Regents Biology

Biochemistry Macromolecules!

CarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic Acids

Regents Biology

Carbon & Organic Molecules Compounds that contain CARBON are

called organic.

Macromolecules are large organic molecules.

Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell Carbon can form covalent bonds with as

many as 4 other atoms (elements) Usually with H, O, N, or C

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Carbohydrates

Regents Biology 2009-2010

Carbohydrates:OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

Energy molecules

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Carbohydrates

Building block molecules =

sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugarsugar

sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar

sugars

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sucrose

Carbohydrates Function:

Quick energy Energy storage Structure

Cell walls Exoskeletons

Examples Simple sugars Starches/glycogen Cellulose/chitin

glucoseC6H12O6

starch

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Sugars = building blocks Names for sugars usually end in

glucose fructose sucrose maltose OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

glucoseC6H12O6

sucrose

fructose

maltose

-ose

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Building carbohydrates Synthesis

|glucose

|glucose

1 sugar = monosaccharide

2 sugars = disaccharide

|maltose

mono = onesaccharide = sugar

di = two

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Building carbohydrates Synthesis

|fructose

|glucose

1 sugar = monosaccharide

|sucrose

(table sugar)

2 sugars = disaccharide

How sweetit is!

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Quick review: On your own1. What’s the chemical formula of

glucose?

2. Name one monosaccharide

3. Name one disaccharide

4. Name one polysaccharide

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BIG carbohydrates Polysaccharides

large carbohydrates starch

energy storage in plants potatoes

glycogen energy storage in animals

in liver & muscles cellulose

structure in plants cell walls

chitin structure in arthropods & fungi

exoskeleton

poly = many

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Building BIG carbohydratesglucose + glucose + glucose… =

starch(plant)

glycogen(animal)

energystorage

polysaccharide

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Digesting starch vs. cellulose

starcheasy todigest

cellulosehard todigest

enzyme

enzyme

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Quick Review: With a partner What’s the difference between starch

and glycogen as far as humans are concerned?

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Cellulose Cell walls in plants

herbivores can digest cellulose well most carnivores cannot digest cellulose

that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients

cellulose = roughage stays undigested keeps material

moving in your intestines

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Different Diets of HerbivoresCow

can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars

Gorillacan’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

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Helpful bacteria How can cows digest cellulose so well?

BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals

Eeeew…Chewing

cud?

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Quick write: On your own Why are carbohydrates necessary to

yours survival? 3 minutes to write 3-4 sentences.