y 5 Classes of Echinodermatao Class Asteroidea commonly called sea stars, divided into the lower, oral surface, and upper, aboral surface. Dermal gills near spines are used for

respiration. Have pedicellariae around spines to remove debris.

o Class Ophiuroidea commonly called brittle stars, have slender arms that are easily detached from the central disk. Reduced tube feet; not used inlocomotion, rather it moves by crawling with their thin arms.

o Class Crinoidea are the most ancient echinoderms, oral surface faces up, ossicles are well developed.o Class Echinoidea commonly called sea urchins and sand dollars, the ossicles are fused into a solid shell called a test, mouth consists of five

ossified plates that scrape food, called Aristotles lantern.

o Class Holothuroidea commonly known as sea cucumbers, mouth is surrounded by modified tube feet called tentacles, they have reducedossicles, few spines, and soft bodies. When disturbed, they may expel their internal organs in a process called evisceration

y Dissection: Phylum Echinodermata Class Asteroidea Asterias (common sea star). Diagram pg. 443 Figure 40.6 and 40.5Chordata:

y Have 4 common characteristics:o A dorsal hollow nerve cordo Notochord- cartilaginous rod that forms on the dorsal side of the gut in the embryoo Pharyngeal slitso Postanal tail

y 3Subphylums of Chordata:o Subphylum Urochordata commonly known as tunicates, larva of tunicates have all characteristics of a chordate, adult loses all characteristics

except the pharyngeal slits, it is enclosed by a cellulose sac called the tunic. Tunicates filter-feed and actively push water through their pharyngeal

basket.

o Subphylum Cephalochordata commonly known as lancelets. They burrow in sand or mud and have all the characteristics of chordates. Lanceletspass water through their gill arches, which pores to a surrounding chamber called the atrium and leaves through the atriopore.

o Subphylum Vertebrata Have a vertebral column that replaces the notochord. Seven classes of living vertebrates.y Dissection: Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Osteichthyes Perch (Perca fluviatilis)pg 451. Figure 40.19Summary:

y Phylum Poriferao Class Calcarea (calcareous spicule sponges)o Class Hexactinellida (siliceous spicule sponges)o Class Demospongiae (spongin fiber sponges)

y Phlyum Cnidariao Class Hydrozoa (Hydra Hydra)o Class Scyphozoa (Gonionemus, sea jelly)


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o Class Anthozoa (Metridium, sea anenome)y Phylum Platyhelminthes

o Class Turbellaria (Dugesia, planaria)o Class Trematoda (Schistosoma, flukes)o Class Cestoda (Dibothriocephalus latus, tapeworm)

y Phylum Nematodao No classes mentioned (Ascaris lumbricoides, roundworm)

y Phylum Molluscao Class Polyplacophora (chiton)o Class Gastropoda (snails)o Class Bivalvia (Anodonta, clams)o Class Cephalopoda (Loligo, squid)

y Phylum Annelidao Class Polychaeta (Nereis, clam worm)o Class Oligochaeta (Lumbricus terrestris, earthworm)o Class Hirudinea (Hirudo medicinal, leeches)

y Phylum Arthropodao Subphylum Chelicerata

Class Merostomata (Limulus, horseshoe crab) Class Arachnida (Centruroides, scorpions)

o Subphylum Crustacea Class Crustacea (Cambarus, common crayfish)

o Subphylum Uniramia Class Chilopoda (Scolopendra, centipedes) Class Diplopoda (millipedes) Class Insecta (Romalea, grasshopper)

y Phylum Echinodermatao Class Asteroidea (Asterias, common sea star)o Class Ophiuroidea (Ophioderma, brittle star)o Class Crinoidea (crinoids)o Class Echinoidea (Arbacia, sea urchin)o Class Holothuroidea (Cucumaria, sea cucumber)

y Phylum Chordatao Subphylum Urochordata (tunicates)o Subphylum Cephalochordata (Branchiostoma, lancelets)o Subphylum Vertebrata (Perch)

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