biochemistry biology chapter 3 garcia. 3-1 objectives describe the structure of a water molecule....
TRANSCRIPT
BiochemistryBiochemistry
BiologyBiology
Chapter 3Chapter 3
GarciaGarcia
3-1 Objectives3-1 Objectives
• Describe the structure of a water molecule.
• Explain how water’s polar nature affects its ability to dissolve substances.
• List two of water’s properties that result from hydrogen bonding.
PolarityPolarity
polar compound- uneven pattern of charge
Hydrogen BondingHydrogen Bonding
attraction that holds two water molecules together
positive region is attracted to negative region
Cohesion & AdhesionCohesion & Adhesion
cohesion- attractive force between two particles that are the same
adhesion- attractive force between two unlike substances
capillarity- upward movement of water molecules through narrow tubes
3-2 Objectives3-2 Objectives
• Define organic compound and name three elements often found in organic compounds.
• Explain why carbon forms so many different compounds.
• Define functional group and explain its significance.
• Compare a condensation reaction with hyrdrolysis.
Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
Substances that contain the element carbon.
May be bonded to other elements such as:
• hydrogen
• oxygen
• nitrogen
• other carbon atoms
Functional GroupFunctional Group
clusters of atoms that influence the properties of the molecule the compose.
alcohol- organic compound with a hydroxyl group (-OH)
Large Carbon MoleculesLarge Carbon Molecules
monomer- simple carbon molecules
polymer- repeated, linked units of monomers
ReactionsReactions
condensation rxn- monomers link to form polymers
hydrolysis- breakdown of complex molecules
ATPATP
adenosine triphosphate- compound that contains a large amount of energy
3-3 Objectives3-3 Objectives
• Define monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide, and discuss their significance to organisms.
• Compare the structures of the various types of proteins.
• Relate the structure of lipids to their functions.
• List two essential functions of nucleic acids.
Classes of Organic CompoundsClasses of Organic Compounds
1. carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. proteins
4. nucleic acids
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 2 hydrogen atoms to 1 oxygen atom
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
monosaccharide- monomer of a carbohydrate
disaccharide- a double sugar formed from a condensation rxn of two monosaccharides
polysaccharide- molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides
ProteinsProteins
organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
Amino AcidsAmino Acids
monomer building blocks of proteins
20 different types
Dipeptides and PolypeptidesDipeptides and Polypeptides
dipeptide- two amino acids sharing a covalent bond as a result of a condensation rxn
polypeptide- long chain of amino acids
EnzymesEnzymes
organic molecules that act as catalysts
most are proteins
substrate- reactant being catalyzed
LipidsLipids
large, nonpolar molecules that do not dissolve in water
higher ratio of carbon and hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms than carbohydrates
store energy efficiently
Fatty AcidsFatty Acids
unbranched carbon chains that mke up most lipids
contains a long straight carbon chain with a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached at one end
hydrophilic- water loving
hydrophobic- water fearing
Classes of LipidsClasses of Lipids
triglyceride- composed of three molecules of fatty acid joined to one molecule of alcohol glycerol
phospholipids- have two fatty acids joind by a molecule of glycerol
wax- long fatty-acid chain joind to a long alcohol change
SteroidSteroid
a lipid composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them
many hormones are steroid compounds i.e. cholesterol or testosterone
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
large, complex organic molecules that store information
ribonucleic acid (RNA)- stores and transfers information for making proteins
nucleotides- linked monomers that make up DNA and RNA