biochemistry biology – chapter 6 eoc goal 2:01. basic chemistry
TRANSCRIPT
BiochemistryBiochemistry
Biology – Chapter 6
EOC Goal 2:01
Basic ChemistryBasic Chemistry
Basic ChemistryBasic ChemistryBasic ChemistryBasic Chemistry
• Atoms are the basic unit of matter.– Made of:
• Protons• Neutrons• Electrons
Basic ChemistryBasic ChemistryBasic ChemistryBasic Chemistry
• Elements are pure substances that are made of one type of atom.
• Chemical symbols are used to represent each atom.– Found on the Periodic Table
Basic ChemistryBasic ChemistryBasic ChemistryBasic Chemistry
• Compounds are combinations of 2 or more atoms.– Combination has different properties than
the individual atoms– Chemical formula shows the number and
type of atoms in a compound
Basic ChemistryBasic ChemistryBasic ChemistryBasic Chemistry
• Compounds are held together with chemical bonds.
• Types of Bonds:– Ionic Bonds
• Exchange electrons• Called ions
– Covalent Bonds• Share electrons• Called molecules
pH ScalepH ScalepH ScalepH Scale• Acids, Bases, and pH
– Acids make hydrogen ion in water; are bitter to the taste
• Examples: lemon juice, vinegar, stomach acid
– Bases make hydroxide ion in water; are slippery to the touch
• Examples: soaps, Clorox, Pepto Bismol
– pH Scale scale that measures acid and base– Range 0 Acid 7 Base 14
A buffer is used to maintain a certain pH level.
Understanding pHUnderstanding pHUnderstanding pHUnderstanding pH
BiochemistryBiochemistry
BiochemistryBiochemistryBiochemistryBiochemistry
• Study of the chemicals necessary for living things.
• Also called organic chemistry.– Involves the element carbon (C) in a
covalent bond
BiochemistryBiochemistryBiochemistryBiochemistry
• Six elements needed in large quantities for living things are:
–Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur
• Elements needed in small quantities are called trace elements.
BiochemistryBiochemistryBiochemistryBiochemistry
• Terms to Know:– Monomer – the smallest unit of a substance
• Example: like one Lego block
– Polymer – many monomers linked together to make a large structure; also called macromolecules
• Example: Lego blocks put together to make a Lego house
Bio-MoleculesBio-MoleculesBio-MoleculesBio-Molecules
• Types of Organic Molecules• (Bio-molecules)
1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydrates
• Also called sugars and starches• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in
a 1:2:1 ratio (Example: C6H12O6)
• Typically end in –ose (Example: glucose)• Function: to store and release quick energy
(but if not used, these are stored as fat)• Test Used To Identify Starch>Iodine• Test Used To Identify Sugar>Benedict’s
Solution
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydrates
• One unit of sugar (monomer ) monosaccharide– Example: glucose, fructose
• Two units of sugar Disaccharide– Example: sucrose, lactose
• Many units of sugars (polymer) Polysaccharide
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydrates
• Examples of Polysaccharides– Starch sugars in plants– Glycogen energy storage in animal muscle
(makes muscle meat dark)– Cellulose found in plant cell walls;
animals can not digest (roughage)– Chitin in insect exoskeletons
LipidsLipidsLipidsLipids
• Commonly called fats, oils, and waxes• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen in a non-specific ratio (Example: C21H17O43)
• Function: – Quick energy (twice as much as carbs)– Insulation, body padding Test Used to Identify: Brown Paper Bag
LipidsLipidsLipidsLipids
• Monomer glycerol and 3 fatty acids
LipidsLipidsLipidsLipids
• Types of Lipids (Fats)– Saturated – bonds in molecule are
unbendable; tend to clog arteries; typically from animals (fats, butter, lard)
– Unsaturated – some bonds in molecule bend; better, but can still clog arteries; typically from plants (oils)
– Polyunsaturated – many bonds in molecule bend; best type of fat to eat; typically from plants (oils)
ProteinsProteins
ProteinsProteinsProteinsProteins
• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
• Monomer amino acids• Polymer polypeptide• Account for 50% of the dry weight of
cells• Test Used To Identify: Biuret’s
ProteinsProteinsProteinsProteins
• Functions of Proteins– Structure (cells,tissues…)– Fibers in bone, tendons, ligaments, and
cartilage– Homeostasis regulation (hormones and
enzymes)– Metabolism– Defense against disease (antibodies)
Enzymes (Catalysts)Enzymes (Catalysts)Enzymes (Catalysts)Enzymes (Catalysts)
• Enzymes are special proteins that act as catalysts in the body.
• Catalysts: Substances that
speed up chemical reactions
without being affected by
the reaction themselves.
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Nucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
• Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur
• Function control genetic information• Monomer nucleotide• Polymers
– DNA deoxyribonucleic acid– RNA ribonucleic acid
Bio-molecule Subunit(Monomer)
Examples Function
CarbohydrateStarch: Sugar:
Proteinstest:
Lipidstest:
Nucleic Acids
Bio-molecule Subunit(Monomer)
Examples Function
CarbohydrateStarch: iodineSugar: Benedict’s solution
Monosaccharide Starch, cellulose, insulin, glycogen, glucose
Store and release energy
Proteins(test:Biuret’s solution)
Amino acid Enzymes,hemoglobin
Structure,Metabolism
Lipids(test:brown paper bag)
Fatty acidsAnd glycerol
Fats, oil Long term energy storage, insulation
Nucleic Acids Nucleotide DNA, RNA Store genetic information, make protein