1) Primary structure of protein.Dependence of protein conformation on primary structure (collagen and other

exp).Protein polymorphism

2) Changes in primary structure: hereditary diseases (sicke cell anemia,other examples)

3) Secondary,supersecondary and tertiary structures of protein.Protein folding.Denaturation and renaturation of

proteins.

4) Structure and func. Of oligometric protein.Hemoglobin-oxygen saturation curve,transport of oxygen,agents

affecting oxygen binding

5) Allosteric enzymes,regulation of their activity (adenylatecyclase and other examples)

6) Specificity of protein-ligand interactions. Lock and key model and Induced fit model for substrate

binding.Types of natural ligands.Competitive inhibitors.Drugs as competitive inibitors

7) Enzymatic catalysis.Specificity of enzyme action.Dependence of rates of enzymatic reactions on conc of

substrate,enzymes,temperature n ph.Michealis constant. (KM)

8) Classification of enzyme,examples of each enzyme class.Isoenzyme: hexo-glucokinase

their location and function.

9) Cofactors of enzyme.Coenzymes.Vitamin as coenzyme precursors

10) Inhibitors of enzyme( reversible ,competitive,irreversible) : mechanism of action,therapeutic application

11) Mechanism of enzyme regulation in cell ( covalent modification, regulation of enzymes amount ,influence of

other factors)

12) Allosteric regulation of enzymatic reaction.Structural and functional properties of allosteric

enzymes.Examples of metabolic pathways controlled by allosteric enzymes

13) Regulationof enzyme activity: phosphorylation- dephosphorylation, partial proteolysis. Actication of protein

kinase A

14) Regulation of enzyme activity by the cascade system involving Camp.

15) Regulation of enzyme activity by the cascade system involving IP3,DAG,CA2+.

16) Diagnostic significance of enzyme assays.The examples of isoenzymes used for diagnostics.

17) Structure and biological role of DNA.Species- and individual specificity of the primary structure of DNA.

18) Synthesis of DNA and its biological significance.

19) RNA: types,structure,biological function.Biosynthesis of RNA. Posttranscriptional modifications of RNA.

20) Genetic code and its main features.Role of tRNA in the decoding of genetic information.

21) Biosynthesis of proteins: main components and steps.Posttranslational processing of polypeptide chains and

its biological significance.

22) Inhibitors of template biosynthesis: therapeutics applications

23) Disorder in the primary structure of DNA. DNA repair: biological significance.

24) Regulation of gene expression in procaryotes.Regulatory factors,mechanisms,biological significance.

25) Regulation of gene expression in eucaryotes.Regulatory factors,mechanisms,biological significance.

26) Cell differentiation and ontogenesis as a result of regulation of gene activity .Identify of the primary structure

of DNA in various cells of same organism.

27) Molecular mechanism of genetic variability: types of molecular mutation , biological effects.Examples of

hereditary diseases caused by mutations.

28) Polymorphism of protein.Causes of protein polymorphisms.Biochemical individuality of human

beings.Polymorphism and hereditary diseases.(refer to question)

29) Structural organization of membranes.Main components of membranes. Function of membranes.

30) Structure of main membrane lipids.Structure and properties of the lipid bilayer.Selective permeability of

membrane.

31) Mechanism of transmembrane transport of substrates (diffusion,active transport,secondary active transport)

32) Diversity of membrane structure and functions.Functions of lysosomes.Roles of lysosomal disorders in

inflammation and abnormalities in degradation of proteoglycans,glycoprotein and glycolipids.

33) Catabolism and anabolism.ATP-ADP cycle. Main pathways of ADP phosphorylation .ATP utilization.Substrate

level phosphorylation,its significance.

34) Structural organization of the ETC chain. Oxidative phosphorylation of ADP. P/O ratio.

35) Structure of mitochondria and structural organization of ETC chain.Transmembrane electrochemical potential

as an intermediate form of energy in oxidative phosphorylation.

36) Coupling of oxidation of ATP synthesis in the electron transport chain .Respiratory control.Uncoupling of

respiration and phosphorylation.

37) Regulation of the ETC chain( respiratory control).Thermoregulatory func of tissue respiration.

38) Disturbance in energy metabolism: low energy states.Hypoxia and other causes of low energy states.

