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Gymnosperms*and*Angiosperms*

Lab&5&

Plants:*Gymnosperms*•  Exposed&seeds&on&scale4like&structures&called&cones&

•  Alterna;on&of&genera;ons&•  Two&types&of&spores&– Microspores&in&male&cones&– Megaspores&in&female&cones&

•  Gametophytes&100%&dependent&on&sporophyte&&•  Pollina5on:*transfer&of&pollen&from&male&cones&to&female&cones&

•  Four&phyla&

!

Plants:*Gymnosperms:*Coniferophyta*(Conifers)*

•  Leaves&are&long&and&thin&(needle4like)&•  Cones&are&reproduc;ve&structures&from&sporophyte&genera;on&with&scale4like&sporophylls&that&bear&pollen&

•  Male&cones&on&lower&branches;&female&cones&on&upper&branches&

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!

Plants:*Angiosperms*

•  Flowering&plants&•  Sporophyte&is&large&and&either&microgametophyte&(pollen)&or&megagametophyte&(embryo&sac)&

•  Divided&into&monocots&or&dicots**– Monocot:*flowering&plant&with&an&embryo&that&bears&a&single&cotyledon&(seed&leaf)*

– Dicot:*flowering&plant&with&an&embryo&that&bears&two&cotyledons&(seed&leaves)*

Plants:*Angiosperms*

Monocots**1.&One&cotyledon&per&embryo&2.&Flower&parts&in&sets&of&three&3.&Parallel&vena;on&in&leaves&4.&Mul;ple&rings&of&vascular&bundles&in&stem&5.&Lack&a&true&vascular&cambium&(;ssue&between&xylem&and&phloem;&lateral&meristem)&6.&Fibrous&root&system&

Dicots*1.&Two&cotyledons&per&embryo&2.&Flower&parts&in&sets&of&four&or&five&

3.ℜculate&(i.e.&neWed)&vena;on&in&leaves&

4.&One&ring&of&vascular&bundles&or&cylinder&of&vascular&;ssue&in&stem&

5.&Have&a&true&vascular&cambium&(lateral&meristem)&

6.&Tap&root&system&

Plants:*Angiosperms*

!

•  Receptacle:*part&of&the&flower&stalk&that&bears&the&floral&organs&

•  Sepals:*the&lowermost&or&outermost&whorls&4&protect&the&developing&flower&

•  Petals:*whorls&located&inside&and&usually&above&the&sepals&

•  Stamen:*male&por;on&of&the&plant&that&rises&above&and&inside&the&petals,&consis;ng&of&filaments&with&an&anther&atop&each;&inside&each&anther&are&pollen&grains,&which&are&the&microgametophytes&and&contain&male&gametes&

•  Carpel:*each&made&up&of&an&ovary,&style,&and&s;gma;&the&ovary&contains&ovules&that&contain&the&megagametophyte;&the&megagametophyte&is&called&the&embryo&sac&and&contains&female&gametes.&&

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Plants:*Angiosperms*

!

•  Pollen&transported&to&s;gma&!&pollen&grows&through&s;gma&and&style&to&ovary&

•  Zygote&(2n)&forms&!&forms&embryo&&

•  3n&polar&nuclei&!&forms&endosperm&that&provides&food&for&embryo&

Plants:*Angiosperms*

Monocot*Seed*•  Endosperm:*food&for&

developing&embryo.&

•  Scutellum:*helps&absorb&the&endosperm.&

•  Coleorhiza:*sheath&enclosing&embryonic&root&of&embryo.&

•  Shoot&and&root&apical&meristems&

Dicot*Seed*•  Micropyle:*small&opening&of&

the&surface&of&the&seed&through&which&the&pollen&tube&grew.&

•  Hilum:*an&adjacent,&ellip;cal&area&at&which&the&ovule&was&aWached&to&the&ovary.&

•  Cotyledon:*food&for&the&embryo.&

•  Embryo&with&young&root&and&shoot&!&develops&into&new&sporophyte&

&

!

Plants:*Angiosperms*

•  Fruit:*ripened&ovary&with&structures&that&surround&the&ovary&at&maturity&

•  Pericarp:*wall&of&vary&that&is&modified&to&become&the&fruit&wall&

•  Fruits*are&eaten&by&animals,&which&help&transport&the&seeds&when&they&excrete&waste&(poop&out&the&seed)&