BiochemistryBiochemistry

Ch. 2, 3 & 6Ch. 2, 3 & 6

Learning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesUnderstand how and why atoms combine to form Understand how and why atoms combine to form moleculesmoleculesUnderstand the relationship between molecular Understand the relationship between molecular structure and functionstructure and functionUnderstand the importance of water and how its Understand the importance of water and how its chemical properties influence its propertieschemical properties influence its propertiesUnderstand why the chemical properties of Understand why the chemical properties of Carbon make it biologically importantCarbon make it biologically importantUnderstand the biological importance of four Understand the biological importance of four types of macromoleculestypes of macromoleculesUnderstand energy flow at the chemical levelUnderstand energy flow at the chemical levelUnderstand the biological importance of enzymes Understand the biological importance of enzymes and the factors and influence their performanceand the factors and influence their performance

What is an atom?What is an atom?

Def:Def:

What are the parts of an atom?What are the parts of an atom?

What is an element?What is an element?

Def:Def:

How are they organized?How are they organized?– What is Atomic #?What is Atomic #?– What is Atomic mass?What is Atomic mass?– What are Isotopes?What are Isotopes?

How do atoms combine?How do atoms combine?

What is the difference between a What is the difference between a molecule and a compound?molecule and a compound?

What are some examples?What are some examples?

Checking for UnderstandingChecking for UnderstandingLabel the parts of an atomLabel the parts of an atomWhy aren’t electrons included in the Why aren’t electrons included in the calculation of atomic mass?calculation of atomic mass?Why can’t we change the number of Why can’t we change the number of protons to get new isotopes of an protons to get new isotopes of an element?element?Why are all compounds considered Why are all compounds considered molecules, but not all molecules are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds? Give an example.compounds? Give an example.

How do atoms combine?How do atoms combine?

What is an atomic bond?What is an atomic bond?

What are the different types of What are the different types of bonds?bonds?

Covalent bondCovalent bond

Polar vs. nonpolar bondsPolar vs. nonpolar bonds

Ionic bondIonic bond

Hydrogen bondHydrogen bond

How do atoms combine?How do atoms combine?

Covalent BondCovalent Bond– What is it?What is it?– How strong is it?How strong is it?– What is an example?What is an example?

How do atoms combine?How do atoms combine?

Polar versus Non-polar covalent bondPolar versus Non-polar covalent bond– What are they?What are they?– How strong are they?How strong are they?– What is an example?What is an example?

How do atoms combine?How do atoms combine?

Ionic BondIonic Bond– What is it?What is it?– How strong is it?How strong is it?– What is an example?What is an example?

How do atoms combine?How do atoms combine?

How do atoms combine?How do atoms combine?

Hydrogen BondHydrogen Bond– What is it?What is it?– How strong is it?How strong is it?– What is an example?What is an example?

Checking for UnderstandingChecking for UnderstandingIdentify the type of bond in each situation:Identify the type of bond in each situation:– COCO22

– HH22OO

– The strongest type of bondThe strongest type of bond– Any saltAny salt

– CC66HH1212OO66

– The bond that holds the bodies of most living The bond that holds the bodies of most living things togetherthings together

– The weakest, most temporary bondThe weakest, most temporary bond– The bond that is weak when wetThe bond that is weak when wet

How do atoms combine?How do atoms combine?

Organic versus inorganic – what’s the Organic versus inorganic – what’s the dif?dif?

Why is Carbon so nifty?Why is Carbon so nifty?

How do atoms combine?How do atoms combine?

Checking for understandingChecking for understanding

Why is carbon the basic building Why is carbon the basic building material found in all living things and material found in all living things and not another type of atom?not another type of atom?

How do atoms combine?How do atoms combine?What are the major functional groups and What are the major functional groups and what do they do?what do they do?– HydroxylHydroxyl– CarbonylCarbonyl– CarboxylCarboxyl– AminoAmino– SulfhydrylSulfhydryl– PhosphatePhosphate

Hydrophillic versus hydrophobic – what the Hydrophillic versus hydrophobic – what the heck does that mean?heck does that mean?

How do atoms combine?How do atoms combine?

How do atoms combine?How do atoms combine?

Checking for understandingChecking for understanding

Identify the functional groups in Identify the functional groups in these moleculesthese molecules

What are macromolecules and why What are macromolecules and why are they important?are they important?

What is a macromolecule?What is a macromolecule?– MonomerMonomer– PolymerPolymer

How are macromolecules built?How are macromolecules built?– Dehydration synthesisDehydration synthesis– HydrolysisHydrolysis

What are macromolecules and why What are macromolecules and why are they important?are they important?

What are the major macromolecules?What are the major macromolecules?– CarbohydratesCarbohydrates– LipidsLipids– ProteinsProteins– Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

What are macromolecules and why What are macromolecules and why are they important?are they important?

What are the major macromolecules?What are the major macromolecules?– CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

DisaccharidesDisaccharides

PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides

What are macromolecules and why What are macromolecules and why are they important?are they important?

What are the major macromolecules?What are the major macromolecules?– LipidsLipids

FatsFats

OilsOils

WaxesWaxes

SteriodsSteriods

PhospholipidsPhospholipids

What are macromolecules and why What are macromolecules and why are they important?are they important?

What are the major macromolecules?What are the major macromolecules?– ProteinsProteins

S3CDETS3CDET

Levels of structureLevels of structure

What are macromolecules and why What are macromolecules and why are they important?are they important?

What are the major macromolecules?What are the major macromolecules?– Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

DNADNA

RNARNA

ATPATP

Why is water so important?Why is water so important?What are some neato-cool properties What are some neato-cool properties of water?of water?– High specific heatHigh specific heat– High heat of vaporizationHigh heat of vaporization– Universal solventUniversal solvent– CohesionCohesion– AdhesionAdhesion– Surface tensionSurface tension– Lattice formation upon freezingLattice formation upon freezing

Why is water so important?Why is water so important?

What happens when water or ionic What happens when water or ionic compounds dissociate?compounds dissociate?– What is dissociation?What is dissociation?– What does it mean to be acidic?What does it mean to be acidic?– What does it mean to be basic or What does it mean to be basic or

alkaline?alkaline?– What is pH?What is pH?– What is a buffer?What is a buffer?

How is energy transferred at the How is energy transferred at the chemical level?chemical level?

What is energy?What is energy?

What forms can energy take?What forms can energy take?

What laws govern energy flow?What laws govern energy flow?

How is energy transferred at the How is energy transferred at the chemical level?chemical level?

How is energy transferred in a How is energy transferred in a chemical reaction?chemical reaction?– How are chemical reactions written?How are chemical reactions written?– What are the 2 flavors of reactions?What are the 2 flavors of reactions?

How is energy transferred at the How is energy transferred at the chemical level?chemical level?

How is ATP involved in energy How is ATP involved in energy transfer?transfer?

What types of work does ATP power?What types of work does ATP power?– What is a coupled reaction?What is a coupled reaction?

How is energy transferred at the How is energy transferred at the chemical level?chemical level?

That’s a lot of work – isn’t there an That’s a lot of work – isn’t there an easier way?easier way?– What is an enzyme and how does it What is an enzyme and how does it

make work easier?make work easier?

How is energy transferred at the How is energy transferred at the chemical level?chemical level?

What factors influence an enzyme’s What factors influence an enzyme’s ability to do work?ability to do work?– pHpH– temperaturetemperature– concentrationconcentration

What are enzyme co-factors and co-What are enzyme co-factors and co-enzymes?enzymes?

What is inhibition?What is inhibition?