39) NAD-dependent dehydrogenases and their substrates.Structures of oxidised and reduced forms of

NAD.Electron route in respiratory chain. P/0 ratio.

40) FAD-dependent dehydrogenase and their substrates.Electron route in respiratory chain. P/O ratio.

41) Specific and common pathway of carbohydrate,fat and protein catabolism.TCA cycle as the main source of

dehydrated substrates in ETC chain.

42) Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate.Total equation .Structure of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex:

regulation relationship with electron transport chain.

43) TCA cycle: reaction sequence , biological significance,regulation,relationship with the ETC.

44) Relationship btw the TCA cycle and ETC chain.Mechanism of regulation TCA and ETC chain.

45) Dietary carbohydrates: daily requirements, structure, digestion and absorption.Impaired digestion of

carbohydrates.

46) Aerobic glycolysis: reaction sequence,functions of aerobic glycolysis.Rate limiting enzymes.

47) Anaerobic glycolysis: reaction sequence, functions of anaerobic glycolysis.Rate limiting enzymes.

substrate level phosphorylation aerobic and anaerobic is 7 & 10oxidative 6

48) Role of aerobic and anaerobic degradation of glucose in muscle activity.

49) Gluconeogenesis from lactic acid. Glucose lactate cycle.

50) Gluconeogenesis fr amino acid and glycerol : biological significance. Glucose alanine cycle.

52)Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver( regulatory enzyme activator and inhibitors.

53) structure of glycogen. Function of glycogen in skeletal muscle n liver. Synthesis and degradation of glycogen

54) Hormonal regulation of glycogen metabolism in liver.

55) Regulation of glycogen synthesis and degradation in skeletal muscle.

56) Glycogen storage diseases.

57) Glucose metabolism in erythrocytes.

58) Glucose metabolism in adipose tissue.

59) Pentose phosphate pathway of glucose metabolism : reaction of oxidative phase of pentose phosphate

pathway, distribution, physiological significance

60) Role of pentose phosphate pathway of glucose metabolism in erythrocyte.

61) role of pentose phosphate pathway of glucose metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue

62) major lipids of human organism : structure, function(TAGS, phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipid) main fatty

acids

63) Synthesis of prostaglandins(cyclooxygenase pathway) main types of prostaglandins and their

functions.inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis

64) dietary lipids, daily requirement. Essential fatty acids. Digestion and resynthesis of fats.chylomicrons:

structure, formation, function. Hyperchylomicroanemia

65) bile acids. Structure, function, synthesis and recycling

66) beta oxidation of fatty acid: reaction sequence, biological significance, regulation

67) disorders in fatty acids oxidation. Medium chain acyl coa dehydrogenase deficiency

68) Biosynthesis of fatty acid reaction sequence, regulation, biological significance effect of insulin

68) biosynthesis of Tag from carbohydrates in the liver and adipose tissue. Effects of insulin

69) tag degradation in adipose cell. Hormonal regulation. Fate of fatty acids and glycerol

70) very low density lipoprotein(vldl) : synthesis, composition, transport function, hypertriglycerolemias, fatty

liver

71) synthesis and utilisation of ketone bodies: reaction sequence and biological significance. Ketonemia and its

effect

72) cholesterol : biological role, biosynthesis of cholesterol, reaction sequence( down to mevalonic acid

formation) regulation

73) low density lipoproteins(ldl) formation, transport function.ldl receptor (disorders). Familial

hypercholesterolemia

74) high density lipoprotein (hdl) : formation, transfer function. Role of lecitithine cholesterol acyltransferase(

lcat)

75) lipoprotein of blood plasma.formation, composition, function.hyperlipoproteinemias

76) hypercholesterolemia: causes and effects.mechanism of atherosclerosis and treatment

77) role of full-value of protein nutrition in human health.essential n non essential amino acid. Digestion of

protein in gastrointestinal tract : enzyme, activation of mechanism and biological signifance

78) transamination reaction of aamino acids: enzymes coenzymes, biological role.diagnostic signifance of

transaminase assays

79) type of deamination of amino acids : role of glutamate dehydrogenase, biological signifance.

80) catabolism of amino acids: formation and detoxification of ammonia in tissues. Toxicity of ammonia.

Hyperammonemia: causes and effects

increase level of ammonia decreases liver functioning cell.symptoms blurring vision, slurring speech, flapping tremors, hepatic coma, death. treatment low protein diet

81)Biosynthesis of urea : reaction sequence. Biological role. Hyperammonemia: causes an manifestations.

CPs1 rate limiting enzymes

hyperammonia 'coz of inability to detoxify nh4 causing encephalopathy

hyperammonaemia 1 cardamom synthase 1 deficiency

hyperammonaemia 2 orbiting transcarbamoylase deficiency

82) Ammonia production in kidney : biological significance

83) Metabolism of carbon skeleton of amino acid. Glycogenic and ketogenic acid. Gluconeogenesis from amino

acid. Role in starvation, regulation

84) Essential and non-eseential amino acid. Biosynthesis of essential amino acids fr glucose.

85) Metabolism of serine and glycine. Role of H4-folate and its derivatives in amino acid and nucleotide

metabolism.

86) Metabolism of methionine : transmethlation reactions, biological role.Regeneration of methionine

87) Catabolism of tyrosine: main stage, end products. Alkaptonuria causes and manifestations.

88) ceratine synthesis and biological function

89) synthesis of catecholamines: role of vitamin b6 and methionine. Catabolism of catecholamines.

90) Synthesis of thyrosine. Phenylketonuria : causes, manifestations, diagnostics.

treatment restrictions of phenylalanine in diet and increase tyrosine contain diet

91) Dopamine: biosynthesis, biological, inactivation. Parkinson disease

92) Histamine : synthesis , biological role, inactivation

93) Purine nucleotide : synthesis,regulation of synthesis. Formation of 5-phosphoribosylamine. Origin of purine

nucleus atoms

94) Catabolism of purine nucleotides: reaction sequence,end products. Hyperurikemia: causes and

manifestations. Gout

95) Pyrimidine nucleotides: synthesis and its regulation. Orotic aciduria

96) Biosynthesis of dioxyribonucleotides : substrates. Biosynthesis of TMP : role of H4-folate. Inhibitors of TMP

synthesis as drugs.

97) Central regulation of endocrine system : role of liberins,statins and tropic hypophyseal hormones

98) Signal transduction by hormone, binding to intracellular receptor.

99) Signal transduction by hormone, binding to membrane receptor

100) Epinephrine: structure , mechanism of action, effect on metabolic processes in target tissues.

mechanism don't write inactivation . write signal transduction of glucagon

refer to 102

101) Glucagon : structure,synthesis,secretion,mechanism of signal transduction,effect on fuel metabolism in

target tissue

102) Insulin receptor. Effect of insulin on metabolism: transport of glucose across membrane,regulation of

enzyme activity and synthesis.

look at pic gallery. GLUT4

103) Insulin: structure,synthesis,secretion, effection on fuel metabolism in target cell.

104) Cortisol: structure,synthesis,regulation of cortisol secretion, effect on fuel metabolism in target tissue.

Cushing s syndrome.

105) Diabetes mellitus: metabolism change in DM.Causes,symptoms and late complications of DM. Insulin-

dependent and insulin-independent DM

106) Metabolism change in starvation. Role of hormone in maintenance of blood glucose level in starvation

107) Hormonal regulation of sodium and water balance. ADH structure, mechanism of signal transduction and

effect on target cell.

108) Aldosterone : structure,mechanism,signal transuction,effects on target cell. Hyperaldosteronism

109) Renin- angiotensin-aldosteron system.Biochemical mechanisms of renal hypertension

110) Tyroid hormone: structure,synthesis,biological effect. Feedback regulation of thyroid hormone secretion.

Hypo- and Hyperthyroidism causes and symptoms.

111) Function of calcium Hypo- and Hypercalsemia causes and symptoms

112) Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin: chemical nature, mechanism of action,effect on calcium and phosphate

metabolism.

113) Calcitriol : structure,synthesis, mechanism of action,effect on calcium and phosphate metabolism. Rickets

114) Heme degradation.Bilirubin.Type of jaundice.Diagnostic signifivance of bilirubin assays in biological fluids.

115) Heme and haemoglobin : synthesis,regulation. Porphyrias